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Bontempi IA, Arias DG, Castro GV, Peverengo LM, Díaz GF, Allassia M, Greif G, Marcipar I. Improved serodiagnosis of Trypanosoma vivax infections in cattle reveals high infection rates in the livestock regions of Argentina. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012020. [PMID: 38924064 PMCID: PMC11233006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine trypanosomosis, caused by Trypanosoma vivax, currently affects cattle and has a significant economic impact in sub-Saharan Africa and South America. The development of new diagnostic antigens is essential to improve and refine existing methods. Our study evaluated the efficacy of two recombinant antigens in detecting specific antibodies in cattle. These antigens are derivatives of an invariant surface glycoprotein (ISG) from T. vivax. A fraction of a previously described antigen (TvY486_0045500), designated TvISGAf, from an African strain was evaluated, and a new ISG antigen from an American isolate, TvISGAm, was identified. The two antigens were expressed as fusion proteins in Escherichia coli: TvISGAf was fused to the MBP-His-tag, and TvISGAm was obtained as a His-tag fused protein. An ELISA evaluation was conducted using these antigens on 149 positive and 63 negative bovine samples. The diagnostic performance was enhanced by the use of a combination of both antigens (referred to as TvISG-based ELISA), achieving a sensitivity of 89.6% and specificity of 93.8%. Following the validation of the TvISG-based ELISA, the seroprevalence of T. vivax infection in 892 field samples from cattle in the central region of Argentina was determined. The mean seroprevalence of T. vivax was 53%, with variation ranging from 21% to 69% among the six departments studied. These results support the use of the TvISG ELISA as a valuable serological tool for the detection and monitoring of T. vivax infection in cattle. Furthermore, we report for the first time the seroprevalence of T. vivax in Argentina, which highlights the widespread endemic nature of the disease in the region. In order to effectively manage the increasing spread of T. vivax in the vast livestock production areas of South America, it is essential to implement consistent surveillance programs and to adopt preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Alejandro Bontempi
- Laboratorio de Tecnología Inmunológica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego Gustavo Arias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
- Cátedra de Bioquímica Básica de Macromoléculas, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Graciela Verónica Castro
- Laboratorio de Tecnología Inmunológica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Luz María Peverengo
- Laboratorio de Tecnología Inmunológica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Genaro Francisco Díaz
- Laboratorio de Tecnología Inmunológica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Martín Allassia
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Greif
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Huésped Patógeno-UBM, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Iván Marcipar
- Laboratorio de Tecnología Inmunológica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Trypanosome Infections and Anemia in Cattle Returning from Transhumance in Tsetse-Infested Areas of Cameroon. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030712. [PMID: 36985285 PMCID: PMC10058033 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to assess the anemic status and the use of an immunological test and PCR-based methods to determine the infection rates of trypanosomes species. Transhumance aims to provide cattle with greener pastures and greater water resources than in the Djerem region during the dry season. Two criteria were used to assess the health status of the animals, the prevalence of trypanosomiasis and the level of anemia. In addition, we have evaluated the effectiveness, in trypanosomiasis detection, of the Very Diag Kit (CEVA Santé animale), a Rapid diagnosis test (RDT) based on immunological identification of T. congolense s.l. and T. vivax, responsible for AAT. Four trypanosome species (Trypanosoma congolense savannah type (Tcs), T. congolense forest type (Tcf), T. brucei s.l. (Tbr) and T. vivax (Tvx)) were identified in cattle sampled in four villages. The overall infection rate determined by PCR (68.6%) was much higher than those generally reported in cattle from the Adamawa region (35 to 50%). Infections (including mixed infections) by Tc s.l. (Tcs + Tcf) were predominant (45.7%). The infection rates were also determined using the Very Diag Kit allowing us to identify Tc s.l. and Tvx in the field in less than 20 min. This method provided, for the global infection, a higher rate (76.5%) than that determined by PCR (68.6%), although it is supposed to be less sensitive than PCR. Tc s.l. infection rate (37.8%) was similar to that (38.8%) determined by PCR (Tcs + Tcf single infections). In contrast, the prevalence of Tvx single infections measured by RDT (18%) was nearly two-fold higher than that (9.4%) measured by PCR. Thus, further comparative analyses seem to be needed in order to more accurately assess the sensitivity and specificity of the Very Diag test under our conditions of use on blood samples. The mean PCVs in trypanosome-infected as well as in uninfected cattle were below 25%, the threshold below which an animal is considered anemic. Our study shows that cattle return from transhumance in poor health. It raises questions about its real benefit, especially since the herds are themselves likely to become vectors of trypanosomiasis and possibly of other diseases. At least, effective measures have to be undertaken to treat all cattle coming back from transhumance.
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Desquesnes M, Gonzatti M, Sazmand A, Thévenon S, Bossard G, Boulangé A, Gimonneau G, Truc P, Herder S, Ravel S, Sereno D, Jamonneau V, Jittapalapong S, Jacquiet P, Solano P, Berthier D. A review on the diagnosis of animal trypanosomoses. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:64. [PMID: 35183235 PMCID: PMC8858479 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the most reliable and up-to-date methods for diagnosing trypanosomoses, a group of diseases of wild and domestic mammals, caused by trypanosomes, parasitic zooflagellate protozoans mainly transmitted by insects. In Africa, the Americas and Asia, these diseases, which in some cases affect humans, result in significant illness in animals and cause major economic losses in livestock. A number of pathogens are described in this review, including several Salivarian trypanosomes, such as Trypanosoma brucei sspp. (among which are the agents of sleeping sickness, the human African trypanosomiasis [HAT]), Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax (causing “Nagana” or animal African trypanosomosis [AAT]), Trypanosoma evansi (“Surra”) and Trypanosoma equiperdum (“Dourine”), and Trypanosoma cruzi, a Stercorarian trypanosome, etiological agent of the American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease). Diagnostic methods for detecting zoonotic trypanosomes causing Chagas disease and HAT in animals, as well as a diagnostic method for detecting animal trypanosomes in humans (the so-called “atypical human infections by animal trypanosomes” [a-HT]), including T. evansi and Trypanosoma lewisi (a rat parasite), are also reviewed. Our goal is to present an integrated view of the various diagnostic methods and techniques, including those for: (i) parasite detection; (ii) DNA detection; and (iii) antibody detection. The discussion covers various other factors that need to be considered, such as the sensitivity and specificity of the various diagnostic methods, critical cross-reactions that may be expected among Trypanosomatidae, additional complementary information, such as clinical observations and epizootiological context, scale of study and logistic and cost constraints. The suitability of examining multiple specimens and samples using several techniques is discussed, as well as risks to technicians, in the context of specific geographical regions and settings. This overview also addresses the challenge of diagnosing mixed infections with different Trypanosoma species and/or kinetoplastid parasites. Improving and strengthening procedures for diagnosing animal trypanosomoses throughout the world will result in a better control of infections and will significantly impact on “One Health,” by advancing and preserving animal, human and environmental health.
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Tounkara M, Boulangé A, Thonnus M, Bringaud F, Bélem AMG, Bengaly Z, Thévenon S, Berthier D, Rivière L. Novel protein candidates for serodiagnosis of African animal trypanosomosis: Evaluation of the diagnostic potential of lysophospholipase and glycerol kinase from Trypanosoma brucei. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009985. [PMID: 34919562 PMCID: PMC8719729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomosis, a parasitic disease caused by protozoan parasites transmitted by tsetse flies, affects both humans and animals in sub-Saharan Africa. While the human form (HAT) is now limited to foci, the animal form (AAT) is widespread and affects the majority of sub-Saharan African countries, and constitutes a real obstacle to the development of animal breeding. The control of AAT is hampered by a lack of standardized and easy-to used diagnosis tools. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic potential of TbLysoPLA and TbGK proteins from Trypanosoma brucei brucei for AAT serodiagnosis in indirect ELISA using experimental and field sera, individually, in combination, and associated with the BiP C-terminal domain (C25) from T. congolense. These novel proteins were characterized in silico, and their sequence analysis showed strong identities with their orthologs in other trypanosomes (more than 60% for TbLysoPLA and more than 82% for TbGK). TbLysoPLA displays a low homology with cattle (<35%) and Piroplasma (<15%). However, TbGK shares more than 58% with cattle and between 45–55% with Piroplasma. We could identify seven predicted epitopes on TbLysoPLA sequence and 14 potential epitopes on TbGK. Both proteins were recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli. Their diagnostic potential was evaluated by ELISA with sera from cattle experimentally infected with T. congolense and with T.b. brucei, sera from cattle naturally infected with T. congolense, T. vivax and T.b. brucei. Both proteins used separately had poor diagnostic performance. However, used together with the BiP protein, they showed 60% of sensitivity and between 87–96% of specificity, comparable to reference ELISA tests. In conclusion, we showed that the performance of the protein combinations is much better than the proteins tested individually for the diagnosis of AAT. African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) is an endemic disease in sub-Saharan Africa that hinders the development of livestock production on the continent. The control of the disease is based on chemotherapy, vector control and diagnosis. Misuse, as well as the continuous/regular use of a limited number of anti-trypanosomal drugs, is responsible for the appearance of increasingly drug-resistant strains of trypanosomes. In terms of serological diagnosis, the most efficient test at present suffers from a lack of reagent standardization. Unfortunately, even the most promising candidates fail due to low sensitivity in primately or chronically infected animals. Based on this observation it seems obvious that diagnosis must be revisited. In this study we evaluated the diagnostic potential of two Trypanosoma brucei proteins, TbLysoPLA and TbGK, in indirect ELISA for antibody detection. To provide a proof of concept that the judicious association of immunoreactive proteins could improve the sensitivity and specificity of tests based on recombinant antigens, we used these molecules alone and then in combination, associated or not with the BiP protein of T. congolense. The evaluation in serological diagnosis showed that the two proteins used separately had a poor performance. However, when used together with the BiP protein, they showed a sensitivity of 60% and a specificity between 87 and 96%, comparable to the reference tests. It shows for the first time that the performance of protein combinations is much better than that of the proteins tested individually for the diagnosis of AAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magamba Tounkara
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Alain Boulangé
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France
- INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Magali Thonnus
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Zakaria Bengaly
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Sophie Thévenon
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France
- INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - David Berthier
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France
- INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Loïc Rivière
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
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Pinheiro GRG, Ferreira LL, Teixeira Silva AL, Cardoso MS, Ferreira-Júnior Á, Steindel M, Grisard EC, Miletti LC, Bartholomeu DC, Bueno LL, Santos RL, Fujiwara RT. A recombinant protein (MyxoTLm) for the serological diagnosis of acute and chronic Trypanosoma vivax infection in cattle. Vet Parasitol 2021; 296:109495. [PMID: 34147019 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human trypanosomiases and animal trypanosomoses are caused by distinct protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. The etiological agents of bovine trypanosomosis (BT) are T. vivax, T. congolense, or T. brucei, whose acute infections are initially characterized by hyperthermia, following moderate to severe anemia, subcutaneous edema, lethargy, reduced milk production, progressive weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes, reproductive disorders and death. Animals that survive the acute phase might recover and progress to the chronic, often asymptomatic, phase of infection. Despite their low sensitivity due to the characteristic low parasitemia, simple and costless direct parasitological examinations are the preferred diagnostic methods for animals. Thus, most of the epidemiological studies of BT are based on serological techniques using crude antigen. In this study, we describe the use of the MyxoTLm recombinant protein as an antigen on serological assays. Anti-T. vivax IgM and anti-T. vivax IgG ELISA assays using purified MyxoTLm revealed specificity rates of 91.30 % and 95.65 % and sensitivity rates of 82.35 % and 88.23 %, respectively, being higher than reported for crude antigens. Also, MyxoTLm demonstrated a good performance to detect IgM (ROC curve area = 0.8568) and excellent performance to detect IgG (ROC curve area = 0.9565) when compared to a crude antigen. T. evansi crude antigen used in the indirect anti-T. vivax IgM ELISA reached 70.58 % sensitivity and 78.26 % specificity, and had a lower test performance (ROC curve area = 0.7363). When applied to the anti-T. vivax IgG ELISA, the crude antigen reached 82.35 % sensitivity and 69.56 % specificity, also presenting a low performance with area under the ROC curve of 0.7570. Therefore, the use of MyxoTLm as an antigen on serological diagnosis of BT revealed to increase the sensitivity and the specificity if compared to crude antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Teixeira Silva
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Santos Cardoso
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Álvaro Ferreira-Júnior
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Mario Steindel
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Edmundo Carlos Grisard
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Luiz Claudio Miletti
- Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Lilian Lacerda Bueno
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renato Lima Santos
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Castilho Neto KJGDA, Garcia ABDCF, Fidelis Junior OL, Nagata WB, André MR, Teixeira MMG, Machado RZ, Cadioli FA. Follow-up of dairy cattle naturally infected by Trypanosoma vivax after treatment with isometamidium chloride. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e020220. [PMID: 33909833 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma vivax infections cause nonspecific clinical signs in cattle associated with aparasitemic intervals, making disease diagnosis a challenge. In Brazil, diminazene aceturate and isometamidium chloride (ISM) are available to treat bovine trypanosomosis. The objective of this study was to follow-up, by molecular and serological techniques, dairy cattle naturally infected by T. vivax after ISM treatment. Thirty cattle naturally infected with T. vivax received two applications of ISM, at a dosage of 1.0 mg/kg intramuscularly, on days 0 and 150. For T. vivax diagnosis, EDTA-blood and serum samples were evaluated on 0, 7, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, and 240 days after treatment PCR, Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and ELISA. Animals with persistent detection of T. vivax DNA by both PCR and LAMP were found and continuous detection of anti-T. vivax IgG antibodies by ELISA, suggesting the presence of T. vivax resistance to ISM. The combination of LAMP and ELISA tests can prevent misdiagnosis of the parasite clearance in treated cattle, contributing to better disease control. This is the first experiment that demonstrates the persistence infection of T. vivax under ISM treatment in a natural infected herd and evidence of ISM chemotherapy-resistant T. vivax in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Walter Beterquini Nagata
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Fabiano Antonio Cadioli
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil.,Escola de Medicina Veterinária Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
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Mizushima D, Amgalanbaatar T, Davaasuren B, Kayano M, Naransatsral S, Myagmarsuren P, Otgonsuren D, Enkhtaivan B, Davkharbayar B, Mungun-Ochir B, Baatarjargal P, Nyamdolgor U, Soyolmaa G, Altanchimeg A, Zoljargal M, Nguyen TT, Battsetseg B, Battur B, Inoue N, Yokoyama N, Suganuma K. Nationwide serological surveillance of non-tsetse-transmitted horse trypanosomoses in Mongolia. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 10:e00158. [PMID: 32642568 PMCID: PMC7334808 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In Mongolia, horses play important roles, not only in livestock production, but also in terms of culture, tradition, and Mongolian beliefs. Although the presence of non-tsetse-transmitted horse trypanosomoses, which are caused by infections with Trypanosoma evansi (surra) and T. equiperdum (dourine), has been reported in the country, whether there is a nationwide epidemic of these infectious diseases is unknown. In the present study, a nationwide surveillance of horse trypanosomoses was performed. The sample sizes for each province, the whole country, and male and female horses were, respectively, 96, 2,400, and 316 and 306. In total, 3,641 samples of horse sera were collected by simple random sampling. The rTeGM6-4r-based ELISA, which was applied for surra against cattle and water buffalo and dourine against horse, revealed that the overall sero-prevalence of the diseases in Mongolia was 4.8%. Among them, high sero-prevalences were observed in the central provinces (5.2–11.0%, p < 0.05) of the country. The sero-prevalence was significantly higher in females than in males (6.0% and 4.0%, p < 0.05, respectively) and in non-castrated males (8.4%, p < 0.01) compared with castrated males (3.0%). These results suggested that currently, horse trypanosomoses are a nationwide endemic problem in Mongolia. Knowledge of the nationwide endemic status of non-tsetse-transmitted horse trypanosomoses in Mongolia will be useful to prevent these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Mizushima
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tovuu Amgalanbaatar
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batdorj Davaasuren
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Mitsunori Kayano
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Sandagdorj Naransatsral
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Punsantsogvoo Myagmarsuren
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Davaajav Otgonsuren
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batsaikhan Enkhtaivan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batbold Davkharbayar
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Bayasgalan Mungun-Ochir
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Purevdorj Baatarjargal
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Uranbileg Nyamdolgor
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Gurdorj Soyolmaa
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Adilbish Altanchimeg
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Myagmar Zoljargal
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Thu-Thuy Nguyen
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Badgar Battsetseg
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Banzragch Battur
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Noboru Inoue
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
- Corresponding author at: Research Center for Global Agromedicine, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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8
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Garcia Pérez HA, Rodrigues CMF, Pivat IHV, Fuzato ACR, Camargo EP, Minervino AHH, Teixeira MMG. High Trypanosoma vivax infection rates in water buffalo and cattle in the Brazilian Lower Amazon. Parasitol Int 2020; 79:102162. [PMID: 32565339 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Highly sensitive and accurate molecular diagnostic methods have not yet been employed for livestock trypanosomosis in the Brazilian Lower Amazon although the first reports of Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma evansi in Brazil were in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in this region. The present study assessed trypanosomosis in buffalo and cattle raised in communal and seasonally flooding pastures in the state of Pará using the fluorescent fragment length barcoding (FFLB) method. T. evansi was not detected, but high infection rates of T. vivax and T. theileri were revealed by a simplified FFLB standardized in the present study that discriminates all trypanosome species infective to livestock in South America. T. vivax infection rates detected by TviCATL-PCR were 24.6% for cattle (n = 61) and 28.1% for buffalo (n = 89). Using the FFLB method, overall T. vivax infection rates increased to 59.6% and 44.3% for buffalo and cattle, respectively. Furthermore, the predominance of a single microsatellite-based genotype of T. vivax was reinforced in the Lower Amazon. Relevant T. vivax infection rates detected in clinically healthy buffalo and cattle through the sampled years (2008-2017) highlight the need for systematic studies to demonstrate the endemic steady state of T. vivax in this region. Our findings provide baseline information for livestock management, including control of T. vivax dispersal, and the introduction of naïve animals. The growing international trade of live livestock from this very important livestock breeding region represents a serious risk for T. vivax spreading outside Amazonia and Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla Monadeli Filgueira Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil; EpiAmo - Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Amazônia Ocidental, Brazil
| | - Isis Helga Vivas Pivat
- Department of Animal Production and Industry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Central University of Venezuela. Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela
| | | | - Erney P Camargo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil; EpiAmo - Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Amazônia Ocidental, Brazil
| | | | - Marta Maria Geraldes Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil; EpiAmo - Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Amazônia Ocidental, Brazil
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9
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Mossaad E, Salim B, Suganuma K, Hassan MA, Davaasuren B, Elamin EA, Bakhiet AO, Satti RA, Xuan X, Musinguzi SP, Inoue N. Utilization of crude and recombinant ELISAs for serodiagnosis of camel trypanosomosis in Sudan. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 16:100278. [PMID: 31027599 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the application of CATT/T. evansi, crude and recombinant (TeGM6-4r) antigen ELISAs in the diagnosis of camel trypanosomosis caused by two trypanosome species, T. evansi and T. vivax, in Sudan. Concurrently, the current situation of camel trypanosomosis was investigated based on the results of a serological analysis. The recombinant tandem repeat antigen TeGM6-4r is conserved among salivarian trypanosome species and was highly sensitive in the detection Trypanozoon, and T. vivax. It has been validated in the diagnosis of surra in cattle and water buffalo but not in camels. A comparative evaluation of a crude antigen ELISA and a recombinant antigen GM6 (rTeGM6-4r) ELISA was performed using 189 blood samples, which included 148 samples obtained from different camel herds in Eastern Sudan and 41 samples from camels that had been brought from Western Sudan to local markets. The results showed that the rTeGM6-4r ELISA detected the greatest number of positive samples (n = 118, 62%), while CATT/T. evansi and the crude antigen ELISA detected the lowest number of positive samples (n = 73, 39%). The kappa value of rTeGM6-4r as compared to TeCA ELISA was 0.5515, which indicated moderate agreement. We concluded that the rTeGM6-4r ELISA is the test of choice for use in screening camel for trypanosomosis caused by T. evansi and T. vivax in Sudan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Mossaad
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 204, Khartoum, Sudan; National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Bashir Salim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, 13314 Khartoum-North, Sudan
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Mohammed A Hassan
- Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control Department, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Animal Resources Research Corporation, Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rangelands, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Batdorj Davaasuren
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Elgailani A Elamin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, 13314 Khartoum-North, Sudan
| | - Amel O Bakhiet
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 204, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Rawan A Satti
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 204, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Simon Peter Musinguzi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University - Western Campus, P.O.Box 71, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Noboru Inoue
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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10
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Mizushima D, Amgalanbaatar T, Davaasuren B, Molefe NI, Battur B, Battsetseg B, Inoue N, Yokoyama N, Suganuma K. The utility of an rTeGM6-4r-based immunochromatographic test for the serological diagnosis of non-tsetse-transmitted equine trypanosomosis in rural areas of Mongolia. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2913-2919. [PMID: 29943319 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5982-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies report epidemics of non-tsetse-transmitted equine trypanosomosis in Mongolia. However, the current status of non-tsetse-transmitted equine trypanosomosis endemicity remains to be clarified in some parts of Mongolia. We previously reported the potential application of rTeGM6-4r-based diagnostic tools, an rTeGM6-4r-based immunochromatographic test (ICT) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in the serological surveillance of equine trypanosomosis in Mongolia. In the present study, the utility of the rTeGM6-4r-based ICT was validated. The rTeGM6-4r-based ICT accurately diagnosed positive reference sera that had been prepared from dourine horses in Mongolia, similarly to the rTeGM6-4r-based ELISA. The diagnostic performance of the rTeGM6-4r-based ICT was maintained when the strips were preserved for at least 2 months under dry conditions. The ICT detected 42 positive serum samples from a total of 1701 equine sera that had been collected from all 21 provinces of Mongolia. The κ-value, sensitivity and specificity of rTeGM6-4r-based ICT were 0.58, 50.0% (95% CI, 37.7-62.3%) and 99.3% (95% CI, 98.7-99.6%), respectively, in comparison to the rTeGM6-4r-based ELISA. Our field-friendly rTeGM6-4r-based ICT was found to be useful for the serological diagnosis of non-tsetse-transmitted equine trypanosomosis in rural areas of Mongolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Mizushima
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Tovuu Amgalanbaatar
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar, 17024, Mongolia
| | - Batdorj Davaasuren
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar, 17024, Mongolia
| | - Nthatisi Innocentia Molefe
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Banzragch Battur
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar, 17024, Mongolia
| | - Badgar Battsetseg
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar, 17024, Mongolia
| | - Noboru Inoue
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
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11
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Pinto Torres JE, Goossens J, Ding J, Li Z, Lu S, Vertommen D, Naniima P, Chen R, Muyldermans S, Sterckx YGJ, Magez S. Development of a Nanobody-based lateral flow assay to detect active Trypanosoma congolense infections. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9019. [PMID: 29899344 PMCID: PMC5998082 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26732-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal African trypanosomosis (AAT), a disease affecting livestock, is caused by parasites of the Trypanosoma genus (mainly T. vivax and T. congolense). AAT is widespread in Sub-Saharan Africa, where it continues to impose a heavy socio-economic burden as it renders development of sustainable livestock rearing very strenuous. Active case-finding and the identification of infected animals prior to initiation of drug treatment requires the availability of sensitive and specific diagnostic tests. In this paper, we describe the development of two heterologous sandwich assay formats (ELISA and LFA) for T. congolense detection through the use of Nanobodies (Nbs). The immunisation of an alpaca with a secretome mix from two T. congolense strains resulted in the identification of a Nb pair (Nb44/Nb42) that specifically targets the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase. We demonstrate that the Nb44/Nb42 ELISA and LFA can be employed to detect parasitaemia in plasma samples from experimentally infected mice and cattle and, additionally, that they can serve as ‘test-of-cure’ tools. Altogether, the findings in this paper present the development and evaluation of the first Nb-based antigen detection LFA to identify active T. congolense infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joar E Pinto Torres
- Research Unit for Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Research Center (SBRC), VIB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Goossens
- Research Unit for Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Research Center (SBRC), VIB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jianzu Ding
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310013, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zeng Li
- Research Unit for Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Research Center (SBRC), VIB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Shaohong Lu
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310013, Zhejiang, China
| | - Didier Vertommen
- Department of Metabolism and Hormones, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Naniima
- Institute of Virology, Structural Virology Group, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rui Chen
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310013, Zhejiang, China
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Research Unit for Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yann G-J Sterckx
- Research Unit for Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Research Center (SBRC), VIB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Research Unit for Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium. .,Structural Biology Research Center (SBRC), VIB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium. .,Ghent University Global Campus, Songdomunhwa-Ro 119, Yeonsu-Gu, 406-840, Incheon, South Korea.
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12
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Guedes RLM, Rodrigues CMF, Coatnoan N, Cosson A, Cadioli FA, Garcia HA, Gerber AL, Machado RZ, Minoprio PMC, Teixeira MMG, de Vasconcelos ATR. A comparative in silico linear B-cell epitope prediction and characterization for South American and African Trypanosoma vivax strains. Genomics 2018; 111:407-417. [PMID: 29499243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma vivax is a parasite widespread across Africa and South America. Immunological methods using recombinant antigens have been developed aiming at specific and sensitive detection of infections caused by T. vivax. Here, we sequenced for the first time the transcriptome of a virulent T. vivax strain (Lins), isolated from an outbreak of severe disease in South America (Brazil) and performed a computational integrated analysis of genome, transcriptome and in silico predictions to identify and characterize putative linear B-cell epitopes from African and South American T. vivax. A total of 2278, 3936 and 4062 linear B-cell epitopes were respectively characterized for the transcriptomes of T. vivax LIEM-176 (Venezuela), T. vivax IL1392 (Nigeria) and T. vivax Lins (Brazil) and 4684 for the genome of T. vivax Y486 (Nigeria). The results presented are a valuable theoretical source that may pave the way for highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Lucas Muniz Guedes
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica (LNCC), Av. Getúlio Vargas, 333, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil; Grupo Hermes Pardini, Setor de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Vespasiano, MG, Brazil.
| | | | - Nicolas Coatnoan
- Trypanosomatids Infectious Processes Laboratory, Department of Infection and Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Alain Cosson
- Trypanosomatids Infectious Processes Laboratory, Department of Infection and Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Fabiano Antonio Cadioli
- Departamento Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Odontologia e Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Herakles Antonio Garcia
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Lehmkuhl Gerber
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica (LNCC), Av. Getúlio Vargas, 333, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Laboratório de Immnoparasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Paola Marcella Camargo Minoprio
- Trypanosomatids Infectious Processes Laboratory, Department of Infection and Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Marta Maria Geraldes Teixeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
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13
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Development of an Indirect ELISA Based on a Recombinant Chimeric Protein for the Detection of Antibodies against Bovine Babesiosis. Vet Sci 2018; 5:vetsci5010013. [PMID: 29360801 PMCID: PMC5876563 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The current method for Babesia spp. serodiagnosis based on a crude merozoite antigen is a complex and time-consuming procedure. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) based on a recombinant multi-antigen of Babesia bovis (rMABbO) was developed for detection of antibodies in bovines suspected of infection with this parasite. The multi-antigen comprises gene fragments of three previously characterized B. bovis antigens: MSA-2c, RAP-1 and the Heat Shock protein 20 that are well-conserved among geographically distant strains. The cutoff value for the new rMABbo-iELISA was determined using 75 known—positive and 300 known—negative bovine sera previously tested for antibodies to B. bovis by the gold-standard ELISA which uses a merozoite lysate. A cutoff value of ≥35% was determined in these samples by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, showing a sensitivity of 95.9% and a specificity of 94.3%. The rMABbo-iELISA was further tested in a blind trial using an additional set of 263 field bovine sera from enzootic and tick-free regions of Argentina. Results showed a good agreement with the gold standard test with a Cohen’s kappa value of 0.76. Finally, the prevalence of bovine babesiosis in different tick enzootic regions of Argentina was analyzed where seropositivity values among 68–80% were obtained. A certain level of cross reaction was observed when samples from B. bigemina infected cattle were analyzed with the new test, which can be attributed to shared epitopes between 2 of the 3 antigens. This new rMABbo-iELISA could be considered a simpler alternative to detect anti Babesia spp. antibodies and appears to be well suited to perform epidemiological surveys at the herd level in regions where ticks are present.
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14
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Davaasuren B, Amgalanbaatar T, Musinguzi SP, Suganuma K, Otgonsuren D, Mossaad E, Narantsatsral S, Battur B, Battsetseg B, Xuan X, Inoue N. The evaluation of GM6-based ELISA and ICT as diagnostic methods on a Mongolian farm with an outbreak of non-tsetse transmitted horse trypanosomosis. Vet Parasitol 2017; 244:123-128. [PMID: 28917303 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma equiperdum, which is the etiological agent of dourine, spreads through sexual intercourse in equines. Dourine (T. equiperdum) has been reported in Mongolia, where it is considered an economically important disease of horses. T. evansi has also been reported in Mongolian domestic animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential application of recombinant T. evansi GM6 (rTeGM6-4r)-based diagnostic methods on a farm with an outbreak of non-tsetse transmitted horse trypanosomosis. Ninety-seven percent homology was found between the amino acid sequences of T. equiperdum GM6 and the GM6 of another Trypanozoon, which also shared the same cellular localization. This finding suggests the utility of rTeGM6-4r-based serodiagnostic methods for epidemiological studies and the diagnosis of both surra and dourine in Equidae. Fifty blood samples were examined from a herd of horses. The diagnostic value of an rTeGM6-4r-based ELISA and an rTeGM6-4r-based immunochromatographic test (ICT) were measured in comparison to a T. evansi crude antigen-based ELISA, which is a diagnostic method recommended by the OIE. However, this is not a perfect diagnostic method for trypanosomosis. Positive serum samples were detected in 46%, 42% and 28% of the tested horses using an rTeGM6-4r-based ELISA, crude antigen-based ELISA and rTeGM6-4r-based ICT, respectively. The sensitivity of rTeGM6-based ELISA was 81%, the specificity was 79%, and the agreement was moderate. We conclude that rTeGM6-4r-based ELISA and ICT represent alternative options for baseline epidemiological studies and the on-site diagnosis of horse trypanosomoses in the field, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batdorj Davaasuren
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Tovuu Amgalanbaatar
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Simon Peter Musinguzi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; Research Center for Global Agro-medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Davaajav Otgonsuren
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Ehab Mossaad
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sandagdorj Narantsatsral
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Banzragch Battur
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Badgar Battsetseg
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Noboru Inoue
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
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15
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Boulangé A, Pillay D, Chevtzoff C, Biteau N, Comé de Graça V, Rempeters L, Theodoridis D, Baltz T. Development of a rapid antibody test for point-of-care diagnosis of animal African trypanosomosis. Vet Parasitol 2017; 233:32-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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16
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Fleming JR, Sastry L, Wall SJ, Sullivan L, Ferguson MAJ. Proteomic Identification of Immunodiagnostic Antigens for Trypanosoma vivax Infections in Cattle and Generation of a Proof-of-Concept Lateral Flow Test Diagnostic Device. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004977. [PMID: 27606593 PMCID: PMC5015970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma vivax is one of the causative agents of Animal African Trypanosomosis in cattle, which is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and transmitted primarily by the bite of the tsetse fly vector. The parasite can also be mechanically transmitted, and this has allowed its spread to South America. Diagnostics are limited for this parasite and in farm settings diagnosis is mainly symptom-based. We set out to identify, using a proteomic approach, candidate diagnostic antigens to develop into an easy to use pen-side lateral flow test device. Two related members the invariant surface glycoprotein family, TvY486_0045500 and TvY486_0019690, were selected. Segments of these antigens, lacking N-terminal signal peptides and C-terminal transmembrane domains, were expressed in E. coli. Both were developed into ELISA tests and one of them, TvY486_0045500, was developed into a lateral flow test prototype. The tests were all evaluated blind with 113 randomised serum samples, taken from 37 calves before and after infection with T. vivax or T. congolense. The TvY486_0045500 and TvY486_0019690 ELISA tests gave identical sensitivity and specificity values for T. vivax infection of 94.5% (95% CI, 86.5% to 98.5%) and 88.0% (95% CI, 75.7% to 95.5%), respectively, and the TvY486_0045500 lateral flow test prototype a sensitivity and specificity of 92.0% (95% CI, 83.4% to 97.0%) and 89.8% (95% CI, 77.8% to 96.6%), respectively. These data suggest that recombinant TvY486_0045500 shows promise for the development of a pen-side lateral flow test for the diagnosis of T. vivax animal African trypanosomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lalitha Sastry
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lauren Sullivan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Kumar J, Chaudhury A, Yadav SC. Comparative evaluation of recombinant HSP70 (N & C-terminal) fragments in the detection of equine trypanosomosis. Vet Parasitol 2016; 223:77-87. [PMID: 27198781 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomosis (Surra) is an economically important disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi which is an extracellular parasite present in the plasma, tissues and other body fluids of a wide range of hosts including domesticated animals. Currently, serological reports are based on detection of antibodies by ELISA using whole cell lysate (WCL) antigen, which has a limitation of persistence of anti-trypanosomal antibodies after successful treatment of the disease. Moreover, it has some ethical issues also like requirement of mice for in vivo maintenance of parasite for preparing the antigen. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt was made to evaluate the in vitro production of recombinant heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) for detection of antibodies in experimentally infected ponies. The amino acid sequence analysis of HSP70 revealed that N-terminal region of the protein was highly conserved while the C-terminal region was most divergent. The four different regions of HSP70 protein viz. HSP-1, HSP-2, HSP-3 and HSP-4 were cloned and expressed, among which HSP-1 (N-terminal region) & HSP-2 (C-terminal region) were truncated while HSP-3 & HSP-4 were complete C-terminal proteins. The recombinant fragments were probed with sequentially pooled experimental serum samples where antibodies were detected in these fragments from 10(th) day post infection till the termination of the experiment. Further, these recombinant fragments were also comparatively evaluated with WCL antigen in ELISA using experimental as well as field serum samples. It was observed that after successful treatment of infected ponies, there was a sharp fall in antibodies (within 90 days) when tested with recombinant HSP's fragments, while antibodies persisted even after 469 days when tested against WCL antigen. The sensitivity and specificity of all HSP70 fragments were also estimated from field serum samples with reference to WCL antigen ELISA. The HSP-1 showed minimum sensitivity (41.03%) among all the recombinant fragments. Among the C-terminal fragments, maximum sensitivity was observed with the HSP-2 (61.54%) while minimum was observed with HSP-4 (48.72%). The specificity increases for recombinant fragments from N-terminal to C-terminal region of protein and maximum specificity was observed with HSP-4 fragment (91.3%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Kumar
- Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Bio & Nano Technology Centre, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar-125001, Haryana, India; National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar-125001, Haryana, India
| | - A Chaudhury
- Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Bio & Nano Technology Centre, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar-125001, Haryana, India
| | - S C Yadav
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar-125001, Haryana, India.
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A TeGM6-4r antigen-based immunochromatographic test (ICT) for animal trypanosomosis. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:4319-25. [PMID: 26290217 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4672-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Animal trypanosomosis is a disease that is distributed worldwide which results in huge economic losses due to reduced animal productivity. Endemic regions are often located in the countryside where laboratory diagnosis is costly or inaccessible. The establishment of simple, effective, and accurate field tests is therefore of great interest to the farming and veterinary sectors. Our study aimed to develop a simple, rapid, and sensitive immunochromatographic test (ICT) for animal trypanosomosis utilizing the recombinant tandem repeat antigen TeGM6-4r, which is conserved amongst salivarian trypanosome species. In the specificity analysis, TeGM6-4r/ICT detected all of Trypanosoma evansi-positive controls from experimentally infected water buffaloes. As expected, uninfected controls tested negative. All sera samples collected from Tanzanian and Ugandan cattle that were Trypanosoma congolense- and/or Trypanosoma vivax-positive by microscopic examination of the buffy coat were found to be positive by the newly developed TeGM6-4r/ICT, which was comparable to results from TeGM6-4r/ELISA (kappa coefficient [κ] = 0.78). TeGM6/ICT also showed substantial agreement with ELISA using Trypanosoma brucei brucei (κ = 0.64) and T. congolense (κ = 0.72) crude antigen, suggesting the high potential of TeGM6-4r/ICT as a field diagnostic test, both for research purposes and on-site diagnosis of animal trypanosomosis.
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Birhanu H, Fikru R, Said M, Kidane W, Gebrehiwot T, Hagos A, Alemu T, Dawit T, Berkvens D, Goddeeris BM, Büscher P. Epidemiology of Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma vivax in domestic animals from selected districts of Tigray and Afar regions, Northern Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:212. [PMID: 25889702 PMCID: PMC4403896 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background African animal trypanosomosis, transmitted cyclically by tsetse flies or mechanically by other biting flies, causes serious inflictions to livestock health. This study investigates the extent of non-tsetse transmitted animal trypanosomosis (NTTAT) by Trypanosoma (T.) evansi and T. vivax in domestic animals in the tsetse-free regions of Northern Ethiopia, Afar and Tigray. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted on 754 dromedary camels, 493 cattle, 264 goats, 181 sheep, 84 donkeys, 25 horses and 10 mules. The microhaematocrit centrifugation technique was used as parasitological test. Plasma was collected for serodiagnosis with CATT/T.evansi and RoTat 1.2 immune trypanolysis (ITL) while buffy coat specimens were collected for molecular diagnosis with T. evansi type A specific RoTat 1.2 PCR, T. evansi type B specific EVAB PCR and T. vivax specific TvPRAC PCR. Results The parasitological prevalence was 4.7% in Tigray and 2.7% in Afar and significantly higher (z = 2.53, p = 0.011) in cattle (7.3%) than in the other hosts. Seroprevalence in CATT/T.evansi was 24.6% in Tigray and 13.9% in Afar and was significantly higher (z = 9.39, p < 0.001) in cattle (37.3%) than in the other hosts. On the other hand, seroprevalence assessed by ITL was only 1.9% suggesting cross reaction of CATT/T.evansi with T. vivax or other trypanosome infections. Molecular prevalence of T. evansi type A was 8.0% in Tigray and in Afar and varied from 28.0% in horses to 2.2% in sheep. It was also significantly higher (p < 0.001) in camel (11.7%) than in cattle (6.1%), donkey (6%), goat (3.8%), and sheep (2.2%). Four camels were positive for T. evansi type B. Molecular prevalence of T. vivax was 3.0% and was similar in Tigray and Afar. It didn’t differ significantly among the host species except that it was not detected in horses and mules. Conclusions NTTAT caused by T. vivax and T. evansi, is an important threat to animal health in Tigray and Afar. For the first time, we confirm the presence of T. evansi type B in Ethiopian camels. Unexplained results obtained with the current diagnostic tests in bovines warrant particular efforts to isolate and characterise trypanosome strains that circulate in Northern Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadush Birhanu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P. O. Box 2084, Mekelle, Ethiopia. .,Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Regassa Fikru
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium. .,College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Mussa Said
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O.Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Weldu Kidane
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P. O. Box 2084, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Tadesse Gebrehiwot
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P. O. Box 2084, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Ashenafi Hagos
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Tola Alemu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Tesfaye Dawit
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
| | - Dirk Berkvens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Bruno Maria Goddeeris
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium.
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NGUYEN TT, MOTSIRI MS, TAIOE MO, MTSHALI MS, GOTO Y, KAWAZU SI, THEKISOE OMM, INOUE N. Application of crude and recombinant ELISAs and immunochromatographic test for serodiagnosis of animal trypanosomosis in the Umkhanyakude district of KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:217-20. [PMID: 25342634 PMCID: PMC4363025 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 231 serum samples were collected from sheep (n=9), goats (n=99) and cattle (n=123) in northeastern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Trypanosome infection was detected using Trypanosoma brucei brucei crude antigen (TbbCA) and T. congolense crude antigen (TcoCA) ELISA assays. Recombinant antigen (T. evansi GM6 which consisted of 4 repeat domains, TeGM6-4r) ELISA and immunochromatographic test (ICT) were also used. Crude antigen ELISA, TeGM6-4r-ELISA and ICT detected 27.3%, 29% and 19.9% of trypanosome seropositive samples, respectively. Trypanosome infection prevalence in cattle and goats was 35.8-46.3% and 0-9.1%, respectively. Out of 9 sheep serum samples, 2-4 sera (22.2-44.4%) were positive. The detection performance of crude and recombinant antigen ELISAs was relatively similar (K=0.6-0.7); both are recommended for reference diagnosis and large scale epidemiological surveys. There is potential application for ICT in on-site diagnosis, but its sensitivity should be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu-Thuy NGUYEN
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, OIE Collaborating Centre, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Mono Sophie MOTSIRI
- Parasitology Research Program, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State–Qwaqwa Campus, Private Bag, X13, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa
| | - Moeti Oriel TAIOE
- Parasitology Research Program, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State–Qwaqwa Campus, Private Bag, X13, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa
| | - Moses Sibusiso MTSHALI
- Parasitology Research Program, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State–Qwaqwa Campus, Private Bag, X13, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa
- Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Research and Scientific Services Department, National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Yasuyuki GOTO
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1–1–1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro KAWAZU
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, OIE Collaborating Centre, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Oriel Matlhahane Molifi THEKISOE
- Parasitology Research Program, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State–Qwaqwa Campus, Private Bag, X13, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa
| | - Noboru INOUE
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, OIE Collaborating Centre, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Camargo R, Izquier A, Uzcanga GL, Perrone T, Acosta-Serrano A, Carrasquel L, Arias LP, Escalona JL, Cardozo V, Bubis J. Variant surface glycoproteins from Venezuelan trypanosome isolates are recognized by sera from animals infected with either Trypanosoma evansi or Trypanosoma vivax. Vet Parasitol 2014; 207:17-33. [PMID: 25468674 PMCID: PMC4303646 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Soluble forms of VSGs from seven Venezuelan animal trypanosomes were purified and characterized. All purified soluble VSGs exhibited cross-reactivity with Trypanosoma vivax. Anti-VSG antibodies behaved as markers of infection for non-tsetse transmitted trypanosomes. All purified soluble VSGs can be used as diagnostic reagents for bovine trypanosomosis.
Salivarian trypanosomes sequentially express only one variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) on their cell surface from a large repertoire of VSG genes. Seven cryopreserved animal trypanosome isolates known as TeAp-ElFrio01, TEVA1 (or TeAp-N/D1), TeGu-N/D1, TeAp-Mantecal01, TeGu-TerecayTrino, TeGu-Terecay03 and TeGu-Terecay323, which had been isolated from different hosts identified in several geographical areas of Venezuela were expanded using adult albino rats. Soluble forms of predominant VSGs expressed during the early infection stages were purified and corresponded to concanavalin A-binding proteins with molecular masses of 48–67 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electropohoresis, and pI values between 6.1 and 7.5. The biochemical characterization of all purified soluble VSGs revealed that they were dimers in their native form and represented different gene products. Sequencing of some of these proteins yielded peptides homologous to VSGs from Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei and Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) evansi and established that they most likely are mosaics generated by homologous recombination. Western blot analysis showed that all purified VSGs were cross-reacting antigens that were recognized by sera from animals infected with either T. evansi or Trypanosoma (Dutonella) vivax. The VSG glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol cross-reacting determinant epitope was only partially responsible for the cross-reactivity of the purified proteins, and antibodies appeared to recognize cross-reacting conformational epitopes from the various soluble VSGs. ELISA experiments were performed using infected bovine sera collected from cattle in a Venezuelan trypanosome-endemic area. In particular, soluble VSGs from two trypanosome isolates, TeGu-N/D1 and TeGu-TeracayTrino, were recognized by 93.38% and 73.55% of naturally T. vivax-infected bovine sera, respectively. However, approximately 70% of the sera samples did not recognize all seven purified proteins. Hence, the use of a combination of various VSGs for the diagnosis of animal trypanosomosis is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Camargo
- Fundación Instituto de Estudios Avanzados IDEA, Caracas, Venezuela; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Departamento de Biología Celular, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Adriana Izquier
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Departamento de Biología Celular, Caracas, Venezuela; Universidad Central de Venezuela, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | - Trina Perrone
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas IVIC, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | - Liomary Carrasquel
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Departamento de Biología Celular, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Laura P Arias
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Departamento de Química, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - José L Escalona
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Departamento de Química, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Vanessa Cardozo
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Departamento de Biología Celular, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - José Bubis
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Departamento de Biología Celular, Caracas, Venezuela.
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Fleming JR, Sastry L, Crozier TWM, Napier GB, Sullivan L, Ferguson MAJ. Proteomic selection of immunodiagnostic antigens for Trypanosoma congolense. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2936. [PMID: 24922510 PMCID: PMC4055490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal African Trypanosomosis (AAT) presents a severe problem for agricultural development in sub-Saharan Africa. It is caused by several trypanosome species and current means of diagnosis are expensive and impractical for field use. Our aim was to discover antigens for the detection of antibodies to Trypanosoma congolense, one of the main causative agents of AAT. We took a proteomic approach to identify potential immunodiagnostic parasite protein antigens. One hundred and thirteen proteins were identified which were selectively recognized by infected cattle sera. These were assessed for likelihood of recombinant protein expression in E. coli and fifteen were successfully expressed and assessed for their immunodiagnostic potential by ELISA using pooled pre- and post-infection cattle sera. Three proteins, members of the invariant surface glycoprotein (ISG) family, performed favorably and were then assessed using individual cattle sera. One antigen, Tc38630, evaluated blind with 77 randomized cattle sera in an ELISA assay gave sensitivity and specificity performances of 87.2% and 97.4%, respectively. Cattle immunoreactivity to this antigen diminished significantly following drug-cure, a feature helpful for monitoring the efficacy of drug treatment. Animal African Trypanosomosis (AAT) is a set of diseases whereby animals are infected with single-cell parasites that replicate in their bloodstream. The disease in cattle results in weight-loss and death, and AAT is a significant veterinary problem for sub-Saharan Africa. One of the principal trypanosome species responsible for AAT in cattle is Trypanosoma congolense and, although there are drug-treatments for these infections, current diagnostic methods are impractical for field use. Our aim was to discover protein molecules from the parasite to which infected animals make antibodies, to then make these proteins in bacteria and to subsequently demonstrate that they can be used to detect antibodies in cattle serum, thus diagnosing AAT. To discover the diagnostic proteins, we dissolved parasites in a detergent solution and applied them to beads coated with antibodies from infected cattle and to beads coated with antibodies from un-infected cattle. We then compared the proteins bound to each and selected those proteins that were at least 100-fold enriched by the infected cattle antibodies. We refined this list, according to practical and performance considerations, and settled on one protein, called Tc38630. Testing Tc38630 with cattle sera showed that it can detect about nine out of ten AAT infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R. Fleming
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Lalitha Sastry
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas W. M. Crozier
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Grant B. Napier
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Sullivan
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. J. Ferguson
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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