1
|
Jalilvand S, Latifi T, Kachooei A, Mirhoseinian M, Hoseini-Fakhr SS, Behnezhad F, Roohvand F, Shoja Z. Circulating rotavirus strains in children with acute gastroenteritis in Iran, 1986 to 2023 and their genetic/antigenic divergence compared to approved vaccines strains (Rotarix, RotaTeq, ROTAVAC, ROTASIIL) before mass vaccination: Clues for vaccination policy makers. Virus Res 2024; 346:199411. [PMID: 38823689 PMCID: PMC11190746 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
In the present study, first, rotaviruses that caused acute gastroenteritis in children under five years of age during the time before the vaccine was introduced in Iran (1986 to 2023) are reviewed. Subsequently, the antigenic epitopes of the VP7 and VP4/VP8 proteins in circulating rotavirus strains in Iran and that of the vaccine strains were compared and their genetic differences in histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) and the potential impact on rotavirus infection susceptibility and vaccine efficacy were discussed. Overall data indicate that rotavirus was estimated in about 38.1 % of samples tested. The most common genotypes or combinations were G1 and P[8], or G1P[8]. From 2015 to 2023, there was a decline in the prevalence of G1P[8], with intermittent peaks of genotypes G3P[8] and G9P[8]. The analyses suggested that the monovalent Rotarix vaccine or monovalent vaccines containing the G1P[8] component might be proper in areas with a similar rotavirus genotype pattern and genetic background as the Iranian population where the G1P[8] strain is the most predominant and has the ability to bind to HBGA secretors. While the same concept can be applied to RotaTeq and RotasIIL vaccines, their complex vaccine technology, which involves reassortment, makes them less of a priority. The ROTASIIL vaccine, despite not having the VP4 arm (P[5]) as a suitable protection option, has previously shown the ability to neutralize not only G9-lineage I strains but also other G9-lineages at high titers. Thus, vaccination with the ROTASIIL vaccine may be more effective in Iran compared to RotaTeq. However, considering the rotavirus genotypic pattern, ROTAVAC might not be a good choice for Iran. Overall, the findings of this study provide valuable insights into the prevalence of rotavirus strains and the potential effectiveness of different vaccines in the Iranian and similar populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Jalilvand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Latifi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Kachooei
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahtab Mirhoseinian
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Farzane Behnezhad
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzin Roohvand
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zabihollah Shoja
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Poddar S, Roy R, Kar P. Elucidating the conformational dynamics of histo-blood group antigens and their interactions with the rotavirus spike protein through computational lens. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37909470 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2274979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the conformational dynamics of histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) and their interactions with the VP8* domain of four rotavirus genotypes (P[4], P[6], P[19], and P[11]) utilizing all-atom molecular dynamics simulations in explicit water. Our study revealed distinct changes in the dynamic behavior of the same glycan due to linkage variations. We observed that LNFPI HBGA having a terminal β linkage shows two dominant conformations after complexation, whereas only one was obtained for LNFPI with a terminal α linkage. Interestingly, both variants displayed a single dominant structure in the free state. Similarly, LNT and LNnT show a shift in their dihedral linkage profile between their two terminal monosaccharides because of a change in the linkage from β(1-3) to β(1-4). The molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM/GBSA) calculations yielded the highest binding affinity for LNFPI(β)/P[6] (-13.93 kcal/mol) due to the formation of numerous hydrogen bonds between VP8* and HBGAs. LNnT binds more strongly to P[11] (-12.88 kcal/mol) than LNT (-4.41 kcal/mol), suggesting a single change in the glycan linkage might impact its binding profile significantly. We have also identified critical amino acids and monosaccharides (Gal and GlcNAc) that contributed significantly to the protein-ligand binding through the per-residue decomposition of binding free energy. Moreover, we found that the interaction between the same glycan and different protein receptors within the same rotavirus genogroup influenced the micro-level dynamics of the glycan. Overall, our study helps a deeper understanding of the H-type HBGA and rotavirus spike protein interaction.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Poddar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Rajarshi Roy
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Parimal Kar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Raev SA, Raque M, Kick MK, Saif LJ, Vlasova AN. Differential transcriptome response following infection of porcine ileal enteroids with species A and C rotaviruses. Virol J 2023; 20:238. [PMID: 37848925 PMCID: PMC10580564 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus C (RVC) is the major causative agent of acute gastroenteritis in suckling piglets, while most RVAs mostly affect weaned animals. Besides, while most RVA strains can be propagated in MA-104 and other continuous cell lines, attempts to isolate and culture RVC strains remain largely unsuccessful. The host factors associated with these unique RVC characteristics remain unknown. METHODS In this study, we have comparatively evaluated transcriptome responses of porcine ileal enteroids infected with RVC G1P[1] and two RVA strains (G9P[13] and G5P[7]) with a focus on innate immunity and virus-host receptor interactions. RESULTS The analysis of differentially expressed genes regulating antiviral immune response indicated that in contrast to RVA, RVC infection resulted in robust upregulation of expression of the genes encoding pattern recognition receptors including RIG1-like receptors and melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5. RVC infection was associated with a prominent upregulation of the most of glycosyltransferase-encoding genes except for the sialyltransferase-encoding genes which were downregulated similar to the effects observed for G9P[13]. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide novel data highlighting the unique aspects of the RVC-associated host cellular signalling and suggest that increased upregulation of the key antiviral factors maybe one of the mechanisms responsible for RVC age-specific characteristics and its inability to replicate in most cell cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A Raev
- Center for Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44677, USA.
| | - Molly Raque
- Center for Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44677, USA
| | - Maryssa K Kick
- Center for Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44677, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44677, USA
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44677, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xia M, Vago F, Han L, Huang P, Nguyen L, Boons GJ, Klassen JS, Jiang W, Tan M. The αTSR Domain of Plasmodium Circumsporozoite Protein Bound Heparan Sulfates and Elicited High Titers of Sporozoite Binding Antibody After Displayed by Nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:3087-3107. [PMID: 37312932 PMCID: PMC10259582 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s406314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Malaria is a devastating infectious illness caused by protozoan Plasmodium parasites. The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) on Plasmodium sporozoites binds heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) receptors for liver invasion, a critical step for prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. Methods In this study, we characterized the αTSR domain that covers region III and the thrombospondin type-I repeat (TSR) of the CSP using various biochemical, glycobiological, bioengineering, and immunological approaches. Results We found for the first time that the αTSR bound heparan sulfate (HS) glycans through support by a fused protein, indicating that the αTSR is a key functional domain and thus a vaccine target. When the αTSR was fused to the S domain of norovirus VP1, the fusion protein self-assembled into uniform S60-αTSR nanoparticles. Three-dimensional structure reconstruction revealed that each nanoparticle consists of an S60 nanoparticle core and 60 surface displayed αTSR antigens. The nanoparticle displayed αTSRs retained the binding function to HS glycans, indicating that they maintained authentic conformations. Both tagged and tag-free S60-αTSR nanoparticles were produced via the Escherichia coli system at high yield by scalable approaches. They are highly immunogenic in mice, eliciting high titers of αTSR-specific antibody that bound specifically to the CSPs of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites at high titer. Discussion and Conclusion Our data demonstrated that the αTSR is an important functional domain of the CSP. The S60-αTSR nanoparticle displaying multiple αTSR antigens is a promising vaccine candidate potentially against attachment and infection of Plasmodium parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Frank Vago
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ling Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pengwei Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Linh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - John S Klassen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Raev SA, Omwando AM, Guo Y, Raque MS, Amimo JO, Saif LJ, Vlasova AN. Glycan-mediated interactions between bacteria, rotavirus and the host cells provide an additional mechanism of antiviral defence. Benef Microbes 2022; 13:383-396. [PMID: 36239669 DOI: 10.3920/bm2022.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Limited efficacy of rotavirus (RV) vaccines in children in developing countries and in animals remains a significant problem necessitating further search for additional approaches to control RV-associated gastroenteritis. During cell attachment and entry events, RV interacts with cell surface O-glycans including histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). Besides modulation of the protective immunity against RV, several commensal and probiotic bacteria were shown to express HBGA-like substances suggesting that they may affect RV attachment and entry into the host cells. Moreover, some beneficial bacteria have been shown to possess the ability to bind host HBGAs via sugar specific proteins called lectins. However, limited research has been done to evaluate the effects of HBGA-expressing and/or HBGA-binding bacteria on RV infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of selected commensal and probiotic bacteria to bind different RV strains via HBGAs and to block RV infection of IPEC-J2 cells. Our data indicated that Gram-negative probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (E. coli Nissle 1917) and commensal Gram-positive (Streptococcus bovis and Bifidobacterium adolescentis) and Gram-negative (Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Clostridium clostridioforme and Escherichia coli G58 (E. coli G58) bacteria of swine origin expressed HBGAs which correlated with their ability to bind group A and C RVs. Additionally, Gram-positive E. coli 1917 and E. coli G58 demonstrated the ability to block RV attachment onto IPEC-J2 cells. Taken together, our results support the hypothesis that physical interactions between RVs and HBGA-expressing beneficial bacteria may limit RV replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Raev
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - A M Omwando
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, 00625 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Y Guo
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - M S Raque
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - J O Amimo
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, 00625 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - L J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - A N Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Omatola CA, Olaniran AO. Rotaviruses: From Pathogenesis to Disease Control—A Critical Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050875. [PMID: 35632617 PMCID: PMC9143449 DOI: 10.3390/v14050875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their first recognition in human cases about four decades ago, rotaviruses have remained the leading cause of acute severe dehydrating diarrhea among infants and young children worldwide. The WHO prequalification of oral rotavirus vaccines (ORV) a decade ago and its introduction in many countries have yielded a significant decline in the global burden of the disease, although not without challenges to achieving global effectiveness. Poised by the unending malady of rotavirus diarrhea and the attributable death cases in developing countries, we provide detailed insights into rotavirus biology, exposure pathways, cellular receptors and pathogenesis, host immune response, epidemiology, and vaccination. Additionally, recent developments on the various host, viral and environmental associated factors impacting ORV performance in low-and middle-income countries (LMIC) are reviewed and their significance assessed. In addition, we review the advances in nonvaccine strategies (probiotics, candidate anti-rotaviral drugs, breastfeeding) to disease prevention and management.
Collapse
|
7
|
Peña-Gil N, Santiso-Bellón C, Gozalbo-Rovira R, Buesa J, Monedero V, Rodríguez-Díaz J. The Role of Host Glycobiology and Gut Microbiota in Rotavirus and Norovirus Infection, an Update. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413473. [PMID: 34948268 PMCID: PMC8704558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) and norovirus (NoV) are the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide. Several studies have demonstrated that histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) have a role in NoV and RV infections since their presence on the gut epithelial surfaces is essential for the susceptibility to many NoV and RV genotypes. Polymorphisms in genes that code for enzymes required for HBGAs synthesis lead to secretor or non-secretor and Lewis positive or Lewis negative individuals. While secretor individuals appear to be more susceptible to RV infections, regarding NoVs infections, there are too many discrepancies that prevent the ability to draw conclusions. A second factor that influences enteric viral infections is the gut microbiota of the host. In vitro and animal studies have determined that the gut microbiota limits, but in some cases enhances enteric viral infection. The ways that microbiota can enhance NoV or RV infection include virion stabilization and promotion of virus attachment to host cells, whereas experiments with microbiota-depleted and germ-free animals point to immunoregulation as the mechanism by which the microbiota restrict infection. Human trials with live, attenuated RV vaccines and analysis of the microbiota in responder and non-responder individuals also allowed the identification of bacterial taxa linked to vaccine efficacy. As more information is gained on the complex relationships that are established between the host (glycobiology and immune system), the gut microbiota and intestinal viruses, new avenues will open for the development of novel anti-NoV and anti-RV therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazaret Peña-Gil
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (N.P.-G.); (C.S.-B.); (R.G.-R.); (J.B.)
| | - Cristina Santiso-Bellón
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (N.P.-G.); (C.S.-B.); (R.G.-R.); (J.B.)
| | - Roberto Gozalbo-Rovira
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (N.P.-G.); (C.S.-B.); (R.G.-R.); (J.B.)
| | - Javier Buesa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (N.P.-G.); (C.S.-B.); (R.G.-R.); (J.B.)
| | - Vicente Monedero
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Spain;
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (N.P.-G.); (C.S.-B.); (R.G.-R.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963-864-903; Fax: +34-963-864-960
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tenge VR, Hu L, Prasad BVV, Larson G, Atmar RL, Estes MK, Ramani S. Glycan Recognition in Human Norovirus Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:2066. [PMID: 34696500 PMCID: PMC8537403 DOI: 10.3390/v13102066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of cell-surface glycans is an important step in the attachment of several viruses to susceptible host cells. The molecular basis of glycan interactions and their functional consequences are well studied for human norovirus (HuNoV), an important gastrointestinal pathogen. Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), a family of fucosylated carbohydrate structures that are present on the cell surface, are utilized by HuNoVs to initially bind to cells. In this review, we describe the discovery of HBGAs as genetic susceptibility factors for HuNoV infection and review biochemical and structural studies investigating HuNoV binding to different HBGA glycans. Recently, human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) were developed as a laboratory cultivation system for HuNoV. We review how the use of this novel culture system has confirmed that fucosylated HBGAs are necessary and sufficient for infection by several HuNoV strains, describe mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralization of infection that involve blocking of HuNoV binding to HBGAs, and discuss the potential for using the HIE model to answer unresolved questions on viral interactions with HBGAs and other glycans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria R. Tenge
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
| | - Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - B. V. Venkataram Prasad
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Robert L. Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Selective
13
C‐Labels on Repeating Glycan Oligomers to Reveal Protein Binding Epitopes through NMR: Polylactosamine Binding to Galectins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
10
|
Moure MJ, Gimeno A, Delgado S, Diercks T, Boons G, Jiménez‐Barbero J, Ardá A. Selective 13 C-Labels on Repeating Glycan Oligomers to Reveal Protein Binding Epitopes through NMR: Polylactosamine Binding to Galectins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18777-18782. [PMID: 34128568 PMCID: PMC8456918 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A combined chemo-enzymatic synthesis/NMR-based methodology is presented to identify, in unambiguous manner, the distinctive binding epitope within repeating sugar oligomers when binding to protein receptors. The concept is based on the incorporation of 13 C-labels at specific monosaccharide units, selected within a repeating glycan oligomeric structure. No new chemical tags are added, and thus the chemical entity remains the same, while the presence of the 13 C-labeled monosaccharide breaks the NMR chemical shift degeneracy that occurs in the non-labeled compound and allows the unique identification of the different components of the oligomer. The approach is demonstrated by a proof-of-concept study dealing with the interaction of a polylactosamine hexasaccharide with five different galectins that display distinct preferences for these entities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María J. Moure
- Chemical Glycobiology labCIC bioGUNEBasque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA)Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 80048160DerioSpain
| | - Ana Gimeno
- Chemical Glycobiology labCIC bioGUNEBasque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA)Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 80048160DerioSpain
| | - Sandra Delgado
- Chemical Glycobiology labCIC bioGUNEBasque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA)Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 80048160DerioSpain
| | - Tammo Diercks
- Chemical Glycobiology labCIC bioGUNEBasque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA)Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 80048160DerioSpain
| | - Geert‐Jan Boons
- Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Jesús Jiménez‐Barbero
- Chemical Glycobiology labCIC bioGUNEBasque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA)Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 80048160DerioSpain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for SciencePlaza Euskadi 548009BilbaoSpain
- Department of Organic & Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of the Basque CountryUPV/EHUSpain
| | - Ana Ardá
- Chemical Glycobiology labCIC bioGUNEBasque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA)Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 80048160DerioSpain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for SciencePlaza Euskadi 548009BilbaoSpain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Karimi Alavijeh M, Meyer AS, Gras SL, Kentish SE. Synthesis of N-Acetyllactosamine and N-Acetyllactosamine-Based Bioactives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7501-7525. [PMID: 34152750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
N-Acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) or more specifically β-d-galactopyranosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine is a unique acyl-amino sugar and a key structural unit in human milk oligosaccharides, an antigen component of many glycoproteins, and an antiviral active component for the development of effective drugs against viruses. LacNAc is useful itself and as a basic building block for producing various bioactive oligosaccharides, notably because this synthesis may be used to add value to dairy lactose. Despite a significant amount of information in the literature on the benefits, structures, and types of different LacNAc-derived oligosaccharides, knowledge about their effective synthesis for large-scale production is still in its infancy. This work provides a comprehensive analysis of existing production strategies for LacNAc and important LacNAc-based structures, including sialylated LacNAc as well as poly- and oligo-LacNAc. We conclude that direct extraction from milk is too complex, while chemical synthesis is also impractical at an industrial scale. Microbial routes have application when multiple step reactions are needed, but the major route to large-scale biochemical production will likely lie with enzymatic routes, particularly those using β-galactosidases (for LacNAc synthesis), sialidases (for sialylated LacNAc synthesis), and β-N-acetylhexosaminidases (for oligo-LacNAc synthesis). Glycosyltransferases, especially for the biosynthesis of extended complex LacNAc structures, could also play a major role in the future. In these cases, immobilization of the enzyme can increase stability and reduce cost. Processing parameters, such as substrate concentration and purity, acceptor/donor ratio, water activity, and temperature, can affect product selectivity and yield. More work is needed to optimize these reaction parameters and in the development of robust, thermally stable enzymes to facilitate commercial production of these important bioactive substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Karimi Alavijeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - A S Meyer
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology Division, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - S L Gras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - S E Kentish
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sun X, Li D, Duan Z. Structural Basis of Glycan Recognition of Rotavirus. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:658029. [PMID: 34307449 PMCID: PMC8296142 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.658029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is an important pathogen causing acute gastroenteritis in young humans and animals. Attachment to the host receptor is a crucial step for the virus infection. The recent advances in illustrating the interactions between RV and glycans promoted our understanding of the host range and epidemiology of RVs. VP8*, the distal region of the RV outer capsid spike protein VP4, played a critical role in the glycan recognition. Group A RVs were classified into different P genotypes based on the VP4 sequences and recognized glycans in a P genotype-dependent manner. Glycans including sialic acid, gangliosides, histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), and mucin cores have been reported to interact with RV VP8*s. The glycan binding specificities of VP8*s of different RV genotypes have been studied. Here, we mainly discussed the structural basis for the interactions between RV VP8*s and glycans, which provided molecular insights into the receptor recognition and host tropism, offering new clues to the design of RV vaccine and anti-viral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Sun
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Dandi Li
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaojun Duan
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cárcamo-Calvo R, Muñoz C, Buesa J, Rodríguez-Díaz J, Gozalbo-Rovira R. The Rotavirus Vaccine Landscape, an Update. Pathogens 2021; 10:520. [PMID: 33925924 PMCID: PMC8145439 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe acute childhood gastroenteritis, responsible for more than 128,500 deaths per year, mainly in low-income countries. Although the mortality rate has dropped significantly since the introduction of the first vaccines around 2006, an estimated 83,158 deaths are still preventable. The two main vaccines currently deployed, Rotarix and RotaTeq, both live oral vaccines, have been shown to be less effective in developing countries. In addition, they have been associated with a slight risk of intussusception, and the need for cold chain maintenance limits the accessibility of these vaccines to certain areas, leaving 65% of children worldwide unvaccinated and therefore unprotected. Against this backdrop, here we review the main vaccines under development and the state of the art on potential alternatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cárcamo-Calvo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.-C.); (C.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Carlos Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.-C.); (C.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Javier Buesa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.-C.); (C.M.); (J.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.-C.); (C.M.); (J.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Roberto Gozalbo-Rovira
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.-C.); (C.M.); (J.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Farahmand M, Jalilvand S, Arashkia A, Shahmahmoodi S, Afchangi A, Mollaei-Kandelous Y, Shoja Z. Association between circulating rotavirus genotypes and histo-blood group antigens in the children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Iran. J Med Virol 2021; 93:4817-4823. [PMID: 33463743 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are the dominant cause of severe acute gastroenteritis in children under 5 years of age. Previous studies showed that some children are less susceptible to rotavirus gastroenteritis. It has been shown that this resistance depends on the rotavirus genotype and also human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), which works as a receptor for rotavirus surface protein (VP4). The present study aimed to evaluate the human genetic susceptibility to rotavirus gastroenteritis in Iran and to obtain a comparative analysis between rotavirus gastroenteritis and secretor or Lewis status in case and control groups in the Iranian population. The study was performed on fecal specimens from 108 children with acute rotavirus gastroenteritis from 2015 to 2017. A total of 50 fecal specimens from children with acute gastroenteritis of unknown etiology were also used as a control group. After the genotyping of positive rotavirus cases and human HBGAs by Sanger sequencing, the phylogenetic tree analysis showed that all rotavirus strains from Iran belonged to P[II]. The most common genotype was P[8] (n = 102; 94.4%), while the remaining belonged to P[4] (n = 3; 2.8%) and P[6] (n = 3; 2.8%) genotypes. The P[8] genotype was found to be associated with secretor and Lewis positive status (p < .05).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Farahmand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Arashkia
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Shahmahmoodi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Afchangi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zabihollah Shoja
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sero-epidemiological study of the rotavirus VP8* protein from different P genotypes in Valencia, Spain. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7753. [PMID: 32385405 PMCID: PMC7210269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64767-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present work were to determine the prevalence and titer of serum antibodies against several rotavirus VP8* proteins from different P genotypes in children and adults in Valencia, Spain; and to determine the role of the secretor status (FUT2G428A polymorphism) in the antibody response. The VP8* protein from the P[4], P[6], P[8], P[9], P[11], P[14] and P[25] genotypes were produced in E. coli. These proteins were tested with 88 serum samples from children (n = 41, 3.5 years old in average) and from adults (n = 47, 58 years old in average) by ELISA. A subset of 55 samples were genotyped for the FUT2G428A polymorphism and the antibody titers compared. The same subset of samples was also analysed by ELISA using whole rotavirus Wa particles (G1P[8]) as antigen. Ninety-three per cent of the samples were positive for at least one of the VP8* antigens. Differences in the IgG seroprevalence were found between children and adults for the P[4], P[8] and P[11] genotypes. Similarly, significant differences were found between adults and children in their antibody titers against the P[4], P[8], and P[11] VP8* genotypes, having the children higher antibody titers than adults. Interestingly, positive samples against rare genotypes such as P[11] (only in children), P[14] and P[25] were found. While no statistical differences in the antibody titers between secretors and non-secretors were found for any of the tested P genotypes studied, a higher statistic significant prevalence for the P[25] genotype was found in secretors compared to non-secretors. Significant differences in the antibody titers between secretors and non-secretors were found when the whole viral particles from the Wa rotavirus strain (G1P[8]) were used as the antigen.
Collapse
|
16
|
Sun X, Dang L, Li D, Qi J, Wang M, Chai W, Zhang Q, Wang H, Bai R, Tan M, Duan Z. Structural Basis of Glycan Recognition in Globally Predominant Human P[8] Rotavirus. Virol Sin 2020; 35:156-170. [PMID: 31620994 PMCID: PMC7198667 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) causes acute gastroenteritis in infants and children worldwide. Recent studies showed that glycans such as histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) function as cell attachment factors affecting RV host susceptibility and prevalence. P[8] is the predominant RV genotype in humans, but the structural basis of how P[8] RVs interact with glycan ligands remains elusive. In this study, we characterized the interactions between P[8] VP8*s and glycans which showed that VP8*, the RV glycan binding domain, recognized both mucin core 2 and H type 1 antigens according to the ELISA-based oligosaccharide binding assays. Importantly, we determined the structural basis of P[8] RV-glycans interaction from the crystal structures of a Rotateq P[8] VP8* in complex with core 2 and H type 1 glycans at 1.8 Å and 2.3 Å, respectively, revealing a common binding pocket and similar binding mode. Structural and sequence analysis demonstrated that the glycan binding site is conserved among RVs in the P[II] genogroup, while genotype-specific amino acid variations determined different glycan binding preference. Our data elucidated the detailed structural basis of the interactions between human P[8] RVs and different host glycan factors, shedding light on RV infection, epidemiology, and development of anti-viral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Sun
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, 102206, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Lei Dang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, 102206, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhehaote, 010059, China
| | - Dandi Li
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, 102206, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Mengxuan Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, 102206, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wengang Chai
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Qing Zhang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, 102206, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hong Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, 102206, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ruixia Bai
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhehaote, 010059, China
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Zhaojun Duan
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, 102206, China.
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xu S, Ahmed LU, Stuckert MR, McGinnis KR, Liu Y, Tan M, Huang P, Zhong W, Zhao D, Jiang X, Kennedy MA. Molecular basis of P[II] major human rotavirus VP8* domain recognition of histo-blood group antigens. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008386. [PMID: 32208455 PMCID: PMC7122821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial cell attachment of rotavirus (RV) to specific cell surface glycan receptors, which is the essential first step in RV infection, is mediated by the VP8* domain of the spike protein VP4. Recently, human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) have been identified as receptors or attachment factors for human RV strains. RV strains in the P[4] and P[8] genotypes of the P[II] genogroup share common recognition of the Lewis b (Leb) and H type 1 antigens, however, the molecular basis of receptor recognition by the major human P[8] RVs remains unknown due to lack of experimental structural information. Here, we used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based titration experiments and NMR-derived high ambiguity driven docking (HADDOCK) methods to elucidate the molecular basis for P[8] VP8* recognition of the Leb (LNDFH I) and type 1 HBGAs. We also used X-ray crystallography to determine the molecular details underlying P[6] recognition of H type 1 HBGAs. Unlike P[6]/P[19] VP8*s that recognize H type 1 HBGAs in a binding surface composed of an α-helix and a β-sheet, referred as the “βα binding site”, the P[8] and P[4] VP8*s bind Leb HBGAs in a previously undescribed pocket formed by the edges of two β-sheets, referred to as the “ββ binding site”. Importantly, the P[8] and P[4] VP8*s retain binding capability to non-Leb type 1 HBGAs using the βα binding site. The presence of two distinct binding sites for Leb and non-Leb HBGA glycans in the P[8] and P[4] VP8* domains suggests host-pathogen co-evolution under structural and functional adaptation of RV pathogens to host glycan polymorphisms. Assessment and understanding of the precise impact of this co-evolutionary process in determining RV host ranges and cross-species RV transmission should facilitate improved RV vaccine development and prediction of future RV strain emergence and epidemics. Rotaviruses (RV)s are the main cause of severe diarrhea in humans and animals. Significant advances in understanding RV diversity, evolution and epidemiology have been made after discovering that RVs recognize histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as host cell receptors or attachment factors. While different RV strains are known to have distinct binding preferences for HBGA receptor ligands, their molecular basis in controlling strain-specific host ranges remains unclear. In this study, we used solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography to determine the molecular-level details for interactions of the human P[8] and P[6] RV VP8* domains with their HBGA receptors ligands. The distinct binding patterns observed between these major human RVs and their respective glycan ligands provide insight into the evolutionary relationships between different P[II] genotypes that ultimately determine host ranges, disease burden, zoonosis and epidemiology, which may impact future strategies for development of vaccines to protect against RV infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenyuan Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Luay U. Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael Robert Stuckert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kristen Rose McGinnis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yang Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Pengwei Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Weiming Zhong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XJ); (MAK)
| | - Michael A. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XJ); (MAK)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Unraveling the role of the secretor antigen in human rotavirus attachment to histo-blood group antigens. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007865. [PMID: 31226167 PMCID: PMC6609034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the leading agent causing acute gastroenteritis in young children, with the P[8] genotype accounting for more than 80% of infections in humans. The molecular bases for binding of the VP8* domain from P[8] VP4 spike protein to its cellular receptor, the secretory H type-1 antigen (Fuc-α1,2-Gal-β1,3-GlcNAc; H1), and to its precursor lacto-N-biose (Gal-β1,3-GlcNAc; LNB) have been determined. The resolution of P[8] VP8* crystal structures in complex with H1 antigen and LNB and site-directed mutagenesis experiments revealed that both glycans bind to the P[8] VP8* protein through a binding pocket shared with other members of the P[II] genogroup (i.e.: P[4], P[6] and P[19]). Our results show that the L-fucose moiety from H1 only displays indirect contacts with P[8] VP8*. However, the induced conformational changes in the LNB moiety increase the ligand affinity by two-fold, as measured by surface plasmon resonance (SPR), providing a molecular explanation for the different susceptibility to rotavirus infection between secretor and non-secretor individuals. The unexpected interaction of P[8] VP8* with LNB, a building block of type-1 human milk oligosaccharides, resulted in inhibition of rotavirus infection, highlighting the role and possible application of this disaccharide as an antiviral. While key amino acids in the H1/LNB binding pocket were highly conserved in members of the P[II] genogroup, differences were found in ligand affinities among distinct P[8] genetic lineages. The variation in affinities were explained by subtle structural differences induced by amino acid changes in the vicinity of the binding pocket, providing a fine-tuning mechanism for glycan binding in P[8] rotavirus. The interaction of viruses with host glycans has become an important topic in the study of enteric virus infectivity. This interaction modulates several aspects of the viral cycle, including viral attachment, which in most cases depends on the host glycobiology dictated by the secretor and Lewis genotypes. The capacity to synthesize secretory type-I antigen H (fucose-α1,2-galactose-β1,3-N-acetylglucosamine; H1) at the mucosae, dictated by the presence of one or two functional copies of the fucosyl-transferase FUT2 gene (secretor status), has been clearly linked to infectivity in important enteric viruses such as the noroviruses. However, a big controversy existed about the contribution of H1 antigen to infection in the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis in young children (rotavirus). It has not been until recently that epidemiological data evidenced a diminished incidence of rotavirus in non-secretor individuals unable to produce H1. In the present manuscript we offer the evidence that P[8] RV bind H1 via a binding site common for the P[II] RV genogroup and that the H1 precursor lacto-N-biose (galactose-β1,3-N-acetylglucosamine; LNB) is also bound to this pocket with diminished affinity. The P[8] VP8* structures show a marginal role for the L-fucose moiety from H1 in protein interaction. However, its presence provides conformational changes in the LNB moiety that increase the affinity of VP8* for the H1 ligand and would account for a stronger RV binding to mucosa in individuals expressing H1 (secretors). We thus offer a mechanistic explanation for the different incidence of P[8] RV infection in different secretor phenotypes.
Collapse
|
19
|
Pérez-Ortín R, Vila-Vicent S, Carmona-Vicente N, Santiso-Bellón C, Rodríguez-Díaz J, Buesa J. Histo-Blood Group Antigens in Children with Symptomatic Rotavirus Infection. Viruses 2019; 11:E339. [PMID: 30974776 PMCID: PMC6520971 DOI: 10.3390/v11040339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in children. The diversity and unequal geographical prevalence of rotavirus genotypes have been linked to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) in different human populations. In order to evaluate the role of HBGAs in rotavirus infections in our population, secretor status (FUT2+), ABO blood group, and Lewis antigens were determined in children attended for rotavirus gastroenteritis in Valencia, Spain. During three consecutive years (2013-2015), stool and saliva samples were collected from 133 children with rotavirus infection. Infecting viral genotypes and HBGAs were determined in patients and compared to a control group and data from blood donors. Rotavirus G9P[8] was the most prevalent strain (49.6%), followed by G1P[8] (20.3%) and G12P[8] (14.3%). Rotavirus infected predominantly secretor (99%) and Lewis b positive (91.7%) children. Children with blood group A and AB were significantly more prone to rotavirus gastroenteritis than those with blood group O. Our results confirm that a HBGA genetic background is linked to rotavirus P[8] susceptibility. Rotavirus P[8] symptomatic infection is manifestly more frequent in secretor-positive (FUT2+) than in non-secretor individuals, although no differences between rotavirus G genotypes were found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Pérez-Ortín
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia and Clinical Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Susana Vila-Vicent
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia and Clinical Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Noelia Carmona-Vicente
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia and Clinical Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Cristina Santiso-Bellón
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia and Clinical Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia and Clinical Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Javier Buesa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia and Clinical Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Santos F, Sousa Junior E, Guerra S, Lobo P, Penha Junior E, Lima A, Vinente C, Chagas E, Justino M, Linhares A, Matthijnssens J, Soares L, Mascarenhas J. G1P[8] Rotavirus in children with severe diarrhea in the post-vaccine introduction era in Brazil: Evidence of reassortments and structural modifications of the antigenic VP7 and VP4 regions. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 69:255-266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
21
|
Thompson AJ, de Vries RP, Paulson JC. Virus recognition of glycan receptors. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 34:117-129. [PMID: 30849709 PMCID: PMC6476673 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Attachment of viruses to cell-surface receptors is the initial step in infection. Many mammalian viruses have evolved to recognize receptors that are glycans on cell-surface glycoproteins or glycolipids. Although glycans are a ubiquitous component of mammalian cells, the types of terminal structures expressed vary among different cell-types and tissues, and even between comparable cells and tissues from different species, frequently leading to specific tissue and species tropisms as a direct consequence of glycan receptor recognition. Covering the majority of known virus families, this review provides an overview of mammalian viruses that use glycans as receptors, and their roles in determining in host recognition and tropism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Thompson
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - James C Paulson
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rodríguez JM, Luque D. Structural Insights into Rotavirus Entry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1215:45-68. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14741-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
|
23
|
Zhang J, Chen C, Gadi MR, Gibbons C, Guo Y, Cao X, Edmunds G, Wang S, Liu D, Yu J, Wen L, Wang PG. Machine‐Driven Enzymatic Oligosaccharide Synthesis by Using a Peptide Synthesizer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Zhang
- Department of ChemistryGeorgia State University Atlanta GA 30303 USA
| | - Congcong Chen
- Department of ChemistryGeorgia State University Atlanta GA 30303 USA
| | | | | | - Yuxi Guo
- Department of ChemistryGeorgia State University Atlanta GA 30303 USA
| | - Xuefeng Cao
- Department of ChemistryGeorgia State University Atlanta GA 30303 USA
| | - Garrett Edmunds
- Department of ChemistryGeorgia State University Atlanta GA 30303 USA
| | - Shuaishuai Wang
- Department of ChemistryGeorgia State University Atlanta GA 30303 USA
| | - Ding Liu
- Department of ChemistryGeorgia State University Atlanta GA 30303 USA
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of ChemistryGeorgia State University Atlanta GA 30303 USA
| | - Liuqing Wen
- Department of ChemistryGeorgia State University Atlanta GA 30303 USA
| | - Peng G. Wang
- Department of ChemistryGeorgia State University Atlanta GA 30303 USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang J, Chen C, Gadi MR, Gibbons C, Guo Y, Cao X, Edmunds G, Wang S, Liu D, Yu J, Wen L, Wang PG. Machine-Driven Enzymatic Oligosaccharide Synthesis by Using a Peptide Synthesizer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16638-16642. [PMID: 30375138 PMCID: PMC6402783 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
For decades, researchers have endeavored to develop a general automated system to synthesize oligosaccharides that is comparable to the preparation of oligonucleotides and oligopeptides by commercially available machines. Inspired by the success of automated oligosaccharide synthesis through chemical glycosylation, a fully automated system is reported for oligosaccharides synthesis through enzymatic glycosylation in aqueous solution. The designed system is based on the use of a thermosensitive polymer and a commercially available peptide synthesizer. This study represents a proof-of-concept demonstration that the enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides can be achieved in an automated manner using a commercially available peptide synthesizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Congcong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | | | | | - Yuxi Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Xuefeng Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Garrett Edmunds
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Shuaishuai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Ding Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Liuqing Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Peng G Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Human milk oligosaccharides, milk microbiome and infant gut microbiome modulate neonatal rotavirus infection. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5010. [PMID: 30479342 PMCID: PMC6258677 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal rotavirus infections are predominantly asymptomatic. While an association with gastrointestinal symptoms has been described in some settings, factors influencing differences in clinical presentation are not well understood. Using multidisciplinary approaches, we show that a complex interplay between human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), milk microbiome, and infant gut microbiome impacts neonatal rotavirus infections. Validating in vitro studies where HMOs are not decoy receptors for neonatal strain G10P[11], population studies show significantly higher levels of Lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL), and 6'-siallylactose (6'SL) in milk from mothers of rotavirus-positive neonates with gastrointestinal symptoms. Further, these HMOs correlate with abundance of Enterobacter/Klebsiella in maternal milk and infant stool. Specific HMOs also improve the infectivity of a neonatal strain-derived rotavirus vaccine. This study provides molecular and translational insight into host factors influencing neonatal rotavirus infections and identifies maternal components that could promote the performance of live, attenuated rotavirus vaccines.
Collapse
|
26
|
Pang LL, Wang MX, Sun XM, Yuan Y, Qing Y, Xin Y, Zhang JY, Li DD, Duan ZJ. Glycan binding patterns of human rotavirus P[10] VP8* protein. Virol J 2018; 15:161. [PMID: 30340611 PMCID: PMC6195756 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rotaviruses (RVs) are a major cause of acute children gastroenteritis. The rotavirus P [10] belongs to P[I] genogroup of group A rotaviruses that mainly infect animals, while the rotavirus P [10] was mainly identified from human infection. The rotavirus P [10] is an unusual genotype and the recognition pattern of cellular receptors remains unclear. Methods We expressed and purified the RV P [10] VP8* protein and investigated the saliva and oligosaccharide binding profiles of the protein. A homology model of the P [10] VP8* core protein was built and the superimposition structural analysis of P [10] VP8* protein on P [19] VP8* in complex with mucin core 2 was performed to explore the possible docking structural basis of P [10] VP8* and mucin cores. Results Our data showed that rotavirus P [10] VP8* protein bound to all ABO secretor and non-secretor saliva. The rotavirus P [10] could bind strongly to mucin core 2 and weakly to mucin core 4. The homology modeling indicated that RV P [10] VP8* binds to mucin core 2 using a potential glycan binding site that is the same to P [19] VP8* belonging to P[II] genogroup. Conclusion Our results suggested an interaction of rotavirus P [10] VP8* protein with mucin core 2 and mucin core 4. These findings offer potential for elucidating the mechanism of RV A host specificity, evolution and epidemiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Pang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Meng-Xuan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, Lushan College of Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545616, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Basic Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Yu Qing
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, Lushan College of Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545616, Guangxi, China
| | - Yan Xin
- Basic Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Jia-Yan Zhang
- Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, Lushan College of Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545616, Guangxi, China
| | - Dan-di Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Zhao-Jun Duan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 102206, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Li Z, Feizi T. The neoglycolipid (NGL) technology-based microarrays and future prospects. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3976-3991. [PMID: 30074246 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The neoglycolipid (NGL) technology is the basis of a state-of-the-art oligosaccharide microarray system, which we offer for screening analyses to the broad scientific community. We review here the sequential development of the technology and its power in pinpointing and isolating naturally occurring ligands for glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) within glycan populations. We highlight our Designer Array approach and Beam Search Array approach for generating natural glycome arrays to identify novel ligands of biological relevance. These two microarray approaches have been applied for assignments of ligands or antigens on glucan polysaccharides for effector proteins of the immune system (Dectin-1, DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR) and carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) on bacterial hydrolases. We also discuss here the more recent applications to elucidate the structure of a prostate cancer- associated antigen F77 and identify ligands for adhesins of two rotaviruses, P[10] and P[19], expressed on an epithelial mucin glycoprotein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Ten Feizi
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hu L, Sankaran B, Laucirica DR, Patil K, Salmen W, Ferreon ACM, Tsoi PS, Lasanajak Y, Smith DF, Ramani S, Atmar RL, Estes MK, Ferreon JC, Prasad BVV. Glycan recognition in globally dominant human rotaviruses. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2631. [PMID: 29980685 PMCID: PMC6035239 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) cause life-threatening diarrhea in infants and children worldwide. Recent biochemical and epidemiological studies underscore the importance of histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) as both cell attachment and susceptibility factors for the globally dominant P[4], P[6], and P[8] genotypes of human RVs. How these genotypes interact with HBGA is not known. Here, our crystal structures of P[4] and a neonate-specific P[6] VP8*s alone and in complex with H-type I HBGA reveal a unique glycan binding site that is conserved in the globally dominant genotypes and allows for the binding of ABH HBGAs, consistent with their prevalence. Remarkably, the VP8* of P[6] RVs isolated from neonates displays subtle structural changes in this binding site that may restrict its ability to bind branched glycans. This provides a structural basis for the age-restricted tropism of some P[6] RVs as developmentally regulated unbranched glycans are more abundant in the neonatal gut. Human rotaviruses (RV) bind to histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) for attachment, but how different viral genotypes interact with HBGA isn’t known. Here, Hu et al. report crystal structures of a prevalent and a neonate-specific RV in complex with HBGA and provide insights into glycan recognition and age-restricted tropism of RVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Daniel R Laucirica
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ketki Patil
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wilhelm Salmen
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Phoebe S Tsoi
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- Department of Biochemistry and the Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and the Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Josephine C Ferreon
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - B V Venkataram Prasad
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Glycan Binding Specificity and Mechanism of Human and Porcine P[6]/P[19] Rotavirus VP8*s. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00538-18. [PMID: 29720519 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00538-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs), which cause severe gastroenteritis in infants and children, recognize glycan ligands in a genotype-dependent manner via the distal VP8* head of the spike protein VP4. However, the glycan binding mechanisms remain elusive for the P[II] genogroup RVs, including the widely prevalent human RVs (P[8], P[4], and P[6]) and a rare P[19] RV. In this study, we characterized the glycan binding specificities of human and porcine P[6]/P[19] RV VP8*s and found that the P[II] genogroup RV VP8*s could commonly interact with mucin core 2, which may play an important role in RV evolution and cross-species transmission. We determined the first P[6] VP8* structure, as well as the complex structures of human P[19] VP8*, with core 2 and lacto-N-tetraose (LNT). A glycan binding site was identified in human P[19] VP8*. Structural superimposition and sequence alignment revealed the conservation of the glycan binding site in the P[II] genogroup RV VP8*s. Our data provide significant insight into the glycan binding specificity and glycan binding mechanism of the P[II] genogroup RV VP8*s, which could help in understanding RV evolution, transmission, and epidemiology and in vaccine development.IMPORTANCE Rotaviruses (RVs), belonging to the family Reoviridae, are double-stranded RNA viruses that cause acute gastroenteritis in children and animals worldwide. Depending on the phylogeny of the VP8* sequences, P[6] and P[19] RVs are grouped into genogroup II, together with P[4] and P[8], which are widely prevalent in humans. In this study, we characterized the glycan binding specificities of human and porcine P[6]/P[19] RV VP8*s, determined the crystal structure of P[6] VP8*, and uncovered the glycan binding pattern in P[19] VP8*, revealing a conserved glycan binding site in the VP8*s of P[II] genogroup RVs by structural superimposition and sequence alignment. Our data suggested that mucin core 2 may play an important role in P[II] RV evolution and cross-species transmission. These data provide insight into the cell attachment, infection, epidemiology, and evolution of P[II] genogroup RVs, which could help in developing control and prevention strategies against RVs.
Collapse
|
30
|
The lactose operon from Lactobacillus casei is involved in the transport and metabolism of the human milk oligosaccharide core-2 N-acetyllactosamine. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7152. [PMID: 29740087 PMCID: PMC5940811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25660-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The lactose operon (lacTEGF) from Lactobacillus casei strain BL23 has been previously studied. The lacT gene codes for a transcriptional antiterminator, lacE and lacF for the lactose-specific phosphoenolpyruvate: phosphotransferase system (PTSLac) EIICB and EIIA domains, respectively, and lacG for the phospho-β-galactosidase. In this work, we have shown that L. casei is able to metabolize N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc), a disaccharide present at human milk and intestinal mucosa. The mutant strains BL153 (lacE) and BL155 (lacF) were defective in LacNAc utilization, indicating that the EIICB and EIIA of the PTSLac are involved in the uptake of LacNAc in addition to lactose. Inactivation of lacG abolishes the growth of L. casei in both disaccharides and analysis of LacG activity showed a high selectivity toward phosphorylated compounds, suggesting that LacG is necessary for the hydrolysis of the intracellular phosphorylated lactose and LacNAc. L. casei (lacAB) strain deficient in galactose-6P isomerase showed a growth rate in lactose (0.0293 ± 0.0014 h−1) and in LacNAc (0.0307 ± 0.0009 h−1) significantly lower than the wild-type (0.1010 ± 0.0006 h−1 and 0.0522 ± 0.0005 h−1, respectively), indicating that their galactose moiety is catabolized through the tagatose-6P pathway. Transcriptional analysis showed induction levels of the lac genes ranged from 130 to 320–fold in LacNAc and from 100 to 200–fold in lactose, compared to cells growing in glucose.
Collapse
|
31
|
Ramani S. Multidisciplinary Studies on Rotavirus-Human Milk Oligosaccharide Interactions. Breastfeed Med 2018; 13:S9-S10. [PMID: 29624419 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2018.29074.sjr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sasirekha Ramani
- Assistant Professor, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Morozov V, Hansman G, Hanisch FG, Schroten H, Kunz C. Human Milk Oligosaccharides as Promising Antivirals. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700679. [PMID: 29336526 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are diverse unconjugated carbohydrates that are highly abundant in human breast milk. These glycans are investigated in the context of exhibiting multiple functions in infant growth and development. They seem to provide protection against infectious diseases, including a number of poorly manageable viral infections. Although the potential mechanism of the HMO antiviral protection is rather broad, much of the current experimental work has focused on studying of HMO antiadhesive properties. HMOs may mimic structures of viral receptors and block adherence to target cells, thus preventing infection. Still, the potential of HMOs as a source for new antiviral drugs is relatively unexploited. This can be partly attributed to the extreme complexity of the virus-carbohydrate interactions and technical difficulties in HMO isolation, characterization, and manufacturing procedures. Fortunately, we are currently entering a period of major technological advances that have enabled deeper insights into carbohydrate mediated viral entry, rational selection of HMOs as anti-entry inhibitors, and even evaluation of individual synthetic HMO structures. Here, we provide an up-to-date review on glycan binding studies for rotaviruses, noroviruses, influenza viruses, and human immunodeficiency viruses. We also discuss the preventive and therapeutic potential of HMOs as anti-entry inhibitors and address challenges on the route from fundamental studies to clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasily Morozov
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Grant Hansman
- Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg and the DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franz-Georg Hanisch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clemens Kunz
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Monedero V, Buesa J, Rodríguez-Díaz J. The Interactions between Host Glycobiology, Bacterial Microbiota, and Viruses in the Gut. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020096. [PMID: 29495275 PMCID: PMC5850403 DOI: 10.3390/v10020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) and norovirus (NoV) are the major etiological agents of viral acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Host genetic factors, the histo-blood group antigens (HBGA), are associated with RV and NoV susceptibility and recent findings additionally point to HBGA as a factor modulating the intestinal microbial composition. In vitro and in vivo experiments in animal models established that the microbiota enhances RV and NoV infection, uncovering a triangular interplay between RV and NoV, host glycobiology, and the intestinal microbiota that ultimately influences viral infectivity. Studies on the microbiota composition in individuals displaying different RV and NoV susceptibilities allowed the identification of potential bacterial biomarkers, although mechanistic data on the virus-host-microbiota relation are still needed. The identification of the bacterial and HBGA interactions that are exploited by RV and NoV would place the intestinal microbiota as a new target for alternative therapies aimed at preventing and treating viral gastroenteritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Monedero
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA, CSIC), Av Catedrático Agustín Escardino, 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Javier Buesa
- Departament of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz
- Departament of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Liu Y, Xu S, Woodruff AL, Xia M, Tan M, Kennedy MA, Jiang X. Structural basis of glycan specificity of P[19] VP8*: Implications for rotavirus zoonosis and evolution. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006707. [PMID: 29136651 PMCID: PMC5705156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of specific cell surface glycans, mediated by the VP8* domain of the spike protein VP4, is the essential first step in rotavirus (RV) infection. Due to lack of direct structural information of virus-ligand interactions, the molecular basis of ligand-controlled host ranges of the major human RVs (P[8] and P[4]) in P[II] genogroup remains unknown. Here, through characterization of a minor P[II] RV (P[19]) that can infect both animals (pigs) and humans, we made an important advance to fill this knowledge gap by solving the crystal structures of the P[19] VP8* in complex with its ligands. Our data showed that P[19] RVs use a novel binding site that differs from the known ones of other genotypes/genogroups. This binding site is capable of interacting with two types of glycans, the mucin core and type 1 histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) with a common GlcNAc as the central binding saccharide. The binding site is apparently shared by other P[II] RVs and possibly two genotypes (P[10] and P[12]) in P[I] as shown by their highly conserved GlcNAc-interacting residues. These data provide strong evidence of evolutionary connections among these human and animal RVs, pointing to a common ancestor in P[I] with a possible animal host origin. While the binding properties to GlcNAc-containing saccharides are maintained, changes in binding to additional residues, such as those in the polymorphic type 1 HBGAs may occur in the course of RV evolution, explaining the complex P[II] genogroup that mainly causes diseases in humans but also in some animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Shenyuan Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States of America
| | - Andrew L. Woodruff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States of America
| | - Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MAK); (XJ)
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MAK); (XJ)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Jiang X, Liu Y, Tan M. Histo-blood group antigens as receptors for rotavirus, new understanding on rotavirus epidemiology and vaccine strategy. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e22. [PMID: 28400594 PMCID: PMC5457676 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The success of the two rotavirus (RV) vaccines (Rotarix and RotaTeq) in many countries endorses a live attenuated vaccine approach against RVs. However, the lower efficacies of both vaccines in many low- and middle-income countries indicate a need to improve the current RV vaccines. The recent discovery that RVs recognize histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as potential receptors has significantly advanced our understanding of RV diversity, evolution and epidemiology, providing important new insights into the performances of current RV vaccines in different populations and emphasizing a P-type-based vaccine approach. New understanding of RV diversity and evolution also raises a fundamental question about the ‘Jennerian' approach, which needs to be addressed for future development of live attenuated RV vaccines. Alternative approaches to develop safer and more cost-effective subunit vaccines against RVs are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jiang
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Glycan Specificity of P[19] Rotavirus and Comparison with Those of Related P Genotypes. J Virol 2016; 90:9983-9996. [PMID: 27558427 PMCID: PMC5068545 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01494-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The P[19] genotype belongs to the P[II] genogroup of group A rotaviruses (RVs). However, unlike the other P[II] RVs, which mainly infect humans, P[19] RVs commonly infect animals (pigs), making P[19] unique for the study of RV diversity and host ranges. Through in vitro binding assays and saturation transfer difference (STD) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), we found that P[19] could bind mucin cores 2, 4, and 6, as well as type 1 histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). The common sequences of these glycans serve as minimal binding units, while additional residues, such as the A, B, H, and Lewis epitopes of the type 1 HBGAs, can further define the binding outcomes and therefore likely the host ranges for P[19] RVs. This complex binding property of P[19] is shared with the other three P[II] RVs (P[4], P[6], and P[8]) in that all of them recognized the type 1 HBGA precursor, although P[4] and P[8], but not P[6], also bind to mucin cores. Moreover, while essential for P[4] and P[8] binding, the addition of the Lewis epitope blocked P[6] and P[19] binding to type 1 HBGAs. Chemical-shift NMR of P[19] VP8* identified a ligand binding interface that has shifted away from the known RV P-genotype binding sites but is conserved among all P[II] RVs and two P[I] RVs (P[10] and P[12]), suggesting an evolutionary connection among these human and animal RVs. Taken together, these data are important for hypotheses on potential mechanisms for RV diversity, host ranges, and cross-species transmission. IMPORTANCE In this study, we found that our P[19] strain and other P[II] RVs recognize mucin cores and the type 1 HBGA precursors as the minimal functional units and that additional saccharides adjacent to these units can alter binding outcomes and thereby possibly host ranges. These data may help to explain why some P[II] RVs, such as P[6] and P[19], commonly infect animals but rarely humans, while others, such as the P[4] and P[8] RVs, mainly infect humans and are predominant over other P genotypes. Elucidation of the molecular bases for strain-specific host ranges and cross-species transmission of these human and animal RVs is important to understand RV epidemiology and disease burden, which may impact development of control and prevention strategies against RV gastroenteritis.
Collapse
|
37
|
Functional and Structural Characterization of P[19] Rotavirus VP8* Interaction with Histo-blood Group Antigens. J Virol 2016; 90:9758-9765. [PMID: 27535055 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01566-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) of species A (RVA) are a major causative agent of acute gastroenteritis. Recently, histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) have been reported to interact with human RVA VP8* proteins. Human P[19] is a rare P genotype of porcine origin that infects humans sporadically. The functional and structural characteristics of P[19] VP8* interaction with HBGAs are unknown. In this study, we expressed and purified the VP8* proteins of human and porcine P[19] RVs. In oligosaccharide and saliva binding assays, P[19] VP8* proteins showed obvious binding to A-, B-, and O-type saliva samples irrespective of the secretor status, implying broad binding patterns. However, they did not display specific binding to any of the oligosaccharides tested. In addition, we solved the structure of human P[19] VP8* at 2.4 Å, which revealed a typical galectin-like fold. The structural alignment demonstrated that P[19] VP8* was most similar to that of P[8], which was consistent with the phylogenetic analysis. Structure superimposition revealed the basis for the lack of binding to the oligosaccharides. Our study indicates that P[19] RVs may bind to other oligosaccharides or ligands and may have the potential to spread widely among humans. Thus, it is necessary to place the prevalence and evolution of P[19] RVs under surveillance. IMPORTANCE Human P[19] is a rare P genotype of porcine origin. Based on phylogenetic analysis of VP8* sequences, P[19] was classified in the P[II] genogroup, together with P[4], P[6], and P[8], which have been reported to interact with HBGAs in a genotype-dependent manner. In this study, we explored the functional and structural characteristics of P[19] VP8* interaction with HBGAs. P[19] VP8* showed binding to A-, B-, and O-type saliva samples, as well as saliva of nonsecretors. This implies that P[19] has the potential to spread among humans with a broad binding range. Careful attention should be paid to the evolution and prevalence of P[19] RVs. Furthermore, we solved the structure of P[19] VP8*. Structure superimposition indicated that P[19] may bind to other oligosaccharides or ligands using potential binding sites, suggesting that further investigation of the specific cell attachment factors is warranted.
Collapse
|
38
|
P[8] and P[4] Rotavirus Infection Associated with Secretor Phenotypes Among Children in South China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34591. [PMID: 27708367 PMCID: PMC5052604 DOI: 10.1038/srep34591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses are known to recognize human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as a host ligand that is believed to play an important role in rotavirus host susceptibility and host range. In this study, paired fecal and saliva samples collected from children with viral gastroenteritis, as well as paired serum and saliva samples collected from the general population in south China were studied to evaluate potential association between rotavirus infections and human HBGA phenotypes. Rotavirus was detected in 75 (28%) of 266 fecal samples and P[8] rotaviruses were found to be the predominant genotype. The HBGA phenotypes of the rotavirus-infected children were determined through their saliva samples. Secretor statuses were found to correlate with the risk of rotavirus infection and all P[8]/P[4] rotavirus infected children were secretors. Accordingly, recombinant VP8* proteins of the P[8]/P[4] rotaviruses bound saliva samples from secretor individuals. Furthermore, correlation between serum P[8]/P[4]-specific IgG and host Lewis and secretor phenotypes has been found among 206 studied serum samples. Our study supported the association between rotavirus infection and the host HBGA phenotypes, which would help further understanding of rotavirus host range and epidemiology.
Collapse
|
39
|
Dotz V, Wuhrer M. Histo-blood group glycans in the context of personalized medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1596-607. [PMID: 26748235 PMCID: PMC7117023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A subset of histo-blood group antigens including ABO and Lewis are oligosaccharide structures which may be conjugated to lipids or proteins. They are known to be important recognition motifs not only in the context of blood transfusions, but also in infection and cancer development. SCOPE OF REVIEW Current knowledge on the molecular background and the implication of histo-blood group glycans in the prevention and therapy of infectious and non-communicable diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease, is presented. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Glycan-based histo-blood groups are associated with intestinal microbiota composition, the risk of various diseases as well as therapeutic success of, e.g., vaccination. Their potential as prebiotic or anti-microbial agents, as disease biomarkers and vaccine targets should be further investigated in future studies. For this, recent and future technological advancements will be of particular importance, especially with regard to the unambiguous structural characterization of the glycan portion in combination with information on the protein and lipid carriers of histo-blood group-active glycans in large cohorts. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Histo-blood group glycans have a unique linking position in the complex network of genes, oncodevelopmental biological processes, and disease mechanisms. Thus, they are highly promising targets for novel approaches in the field of personalized medicine. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Glycans in personalised medicine" Guest Editor: Professor Gordan Lauc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Dotz
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ramani S, Hu L, Venkataram Prasad B, Estes MK. Diversity in Rotavirus-Host Glycan Interactions: A "Sweet" Spectrum. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:263-273. [PMID: 28090561 PMCID: PMC5042371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interaction with cellular glycans is a critical initial step in the pathogenesis of many infectious agents. Technological advances in glycobiology have expanded the repertoire of studies delineating host glycan-pathogen interactions. For rotavirus, the VP8* domain of the outer capsid spike protein VP4 is known to interact with cellular glycans. Sialic acid was considered the key cellular attachment factor for rotaviruses for decades. Although this is true for many rotavirus strains causing infections in animals, glycan array screens show that many human rotavirus strains bind nonsialylated glycoconjugates, called histo-blood group antigens, in a strain-specific manner. The expression of histo-blood group antigens is determined genetically and is regulated developmentally. Variations in glycan binding between different rotavirus strains are biologically relevant and provide new insights into multiple aspects of virus pathogenesis such as interspecies transmission, host range restriction, and tissue tropism. The genetics of glycan expression may affect susceptibility to different rotavirus strains and vaccine viruses, and impact the efficacy of rotavirus vaccination in different populations. A multidisciplinary approach to understanding rotavirus-host glycan interactions provides molecular insights into the interaction between microbial pathogens and glycans, and opens up new avenues to translate findings from the bench to the human population.
Collapse
Key Words
- GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine
- Glycans
- HBGA, histo-blood group antigen
- HIE, human intestinal enteroid
- Histo-Blood Group Antigens
- LNT, lacto-N-tetraose
- LNnT, lacto-N-neotetraose
- LacNAc, N-acetyllactosamine
- Le, Lewis
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- Neu5Ac, N-acetylneuraminic acid
- Neu5Gc, N-glycolylneuraminic acid
- RBC, red blood cell
- Rotavirus
- Sia
- Sia, sialic acid
- VP, viral protein
- VP8*
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Sasirekha Ramani, PhD, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030. fax: (713) 798-3586.Department of Molecular Virology and MicrobiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas 77030
| | - Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - B.V. Venkataram Prasad
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
Angel J, Steele AD, Franco MA. Correlates of protection for rotavirus vaccines: Possible alternative trial endpoints, opportunities, and challenges. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3659-71. [PMID: 25483685 PMCID: PMC4514048 DOI: 10.4161/hv.34361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is a major vaccine-preventable killer of young children worldwide. Two RV vaccines are globally commercially available and other vaccines are in different stages of development. Due to the absence of a suitable correlate of protection (CoP), all RV vaccine efficacy trials have had clinical endpoints. These trials represent an important challenge since RV vaccines have to be introduced in many different settings, placebo-controlled studies are unethical due to the availability of licensed vaccines, and comparator assessments for new vaccines with clinical endpoints are very large, complex, and expensive to conduct. A CoP as a surrogate endpoint would allow predictions of vaccine efficacy for new RV vaccines and enable a regulatory pathway, contributing to the more rapid development of new RV vaccines. The goal of this review is to summarize experiences from RV natural infection and vaccine studies to evaluate potential CoP for use as surrogate endpoints for assessment of new RV vaccines, and to explore challenges and opportunities in the field.
Collapse
Key Words
- ASC, antibody secreting cells
- CO, cutoff
- CoP, correlate of protection
- EMA, European Medicines Agency
- GAVI, Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation
- GE, gastroenteritis
- GMT, geometric mean titers
- HAI, haemagglutination inhibition
- IgA
- MenC, Meningococcal serogroup C
- RRV-TV, Rhesus RV-Tetravalent vaccine
- RV, rotavirus
- RV-NA, RV specific neutralizing antibodies
- RV-SIg, rotavirus secretory Ig
- RV-T cells, rotavirus specific T cells
- RV1, Rotarix®
- RV5, RotaTeq®
- RV5-precursor, RV5 precursor reassortants
- SBA, serum bactericidal assay
- SGE, severe gastroenteritis
- VE, vaccine efficacy
- VEI, VE estimated with an immunological endpoint
- WHO, World Health Organization
- correlates of protection
- mBc, memory B cells
- mucosal
- rSAB, serum bactericidal assay using rabbit serum
- rotavirus
- vaccines
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juana Angel
- a I nstituto de Genética Humana; Facultad de Medicina ; Pontificia Universidad ; Javeriana , Bogotá
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hu L, Ramani S, Czako R, Sankaran B, Yu Y, Smith DF, Cummings RD, Estes MK, Venkataram Prasad BV. Structural basis of glycan specificity in neonate-specific bovine-human reassortant rotavirus. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8346. [PMID: 26420502 PMCID: PMC4589887 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain-dependent variation of glycan recognition during initial cell attachment of viruses is a critical determinant of host specificity, tissue-tropism and zoonosis. Rotaviruses (RVs), which cause life-threatening gastroenteritis in infants and children, display significant genotype-dependent variations in glycan recognition resulting from sequence alterations in the VP8* domain of the spike protein VP4. The structural basis of this genotype-dependent glycan specificity, particularly in human RVs, remains poorly understood. Here, from crystallographic studies, we show how genotypic variations configure a novel binding site in the VP8* of a neonate-specific bovine-human reassortant to uniquely recognize either type I or type II precursor glycans, and to restrict type II glycan binding in the bovine counterpart. Such a distinct glycan-binding site that allows differential recognition of the precursor glycans, which are developmentally regulated in the neonate gut and abundant in bovine and human milk provides a basis for age-restricted tropism and zoonotic transmission of G10P[11] rotaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Rita Czako
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and the National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and the National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry and the National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - B V Venkataram Prasad
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Coulson BS. Expanding diversity of glycan receptor usage by rotaviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 15:90-6. [PMID: 26363995 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are major etiologic agents of severe gastroenteritis in human and animals, infecting the mature intestinal epithelium. Their attachment to host cell glycans is mediated through the virion spike protein. This is considered to be crucial for successful host cell invasion by rotaviruses. Recent studies have greatly expanded our understanding of the diversity of glycans commonly recognized by rotaviruses, to include the ganglioside GM1a and histo-blood group antigens. Here, these new findings are integrated with advances in knowledge of spike protein structure, rotavirus entry mechanisms and innate intestinal immunity to provide an overview of the variety of rotavirus glycan receptors and their roles in cell penetration, host tropism and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara S Coulson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St., Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ma X, Li DD, Sun XM, Guo YQ, Xiang JY, Wang WH, Zhang LX, Gu QJ, Duan ZJ. Binding Patterns of Rotavirus Genotypes P[4], P[6], and P[8] in China with Histo-Blood Group Antigens. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134584. [PMID: 26274396 PMCID: PMC4537235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are an important cause of severe gastroenteritis in children. It has been found that RV may recognize the histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as ligands or receptors and bind HBGAs in a type-dependent manner. In this study, we investigated the binding specificity of VP8* proteins from human rotaviruses (RV) that are prevalent in China including genotypes P[4], P[6], and P[8]. Through the saliva- and oligosaccharide-based binding assays, we found that the VP8* proteins of P[4] and P[8] RV showed similar reactivity with the Leb and H type 1 antigens, while P[6] RV weakly bound the Leb antigen. These findings may facilitate further research into RV host specificity and vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- China Railway Construction Corporation, Beijing Tiejian Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Dan-di Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
- * E-mail: (DDL); (ZJD)
| | - Xiao-man Sun
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yan-qing Guo
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jing-yao Xiang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wei-huan Wang
- Beijing Railway Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Li-xia Zhang
- China Railway Construction Corporation, Beijing Tiejian Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Qing-jiu Gu
- China Railway Construction Corporation, Beijing Tiejian Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Zhao-jun Duan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
- * E-mail: (DDL); (ZJD)
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Novel Receptor Specificity of Avian Gammacoronaviruses That Cause Enteritis. J Virol 2015; 89:8783-92. [PMID: 26063435 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00745-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Viruses exploit molecules on the target membrane as receptors for attachment and entry into host cells. Thus, receptor expression patterns can define viral tissue tropism and might to some extent predict the susceptibility of a host to a particular virus. Previously, others and we have shown that respiratory pathogens of the genus Gammacoronavirus, including chicken infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), require specific α2,3-linked sialylated glycans for attachment and entry. Here, we studied determinants of binding of enterotropic avian gammacoronaviruses, including turkey coronavirus (TCoV), guineafowl coronavirus (GfCoV), and quail coronavirus (QCoV), which are evolutionarily distant from respiratory avian coronaviruses based on the viral attachment protein spike (S1). We profiled the binding of recombinantly expressed S1 proteins of TCoV, GfCoV, and QCoV to tissues of their respective hosts. Protein histochemistry showed that the tissue binding specificity of S1 proteins of turkey, quail, and guineafowl CoVs was limited to intestinal tissues of each particular host, in accordance with the reported pathogenicity of these viruses in vivo. Glycan array analyses revealed that, in contrast to the S1 protein of IBV, S1 proteins of enteric gammacoronaviruses recognize a unique set of nonsialylated type 2 poly-N-acetyl-lactosamines. Lectin histochemistry as well as tissue binding patterns of TCoV S1 further indicated that these complex N-glycans are prominently expressed on the intestinal tract of various avian species. In conclusion, our data demonstrate not only that enteric gammacoronaviruses recognize a novel glycan receptor but also that enterotropism may be correlated with the high specificity of spike proteins for such glycans expressed in the intestines of the avian host. IMPORTANCE Avian coronaviruses are economically important viruses for the poultry industry. While infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a respiratory pathogen of chickens, is rather well known, other viruses of the genus Gammacoronavirus, including those causing enteric disease, are hardly studied. In turkey, guineafowl, and quail, coronaviruses have been reported to be the major causative agent of enteric diseases. Specifically, turkey coronavirus outbreaks have been reported in North America, Europe, and Australia for several decades. Recently, a gammacoronavirus was isolated from guineafowl with fulminating disease. To date, it is not clear why these avian coronaviruses are enteropathogenic, whereas other closely related avian coronaviruses like IBV cause respiratory disease. A comprehensive understanding of the tropism and pathogenicity of these viruses explained by their receptor specificity and receptor expression on tissues was therefore needed. Here, we identify a novel glycan receptor for enteric avian coronaviruses, which will further support the development of vaccines.
Collapse
|
47
|
Correlates of protection against human rotavirus disease and the factors influencing protection in low-income settings. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:1-17. [PMID: 25465100 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RV) are the leading cause of gastroenteritis in infants and children worldwide and are associated with high mortality predominately in low-income settings. The virus is classified into G and P serotypes and further into P genotypes based on differences in the surface-exposed proteins VP7 and VP4, respectively. Infection results in a variable level of protection from subsequent reinfection and disease. This protection is predominantly homotypic in some settings, whereas broader heterotypic protection is reported in other cohorts. Two antigenically distinct oral RV vaccines are licensed and are being rolled out widely, including in resource-poor setting, with funding provided by the GAVI alliance. First is a monovalent vaccine derived from a live-attenuated human RV strain, whereas the second is a pentavalent bovine-human reassortment vaccine. Both vaccines are highly efficacious in high-income settings, but greatly reduced levels of protection are reported in low-income countries. Here, the current challenges facing mucosal immunologists and vaccinologists aiming to define immunological correlates and to understand the variable levels of protection conferred by these vaccines in humans is considered. Such understanding is critical to maximize the public health impact of the current vaccines and also to the development of the next generation of RV vaccines, which are needed.
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Viral infections are initiated by attachment of the virus to host cell surface receptors, including sialic acid-containing glycans. It is now possible to rapidly identify specific glycan receptors using glycan array screening, to define atomic-level structures of virus-glycan complexes and to alter the glycan-binding site to determine the function of glycan engagement in viral disease. This Review highlights general principles of virus-glycan interactions and provides specific examples of sialic acid binding by viruses with stalk-like attachment proteins, including influenza virus, reovirus, adenovirus and rotavirus. Understanding virus-glycan interactions is essential to combating viral infections and designing improved viral vectors for therapeutic applications.
Collapse
|
49
|
Yu Y, Lasanajak Y, Song X, Hu L, Ramani S, Mickum ML, Ashline DJ, Prasad BVV, Estes MK, Reinhold VN, Cummings RD, Smith DF. Human milk contains novel glycans that are potential decoy receptors for neonatal rotaviruses. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:2944-60. [PMID: 25048705 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.039875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk contains a rich set of soluble, reducing glycans whose functions and bioactivities are not well understood. Because human milk glycans (HMGs) have been implicated as receptors for various pathogens, we explored the functional glycome of human milk using shotgun glycomics. The free glycans from pooled milk samples of donors with mixed Lewis and Secretor phenotypes were labeled with a fluorescent tag and separated via multidimensional HPLC to generate a tagged glycan library containing 247 HMG targets that were printed to generate the HMG shotgun glycan microarray (SGM). To investigate the potential role of HMGs as decoy receptors for rotavirus (RV), a leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in children, we interrogated the HMG SGM with recombinant forms of VP8* domains of the RV outer capsid spike protein VP4 from human neonatal strains N155(G10P[11]) and RV3(G3P[6]) and a bovine strain, B223(G10P[11]). Glycans that were bound by RV attachment proteins were selected for detailed structural analyses using metadata-assisted glycan sequencing, which compiles data on each glycan based on its binding by antibodies and lectins before and after exo- and endo-glycosidase digestion of the SGM, coupled with independent MS(n) analyses. These complementary structural approaches resulted in the identification of 32 glycans based on RV VP8* binding, many of which are novel HMGs, whose detailed structural assignments by MS(n) are described in a companion report. Although sialic acid has been thought to be important as a surface receptor for RVs, our studies indicated that sialic acid is not required for binding of glycans to individual VP8* domains. Remarkably, each VP8* recognized specific glycan determinants within a unique subset of related glycan structures where specificity differences arise from subtle differences in glycan structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and the National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and the National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Xuezheng Song
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and the National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Liya Hu
- §Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- ¶Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Megan L Mickum
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and the National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - David J Ashline
- ‖Glycomics Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824
| | - B V Venkataram Prasad
- §Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; ¶Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Mary K Estes
- ¶Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Vernon N Reinhold
- ‖Glycomics Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824
| | - Richard D Cummings
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and the National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322;
| | - David F Smith
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and the National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322;
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Smith DF, Cummings RD. Investigating virus-glycan interactions using glycan microarrays. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 7:79-87. [PMID: 24995558 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
While all viruses must transit the plasma membrane of mammalian cells to initiate infection, we know little about the complex processes involved in viral attachment, which commonly involve recognition of glycans by viral proteins. Glycan microarrays derived from both synthetic glycans and natural glycans isolated through shotgun glycomics approaches provide novel platforms for interrogating diverse glycans as potential viral receptors. Recent studies with influenza and rotaviruses using such glycan microarrays provide examples of their utility in exploring the challenging questions raised in efforts to define the complex mechanistic protein-glycan interactions that regulate virus attachment to host cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David F Smith
- The National Center for Functional Glycomics, Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Richard D Cummings
- The National Center for Functional Glycomics, Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| |
Collapse
|