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Martinez-Navarro I, Montoya A, Mateo-March M, Blasco-Lafarga C. Heart rate dynamics and lactate following high-intensity race-pace continuous vs interval workouts in highly trained athletes. Physiol Int 2021; 108:303-316. [PMID: 34181564 DOI: 10.1556/2060.2021.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aimed to compare the physiological responses of high-intensity race-pace continuous vs. interval workouts commonly used in middle-distance athletics, by means of analyzing post-exercise cardiac autonomic regulation and lactate. METHODS Nineteen highly-trained 800-m male runners were asked to run a 600-m race-pace continuous workout and a 2 × 4 × 200-m interval training, counterbalanced and randomized within one week of difference. Blood lactate jointly with linear and nonlinear heart rate dynamics were assessed during the immediate 15-min recovery. Age-category (Under23-Senior vs. Juvenile-Junior) was considered as an inter-subject factor. RESULTS Peak lactate was higher following the interval training (15.51 ± 0.99 vs 13.83 ± 1.77 mmol L-1; P < 0.05) whereas lactate removal was almost nonexistent 15 min after both workouts (between 0 and 16%). Vagal modulation (ln RMSSD and lnRMSSD to RR ratio) remained significantly depressed at the end of recovery following both workouts, although the alteration was larger following the interval training. Detrended Fluctuation Analysis evidenced a more random HR behavior (DFA1 closer to 0.5) during the first 9 min of recovery after the interval training, whereas no significant change was observed in heart rate complexity (SampEn). Neither were differences found in post-exercise lactate and HR dynamics as a function of age-category. CONCLUSIONS High-intensity workouts commonly used in middle-distance athletics, both race-pace continuous and intervallic approaches, induce a large depression of vagal modulation in highly trained runners, although interval trainings appear to induce even a greater alteration of both linear and nonlinear HR dynamics and a higher post-exercise peak lactate.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Martinez-Navarro
- 1Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- 2Sports Health Unit, 9 de Octubre Vithas Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - A Montoya
- 1Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- 2Sports Health Unit, 9 de Octubre Vithas Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - C Blasco-Lafarga
- 1Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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2
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Tonani ECF, Fernandes EV, Dos Santos Junior RB, Weber MG, Andreato LV, Branco BHM, De Paula Ramos S. Association of heart rate and heart rate variability with an anaerobic performance test and recovery of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1896828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Carlos Ferreira Tonani
- Center of Biological Science, Study Groups on Tissue Regeneration, Adaptation, and Repair. State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Vignoto Fernandes
- Department of Anatomy, Study Groups on Tissue Regeneration, Adaptation, and Repair. State University of Jataí, Jataí, Brazil
| | - Rubens Batista Dos Santos Junior
- Center of Biological Science, Study Groups on Tissue Regeneration, Adaptation, and Repair. State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Martim Gomes Weber
- Center of Biological Science, Study Groups on Tissue Regeneration, Adaptation, and Repair. State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Vidal Andreato
- Department of Physical Education , State University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Solange De Paula Ramos
- Center of Biological Science, Study Groups on Tissue Regeneration, Adaptation, and Repair. State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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Gronwald T, Hoos O, Hottenrott K. Influence Of Performance Level Of Male Runners On Non-linear Dynamics Of Heart Rate Variability During a 10Km Race. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1764746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gronwald
- Department of Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, MSH Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Hoos
- Center for Sports and Physical Education, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg , Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Kuno Hottenrott
- Institute of Sports Science, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg , Halle, Germany
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Martínez-Navarro I, Sánchez-Gómez JM, Collado-Boira EJ, Hernando B, Panizo N, Hernando C. Cardiac Damage Biomarkers and Heart Rate Variability Following a 118-Km Mountain Race: Relationship with Performance and Recovery. J Sports Sci Med 2019; 18:615-622. [PMID: 31827345 PMCID: PMC6873135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the release of cardiac damage biomarkers jointly with cardiac autonomic modulation after a mountain ultramarathon. Such knowledge and the possible relationship of these markers with race time is of primary interest to establish possible recommendations upon athletes' recovery and return to training following these competitions. Forty six athletes enrolled in the Penyagolosa Trails CSP115 race (118 km and a total positive elevation of 5439 m) took part in the study. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and high-sensitive cardiac troponin T (hs-TNT) concentrations as well as linear and nonlinear heart rate variability (HRV) were evaluated before and after the race. NT-proBNP and hs-TNT significantly increased post-race; fifty percent of the finishers surpassed the Upper Reference Limit (URL) for hs-TNT while 87% exceeded the URL for NT-proBNP. Overall and vagally-mediated HRV were diminished and cardiac autonomic modulation became less complex and more predictable following the race. More pronounced vagal modulation decreases were associated with higher levels of postexertional NT-proBNP. Moreover, rise in hs-TNT and NT-proBNP was greater among faster runners, while pre-race overall and vagally-mediated HRV were correlated with finishing time. Participation in a 118-km ultratrail induces an acute release of cardiac damage biomarkers and a large alteration of cardiac autonomic modulation. Furthermore, faster runners were those who exhibited a greater rise in those cardiac damage biomarkers. In light of these findings, an appropriate recovery period after ultraendurance races appears prudent and particularly important among better performing athletes. At the same time, HRV analysis is shown as a promising tool to assess athletes' readiness to perform at their maximum level in an ultraendurance race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Martínez-Navarro
- Physical Education and Sports Department, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Sports Health Unit, Vithas-Nisa 9 de Octubre Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan M Sánchez-Gómez
- Sports Health Unit, Vithas-Nisa 9 de Octubre Hospital, Valencia, Spain
- General University Hospital of Castellon, Castellon, Spain
| | | | | | - Nayara Panizo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jaume I University, Castellon, Spain
- Universitary Clinical Hospital of Valencia, Castellon, Spain
| | - Carlos Hernando
- Education and Especific Didactics Department, Jaume I University, Castellon, Spain
- Sports Service, Jaume I University, Castellon, Spain
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Gronwald T, Hoos O. Correlation properties of heart rate variability during endurance exercise: A systematic review. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2019; 25:e12697. [PMID: 31498541 PMCID: PMC7358842 DOI: 10.1111/anec.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non‐linear measures of heart rate variability (HRV) may provide new opportunities to monitor cardiac autonomic regulation during exercise. In healthy individuals, the HRV signal is mainly composed of quasi‐periodic oscillations, but it also possesses random fluctuations and so‐called fractal structures. One widely applied approach to investigate fractal correlation properties of heart rate (HR) time series is the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). DFA is a non‐linear method to quantify the fractal scale and the degree of correlation of a time series. Regarding the HRV analysis, it should be noted that the short‐term scaling exponent alpha1 of DFA has been used not only to assess cardiovascular risk but also to assess prognosis and predict mortality in clinical settings. It has also been proven to be useful for application in exercise settings including higher exercise intensities, non‐stationary data segments, and relatively short recording times. Method Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to analyze studies that investigated the effects of acute dynamic endurance exercise on DFA‐alpha1 as a proxy of correlation properties in the HR time series. Results The initial search identified 442 articles (351 in PubMed, 91 in Scopus), of which 11 met all inclusion criteria. Conclusions The included studies show that DFA‐alpha1 of HRV is suitable for distinguishing between different organismic demands during endurance exercise and may prove helpful to monitor responses to different exercise intensities, movement frequencies, and exercise durations. Additionally, non‐linear DFA of HRV is a suitable analytical approach, providing a differentiated and qualitative view of exercise physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gronwald
- Department of Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Hoos
- Center for Sports and Physical Education, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Porras-Alvarez J, Bernal-Calderón MO. Variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca: evaluación del entrenamiento deportivo. Revisión de tema. DUAZARY 2019. [DOI: 10.21676/2389783x.2750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
La variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca es un método no invasivo para evaluar la respuesta del sistema nervioso autónomo sobre el sistema cardiovascular, evalúa la capacidad de recuperación del sistema cardiovascular como respuesta al ejercicio físico. El análisis de los índices de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca refleja la respuesta autonómica cardiovascular a las diferentes cargas de entrenamiento. Esta revisión temática muestra las conclusiones y los protocolos de evaluación utilizados para controlar y evaluar el entrenamiento en atletas. La variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca fue analizada por los métodos de dominio tiempo y frecuencia. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos de SCOPUS, PubMed y el motor de búsqueda google académico, utilizando las palabras clave “heart rate variability” “athletes”, “cardiac autonomic modulations”. Los artículos seleccionados tuvieron como población objeto de estudio atletas de nivel competitivo de diferentes deportes. En conclusión, La evaluación de la Variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca permite determinar la adaptación o inadaptación a las cargas de entrenamiento, programar el volumen y la intensidad adecuada de la carga de entrenamiento, supervisar el rendimiento a lo largo de los periodos de entrenamiento y monitorear el estado de forma deportiva durante los campeonatos en todos los deportes.
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Effects of a Short-Term Cycling Interval Session and Active Recovery on Non-Linear Dynamics of Cardiac Autonomic Activity in Endurance Trained Cyclists. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020194. [PMID: 30736284 PMCID: PMC6407005 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Measurement of the non-linear dynamics of physiologic variability in a heart rate time series (HRV) provides new opportunities to monitor cardiac autonomic activity during exercise and recovery periods. Using the Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) technique to assess correlation properties, the present study examines the influence of exercise intensity and recovery on total variability and complexity in the non-linear dynamics of HRV. Sixteen well-trained cyclists performed interval sessions with active recovery periods. During exercise, heart rate (HR) and beat-to-beat (RR)-intervals were recorded continuously. HRV time domain measurements and fractal correlation properties were analyzed using the short-term scaling exponent alpha1 of DFA. Lactate (La) levels and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were also recorded at regular time intervals. HR, La, and RPE showed increased values during the interval blocks (p < 0.05). In contrast, meanRR and DFA-alpha1 showed decreased values during the interval blocks (p < 0.05). Also, DFA-alpha1 increased to the level in the warm-up periods during active recovery (p < 0.05) and remained unchanged until the end of active recovery (p = 1.000). The present data verify a decrease in the overall variability, as well as a reduction in the complexity of the RR-interval-fluctuations, owing to increased organismic demands. The acute increase in DFA-alpha1 following intensity-based training stimuli in active recovery may be interpreted as a systematic reorganization of the organism with increased correlation properties in cardiac autonomic activity in endurance trained cyclists.
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Campos BT, Penna EM, Rodrigues JGS, Diniz M, Mendes TT, Filho AFC, Franchini E, Nakamura FY, Prado LS. Influence of Autonomic Control on the Specific Intermittent Performance of Judo Athletes. J Hum Kinet 2018; 64:99-109. [PMID: 30429903 PMCID: PMC6231339 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Judo is a high-intensity intermittent combat sport which causes cardiac adaptations both morphologically and related to the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Therefore, this study aims to verify the correlation between heart rate variability (HRV) at rest with performance in the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) and whether groups with different RR values at rest show different performance in the SJFT and during post-test recovery. Sixteen judo athletes with 7.2 ± 3.9 years of training experience participated in the study. Before and after the SJFT execution HRV and lactate measurements were conducted. For HRV analysis, we used the mean interval RR, the standard deviation of the RR interval (SDNN), the root mean square of successive differences in RR intervals (RMSSD), the low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) in normalized and absolute units. The sample was split into two groups (low RR and high RR) to verify if this variable could differentiate between specific performance. For the SDNN, a significant and moderate correlation (r = 0.53) was found with the total number of throws and throws in the series A (r = 0.56) and B (r = 0.54) and for the RMSSD a correlation with throws during series B (r = 0.59) in the SJFT. However, the groups did not differ in performance and recovery. Therefore, HRV is related to intermittent judo performance; however, it cannot differentiate between judokas at different levels of performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno T Campos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Eduardo M Penna
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Minas Gerais, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Pará - Castanhal Campus, Pará, Brasil
| | | | - Mateus Diniz
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Thiago T Mendes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Minas Gerais, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Maranhão - Pinheiro Campus, Maranhão, Brasil
| | - André F C Filho
- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | - Fabio Y Nakamura
- The College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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Cardiac autonomic modulation in judo athletes: evaluation by linear and non-linear method. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-015-0256-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Vesterinen V, Häkkinen K, Laine T, Hynynen E, Mikkola J, Nummela A. Predictors of individual adaptation to high-volume or high-intensity endurance training in recreational endurance runners. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 26:885-93. [PMID: 26247789 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate factors that can predict individual adaptation to high-volume or high-intensity endurance training. After the first 8-week preparation period, 37 recreational endurance runners were matched into the high-volume training group (HVT) and high-intensity training group (HIT). During the next 8-week training period, HVT increased their running training volume and HIT increased training intensity. Endurance performance characteristics, heart rate variability (HRV), and serum hormone concentrations were measured before and after the training periods. While HIT improved peak treadmill running speed (RSpeak ) 3.1 ± 2.8% (P < 0.001), no significant changes occurred in HVT (RSpeak : 0.5 ± 1.9%). However, large individual variation was found in the changes of RSpeak in both groups (HVT: -2.8 to 4.1%; HIT: 0-10.2%). A negative relationship was observed between baseline high-frequency power of HRV (HFPnight ) and the individual changes of RSpeak (r = -0.74, P = 0.006) in HVT and a positive relationship (r = 0.63, P = 0.039) in HIT. Individuals with lower HFP showed greater change of RSpeak in HVT, while individuals with higher HFP responded well in HIT. It is concluded that nocturnal HRV can be used to individualize endurance training in recreational runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vesterinen
- KIHU - Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - K Häkkinen
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - T Laine
- KIHU - Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - E Hynynen
- KIHU - Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - J Mikkola
- KIHU - Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - A Nummela
- KIHU - Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland
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