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Yamashita S, Miyazawa T, Higuchi O, Kinoshita M, Miyazawa T. Marine Plasmalogens: A Gift from the Sea with Benefits for Age-Associated Diseases. Molecules 2023; 28:6328. [PMID: 37687157 PMCID: PMC10488995 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging increases oxidative and inflammatory stress caused by a reduction in metabolism and clearance, thus leading to the development of age-associated diseases. The quality of our daily diet and exercise is important for the prevention of these diseases. Marine resources contain various valuable nutrients, and unique glycerophospholipid plasmalogens are found abundantly in some marine invertebrates, including ascidians. One of the major classes, the ethanolamine class (PlsEtn), exists in a high ratio to phospholipids in the brain and blood, while decreased levels have been reported in patients with age-associated diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Animal studies have shown that the administration of marine PlsEtn prepared from marine invertebrates improved PlsEtn levels in the body and alleviated inflammation. Animal and human studies have reported that marine PlsEtn ameliorates cognitive impairment. In this review, we highlight the biological significance, relationships with age-associated diseases, food functions, and healthcare materials of plasmalogens based on recent knowledge and discuss the contribution of marine plasmalogens to health maintenance in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Yamashita
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (S.Y.); (M.K.)
| | - Taiki Miyazawa
- Food and Biotechnology Platform Promoting Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; (T.M.); (O.H.)
| | - Ohki Higuchi
- Food and Biotechnology Platform Promoting Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; (T.M.); (O.H.)
| | - Mikio Kinoshita
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (S.Y.); (M.K.)
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- Food and Biotechnology Platform Promoting Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; (T.M.); (O.H.)
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Ferreri C, Ferocino A, Batani G, Chatgilialoglu C, Randi V, Riontino MV, Vetica F, Sansone A. Plasmalogens: Free Radical Reactivity and Identification of Trans Isomers Relevant to Biological Membranes. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050730. [PMID: 37238600 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmalogens are membrane phospholipids with two fatty acid hydrocarbon chains linked to L-glycerol, one containing a characteristic cis-vinyl ether function and the other one being a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) residue linked through an acyl function. All double bonds in these structures display the cis geometrical configuration due to desaturase enzymatic activity and they are known to be involved in the peroxidation process, whereas the reactivity through cis-trans double bond isomerization has not yet been identified. Using 1-(1Z-octadecenyl)-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (C18 plasm-20:4 PC) as a representative molecule, we showed that the cis-trans isomerization can occur at both plasmalogen unsaturated moieties, and the product has characteristic analytical signatures useful for omics applications. Using plasmalogen-containing liposomes and red blood cell (RBC) ghosts under biomimetic Fenton-like conditions, in the presence or absence of thiols, peroxidation, and isomerization processes were found to occur with different reaction outcomes due to the particular liposome compositions. These results allow gaining a full scenario of plasmalogen reactivity under free radical conditions. Moreover, clarification of the plasmalogen reactivity under acidic and alkaline conditions was carried out, identifying the best protocol for RBC membrane fatty acid analysis due to their plasmalogen content of 15-20%. These results are important for lipidomic applications and for achieving a full scenario of radical stress in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ferreri
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ferocino
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gessica Batani
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Vanda Randi
- Centro Regionale Sangue Regione Emilia Romagna (CRS-RER), Casa dei Donatori di Sangue, Via dell'Ospedale, 20, 40133 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Riontino
- Centro Regionale Sangue Regione Emilia Romagna (CRS-RER), Casa dei Donatori di Sangue, Via dell'Ospedale, 20, 40133 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vetica
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Sansone
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Intestinal Intervention Strategy Targeting Myeloid Cells to Improve Hepatic Immunity during Hepatocarcinoma Development. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111633. [PMID: 34829862 PMCID: PMC8615385 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity in the tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in hepatocarcinoma (HCC) progression. Plant seeds provide serine-type protease inhibitors (SETIs), which can have a significant influence on liver inflammation and macrophage function. To elucidate the influence of SETIs to counter pro-tumorigenic conditions, at the early stages of HCC development, it was used as an established model of diethylnitrosamine/thioacetamide-injured liver fed with a standard diet (STD) or high-fat diet (42%) (HFD). The administration of SETIs improved survival and ameliorated tumor burden via modulation of monocyte-derived macrophages as key effectors involved in diet-induced HCC development. RT-qPCR analyses of hepatic tissue evidenced a diet-independent downregulatory effect of SETIs on the transcripts of CD36, FASN, ALOX15, and SREBP1c; however, animals fed with an STD showed opposing effects for PPAR and NRLP3 levels. These effects were accompanied by a decreased production of IL-6 and IL-17 but increased that of TNF in animals receiving SETIs. Moreover, only animals fed an HFD displayed increased concentrations of the stem cell factor. Overall, SETIs administration decreased the hepatic contents of lysophosphatydilcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Notably, animals that received SETIs exhibited increased hepatic proportions of CD68+CX3CR1+CD74+ cells and at a higher rate in those animals fed an HFD. Altogether, the data evidence that oral administration of SETIs modulates the tumor microenvironment, improving hepatic innate immune response(s) and favoring a better antitumoral environment. It represents a path forward in developing coadjutant strategies to pharmacological therapies, with either a preventive or therapeutic character, to counter physiopathological conditions at early stages of HCC development.
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Takahashi T, Kamiyoshihara R, Otoki Y, Ito J, Kato S, Suzuki T, Yamashita S, Eitsuka T, Ikeda I, Nakagawa K. Structural changes of ethanolamine plasmalogen during intestinal absorption. Food Funct 2021; 11:8068-8076. [PMID: 32852024 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01666g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Considerable attention has been paid to the absorption mechanisms of plasmalogen (Pls) because its intake has been expected to have preventive effects on brain-related diseases. Possible structural changes of Pls during absorption (i.e., preferential arachidonic acid re-esterification at the sn-2 position and base conversion of ethanolamine Pls (PE-Pls) into choline Pls (PC-Pls)) have previously been proposed. Since the physiological functions of Pls differ according to its structure, further elucidation of such structural changes during absorption is important to understand how Pls exerts its physiological effects in vivo. Hence, the absorption mechanism of Pls was investigated using the lymph-cannulation method and the everted jejunal sac model, with a focus on Pls molecular species. In the lymph-cannulation method, relatively high amounts of PE-Pls 18:0/20:4 and PC-Pls 18:0/20:4 were detected from the lymph even though these species were minor in the administered emulsion. Moreover, a significant increase of PE-Pls 18:0/20:4 and PC-Pls 18:0/20:4 in the intestinal mucosa was also confirmed by the everted jejunal sac model. Therefore, structural changes of PE-Pls in the intestinal mucosa were strongly suggested. The results of this study may provide an understanding of the relationship between intestinal absorption of Pls and exertion of its physiological functions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Takahashi
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Reina Kamiyoshihara
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Yurika Otoki
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan. and Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Junya Ito
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Shunji Kato
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Takuji Suzuki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan and Faculty of Education, Art and Science, Couse of Food Environmental Design, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamashita
- Department of Life and Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Takahiro Eitsuka
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Ikuo Ikeda
- Food and Biotechnology Innovation Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan.
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Wu Y, Chen Z, Darwish WS, Terada K, Chiba H, Hui SP. Choline and Ethanolamine Plasmalogens Prevent Lead-Induced Cytotoxicity and Lipid Oxidation in HepG2 Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:7716-7725. [PMID: 31131603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasmalogens derived from dietary phospholipids are considered to be potential protectors against oxidation-related disorders, while lead (Pb) is an environmental contaminant worldwide and is known to induce oxidative stress. However, the protective and antilipid oxidative effects of individual plasmalogen species against Pb damage have received little attention. In this study, six plasmalogen species (with either choline or ethanolamine as the headgroup and p16:0/18:1, p16:0/18:2, or p16:0/20:5 as the side chains) were evaluated in human hepatoma cells. Plasmalogen species showed a remarkable recovery in cell viability as well as elimination of reactive oxygen species and suppressed the accumulation of phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxides (from 63.6 ± 1.8% to 80.3 ± 2.9%) and phosphatidylethanolamine hydroperoxides (from 25.7 ± 9.3% to 76.1 ± 3.7%). Moreover, plasmalogens significantly upregulated the gene expression levels of a series of antioxidant enzymes that are regulated via the Nrf-2-dependent pathway. This study suggested that choline and ethanolamine plasmalogens could prevent Pb-induced cytotoxicity and lipid oxidation in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Faculty of Health Sciences , Hokkaido University , Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku , Sapporo 060-0812 , Japan
| | - Zhen Chen
- Faculty of Health Sciences , Hokkaido University , Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku , Sapporo 060-0812 , Japan
| | - Wageh S Darwish
- Faculty of Health Sciences , Hokkaido University , Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku , Sapporo 060-0812 , Japan
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Zagazig University , Zagazig 44519 , Egypt
| | - Koh Terada
- Faculty of Health Sciences , Hokkaido University , Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku , Sapporo 060-0812 , Japan
| | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Faculty of Health Sciences , Hokkaido University , Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku , Sapporo 060-0812 , Japan
- Department of Nutrition , Sapporo University of Health Sciences , Nakanuma Nishi-4-2-1-15, Higashi , Sapporo 007-0894 , Japan
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Faculty of Health Sciences , Hokkaido University , Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku , Sapporo 060-0812 , Japan
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Mehta N, Zhang D, Li R, Wang T, Gava A, Parthasarathy P, Gao B, Krepinsky JC. Caveolin-1 regulation of Sp1 controls production of the antifibrotic protein follistatin in kidney mesangial cells. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:37. [PMID: 30995923 PMCID: PMC6472091 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0351-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously showed that caveolin-1 (cav-1), an integral membrane protein, is required for the synthesis of matrix proteins by glomerular mesangial cells (MC). In a previous study to understand how cav-1 is involved in regulating matrix production, we had identified significant upregulation of the antifibrotic protein follistatin in cav-1 knockout MC. Follistatin inhibits the profibrotic effects of several members of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, in particular the activins. Here, we characterize the molecular mechanism through which cav-1 regulates the expression of follistatin. METHODS Kidneys from cav-1 wild type and knockout (KO) mice were analyzed and primary cultures of MC from cav-1 wild-type and KO mice were utilized. FST promoter deletion constructs were generated to determine the region of the promoter important for mediating FST upregulation in cav-1 KO MC. siRNA-mediated down-regulation and overexpression of Sp1 in conjunction with luciferase activity assays, immunoprecipitation, western blotting and ChiP was used to assess the role of Sp1 in transcriptionally regulating FST expression. Pharmacologic kinase inhibitors and specific siRNA were used to determine the post-translational mechanism through which cav-1 affects Sp1 activity. RESULTS Our results establish that follistatin upregulation occurs at the transcript level. We identified Sp1 as the critical transcription factor regulating activation of the FST promoter in cav-1 KO MC through binding to a region within 123 bp of the transcription start site. We further determined that the lack of cav-1 increases Sp1 nuclear levels and transcriptional activity. This occurred through increased phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity and downstream protein kinase C (PKC) zeta-mediated phosphorylation and activation of Sp1. CONCLUSIONS These findings shed light on the transcriptional mechanism by which cav-1 represses the expression of a major antifibrotic protein, and can inform the development of novel antifibrotic treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel Mehta
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Dan Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Renzhong Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Tony Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Agata Gava
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Program, Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | | | - Bo Gao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Joan C Krepinsky
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. .,St. Joseph's Hospital, 50 Charlton Ave East, Rm T3311, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada.
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Liang Q, Zhang Y, Huang M, Xiao Y, Xiao F. Role of mitochondrial damage in Cr(VI)‑induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in L‑02 hepatocytes. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:1256-1265. [PMID: 30535451 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well reported that mitochondrial damage and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (ERS) are involved in heavy metal‑induced cytotoxicity, the role of mitochondrial damage in hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]‑induced ERS and the correlation between the two have not been described and remain to be elucidated. The present study evaluated the ability of Cr(VI) to induce ERS in L‑02 hepatocytes, and subsequently examined the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS)‑mediated mitochondrial damage in Cr(VI)‑induced ERS. The findings demonstrated that Cr(VI) induced ERS, which was characterized by the upregulation of ERS‑associated genes and the substantial release of Ca2+ from the ER. The Cr(VI)‑induced mitochondrial production of ROS, by disturbing mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I and II, may damage mitochondria directly by inducing mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening and mitochondrial membrane potential collapse. The results additionally demonstrated that Cr(VI) induced Ca2+ release from the ER through ROS/caveolin‑1/protein kinase B/inositol 1,4,5‑trisphosphate receptor signaling. The application of the ROS scavenger N‑acetyl‑cysteine confirmed the role of ROS in Cr(VI)‑mediated mitochondrial damage, ERS and apoptotic cell death. The data obtained demonstrated the role of mitochondrial damage in Cr(VI)‑induced ERS and provide novel insight into the elucidation of Cr(VI)‑induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- Department of Health Toxicology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Manfeng Huang
- Department of Health Toxicology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Xiao
- Department of Health Toxicology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Fang Xiao
- Department of Health Toxicology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
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Messias MCF, Mecatti GC, Priolli DG, de Oliveira Carvalho P. Plasmalogen lipids: functional mechanism and their involvement in gastrointestinal cancer. Lipids Health Dis 2018. [PMID: 29514688 PMCID: PMC5842581 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasmalogens are a class of glycerophospholipids which contain a vinyl-ether and an ester bond at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, respectively, in the glycerol backbone. They constitute 10 mol% of the total mass of phospholipids in humans, mainly as membrane structure components. Plasmalogens are important for the organization and stability of lipid raft microdomains and cholesterol-rich membrane regions involved in cellular signaling. In addition to their structural roles, a subset of ether lipids are thought to function as endogenous antioxidants and emerging studies suggest that they are involved in cell differentiation and signaling pathways. Although the clinical significance of plasmalogens is linked to peroxisomal disorders, the pathophysiological roles and their possible metabolic pathways are not fully understood since they present unique structural attributes for the different tissue types. Studies suggest that changes in plasmalogen metabolism may contribute to the development of various types of cancer. Here, we review the molecular characteristics of plasmalogens in order to significantly increase our understanding of the plasmalogen molecule and its involvement in gastrointestinal cancers as well as other types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Cristina Fernandes Messias
- Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, USF, São Francisco de Assis Avenue, 218, Bragança Paulista, SP, 12916-900, Brazil.
| | - Giovana Colozza Mecatti
- Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, USF, São Francisco de Assis Avenue, 218, Bragança Paulista, SP, 12916-900, Brazil
| | - Denise Gonçalves Priolli
- Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, USF, São Francisco de Assis Avenue, 218, Bragança Paulista, SP, 12916-900, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Oliveira Carvalho
- Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, USF, São Francisco de Assis Avenue, 218, Bragança Paulista, SP, 12916-900, Brazil.
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Kostadinova A, Topouzova-Hristova T, Momchilova A, Tzoneva R, Berger MR. Antitumor Lipids--Structure, Functions, and Medical Applications. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2015; 101:27-66. [PMID: 26572975 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell proliferation and metastasis are considered hallmarks of tumor progression. Therefore, efforts have been made to develop novel anticancer drugs that inhibit both the proliferation and the motility of tumor cells. Synthetic antitumor lipids (ATLs), which are chemically divided into two main classes, comprise (i) alkylphospholipids (APLs) and (ii) alkylphosphocholines (APCs). They represent a new entity of drugs with distinct antiproliferative properties in tumor cells. These compounds do not interfere with the DNA or mitotic spindle apparatus of the cell, instead, they incorporate into cell membranes, where they accumulate and interfere with lipid metabolism and lipid-dependent signaling pathways. Recently, it has been shown that the most commonly studied APLs inhibit proliferation by inducing apoptosis in malignant cells while leaving normal cells unaffected and are potent sensitizers of conventional chemo- and radiotherapy, as well as of electrical field therapy. APLs resist catabolic degradation to a large extent, therefore accumulate in the cell and interfere with lipid-dependent survival signaling pathways, notably PI3K-Akt and Raf-Erk1/2, and de novo phospholipid biosynthesis. They are internalized in the cell membrane via raft domains and cause downstream reactions as inhibition of cell growth and migration, cell cycle arrest, actin stress fibers collapse, and apoptosis. This review summarizes the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials of most common ATLs and their mode of action at molecular and biochemical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneliya Kostadinova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | | | - Albena Momchilova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rumiana Tzoneva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Martin R Berger
- German Cancer Research Center, Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
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Phuyal S, Skotland T, Hessvik NP, Simolin H, Øverbye A, Brech A, Parton RG, Ekroos K, Sandvig K, Llorente A. The ether lipid precursor hexadecylglycerol stimulates the release and changes the composition of exosomes derived from PC-3 cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:4225-37. [PMID: 25519911 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.593962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are vesicles released by cells after fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. In this study, we have investigated whether ether lipids affect the release of exosomes in PC-3 cells. To increase the cellular levels of ether lipids, the ether lipid precursor hexadecylglycerol was added to cells. Lipidomic analysis showed that this compound was in fact able to double the cellular levels of ether lipids in these cells. Furthermore, increased levels of ether lipids were also found in exosomes released by cells containing high levels of these lipids. Interestingly, as measured by nanoparticle tracking analysis, cells containing high levels of ether lipids released more exosomes than control cells, and these exosomes were similar in size to control exosomes. Moreover, silver staining and Western blot analyses showed that the protein composition of exosomes released in the presence of hexadecylglycerol was changed; the levels of some proteins were increased, and the levels of others were reduced. In conclusion, this study clearly shows that an increase in cellular ether lipids is associated with changes in the release and composition of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Phuyal
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway, the Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Skotland
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway, the Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nina Pettersen Hessvik
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway, the Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Anders Øverbye
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway, the Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Brech
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway, the Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert G Parton
- the Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia, and
| | - Kim Ekroos
- the Zora Biosciences Oy, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway, the Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway, the Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alicia Llorente
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway, the Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway,
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