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Liu J, Huang B, Ding F, Li Y. Environment factors, DNA methylation, and cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:7543-7568. [PMID: 37715840 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01749-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Today, the rapid development of science and technology and the rapid change in economy and society are changing the way of life of human beings and affecting the natural, living, working, and internal environment on which human beings depend. At the same time, the global incidence of cancer has increased significantly yearly, and cancer has become the number one killer that threatens human health. Studies have shown that diet, living habits, residential environment, mental and psychological factors, intestinal flora, genetics, social factors, and viral and non-viral infections are closely related to human cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms of the environment and cancer development remain to be further explored. In recent years, DNA methylation has become a key hub and bridge for environmental and cancer research. Some environmental factors can alter the hyper/hypomethylation of human cancer suppressor gene promoters, proto-oncogene promoters, and the whole genome, causing low/high expression or gene mutation of related genes, thereby exerting oncogenic or anticancer effects. It is expected to develop early warning markers of cancer environment based on DNA methylation, thereby providing new methods for early detection of cancers, diagnosis, and targeted therapy. This review systematically expounds on the internal mechanism of environmental factors affecting cancer by changing DNA methylation, aiming to help establish the concept of cancer prevention and improve people's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lan Zhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lan Zhou, China
| | - Binjie Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lan Zhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lan Zhou, China
| | - Feifei Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lan Zhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lan Zhou, China
| | - Yumin Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lan Zhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of the Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lan Zhou, China.
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2
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Dunbar K, Valanciute A, Lima ACS, Vinuela PF, Jamieson T, Rajasekaran V, Blackmur J, Ochocka-Fox AM, Guazzelli A, Cammareri P, Arends MJ, Sansom OJ, Myant KB, Farrington SM, Dunlop MG, Din FVN. Aspirin Rescues Wnt-Driven Stem-like Phenotype in Human Intestinal Organoids and Increases the Wnt Antagonist Dickkopf-1. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:465-489. [PMID: 32971322 PMCID: PMC7797380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Aspirin reduces colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality. Understanding the biology responsible for this protective effect is key to developing biomarker-led approaches for rational clinical use. Wnt signaling drives CRC development from initiation to progression through regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cell populations. Here, we investigated whether aspirin can rescue these proinvasive phenotypes associated with CRC progression in Wnt-driven human and mouse intestinal organoids. METHODS We evaluated aspirin-mediated effects on phenotype and stem cell markers in intestinal organoids derived from mouse (ApcMin/+ and Apcflox/flox) and human familial adenomatous polyposis patients. CRC cell lines (HCT116 and Colo205) were used to study effects on motility, invasion, Wnt signaling, and EMT. RESULTS Aspirin rescues the Wnt-driven cystic organoid phenotype by promoting budding in mouse and human Apc deficient organoids, which is paralleled by decreased stem cell marker expression. Aspirin-mediated Wnt inhibition in ApcMin/+ mice is associated with EMT inhibition and decreased cell migration, invasion, and motility in CRC cell lines. Chemical Wnt activation induces EMT and stem-like alterations in CRC cells, which are rescued by aspirin. Aspirin increases expression of the Wnt antagonist Dickkopf-1 in CRC cells and organoids derived from familial adenomatous polyposis patients, which contributes to EMT and cancer stem cell inhibition. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence of phenotypic biomarkers of response to aspirin with an increased epithelial and reduced stem-like state mediated by an increase in Dickkopf-1. This highlights a novel mechanism of aspirin-mediated Wnt inhibition and potential phenotypic and molecular biomarkers for trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Dunbar
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Asta Valanciute
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Cristina Silva Lima
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paz Freile Vinuela
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Jamieson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Vidya Rajasekaran
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James Blackmur
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anna-Maria Ochocka-Fox
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Guazzelli
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Patrizia Cammareri
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Arends
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin B Myant
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Susan M Farrington
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm G Dunlop
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Farhat V N Din
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Aussem A, Ludwig K. The Potential for Reducing Lynch Syndrome Cancer Risk with Nutritional Nrf2 Activators. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:404-419. [PMID: 32281399 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1751215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lynch syndrome (LS), is an autosomal dominant disorder predisposing patients to multiple cancers, predominantly colorectal (CRC) and endometrial, and is implicated in 2-4% of all CRC cases. LS is characterized by mutations of four mismatch repair (MMR) genes which code for proteins responsible for recognizing and repairing DNA lesions occurring through multiple mechanisms including oxidative stress (OS). Increased OS can cause DNA mutations and is considered carcinogenic. Due to reduced MMR activity, LS patients have an increased risk of cancer as a result of a decreased ability to recognize and repair DNA lesions caused by OS. Due to its carcinogenic properties, reducing the level of OS may reduce the risk of cancer. Nutritional Nrf2 activators have been shown to reduce the risk of carcinogenesis in the general population through activation of the endogenous antioxidant system. Common nutritional Nrf2 activators include sulforaphane, curcumin, DATS, quercetin, resveratrol, and EGCG. Since LS patients are more susceptible to carcinogenesis caused by OS, it is hypothesized that nutritional Nrf2 activators may have the potential to reduce the risk of cancer in those with LS by modulating OS and inflammation. The purpose of this paper is to review the available evidence in support of this statement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Aussem
- Hawthorn University, Whitethorn, California, USA.,McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Kirsten Ludwig
- Hawthorn University, Whitethorn, California, USA.,Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behaviour, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Pussila M, Törönen P, Einarsdottir E, Katayama S, Krjutškov K, Holm L, Kere J, Peltomäki P, Mäkinen MJ, Linden J, Nyström M. Mlh1 deficiency in normal mouse colon mucosa associates with chromosomally unstable colon cancer. Carcinogenesis 2019; 39:788-797. [PMID: 29701748 PMCID: PMC5973430 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) genome is unstable and different types of instabilities, such as chromosomal instability (CIN) and microsatellite instability (MSI) are thought to reflect distinct cancer initiating mechanisms. Although 85% of sporadic CRC reveal CIN, 15% reveal mismatch repair (MMR) malfunction and MSI, the hallmarks of Lynch syndrome with inherited heterozygous germline mutations in MMR genes. Our study was designed to comprehensively follow genome-wide expression changes and their implications during colon tumorigenesis. We conducted a long-term feeding experiment in the mouse to address expression changes arising in histologically normal colonic mucosa as putative cancer preceding events, and the effect of inherited predisposition (Mlh1+/−) and Western-style diet (WD) on those. During the 21-month experiment, carcinomas developed mainly in WD-fed mice and were evenly distributed between genotypes. Unexpectedly, the heterozygote (B6.129-Mlh1tm1Rak) mice did not show MSI in their CRCs. Instead, both wildtype and heterozygote CRC mice showed a distinct mRNA expression profile and shortage of several chromosomal segregation gene-specific transcripts (Mlh1, Bub1, Mis18a, Tpx2, Rad9a, Pms2, Cenpe, Ncapd3, Odf2 and Dclre1b) in their colon mucosa, as well as an increased mitotic activity and abundant numbers of unbalanced/atypical mitoses in tumours. Our genome-wide expression profiling experiment demonstrates that cancer preceding changes are already seen in histologically normal colon mucosa and that decreased expressions of Mlh1 and other chromosomal segregation genes may form a field-defect in mucosa, which trigger MMR-proficient, chromosomally unstable CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjaana Pussila
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme
| | - Petri Törönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisabet Einarsdottir
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shintaro Katayama
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kaarel Krjutškov
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liisa Holm
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Päivi Peltomäki
- Medicum, Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jere Linden
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, FCLAP, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Nyström
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme
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DNA methylation changes and somatic mutations as tumorigenic events in Lynch syndrome-associated adenomas retaining mismatch repair protein expression. EBioMedicine 2018; 39:280-291. [PMID: 30578081 PMCID: PMC6355728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA mismatch repair (MMR) defects are a major factor in colorectal tumorigenesis in Lynch syndrome (LS) and 15% of sporadic cases. Some adenomas from carriers of inherited MMR gene mutations have intact MMR protein expression implying other mechanisms accelerating tumorigenesis. We determined roles of DNA methylation changes and somatic mutations in cancer-associated genes as tumorigenic events in LS-associated colorectal adenomas with intact MMR. Methods We investigated 122 archival colorectal specimens of normal mucosae, adenomas and carcinomas from 57 LS patients. MMR-deficient (MMR-D, n = 49) and MMR-proficient (MMR-P, n = 18) adenomas were of particular interest and were interrogated by methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and Ion Torrent sequencing. Findings Promoter methylation of CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)-associated marker genes and selected colorectal cancer (CRC)-associated tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) increased and LINE-1 methylation decreased from normal mucosa to MMR-P adenomas to MMR-D adenomas. Methylation differences were statistically significant when either adenoma group was compared with normal mucosa, but not between MMR-P and MMR-D adenomas. Significantly increased methylation was found in multiple CIMP marker genes (IGF2, NEUROG1, CRABP1, and CDKN2A) and TSGs (SFRP1 and SFRP2) in MMR-P adenomas already. Furthermore, certain CRC-associated somatic mutations, such as KRAS, were prevalent in MMR-P adenomas. Interpretation We conclude that DNA methylation changes and somatic mutations of cancer-associated genes might serve as an alternative pathway accelerating LS-associated tumorigenesis in the presence of proficient MMR. Fund Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation, Academy of Finland, Cancer Foundation Finland, Sigrid Juselius Foundation, and HiLIFE.
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Faisal I, Kauppi L. Reduced MAD2 levels dampen the apoptotic response to non-exchange sex chromosomes and lead to sperm aneuploidy. Development 2017; 144:1988-1996. [PMID: 28506992 DOI: 10.1242/dev.149492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In meiosis, non-exchange homologous chromosomes are at risk for mis-segregation and should be monitored by the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) to avoid formation of aneuploid gametes. Sex chromosome mis-segregation is particularly common and can lead to sterility or to aneuploid offspring (e.g. individuals with Turner or Klinefelter syndrome). Despite major implications for health and reproduction, modifiers of meiotic SAC robustness and the subsequent apoptotic response in male mammals remain obscure. Levels of SAC proteins, e.g. MAD2, are crucial for normal checkpoint function in many experimental systems, but surprisingly, apparently not in male meiosis, as indicated by the lack of chromosome segregation defects reported earlier in Mad2+/- spermatocytes. To directly test whether MAD2 levels impact the meiotic response to mis-segregating chromosomes, we used Spo11β-onlymb mice that are prone to non-exchange X-Y chromosomes. We show that reduced MAD2 levels attenuate the apoptotic response to mis-segregating sex chromosomes and allow the formation of aneuploid sperm. These findings demonstrate that SAC protein levels are crucial for the efficient elimination of aberrant spermatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imrul Faisal
- Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland.,Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Liisa Kauppi
- Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland .,Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
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Valo S, Kaur S, Ristimäki A, Renkonen-Sinisalo L, Järvinen H, Mecklin JP, Nyström M, Peltomäki P. DNA hypermethylation appears early and shows increased frequency with dysplasia in Lynch syndrome-associated colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. Clin Epigenetics 2015. [PMID: 26203307 PMCID: PMC4511034 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lynch syndrome (LS) is associated with germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. The first "hit" to inactivate one allele of the predisposing MMR gene is present in every cell, contributing to accelerated tumorigenesis. Less information is available of the nature, timing, and order of other molecular "hits" required for tumor development. To this end, MMR protein expression and coordinated promoter methylation were examined in colorectal specimens prospectively collected from LS mutation carriers (n = 55) during colonoscopy surveillance (10/2011-5/2013), supplemented with retrospective specimens. RESULTS Loss of MMR protein corresponding to the gene mutated in the germline increased with dysplasia, with frequency of 0 % in normal mucosa, 50-68 % in low-grade dysplasia adenomas, and 100 % in high-grade dysplasia adenomas and carcinomas. Promoter methylation as a putative "second hit" occurred in 1/56 (2 %) of tumors with silenced MMR protein. A general hypermethylation tendency was evaluated by two gene sets, eight CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) genes, and seven candidate tumor suppressor genes linked to colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Hypermethylation followed the same trend as MMR protein loss and was present in some low-grade dysplasia adenomas that still expressed MMR protein suggesting the absence of a "second hit." To assess prospectively collected normal mucosa for carcinogenic "fields," the specimen donors were stratified according to age at biopsy (50 years or below vs. above 50 years) and further according to the absence vs. presence of a (previous or concurrent) diagnosis of CRC. In mutation carriers over 50 years old, two markers from the candidate gene panel (SFRP1 and SLC5A8) revealed a significantly elevated average degree of methylation in individuals with CRC diagnosis vs. those without. CONCLUSIONS Our findings emphasize the importance and early appearance of epigenetic alterations in LS-associated tumorigenesis. The results serve early detection and assessment of progression of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Valo
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ; Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sippy Kaur
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Ristimäki
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ; Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Renkonen-Sinisalo
- Department of Gastrointestinal and General Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Järvinen
- Department of Gastrointestinal and General Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka-Pekka Mecklin
- Department of Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Minna Nyström
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Peltomäki
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Jiang HL, Liu X, Li Q. Application of transgenic animal models in colorectal cancer research. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:1603-1608. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i10.1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the increasing incidence of colorectal cancer, the research in this area has been extensively carried out. So far, there have been about 30 kinds of transgenic animal models that are related to colorectal cancer. Compared to other animal models, transgenic animal models have showed more advantages in colorectal cancer research and have gradually become a hot spot in colorectal cancer research. This article will give an overview of conventional transgenic techniques and discuss the application of transgenic animal models in colorectal cancer research.
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