1
|
Zhou Y, Xu MF, Chen J, Zhang JL, Wang XY, Huang MH, Wei YL, She ZY. Loss-of-function of kinesin-5 KIF11 causes microcephaly, chorioretinopathy, and developmental disorders through chromosome instability and cell cycle arrest. Exp Cell Res 2024; 436:113975. [PMID: 38367657 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.113975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Kinesin motors play a fundamental role in development by controlling intracellular transport, spindle assembly, and microtubule organization. In humans, patients carrying mutations in KIF11 suffer from an autosomal dominant inheritable disease called microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphoedema, or mental retardation (MCLMR). While mitotic functions of KIF11 proteins have been well documented in centrosome separation and spindle assembly, cellular mechanisms underlying KIF11 dysfunction and MCLMR remain unclear. In this study, we generate KIF11-inhibition chick and zebrafish models and find that KIF11 inhibition results in microcephaly, chorioretinopathy, and severe developmental defects in vivo. Notably, loss-of-function of KIF11 causes the formation of monopolar spindle and chromosome misalignment, which finally contribute to cell cycle arrest, chromosome instability, and cell death. Our results demonstrate that KIF11 is crucial for spindle assembly, chromosome alignment, and cell cycle progression of progenitor stem cells, indicating a potential link between polyploidy and MCLMR. Our data have revealed that KIF11 inhibition cause microcephaly, chorioretinopathy, and development disorders through the formation of monopolar spindle, polyploid, and cell cycle arrest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Meng-Fei Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Jing-Lian Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Xin-Yao Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Min-Hui Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Ya-Lan Wei
- Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China; College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Zhen-Yu She
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Uttley K, Papanastasiou AS, Lahne M, Brisbane JM, MacDonald RB, Bickmore WA, Bhatia S. Unique activities of two overlapping PAX6 retinal enhancers. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202302126. [PMID: 37643867 PMCID: PMC10465922 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancers play a critical role in development by precisely modulating spatial, temporal, and cell type-specific gene expression. Sequence variants in enhancers have been implicated in diseases; however, establishing the functional consequences of these variants is challenging because of a lack of understanding of precise cell types and developmental stages where the enhancers are normally active. PAX6 is the master regulator of eye development, with a regulatory landscape containing multiple enhancers driving the expression in the eye. Whether these enhancers perform additive, redundant or distinct functions is unknown. Here, we describe the precise cell types and regulatory activity of two PAX6 retinal enhancers, HS5 and NRE. Using a unique combination of live imaging and single-cell RNA sequencing in dual enhancer-reporter zebrafish embryos, we uncover differences in the spatiotemporal activity of these enhancers. Our results show that although overlapping, these enhancers have distinct activities in different cell types and therefore likely nonredundant functions. This work demonstrates that unique cell type-specific activities can be uncovered for apparently similar enhancers when investigated at high resolution in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Uttley
- https://ror.org/011jsc803 MRC Human Genetics Unithttps://ror.org/01nrxwf90 , Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew S Papanastasiou
- https://ror.org/011jsc803 MRC Human Genetics Unithttps://ror.org/01nrxwf90 , Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Manuela Lahne
- https://ror.org/02jx3x895 UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Greater London, UK
| | - Jennifer M Brisbane
- https://ror.org/011jsc803 MRC Human Genetics Unithttps://ror.org/01nrxwf90 , Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ryan B MacDonald
- https://ror.org/02jx3x895 UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Greater London, UK
| | - Wendy A Bickmore
- https://ror.org/011jsc803 MRC Human Genetics Unithttps://ror.org/01nrxwf90 , Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shipra Bhatia
- https://ror.org/011jsc803 MRC Human Genetics Unithttps://ror.org/01nrxwf90 , Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang X, Leavey P, Appel H, Makrides N, Blackshaw S. Molecular mechanisms controlling vertebrate retinal patterning, neurogenesis, and cell fate specification. Trends Genet 2023; 39:736-757. [PMID: 37423870 PMCID: PMC10529299 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
This review covers recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling neurogenesis and specification of the developing retina, with a focus on insights obtained from comparative single cell multiomic analysis. We discuss recent advances in understanding the mechanisms by which extrinsic factors trigger transcriptional changes that spatially pattern the optic cup (OC) and control the initiation and progression of retinal neurogenesis. We also discuss progress in unraveling the core evolutionarily conserved gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that specify early- and late-state retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) and neurogenic progenitors and that control the final steps in determining cell identity. Finally, we discuss findings that provide insight into regulation of species-specific aspects of retinal patterning and neurogenesis, including consideration of key outstanding questions in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Patrick Leavey
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Haley Appel
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neoklis Makrides
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Daruich A, Duncan M, Robert MP, Lagali N, Semina EV, Aberdam D, Ferrari S, Romano V, des Roziers CB, Benkortebi R, De Vergnes N, Polak M, Chiambaretta F, Nischal KK, Behar-Cohen F, Valleix S, Bremond-Gignac D. Congenital aniridia beyond black eyes: From phenotype and novel genetic mechanisms to innovative therapeutic approaches. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 95:101133. [PMID: 36280537 PMCID: PMC11062406 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Congenital PAX6-aniridia, initially characterized by the absence of the iris, has progressively been shown to be associated with other developmental ocular abnormalities and systemic features making congenital aniridia a complex syndromic disorder rather than a simple isolated disease of the iris. Moreover, foveal hypoplasia is now recognized as a more frequent feature than complete iris hypoplasia and a major visual prognosis determinant, reversing the classical clinical picture of this disease. Conversely, iris malformation is also a feature of various anterior segment dysgenesis disorders caused by PAX6-related developmental genes, adding a level of genetic complexity for accurate molecular diagnosis of aniridia. Therefore, the clinical recognition and differential genetic diagnosis of PAX6-related aniridia has been revealed to be much more challenging than initially thought, and still remains under-investigated. Here, we update specific clinical features of aniridia, with emphasis on their genotype correlations, as well as provide new knowledge regarding the PAX6 gene and its mutational spectrum, and highlight the beneficial utility of clinically implementing targeted Next-Generation Sequencing combined with Whole-Genome Sequencing to increase the genetic diagnostic yield of aniridia. We also present new molecular mechanisms underlying aniridia and aniridia-like phenotypes. Finally, we discuss the appropriate medical and surgical management of aniridic eyes, as well as innovative therapeutic options. Altogether, these combined clinical-genetic approaches will help to accelerate time to diagnosis, provide better determination of the disease prognosis and management, and confirm eligibility for future clinical trials or genetic-specific therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Daruich
- Ophthalmology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Cité University, Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS1138, Team 17, From Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Melinda Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Matthieu P Robert
- Ophthalmology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Cité University, Paris, France; Borelli Centre, UMR 9010, CNRS-SSA-ENS Paris Saclay-Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Neil Lagali
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Ophthalmology, Sørlandet Hospital Arendal, Arendal, Norway
| | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Daniel Aberdam
- INSERM, UMRS1138, Team 17, From Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Stefano Ferrari
- Fondazione Banca degli Occhi del Veneto, Via Paccagnella 11, Venice, Italy
| | - Vito Romano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiolological Sciences, and Public Health, Ophthalmology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Cyril Burin des Roziers
- INSERM, UMRS1138, Team 17, From Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies de Système et d'Organe, APHP. Centre Université de Paris, Fédération de Génétique et de Médecine Génomique Hôpital Cochin, 27 rue du Fbg St-Jacques, 75679, Paris Cedex 14, France
| | - Rabia Benkortebi
- Ophthalmology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie De Vergnes
- Ophthalmology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Michel Polak
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Gynecology and Diabetology, Hôpital Universitaire Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris Cité University, INSERM U1016, Institut IMAGINE, France
| | | | - Ken K Nischal
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismus, and Adult Motility, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; UPMC Eye Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- INSERM, UMRS1138, Team 17, From Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Valleix
- INSERM, UMRS1138, Team 17, From Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies de Système et d'Organe, APHP. Centre Université de Paris, Fédération de Génétique et de Médecine Génomique Hôpital Cochin, 27 rue du Fbg St-Jacques, 75679, Paris Cedex 14, France
| | - Dominique Bremond-Gignac
- Ophthalmology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Cité University, Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS1138, Team 17, From Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Owen N, Toms M, Tian Y, Toualbi L, Richardson R, Young R, Tracey‐White D, Dhami P, Beck S, Moosajee M. Loss of the crumbs cell polarity complex disrupts epigenetic transcriptional control and cell cycle progression in the developing retina. J Pathol 2023; 259:441-454. [PMID: 36656098 PMCID: PMC10601974 DOI: 10.1002/path.6056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The crumbs cell polarity complex plays a crucial role in apical-basal epithelial polarity, cellular adhesion, and morphogenesis. Homozygous variants in human CRB1 result in autosomal recessive Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP), with no established genotype-phenotype correlation. The associated protein complexes have key functions in developmental pathways; however, the underlying disease mechanism remains unclear. Using the oko meduzym289/m289 (crb2a-/- ) zebrafish, we performed integrative transcriptomic (RNA-seq data) and methylomic [reduced representation bisulphite sequencing (RRBS)] analysis of whole retina to identify dysregulated genes and pathways. Delayed retinal cell specification was identified in both the crb2a-/- zebrafish and CRB1 patient-derived retinal organoids, highlighting the dysfunction of cell cycle modulation and epigenetic transcriptional control. Differential DNA methylation analysis revealed novel hypermethylated pathways involving biological adhesion, Hippo, and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signalling. By integrating gene expression with DNA methylation using functional epigenetic modules (FEM), we identified six key modules involving cell cycle control and disturbance of TGFβ, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Hippo, and SMAD protein signal transduction pathways, revealing significant interactome hotspots relevant to crb2a function and confirming the epigenetic control of gene regulation in early retinal development, which points to a novel mechanism underlying CRB1-retinopathies. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Owen
- UCL Institute of OphthalmologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Maria Toms
- UCL Institute of OphthalmologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Yuan Tian
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer InstituteUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Lyes Toualbi
- UCL Institute of OphthalmologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Rose Richardson
- UCL Institute of OphthalmologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Rodrigo Young
- UCL Institute of OphthalmologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Pawan Dhami
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer InstituteUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Stephan Beck
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer InstituteUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- UCL Institute of OphthalmologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
- Department of OphthalmologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
- Department of GeneticsMoorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang J, Roberts JM, Chang F, Schwakopf J, Vetter ML. Jarid2 promotes temporal progression of retinal progenitors via repression of Foxp1. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112237. [PMID: 36924502 PMCID: PMC10210259 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Transitions in competence underlie the ability of CNS progenitors to generate a diversity of neurons and glia. Retinal progenitor cells in mouse generate early-born cell types embryonically and late-born cell types largely postnatally. We find that the transition from early to late progenitor competence is regulated by Jarid2. Loss of Jarid2 results in extended production of early cell types and extended expression of early progenitor genes. Jarid2 can regulate histone modifications, and we find reduction of repressive mark H3K27me3 on a subset of early progenitor genes with loss of Jarid2, most notably Foxp1. We show that Foxp1 regulates the competence to generate early-born retinal cell types, promotes early and represses late progenitor gene expression, and is required for extending early retinal cell production after loss of Jarid2. We conclude that Jarid2 facilitates progression of retinal progenitor temporal identity by repressing Foxp1, which is a primary regulator of early temporal patterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Roberts
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Fei Chang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Joon Schwakopf
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Monica L Vetter
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Age- and cell cycle-related expression patterns of transcription factors and cell cycle regulators in Müller glia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19584. [PMID: 36379991 PMCID: PMC9666513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23855-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian Müller glia express transcription factors and cell cycle regulators essential for the function of retinal progenitors, indicating the latent neurogenic capacity; however, the role of these regulators remains unclear. To gain insights into the role of these regulators in Müller glia, we analyzed expression of transcription factors (Pax6, Vsx2 and Nfia) and cell cycle regulators (cyclin D1 and D3) in rodent Müller glia, focusing on their age- and cell cycle-related expression patterns. Expression of Pax6, Vsx2, Nfia and cyclin D3, but not cyclin D1, increased in Müller glia during development. Photoreceptor injury induced cell cycle-associated increase of Vsx2 and cyclin D1, but not Pax6, Nfia, and cyclin D3. In dissociated cultures, cell cycle-associated increase of Pax6 and Vsx2 was observed in Müller glia from P10 mice but not from P21 mice. Nfia levels were highly correlated with EdU incorporation suggesting their activation during S phase progression. Cyclin D1 and D3 were transiently upregulated in G1 phase but downregulated after S phase entry. Our findings revealed previously unknown links between cell cycle progression and regulator protein expression, which likely affect the cell fate decision of proliferating Müller glia.
Collapse
|
8
|
Diacou R, Nandigrami P, Fiser A, Liu W, Ashery-Padan R, Cvekl A. Cell fate decisions, transcription factors and signaling during early retinal development. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 91:101093. [PMID: 35817658 PMCID: PMC9669153 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of the vertebrate eyes is a complex process starting from anterior-posterior and dorso-ventral patterning of the anterior neural tube, resulting in the formation of the eye field. Symmetrical separation of the eye field at the anterior neural plate is followed by two symmetrical evaginations to generate a pair of optic vesicles. Next, reciprocal invagination of the optic vesicles with surface ectoderm-derived lens placodes generates double-layered optic cups. The inner and outer layers of the optic cups develop into the neural retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), respectively. In vitro produced retinal tissues, called retinal organoids, are formed from human pluripotent stem cells, mimicking major steps of retinal differentiation in vivo. This review article summarizes recent progress in our understanding of early eye development, focusing on the formation the eye field, optic vesicles, and early optic cups. Recent single-cell transcriptomic studies are integrated with classical in vivo genetic and functional studies to uncover a range of cellular mechanisms underlying early eye development. The functions of signal transduction pathways and lineage-specific DNA-binding transcription factors are dissected to explain cell-specific regulatory mechanisms underlying cell fate determination during early eye development. The functions of homeodomain (HD) transcription factors Otx2, Pax6, Lhx2, Six3 and Six6, which are required for early eye development, are discussed in detail. Comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of early eye development provides insight into the molecular and cellular basis of developmental ocular anomalies, such as optic cup coloboma. Lastly, modeling human development and inherited retinal diseases using stem cell-derived retinal organoids generates opportunities to discover novel therapies for retinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raven Diacou
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Prithviraj Nandigrami
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Andras Fiser
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Ruth Ashery-Padan
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Ales Cvekl
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hehr CL, Halabi R, McFarlane S. Spatial regulation of amacrine cell genesis by Semaphorin 3f. Dev Biol 2022; 491:66-81. [PMID: 36058267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The axonal projections of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of the eye are topographically organized so that spatial information from visual images is preserved. This retinotopic organization is established during development by secreted morphogens that pattern domains of transcription factor expression within naso-temporal and dorso-ventral quadrants of the embryonic eye. Poorly understood are the downstream signaling molecules that generate the topographically organized retinal cells and circuits. The secreted signaling molecule Semaphorin 3fa (Sema3fa) belongs to the Sema family of molecules that provide positional information to developing cells. Here, we test a role for Sema3fa in cell genesis of the temporal zebrafish retina. METHODS We compare retinal cell genesis in wild type and sema3fa CRISPR zebrafish mutants by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We find that mRNAs for sema3fa and known receptors, neuropilin2b (nrp2b) and plexina1a (plxna1a), are expressed by progenitors of the temporal, but not nasal zebrafish embryonic retina. In the sema3faca304/ca304 embryo, initially the domains of expression for atoh7 and neurod4, transcription factors necessary for the specification of RGCs and amacrine cells, respectively, are disrupted. Yet, post-embryonically only amacrine cells of the temporal retina are reduced in numbers, with both GABAergic and glycinergic subtypes affected. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that Sema3fa acts early on embryonic temporal progenitors to control in a spatially-dependent manner the production of amacrine cells, possibly to allow the establishment of neural circuits with domain-specific functions. We propose that spatially restricted extrinsic signals in the neural retina control cell genesis in a domain-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Lynn Hehr
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rami Halabi
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah McFarlane
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bian F, Daghsni M, Lu F, Liu S, Gross JM, Aldiri I. Functional analysis of the Vsx2 super-enhancer uncovers distinct cis-regulatory circuits controlling Vsx2 expression during retinogenesis. Development 2022; 149:dev200642. [PMID: 35831950 PMCID: PMC9440754 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vsx2 is a transcription factor essential for retinal proliferation and bipolar cell differentiation, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its developmental roles are unclear. Here, we have profiled VSX2 genomic occupancy during mouse retinogenesis, revealing extensive retinal genetic programs associated with VSX2 during development. VSX2 binds and transactivates its enhancer in association with the transcription factor PAX6. Mice harboring deletions in the Vsx2 regulatory landscape exhibit specific abnormalities in retinal proliferation and in bipolar cell differentiation. In one of those deletions, a complete loss of bipolar cells is associated with a bias towards photoreceptor production. VSX2 occupies cis-regulatory elements nearby genes associated with photoreceptor differentiation and homeostasis in the adult mouse and human retina, including a conserved region nearby Prdm1, a factor implicated in the specification of rod photoreceptors and suppression of bipolar cell fate. VSX2 interacts with the transcription factor OTX2 and can act to suppress OTX2-dependent enhancer transactivation of the Prdm1 enhancer. Taken together, our analyses indicate that Vsx2 expression can be temporally and spatially uncoupled at the enhancer level, and they illuminate important mechanistic insights into how VSX2 is engaged with gene regulatory networks that are essential for retinal proliferation and cell fate acquisition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuyun Bian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Marwa Daghsni
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Fangfang Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Silvia Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Gross
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Issam Aldiri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xiang L, Zhang J, Rao FQ, Yang QL, Zeng HY, Huang SH, Xie ZX, Lv JN, Lin D, Chen XJ, Wu KC, Lu F, Huang XF, Chen Q. Depletion of miR-96 Delays, But Does Not Arrest, Photoreceptor Development in Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:24. [PMID: 35481839 PMCID: PMC9055555 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.4.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Abundant retinal microRNA-183 cluster (miR-183C) has been reported to be a key player in photoreceptor development and functionality in mice. However, whether there is a protagonist in this cluster remains unclear. Here, we used a mutant mouse model to study the role of miR-96, a member of miR-183C, in photoreceptor development and functionality. Methods The mature miR-96 sequence was removed using the CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing system. Electroretinogram (ERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) investigated the changes in structure and function in mouse retinas. Immunostaining determined the localization and morphology of the retinal cells. RNA sequencing was conducted to observe retinal transcription alterations. Results The miR-96 mutant mice exhibited cone developmental delay, as occurs in miR-183/96 double knockout mice. Immunostaining of cone-specific marker genes revealed cone nucleus mislocalization and exiguous Opn1mw/Opn1sw in the mutant (MT) mouse outer segments at postnatal day 10. Interestingly, this phenomenon could be relieved in the adult stages. Transcriptome analysis revealed activation of microtubule-, actin filament–, and cilia-related pathways, further supporting the findings. Based on ERG and OCT results at different ages, the MT mice displayed developmental delay not only in cones but also in rods. In addition, a group of miR-96 potential direct and indirect target genes was summarized for interpretation and further studies of miR-96–related retinal developmental defects. Conclusions Depletion of miR-96 delayed but did not arrest photoreceptor development in mice. This miRNA is indispensable for mouse photoreceptor maturation, especially for cones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lue Xiang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Feng-Qin Rao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiao-Li Yang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hui-Yi Zeng
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Hai Huang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Xiang Xie
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ji-Neng Lv
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dan Lin
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kun-Chao Wu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fan Lu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Feng Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Birkhoff JC, Huylebroeck D, Conidi A. ZEB2, the Mowat-Wilson Syndrome Transcription Factor: Confirmations, Novel Functions, and Continuing Surprises. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1037. [PMID: 34356053 PMCID: PMC8304685 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
After its publication in 1999 as a DNA-binding and SMAD-binding transcription factor (TF) that co-determines cell fate in amphibian embryos, ZEB2 was from 2003 studied by embryologists mainly by documenting the consequences of conditional, cell-type specific Zeb2 knockout (cKO) in mice. In between, it was further identified as causal gene causing Mowat-Wilson Syndrome (MOWS) and novel regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). ZEB2's functions and action mechanisms in mouse embryos were first addressed in its main sites of expression, with focus on those that helped to explain neurodevelopmental and neural crest defects seen in MOWS patients. By doing so, ZEB2 was identified in the forebrain as the first TF that determined timing of neuro-/gliogenesis, and thereby also the extent of different layers of the cortex, in a cell non-autonomous fashion, i.e., by its cell-intrinsic control within neurons of neuron-to-progenitor paracrine signaling. Transcriptomics-based phenotyping of Zeb2 mutant mouse cells have identified large sets of intact-ZEB2 dependent genes, and the cKO approaches also moved to post-natal brain development and diverse other systems in adult mice, including hematopoiesis and various cell types of the immune system. These new studies start to highlight the important adult roles of ZEB2 in cell-cell communication, including after challenge, e.g., in the infarcted heart and fibrotic liver. Such studies may further evolve towards those documenting the roles of ZEB2 in cell-based repair of injured tissue and organs, downstream of actions of diverse growth factors, which recapitulate developmental signaling principles in the injured sites. Evident questions are about ZEB2's direct target genes, its various partners, and ZEB2 as a candidate modifier gene, e.g., in other (neuro)developmental disorders, but also the accurate transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of its mRNA expression sites and levels. Other questions start to address ZEB2's function as a niche-controlling regulatory TF of also other cell types, in part by its modulation of growth factor responses (e.g., TGFβ/BMP, Wnt, Notch). Furthermore, growing numbers of mapped missense as well as protein non-coding mutations in MOWS patients are becoming available and inspire the design of new animal model and pluripotent stem cell-based systems. This review attempts to summarize in detail, albeit without discussing ZEB2's role in cancer, hematopoiesis, and its emerging roles in the immune system, how intense ZEB2 research has arrived at this exciting intersection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith C. Birkhoff
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (J.C.B.); (D.H.)
| | - Danny Huylebroeck
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (J.C.B.); (D.H.)
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Unit Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrea Conidi
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (J.C.B.); (D.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Retinal Stem Cell 'Retirement Plans': Growth, Regulation and Species Adaptations in the Retinal Ciliary Marginal Zone. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126528. [PMID: 34207050 PMCID: PMC8234741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate retina develops from a specified group of precursor cells that adopt distinct identities and generate lineages of either the neural retina, retinal pigmented epithelium, or ciliary body. In some species, including teleost fish and amphibians, proliferative cells with stem-cell-like properties capable of continuously supplying new retinal cells post-embryonically have been characterized and extensively studied. This region, termed the ciliary or circumferential marginal zone (CMZ), possibly represents a conserved retinal stem cell niche. In this review, we highlight the research characterizing similar CMZ-like regions, or stem-like cells located at the peripheral margin, across multiple different species. We discuss the proliferative parameters, multipotency and growth mechanisms of these cells to understand how they behave in vivo and how different molecular factors and signalling networks converge at the CMZ niche to regulate their activity. The evidence suggests that the mature retina may have a conserved propensity for homeostatic growth and plasticity and that dysfunction in the regulation of CMZ activity may partially account for dystrophic eye growth diseases such as myopia and hyperopia. A better understanding of the properties of CMZ cells will enable important insight into how an endogenous generative tissue compartment can adapt to altered retinal physiology and potentially even restore vision loss caused by retinal degenerative conditions.
Collapse
|
14
|
Dose-dependent regulation of horizontal cell fate by Onecut family of transcription factors. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237403. [PMID: 32790713 PMCID: PMC7425962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome duplication leads to an emergence of gene paralogs that are essentially free to undergo the process of neofunctionalization, subfunctionalization or degeneration (gene loss). Onecut1 (Oc1) and Onecut2 (Oc2) transcription factors, encoded by paralogous genes in mammals, are expressed in precursors of horizontal cells (HCs), retinal ganglion cells and cone photoreceptors. Previous studies have shown that ablation of either Oc1 or Oc2 gene in the mouse retina results in a decreased number of HCs, while simultaneous deletion of Oc1 and Oc2 leads to a complete loss of HCs. Here we study the genetic redundancy between Oc1 and Oc2 paralogs and focus on how the dose of Onecut transcription factors influences abundance of individual retinal cell types and overall retina physiology. Our data show that reducing the number of functional Oc alleles in the developing retina leads to a gradual decrease in the number of HCs, progressive thinning of the outer plexiform layer and diminished electrophysiology responses. Taken together, these observations indicate that in the context of HC population, the alleles of Oc1/Oc2 paralogous genes are mutually interchangeable, function additively to support proper retinal function and their molecular evolution does not follow one of the typical routes after gene duplication.
Collapse
|
15
|
Singh RK, Occelli LM, Binette F, Petersen-Jones SM, Nasonkin IO. Transplantation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Tissue in the Subretinal Space of the Cat Eye. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1151-1166. [PMID: 31210100 PMCID: PMC6708274 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop biological approaches to restore vision, we developed a method of transplanting stem cell-derived retinal tissue into the subretinal space of a large-eye animal model (cat). Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) were differentiated to retinal organoids in a dish. hESC-derived retinal tissue was introduced into the subretinal space of wild-type cats following a pars plana vitrectomy. The cats were systemically immunosuppressed with either prednisolone or prednisolone plus cyclosporine A. The eyes were examined by fundoscopy and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography imaging for adverse effects due to the presence of the subretinal grafts. Immunohistochemistry was done with antibodies to retinal and human markers to delineate graft survival, differentiation, and integration into cat retina. We successfully delivered hESC-derived retinal tissue into the subretinal space of the cat eye. We observed strong infiltration of immune cells in the graft and surrounding tissue in the cats treated with prednisolone. In contrast, we showed better survival and low immune response to the graft in cats treated with prednisolone plus cyclosporine A. Immunohistochemistry with antibodies (STEM121, CALB2, DCX, and SMI-312) revealed large number of graft-derived fibers connecting the graft and the host. We also show presence of human-specific synaptophysin puncta in the cat retina. This work demonstrates feasibility of engrafting hESC-derived retinal tissue into the subretinal space of large-eye animal models. Transplanting retinal tissue in degenerating cat retina will enable rapid development of preclinical in vivo work focused on vision restoration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ratnesh K Singh
- Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly BioTime Inc.), Carlsbad, California
| | - Laurence M Occelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lasing, Michigan
| | - Francois Binette
- Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly BioTime Inc.), Carlsbad, California
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lasing, Michigan
| | - Igor O Nasonkin
- Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly BioTime Inc.), Carlsbad, California
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Clark BS, Stein-O'Brien GL, Shiau F, Cannon GH, Davis-Marcisak E, Sherman T, Santiago CP, Hoang TV, Rajaii F, James-Esposito RE, Gronostajski RM, Fertig EJ, Goff LA, Blackshaw S. Single-Cell RNA-Seq Analysis of Retinal Development Identifies NFI Factors as Regulating Mitotic Exit and Late-Born Cell Specification. Neuron 2019; 102:1111-1126.e5. [PMID: 31128945 PMCID: PMC6768831 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Precise temporal control of gene expression in neuronal progenitors is necessary for correct regulation of neurogenesis and cell fate specification. However, the cellular heterogeneity of the developing CNS has posed a major obstacle to identifying the gene regulatory networks that control these processes. To address this, we used single-cell RNA sequencing to profile ten developmental stages encompassing the full course of retinal neurogenesis. This allowed us to comprehensively characterize changes in gene expression that occur during initiation of neurogenesis, changes in developmental competence, and specification and differentiation of each major retinal cell type. We identify the NFI transcription factors (Nfia, Nfib, and Nfix) as selectively expressed in late retinal progenitor cells and show that they control bipolar interneuron and Müller glia cell fate specification and promote proliferative quiescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Clark
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Genevieve L Stein-O'Brien
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute for Data Intensive Engineering and Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Fion Shiau
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gabrielle H Cannon
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Emily Davis-Marcisak
- Department of Oncology, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Thomas Sherman
- Department of Oncology, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Clayton P Santiago
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Thanh V Hoang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Fatemeh Rajaii
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rebecca E James-Esposito
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Richard M Gronostajski
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Elana J Fertig
- Department of Oncology, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute for Data Intensive Engineering and Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Mathematical Institute for Data Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Loyal A Goff
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Center for Human Systems Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hou J, Wang L, Wu D. The root of Actinidia chinensis inhibits hepatocellular carcinomas cells through LAMB3. Cell Biol Toxicol 2018; 34:321-332. [PMID: 29127567 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-017-9416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The root of Actinidia chinensis, as traditional Chinese medicine, has been shown to inhibit cell proliferation in numerous cancer cells. However, the mechanisms underlying its inhibitory activity remain unclear. Death rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are increasing, but therapies for advanced HCC are not well developed. We choose the extract from root of Actinidia chinensis (ERAC) to treat the HCC cell lines in vitro, displaying distinct effects on cell proliferation, S-phase cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. LAMB3, the gene encoding laminin subunit beta-3, plays a key role in the proliferation suppression and S-phase cell cycle arrest of HepG2 cells treated with ERAC. The downstream genes ITGA3, CCND2, and TP53 in LAMB3 pathway show the same response to ERAC as LAMB3. Thus, LAMB3 pathways, along with extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, pathways in cancer, and focal adhesion, are involved in the ERAC-induced suppressive response in HepG2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Hou
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics; Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lingyan Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics; Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Duojiao Wu
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics; Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Generation of a PAX6 knockout glioblastoma cell line with changes in cell cycle distribution and sensitivity to oxidative stress. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:496. [PMID: 29716531 PMCID: PMC5930953 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcription factor PAX6 is expressed in various cancers. In anaplastic astrocytic glioma, PAX6 expression is inversely related to tumor grade, resulting in low PAX6 expression in Glioblastoma, the highest-grade astrocytic glioma. The aim of the present study was to develop a PAX6 knock out cell line as a tool for molecular studies of the roles PAX6 have in attenuating glioblastoma tumor progression. METHODS The CRISPR-Cas9 technique was used to knock out PAX6 in U251 N cells. Viral transduction of a doxycycline inducible EGFP-PAX6 expression vector was used to re-introduce (rescue) PAX6 expression in the PAX6 knock out cells. The knock out and rescued cells were rigorously characterized by analyzing morphology, proliferation, colony forming abilities and responses to oxidative stress and chemotherapeutic agents. RESULTS The knock out cells had increased proliferation and colony forming abilities compared to wild type cells, consistent with clinical observations indicating that PAX6 functions as a tumor-suppressor. Cell cycle distribution and sensitivity to H2O2 induced oxidative stress were further studied, as well as the effect of different chemotherapeutic agents. For the PAX6 knock out cells, the percentage of cells in G2/M phase increased compared to PAX6 control cells, indicating that PAX6 keeps U251 N cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Interestingly, PAX6 knock out cells were more resilient to H2O2 induced oxidative stress than wild type cells. Chemotherapy treatment is known to generate oxidative stress, hence the effect of several chemotherapeutic agents were tested. We discovered interesting differences in the sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs (Temozolomide, Withaferin A and Sulforaphane) between the PAX6 expressing and non-expressing cells. CONCLUSIONS The U251 N PAX6 knock out cell lines generated can be used as a tool to study the molecular functions and mechanisms of PAX6 as a tumor suppressor with regard to tumor progression and treatment of glioblastoma.
Collapse
|
19
|
Dexras1 is a homeostatic regulator of exercise-dependent proliferation and cell survival in the hippocampal neurogenic niche. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5294. [PMID: 29593295 PMCID: PMC5871767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is highly responsive to exercise, which promotes the proliferation of neural progenitor cells and the integration of newborn granule neurons in the dentate gyrus. Here we show that genetic ablation of the small GTPase, Dexras1, suppresses exercise-induced proliferation of neural progenitors, alters survival of mitotic and post-mitotic cells in a stage-specific manner, and increases the number of mature newborn granule neurons. Dexras1 is required for exercise-triggered recruitment of quiescent neural progenitors into the cell cycle. Pharmacological inhibition of NMDA receptors enhances SGZ cell proliferation in wild-type but not dexras1-deficient mice, suggesting that NMDA receptor-mediated signaling is dependent on Dexras1. At the molecular level, the absence of Dexras1 abolishes exercise-dependent activation of ERK/MAPK and CREB, and inhibits the upregulation of NMDA receptor subunit NR2A, bdnf, trkB and vegf-a expression in the dentate gyrus. Our study reveals Dexras1 as an important stage-specific regulator of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus by enhancing pro-mitogenic signaling to neural progenitor cells and modulating cell survival.
Collapse
|
20
|
Marcucci F, Murcia-Belmonte V, Wang Q, Coca Y, Ferreiro-Galve S, Kuwajima T, Khalid S, Ross ME, Mason C, Herrera E. The Ciliary Margin Zone of the Mammalian Retina Generates Retinal Ganglion Cells. Cell Rep 2017; 17:3153-3164. [PMID: 28009286 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina of lower vertebrates grows continuously by integrating new neurons generated from progenitors in the ciliary margin zone (CMZ). Whether the mammalian CMZ provides the neural retina with retinal cells is controversial. Live imaging of embryonic retina expressing eGFP in the CMZ shows that cells migrate laterally from the CMZ to the neural retina where differentiated retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) reside. Because Cyclin D2, a cell-cycle regulator, is enriched in ventral CMZ, we analyzed Cyclin D2-/- mice to test whether the CMZ is a source of retinal cells. Neurogenesis is diminished in Cyclin D2 mutants, leading to a reduction of RGCs in the ventral retina. In line with these findings, in the albino retina, the decreased production of ipsilateral RGCs is correlated with fewer Cyclin D2+ cells. Together, these results implicate the mammalian CMZ as a neurogenic site that produces RGCs and whose proper generation depends on Cyclin D2 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Marcucci
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Veronica Murcia-Belmonte
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yaiza Coca
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Susana Ferreiro-Galve
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Takaaki Kuwajima
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sania Khalid
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Ross
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain & Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Carol Mason
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Eloisa Herrera
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Han X, Li H, Zhang Y, Qin J, Yang Q, Wang L, Yuan M, Xia C. Brain lipid-binding protein promotes proliferation and modulates cell cycle in C6 rat glioma cells. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1439-1448. [PMID: 29048614 PMCID: PMC5642387 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors affecting adults. Four grades of gliomas have been identified, namely, grades I-IV. Brain lipid-binding protein (BLBP), which functions in the intracellular transport of fatty acids, is expressed in all grades of human gliomas. The glioma cells that are cultured in vitro are grouped into the BLBP-positive and BLBP-negative cell lines. In the present study, we found that C6 rat glioma cells was a distinct type of BLBP-negative cell line. Our results confirmed that in the C6 cells, the expression of exogenous BLBP increased the proliferation and percentage of cells in the S phase, in the culture medium containing 10 or 1% FBS. Moreover, exogenous BLBP was found to downregulate the tumor suppressors p21 and p16 in the 1% FBS culture medium, but only p21 in the 10% FBS culture medium. The results of the xenograft model assay showed that exogenous BLBP also stimulated tumor formation and downregulated p21 and p16. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that exogenous BLBP promoted proliferation of the C6 cells in vitro and facilitated tumor formation in vivo. Therefore, BLBP expression in glioma cells may promote cell growth by inhibiting the tumor suppressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Department of Anatomy and Cytoneurobiology Unit, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Haoming Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Cytoneurobiology Unit, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Jianbing Qin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Qingqing Yang
- Department of Medicine, Xinglin College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Mingjie Yuan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Chunlin Xia
- Department of Anatomy and Cytoneurobiology Unit, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Remez LA, Onishi A, Menuchin-Lasowski Y, Biran A, Blackshaw S, Wahlin KJ, Zack DJ, Ashery-Padan R. Pax6 is essential for the generation of late-born retinal neurons and for inhibition of photoreceptor-fate during late stages of retinogenesis. Dev Biol 2017; 432:140-150. [PMID: 28993200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the developing retina, as in other regions of the CNS, neural progenitors give rise to individual cell types during discrete temporal windows. Pax6 is expressed in retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) throughout the course of retinogenesis, and has been shown to be required during early retinogenesis for generation of most early-born cell types. In this study, we examined the function of Pax6 in postnatal mouse retinal development. We found that Pax6 is essential for the generation of late-born interneurons, while inhibiting photoreceptor differentiation. Generation of bipolar interneurons requires Pax6 expression in RPCs, while Pax6 is required for the generation of glycinergic, but not for GABAergic or non-GABAergic-non-glycinergic (nGnG) amacrine cell subtypes. In contrast, overexpression of either full-length Pax6 or its 5a isoform in RPCs induces formation of cells with nGnG amacrine features, and suppresses generation of other inner retinal cell types. Moreover, overexpression of both Pax6 variants prevents photoreceptor differentiation, most likely by inhibiting Crx expression. Taken together, these data show that Pax6 acts in RPCs to control differentiation of multiple late-born neuronal cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liv Aleen Remez
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Akishi Onishi
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Yotam Menuchin-Lasowski
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Assaf Biran
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Karl J Wahlin
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Donlad J Zack
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States; Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Ruth Ashery-Padan
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Paikari A, D Belair C, Saw D, Blelloch R. The eutheria-specific miR-290 cluster modulates placental growth and maternal-fetal transport. Development 2017; 144:3731-3743. [PMID: 28935707 DOI: 10.1242/dev.151654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate-specific ESCC microRNA family arises from two genetic loci in mammals: miR-290/miR-371 and miR-302. The miR-302 locus is found broadly among vertebrates, whereas the miR-290/miR-371 locus is unique to eutheria, suggesting a role in placental development. Here, we evaluate that role. A knock-in reporter for the mouse miR-290 cluster is expressed throughout the embryo until gastrulation, when it becomes specifically expressed in extraembryonic tissues and the germline. In the placenta, expression is limited to the trophoblast lineage, where it remains highly expressed until birth. Deletion of the miR-290 cluster gene (Mirc5) results in reduced trophoblast progenitor cell proliferation and a reduced DNA content in endoreduplicating trophoblast giant cells. The resulting placenta is reduced in size. In addition, the vascular labyrinth is disorganized, with thickening of the maternal-fetal blood barrier and an associated reduction in diffusion. Multiple mRNA targets of the miR-290 cluster microRNAs are upregulated. These data uncover a crucial function for the miR-290 cluster in the regulation of a network of genes required for placental development, suggesting a central role for these microRNAs in the evolution of placental mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Paikari
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Cassandra D Belair
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Daniel Saw
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Robert Blelloch
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA .,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
A Novel and Multivalent Role of Pax6 in Cerebellar Development. J Neurosci 2017; 36:9057-69. [PMID: 27581449 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4385-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pax6 is a prominent gene in brain development. The deletion of Pax6 results in devastated development of eye, olfactory bulb, and cortex. However, it has been reported that the Pax6-null Sey cerebellum only has minor defects involving granule cells despite Pax6 being expressed throughout cerebellar development. The present work has uncovered a requirement of Pax6 in the development of all rhombic lip (RL) lineages. A significant downregulation of Tbr1 and Tbr2 expression is found in the Sey cerebellum, these are cell-specific markers of cerebellar nuclear (CN) neurons and unipolar brush cells (UBCs), respectively. The examination of Tbr1 and Lmx1a immunolabeling and Nissl staining confirmed the loss of CN neurons from the Sey cerebellum. CN neuron progenitors are produced in the mutant but there is an enhanced death of these neurons as shown by increased presence of caspase-3-positive cells. These data indicate that Pax6 regulates the survival of CN neuron progenitors. Furthermore, the analysis of experimental mouse chimeras suggests a cell-extrinsic role of Pax6 in CN neuron survival. For UBCs, using Tbr2 immunolabeling, these cells are significantly reduced in the Sey cerebellum. The loss of UBCs in the mutant is due partly to cell death in the RL and also to the reduced production of progenitors from the RL. These results demonstrate a critical role for Pax6 in regulating the generation and survival of UBCs. This and previous work from our laboratory demonstrate a seminal role of Pax6 in the development of all cerebellar glutamatergic neurons. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Pax6 is a key molecule in development. Pax6 is best known as the master control gene in eye development with mutations causing aniridia in humans. Pax6 also plays important developmental roles in the cortex and olfactory bulb. During cerebellar development, Pax6 is robustly expressed in the germinal zone of all glutamatergic neurons [cerebellar nuclear (CN) neurons, granule cells, and unipolar brush cells (UBCs)]. Past work has not found abnormalities in the CN and UBC populations. Our study reveals that the Pax6-null mutation dramatically affects these cells and identifies Pax6 as a key regulator of cell survival in CN neurons and of cell production in UBCs. The present study shows how Pax6 is key to the development of glutamatergic cells in the cerebellum.
Collapse
|
25
|
Fang F, Song R, Ling X, Peng M, Xue Z, Cang J. Multiple sevoflurane anesthesia in pregnant mice inhibits neurogenesis of fetal hippocampus via repressing transcription factor Pax6. Life Sci 2017; 175:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
26
|
Grigoryan EN, Markitantova YV. Cellular and Molecular Preconditions for Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) Natural Reprogramming during Retinal Regeneration in Urodela. Biomedicines 2016; 4:E28. [PMID: 28536395 PMCID: PMC5344269 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines4040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many regeneration processes in animals are based on the phenomenon of cell reprogramming followed by proliferation and differentiation in a different specialization direction. An insight into what makes natural (in vivo) cell reprogramming possible can help to solve a number of biomedical problems. In particular, the first problem is to reveal the intrinsic properties of the cells that are necessary and sufficient for reprogramming; the second, to evaluate these properties and, on this basis, to reveal potential endogenous sources for cell substitution in damaged tissues; and the third, to use the acquired data for developing approaches to in vitro cell reprogramming in order to obtain a cell reserve for damaged tissue repair. Normal cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in newts (Urodela) can change their specialization and transform into retinal neurons and ganglion cells (i.e., actualize their retinogenic potential). Therefore, they can serve as a model that provides the possibility to identify factors of the initial competence of vertebrate cells for reprogramming in vivo. This review deals mainly with the endogenous properties of native newt RPE cells themselves and, to a lesser extent, with exogenous mechanisms regulating the process of reprogramming, which are actively discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora N Grigoryan
- Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia.
| | - Yuliya V Markitantova
- Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gueta K, David A, Cohen T, Menuchin-Lasowski Y, Nobel H, Narkis G, Li L, Love P, de Melo J, Blackshaw S, Westphal H, Ashery-Padan R. The stage-dependent roles of Ldb1 and functional redundancy with Ldb2 in mammalian retinogenesis. Development 2016; 143:4182-4192. [PMID: 27697904 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Lim domain-binding proteins are key co-factor proteins that assemble with LIM domains of the LMO/LIM-HD family to form functional complexes that regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. Using conditional mutagenesis and comparative phenotypic analysis, we analyze the function of Ldb1 and Ldb2 in mouse retinal development, and demonstrate overlapping and specific functions of both proteins. Ldb1 interacts with Lhx2 in the embryonic retina and both Ldb1 and Ldb2 play a key role in maintaining the pool of retinal progenitor cells. This is accomplished by controlling the expression of the Vsx2 and Rax, and components of the Notch and Hedgehog signaling pathways. Furthermore, the Ldb1/Ldb2-mediated complex is essential for generation of early-born photoreceptors through the regulation of Rax and Crx. Finally, we demonstrate functional redundancy between Ldb1 and Ldb2. Ldb1 can fully compensate the loss of Ldb2 during all phases of retinal development, whereas Ldb2 alone is sufficient to sustain activity of Lhx2 in both early- and late-stage RPCs and in Müller glia. By contrast, loss of Ldb1 disrupts activity of the LIM domain factors in neuronal precursors. An intricate regulatory network exists that is mediated by Ldb1 and Ldb2, and promotes RPC proliferation and multipotency; it also controls specification of mammalian retina cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keren Gueta
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ahuvit David
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Tsadok Cohen
- Mammalian Genes and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yotam Menuchin-Lasowski
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Hila Nobel
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ginat Narkis
- Mammalian Genes and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - LiQi Li
- Program on Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul Love
- Program on Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jimmy de Melo
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Heiner Westphal
- Mammalian Genes and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ruth Ashery-Padan
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hedgehog-dependent E3-ligase Midline1 regulates ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of Pax6 during visual system development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:10103-8. [PMID: 27555585 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600770113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pax6 is a key transcription factor involved in eye, brain, and pancreas development. Although pax6 is expressed in the whole prospective retinal field, subsequently its expression becomes restricted to the optic cup by reciprocal transcriptional repression of pax6 and pax2 However, it remains unclear how Pax6 protein is removed from the eyestalk territory on time. Here, we report that Mid1, a member of the RBCC/TRIM E3 ligase family, which was first identified in patients with the X-chromosome-linked Opitz BBB/G (OS) syndrome, interacts with Pax6. We found that the forming eyestalk is a major domain of mid1 expression, controlled by the morphogen Sonic hedgehog (Shh). Here, Mid1 regulates the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of Pax6 protein. Accordantly, when Mid1 levels are knocked down, Pax6 expression is expanded and eyes are enlarged. Our findings indicate that remaining or misaddressed Pax6 protein is cleared from the eyestalk region to properly set the border between the eyestalk territory and the retina via Mid1. Thus, we identified a posttranslational mechanism, regulated by Sonic hedgehog, which is important to suppress Pax6 activity and thus breaks pax6 autoregulation at defined steps during the formation of the visual system.
Collapse
|
29
|
Menuchin-Lasowski Y, Oren-Giladi P, Xie Q, Ezra-Elia R, Ofri R, Peled-Hajaj S, Farhy C, Higashi Y, Van de Putte T, Kondoh H, Huylebroeck D, Cvekl A, Ashery-Padan R. Sip1 regulates the generation of the inner nuclear layer retinal cell lineages in mammals. Development 2016; 143:2829-41. [PMID: 27385012 DOI: 10.1242/dev.136101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Sip1 (Zeb2) plays multiple roles during CNS development from early acquisition of neural fate to cortical neurogenesis and gliogenesis. In humans, SIP1 (ZEB2) haploinsufficiency leads to Mowat-Wilson syndrome, a complex congenital anomaly including intellectual disability, epilepsy and Hirschsprung disease. Here we uncover the role of Sip1 in retinogenesis. Somatic deletion of Sip1 from mouse retinal progenitors primarily affects the generation of inner nuclear layer cell types, resulting in complete loss of horizontal cells and reduced numbers of amacrine and bipolar cells, while the number of Muller glia is increased. Molecular analysis places Sip1 downstream of the eye field transcription factor Pax6 and upstream of Ptf1a in the gene network required for generating the horizontal and amacrine lineages. Intriguingly, characterization of differentiation dynamics reveals that Sip1 has a role in promoting the timely differentiation of retinal interneurons, assuring generation of the proper number of the diverse neuronal and glial cell subtypes that constitute the functional retina in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yotam Menuchin-Lasowski
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Pazit Oren-Giladi
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Raaya Ezra-Elia
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ron Ofri
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Shany Peled-Hajaj
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Chen Farhy
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yujiro Higashi
- Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan
| | - Tom Van de Putte
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Hisato Kondoh
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Danny Huylebroeck
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ales Cvekl
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ruth Ashery-Padan
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Miles A, Tropepe V. Coordinating progenitor cell cycle exit and differentiation in the developing vertebrate retina. NEUROGENESIS 2016; 3:e1161697. [PMID: 27604453 PMCID: PMC4974023 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2016.1161697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The proper development of the vertebrate retina relies heavily on producing the correct number and type of differentiated retinal cell types. To achieve this, proliferating retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) must exit the cell cycle at an appropriate time and correctly express a subset of differentiation markers that help specify retinal cell fate. Homeobox genes, which encode a family of transcription factors, have been accredited to both these processes, implicated in the transcriptional regulation of important cell cycle components, such as cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, and proneural genes. This dual regulation of homeobox genes allows these factors to help co-ordinate the transition from the proliferating RPC to postmitotic, differentiated cell. However, understanding the exact molecular targets of these factors remains a challenging task. This commentary highlights the current knowledge we have about how these factors regulate cell cycle progression and differentiation, with particular emphasis on a recent discovery from our lab demonstrating an antagonistic relationship between Vsx2 and Dmbx1 to control RPC proliferation. Future studies should aim to further understand the direct transcriptional targets of these genes, additional co-factors/interacting proteins and the possible recruitment of epigenetic machinery by these homeobox genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Miles
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vincent Tropepe
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences; Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Curto GG, Gard C, Ribes V. Structures and properties of PAX linked regulatory networks architecting and pacing the emergence of neuronal diversity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 44:75-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
32
|
Wong L, Power N, Miles A, Tropepe V. Mutual antagonism of the paired-type homeobox genes, vsx2 and dmbx1, regulates retinal progenitor cell cycle exit upstream of ccnd1 expression. Dev Biol 2015; 402:216-28. [PMID: 25872183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that regulate the transition between the proliferative and a post-mitotic state of retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) is key to advancing our knowledge of retinal growth and maturation. In the present study we determined that during zebrafish embryonic retinal neurogenesis, two paired-type homeobox genes - vsx2 and dmbx1 - function in a mutually antagonistic manner. We demonstrate that vsx2 gene expression requires active Fgf signaling and that this in turn suppresses dmbx1 expression and maintains cells in an undifferentiated, proliferative RPC state. This vsx2-dependent RPC state can be prolonged cell-autonomously by knockdown of dmbx1, or it can be suppressed prematurely by the over-expression of dmbx1, which we show can inhibit vsx2 expression and lead to precocious neuronal differentiation. dmbx1 loss of function also results in altered expression of canonical cell cycle genes, and in particular up-regulation of ccnd1, which correlates with our previous finding of a prolonged RPC cell cycle. By knocking down ccnd1 and dmbx1 simultaneously, we show that RPCs can overcome this phenotype to exit the cell cycle on time and differentiate normally into retinal neurons. Collectively, our data provide novel insight into the mechanism that enables RPCs to exit the cell cycle through a previously unrecognized antagonistic interaction of two paired-type homeobox genes that are central regulators of an Fgf-vsx2-dmbx1-ccnd1 signaling axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loksum Wong
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Namita Power
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Amanda Miles
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Vincent Tropepe
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 3A9; Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Heavner WE, Andoniadou CL, Pevny LH. Establishment of the neurogenic boundary of the mouse retina requires cooperation of SOX2 and WNT signaling. Neural Dev 2014; 9:27. [PMID: 25488119 PMCID: PMC4295269 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-9-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eye development in vertebrates relies on the critical regulation of SOX2 expression. Humans with mutations in SOX2 often suffer from eye defects including anophthalmia (no eye) and microphthalmia (small eye). In mice, deletion of Sox2 in optic cup progenitor cells results in loss of neural competence and cell fate conversion of the neural retina to a non-neurogenic fate, specifically the acquisition of fate associated with progenitors of the ciliary epithelium. This fate is also promoted with constitutive expression of stabilized β-Catenin in the optic cup, where the WNT pathway is up-regulated. We addressed whether SOX2 co-ordinates the neurogenic boundary of the retina through modulating the WNT/β-Catenin pathway by using a genetic approach in the mouse. Results Upon deletion of Sox2 in the optic cup, response to WNT signaling was expanded, correlating with loss of neural competence, cell fate conversion of the neural retina to ciliary epithelium primordium and, in addition, increased cell cycle time of optic cup progenitors. Removal of Ctnnb1 rescued the cell fate conversion; however, the loss of neural competence and the proliferation defect resulting from lack of SOX2 were not overcome. Lastly, central Sox2-deficient optic cup progenitor cells exhibited WNT-independent up-regulation of D-type Cyclins. Conclusion We propose two distinct roles for SOX2 in the developing retina. Our findings suggest that SOX2 antagonizes the WNT pathway to maintain a neurogenic fate and, in contrast, regulates cycling of optic cup progenitors in a WNT-independent manner. Given that WNT signaling acting upstream of SOX2 has been implicated in the tumorigenicity of embryonic stem cell-derived retinal progenitor cells, our results distinguish the endogenous role of WNT signaling in early optic cup patterning and support a WNT-independent role for SOX2 in maintaining retinal progenitor cell proliferation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1749-8104-9-27) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney E Heavner
- UNC Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
The homeodomain of Eyeless regulates cell growth and antagonizes the paired domain-dependent retinal differentiation function. Protein Cell 2014; 6:68-78. [PMID: 25234589 PMCID: PMC4286722 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pax6 and its Drosophila homolog Eyeless (Ey) play essential roles during eye development. Ey/Pax6 contains two distinct DNA binding domains, a Paired domain (PD) and a Homeodomain (HD). While Ey/Pax6 PD is required for the expression of key regulators of retinal development, relatively little is known about the HD-dependent Ey function. In this study, we used the UAS/GAL4 system to determine the functions of different Ey domains on cell growth and on retinal development. We showed that Ey can promote cell growth, which requires the HD but not the PD. In contrast, the ability of Ey to activate Ato expression and induce ectopic eye formation requires the PD but not the HD. Interestingly, deletion of the HD enhanced Ey-dependent ectopic eye induction while overexpression of the HD only Ey forms antagonizes ectopic eye induction. These studies revealed a novel function of Ey HD on cell growth and a novel antagonistic effect of Ey HD on Ey PD-dependent eye induction. We further show the third helix of the Ey HD can directly interact with the RED subdomain in Ey PD and that deletion of the HD increased the binding of Ey PD to its target. These results suggest that the direct interaction between the HD and the PD potentially mediates their antagonistic effects. Since different Ey splicing forms are expressed in overlapping regions during normal development, we speculate that the expression ratios of the different Ey splice forms potentially contribute to the regulation of growth and differentiation of these tissues.
Collapse
|
35
|
Makantasi P, Dermon CR. Estradiol treatment decreases cell proliferation in the neurogenic zones of adult female zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain. Neuroscience 2014; 277:306-20. [PMID: 25034512 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
While estrogens are known to play a crucial role in the neurogenesis of the mammalian and avian brain, their role in teleost adult proliferation pattern is not yet fully understood. The present study aimed to determine the estrogen effects in adult brain proliferation zones, using zebrafish, as a model organism. Indeed, teleost fish brain provides a unique adult neurogenesis model, based on its extensive proliferation, contrasting the restricted adult telencephalic neurogenesis observed in birds and mammals. To determine the effect of estrogens, 17-β estradiol was administrated for 7 days in adult female zebrafish, followed by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence. Stereological analyses of the BrdU-positive cells within the neurogenic zones, showed region-specific decreases of actively proliferating cells in the estrogen-treated animals, compared to matched controls. Interestingly, the most prominent estradiol effects were found in the number of cycling cells of the ventral nucleus of ventral telencephalic area (Vv) and cerebellar areas. Significant decreases were also determined in the dorso-lateral telencephalic, preoptic and dorsal hypothalamic areas. In contrast, medial dorsal telencephalic, caudal (Hc) and ventral (Hv) hypothalamic areas were unaffected by estrogen treatment. The majority of the BrdU-labeled cells were found to co-express PCNA proliferating marker in Hc, Hv and Vv. Additionally, a population of proliferating cells co-expressed the early neuronal marker TOAD in all areas studied. These results provide significant evidence on the 17-β estradiol impact on adult neurogenesis, down-regulating the fast-cycling and post-mitotic cells within the female zebrafish brain neurogenetic zones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Makantasi
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26500 Rion, Greece
| | - C R Dermon
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26500 Rion, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Blake JA, Ziman MR. Pax genes: regulators of lineage specification and progenitor cell maintenance. Development 2014; 141:737-51. [PMID: 24496612 DOI: 10.1242/dev.091785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pax genes encode a family of transcription factors that orchestrate complex processes of lineage determination in the developing embryo. Their key role is to specify and maintain progenitor cells through use of complex molecular mechanisms such as alternate RNA splice forms and gene activation or inhibition in conjunction with protein co-factors. The significance of Pax genes in development is highlighted by abnormalities that arise from the expression of mutant Pax genes. Here, we review the molecular functions of Pax genes during development and detail the regulatory mechanisms by which they specify and maintain progenitor cells across various tissue lineages. We also discuss mechanistic insights into the roles of Pax genes in regeneration and in adult diseases, including cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Blake
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|