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Doublecortin-Like Is Implicated in Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and in Motivational Aspects to Escape from an Aversive Environment in Male Mice. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0324-19.2020. [PMID: 32994174 PMCID: PMC7568604 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0324-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Doublecortin (DCX)-like (DCL) is a microtubule (MT)-associated protein (MAP) that is highly homologous to DCX and is crucially involved in embryonic neurogenesis. Here, we have investigated the in vivo role of DCL in adult hippocampal neurogenesis by generating transgenic mice producing inducible shRNA molecules that specifically target DCL but no other splice variants produced by the DCLK gene. DCL knock-down (DCL-KD) resulted in a significant increase in the number of proliferating BrdU+ cells in the subgranular zone (SGZ) 1 d after BrdU administration. However, the number of surviving newborn adult NeuN+/BrdU+ neurons are significantly decreased when inspected four weeks after BrdU administration suggesting a blockade of neuronal differentiation after DCL-KD. In line with this, we observed an increase in the number of proliferating cells, but a significant decrease in postmitotic DCX+ cells that are characterized by long dendrites spanning all dentate gyrus layers. Behavioral analysis showed that DCL-KD strongly extended the escape latency of mice on the circular hole board (CHB) but did not affect other aspects of this behavioral task. Together, our results indicate a function for DCL in adult neurogenesis and in the motivation to escape from an aversive environment. In contrast to DCX, its pivotal role in the maturation of postmitotic neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) marks DCL as a genuine adult neurogenesis indicator in the hippocampus.
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Ramkumar A, Jong BY, Ori-McKenney KM. ReMAPping the microtubule landscape: How phosphorylation dictates the activities of microtubule-associated proteins. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:138-155. [PMID: 28980356 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) were originally identified based on their co-purification with microtubules assembled from mammalian brain lysate. They have since been found to perform a range of functions involved in regulating the dynamics of the microtubule cytoskeleton. Most of these MAPs play integral roles in microtubule organization during neuronal development, microtubule remodeling during neuronal activity, and microtubule stabilization during neuronal maintenance. As a result, mutations in MAPs contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders, psychiatric conditions, and neurodegenerative diseases. MAPs are post-translationally regulated by phosphorylation depending on developmental time point and cellular context. Phosphorylation can affect the microtubule affinity, cellular localization, or overall function of a particular MAP and can thus have profound implications for neuronal health. Here we review MAP1, MAP2, MAP4, MAP6, MAP7, MAP9, tau, and DCX, and how each is regulated by phosphorylation in neuronal physiology and disease. Developmental Dynamics 247:138-155, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Ramkumar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Brigette Y Jong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA
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Sarkar S, O'Connell MR, Okugawa Y, Lee BS, Toiyama Y, Kusunoki M, Daboval RD, Goel A, Singh P. FOXD3 Regulates CSC Marker, DCLK1-S, and Invasive Potential: Prognostic Implications in Colon Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1678-1691. [PMID: 28851816 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 5' (α)-promoter of the human doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) gene becomes epigenetically silenced during colon carcinogenesis, resulting in loss of expression of the canonical long(L)-isoform1 (DCLK1-L) in human colon adenocarcinomas (hCRCs). Instead, hCRCs express a short(S)-isoform2 (DCLK1-S) from an alternate (β)-promoter of DCLK1. The current study, examined if the transcriptional activity of the (β)-promoter is suppressed in normal versus cancerous cells. On the basis of in silico and molecular approaches, it was discovered that FOXD3 potently inhibits the transcriptional activity of the (β)-promoter. FOXD3 becomes methylated in human colon cancer cells (hCCC), with loss of FOXD3 expression, allowing expression of the DCLK1(S) variant in hCCCs/hCRCs. Relative levels of FOXD3/DCLK1(S/L) were measured in a cohort of CRC patient specimens (n = 92), in relation to overall survival (OS). Patients expressing high DCLK1(S), with or without low FOXD3, had significantly worse OS compared with patients expressing low DCLK1(S). The relative levels of DCLK1-L did not correlate with OS. In a pilot retrospective study, colon adenomas from high-risk patients (who developed CRCs in <15 years) demonstrated significantly higher staining for DCLK1(S) + significantly lower staining for FOXD3, compared with adenomas from low-risk patients (who remained free of CRCs). Latter results strongly suggest a prognostic value of measuring DCLK1(S)/FOXD3 in adenomas. Overexpression of DCLK1(S), but not DCLK1(L), caused a significant increase in the invasive potential of hCCCs, which may explain worse outcomes for patients with high DCLK1-S-expressing tumors. On the basis of these data, FOXD3 is a potent repressor of DCLK1-S expression in normal cells; loss of FOXD3 in hCCCs/hCRCs allows upregulation of DCLK1-S, imparting a potent invasive potential to the cells. Mol Cancer Res; 15(12); 1678-91. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhashish Sarkar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Malaney R O'Connell
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Yoshinaga Okugawa
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center and Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Division of Reparative Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Brian S Lee
- Medical School, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Yuji Toiyama
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Division of Reparative Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Masato Kusunoki
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Division of Reparative Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Robert D Daboval
- Medical School, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Ajay Goel
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center and Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Pomila Singh
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.
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Increased DCLK1 correlates with the malignant status and poor outcome in malignant tumors: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:100545-100557. [PMID: 29246000 PMCID: PMC5725042 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) has been found to be involved in malignant biological behavior of cancers and poor prognosis of cancer patients. The aim of this meta-analysis was to systematically clarify the relationships between expression level of DCLK1 and clinicopathological characteristics in tumors and assess its clinical value in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. 18 eligible studies with a total of 2660 patients were identified by searching the electronic bibliographic databases. Pooled results showed that DCLK1 was highly expressed in tissues from cancer patients compared to normal tissues (OR, 10.00), and overexpression of DCLK1 was significantly correlated with advanced clinical stage (OR, 2.48), positive lymph node metastasis (OR, 2.18), poorly differentiated cancers (OR, 1.83) and poor overall survival (HR, 2.15). The overall combined sensitivity and specificity for DCLK1 in distinguishing malignant tumors were 0.58 and 0.90, respectively. The mean diagnostic odds ratio was 12.70, and the corresponding area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.78. In summary, our study indicated that DCLK1 could be a risk factor for development of malignant tumors and may serve as a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for malignant tumors.
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Role of cancer stem-cell marker doublecortin-like kinase 1 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2017; 67:109-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Kadletz L, Aumayr K, Heiduschka G, Schneider S, Enzenhofer E, Lill C. Overexpression of DCLK1 is predictive for recurrent disease in major salivary gland malignancies. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 274:467-475. [PMID: 27470117 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-016-4227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Salivary gland carcinomas are a rare malignancy. Therefore, little is known about biomarkers and cancer stem cells in salivary gland malignancies. Double cortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) is a promising therapeutic target and cancer stem cell marker, predominantly investigated in pancreatic and colorectal cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of DCLK1 in major and minor salivary gland carcinomas and its influence on survival. We examined a total of 80 patients with major or minor salivary gland cancer in this retrospective study. Immunohistochemistry with anti-DCLK1 antibody was applied to assess the expression of DCLK1. Moreover, we evaluated the impact of DCLK1 on overall and disease-free survival. DCLK1 expression could be detected in 66.3 % of all examined cases. Overexpression of DCLK1 was associated with reduced overall and disease-free survival in patients with major salivary gland cancer. Disease-free survival reached statistical significance (p = 0.0107). However, expression of DCLK1 had no influence on survival in patients with minor salivary gland cancer. Since treatment of recurrent disease in oncologic patients is utterly challenging, DCLK1 may be a promising prognostic biomarker that helps to identify patients with a high risk for recurrence of major salivary gland carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Kadletz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Aumayr
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Heiduschka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sven Schneider
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Enzenhofer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Lill
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Epigenetic changes and alternate promoter usage by human colon cancers for expressing DCLK1-isoforms: Clinical Implications. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14983. [PMID: 26447334 PMCID: PMC4597220 DOI: 10.1038/srep14983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
DCLK1 specifically marks colon/pancreatic cancers in mice, and is expressed by human colon adenocarcinomas (hCRCs). Down-regulation of DCLK1 results in loss of cancer-stem-cells (CSCs), and inhibits spheroidal/xenograft growths from hCRC-cells. The 5'-promoter of DCLK1-gene is reportedly hypermethylated in hCRCs, resulting in loss of expression of DCLK1-transcripts, originating from 5'(α)-promoter (termed DCLK1-L, in here). However, in mouse colon-tumors, 5'-promoter of DCLK1-gene remains unchanged, and DCLK1-L, originating from 5'(α)-promoter, is expressed. We hypothesized that elevated levels of DCLK1-protein in hCRC-cells, may be transcribed/translated from an alternate-promoter. Several in silico and molecular biology approaches were used to test our hypothesis. We report for the first time that majority of hCRCs express short-transcripts of DCLK1 (termed DCLK1-S, in here) from an alternate β-promoter in IntronV of the gene, while normal-colons mainly express DCLK1-L from 5'(α)-promoter. We additionally report an important role of β-catenin and TCF4/LEF binding-sites for activating (α)-promoter, while activated NF-κBp65 (bound to NF-κB-cis-element), activates (β)-promoter in cancer-cells. DCLK1-S expression was examined in a cohort of 92 CRC patients; high-expressors had significantly worse overall-survival compared to low-expressors. Our novel findings' regarding usage of alternate (β)-promoter by hCRCs, suggests that DCLK1-S may represent an important target for preventing/inhibiting colon-cancers, and for eliminating colon-CSCs.
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Schouten M, Fratantoni SA, Hubens CJ, Piersma SR, Pham TV, Bielefeld P, Voskuyl RA, Lucassen PJ, Jimenez CR, Fitzsimons CP. MicroRNA-124 and -137 cooperativity controls caspase-3 activity through BCL2L13 in hippocampal neural stem cells. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26207921 PMCID: PMC4513647 DOI: 10.1038/srep12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis continuously contributes new neurons to hippocampal circuits and the programmed death of a subset of immature cells provides a primary mechanism controlling this contribution. Epileptic seizures induce strong structural changes in the hippocampus, including the induction of adult neurogenesis, changes in gene expression and mitochondrial dysfunction, which may all contribute to epileptogenesis. However, a possible interplay between this factors remains largely unexplored. Here, we investigated gene expression changes in the hippocampal dentate gyrus shortly after prolonged seizures induced by kainic acid, focusing on mitochondrial functions. Using comparative proteomics, we identified networks of proteins differentially expressed shortly after seizure induction, including members of the BCL2 family and other mitochondrial proteins. Within these networks, we report for the first time that the atypical BCL2 protein BCL2L13 controls caspase-3 activity and cytochrome C release in neural stem/progenitor cells. Furthermore, we identify BCL2L13 as a novel target of the cooperative action of microRNA-124 and microRNA-137, both upregulated shortly after seizure induction. This cooperative microRNA-mediated fine-tuning of BCL2L13 expression controls casp3 activity, favoring non-apoptotic caspase-3 functions in NSPC exposed to KA and thereby may contribute to the early neurogenic response to epileptic seizures in the dentate gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn Schouten
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, SciencePark 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Silvina A Fratantoni
- Oncoproteomics Laboratory, Cancer Center, Free University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal J Hubens
- 1] Division of Pharmacology, LACDR, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands [2] Foundation of Epilepsy Institutes of The Netherlands (SEIN), Achterweg 5, 2103 SW, Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Sander R Piersma
- Oncoproteomics Laboratory, Cancer Center, Free University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thang V Pham
- Oncoproteomics Laboratory, Cancer Center, Free University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Bielefeld
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, SciencePark 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob A Voskuyl
- 1] Division of Pharmacology, LACDR, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands [2] Foundation of Epilepsy Institutes of The Netherlands (SEIN), Achterweg 5, 2103 SW, Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, SciencePark 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Connie R Jimenez
- Oncoproteomics Laboratory, Cancer Center, Free University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos P Fitzsimons
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, SciencePark 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Weygant N, Qu D, Berry WL, May R, Chandrakesan P, Owen DB, Sureban SM, Ali N, Janknecht R, Houchen CW. Small molecule kinase inhibitor LRRK2-IN-1 demonstrates potent activity against colorectal and pancreatic cancer through inhibition of doublecortin-like kinase 1. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:103. [PMID: 24885928 PMCID: PMC4030036 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) is emerging as a tumor specific stem cell marker in colorectal and pancreatic cancer. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of inhibiting DCLK1 with small interfering RNA (siRNA) as well as genetically targeting the DCLK1+ cell for deletion. However, the effects of inhibiting DCLK1 kinase activity have not been studied directly. Therefore, we assessed the effects of inhibiting DCLK1 kinase activity using the novel small molecule kinase inhibitor, LRRK2-IN-1, which demonstrates significant affinity for DCLK1. RESULTS Here we report that LRRK2-IN-1 demonstrates potent anti-cancer activity including inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion as well as induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Additionally we found that it regulates stemness, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and oncogenic targets on the molecular level. Moreover, we show that LRRK2-IN-1 suppresses DCLK1 kinase activity and downstream DCLK1 effector c-MYC, and demonstrate that DCLK1 kinase activity is a significant factor in resistance to LRRK2-IN-1. CONCLUSIONS Given DCLK1's tumor stem cell marker status, a strong understanding of its biological role and interactions in gastrointestinal tumors may lead to discoveries that improve patient outcomes. The results of this study suggest that small molecule inhibitors of DCLK1 kinase should be further investigated as they may hold promise as anti-tumor stem cell drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Weygant
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Dongfeng Qu
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - William L Berry
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Oklahoma Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Randal May
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - Daniel B Owen
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sripathi M Sureban
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Naushad Ali
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Oklahoma Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Ralf Janknecht
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Oklahoma Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Courtney W Houchen
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Oklahoma Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- COARE Biotechnology, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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