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Thomasi B, Valdetaro L, Gulbransen B, Tavares-Gomes AL. Neuroimmune Connectomes in the Gut and Their Implications in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2081-2098. [PMID: 37840070 PMCID: PMC11151216 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03679-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is the largest immune organ and it receives dense innervation from intrinsic (enteric) and extrinsic (sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatosensory) neurons. The immune and neural systems of the gut communicate with each other and their interactions shape gut defensive mechanisms and neural-controlled gut functions such as motility and secretion. Changes in neuroimmune interactions play central roles in the pathogenesis of diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), which is a multicentric disorder that is heterogeneous in its manifestation and pathogenesis. Non-motor and premotor symptoms of PD are common in the gastrointestinal tract and the gut is considered a potential initiation site for PD in some cases. How the enteric nervous system and neuroimmune signaling contribute to PD disease progression is an emerging area of interest. This review focuses on intestinal neuroimmune loops such as the neuroepithelial unit, enteric glial cells and their immunomodulatory effects, anti-inflammatory cholinergic signaling and the relationship between myenteric neurons and muscularis macrophages, and the role of α-synuclein in gut immunity. Special consideration is given to the discussion of intestinal neuroimmune connectomes during PD and their possible implications for various aspects of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Thomasi
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, Biomedical and Physical Sciences Building - Gulbransen lab, 567, Wilson Rd, Room 3199, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Luisa Valdetaro
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian Gulbransen
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, Biomedical and Physical Sciences Building - Gulbransen lab, 567, Wilson Rd, Room 3199, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Ana Lúcia Tavares-Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Neurociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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2
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Cao M, Wang Z, Lan W, Xiang B, Liao W, Zhou J, Liu X, Wang Y, Zhang S, Lu S, Lang J, Zhao Y. The roles of tissue resident macrophages in health and cancer. Exp Hematol Oncol 2024; 13:3. [PMID: 38229178 PMCID: PMC10790434 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-023-00469-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
As integral components of the immune microenvironment, tissue resident macrophages (TRMs) represent a self-renewing and long-lived cell population that plays crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis, promoting tissue remodeling after damage, defending against inflammation and even orchestrating cancer progression. However, the exact functions and roles of TRMs in cancer are not yet well understood. TRMs exhibit either pro-tumorigenic or anti-tumorigenic effects by engaging in phagocytosis and secreting diverse cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors to modulate the adaptive immune system. The life-span, turnover kinetics and monocyte replenishment of TRMs vary among different organs, adding to the complexity and controversial findings in TRMs studies. Considering the complexity of tissue associated macrophage origin, macrophages targeting strategy of each ontogeny should be carefully evaluated. Consequently, acquiring a comprehensive understanding of TRMs' origin, function, homeostasis, characteristics, and their roles in cancer for each specific organ holds significant research value. In this review, we aim to provide an outline of homeostasis and characteristics of resident macrophages in the lung, liver, brain, skin and intestinal, as well as their roles in modulating primary and metastatic cancer, which may inform and serve the future design of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Cao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanying Lan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Guixi Community Health Center of the Chengdu High-Tech Zone, Chengdu, China
| | - Binghua Xiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjun Liao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiling Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shichuan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinyi Lang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
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3
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Zhou L, Lian H, Yin Y, Zheng YS, Han YX, Liu GQ, Wang ZY. New insights into muscularis macrophages in the gut: from their origin to therapeutic targeting. Immunol Res 2023; 71:785-799. [PMID: 37219708 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Muscularis macrophages, as the most abundant immune cells in the intestinal muscularis externa, exhibit tissue protective phenotype in the steady state. Owing to tremendous advances in technology, we now know the fact that muscularis macrophages are a heterogeneous population of cells which could be divided into different functional subsets depending on their anatomic niches. There is emerging evidence showing that these subsets, through molecular interactions with their neighbours, take part in a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological processes in the gut. In this review, we summarize recent progress (particularly over the past 4 years) on distribution, morphology, origin and functions of muscularis macrophages and, where possible, the characteristics of specific subsets in response to the microenvironment they occupy, with particular emphasis on their role in muscular inflammation. Furthermore, we also integrate their role in inflammation-related gastrointestinal disorders, such as post-operative ileus and diabetic gastroparesis, in order to propose future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Hui Lian
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yue Yin
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yuan-Sheng Zheng
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yu-Xin Han
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Gao-Qi Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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Buhner S, Schäuffele S, Giesbertz P, Demir IE, Zeller F, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Schemann M, Gilles S. Allergen-free extracts from birch, ragweed, and hazel pollen activate human and guinea-pig submucous and spinal sensory neurons. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023:e14559. [PMID: 36989179 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-allergenic, low molecular weight components of pollen grains are suspected to trigger changes in gut functions, sometimes leading to inflammatory conditions. Based on extensive neuroimmune communication in the gut wall, we investigated the effects of aqueous pollen extracts (APE) on enteric and spinal sensory neurons. METHODS Using Ca2+ and fast potentiometric imaging, we recorded the responses of guinea-pig and human submucous and guinea-pig dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons to microejection of low (<3 kDa) and high (≥3 kDa) molecular weight APEs of birch, ragweed, and hazel. Histamine was determined pharmacologically and by mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). KEY RESULTS Birch APE<3kDa evoked strong [Ca+2 ]i signals in the vast majority of guinea-pig DRG neurons, and in guinea-pig and human enteric neurons. The effect of birch APE≥3kDa was much weaker. Fast neuroimaging in human enteric neurons revealed an instantaneous spike discharge after microejection of birch, ragweed, and hazel APE<3kDa [median (interquartile range) at 7.0 Hz (6.2/9.8), 5.7 Hz (4.4/7.1), and 8.4 Hz (4.3/12.5), respectively]. The percentage of responding neurons per ganglion were similar [birch 40.0% (33.3/100.0), ragweed 50.8% (34.4/85.6), and hazel 83.3% (57.1/100.0)]. A mixture of histamine receptor (H1-H3) blockers significantly reduced nerve activation evoked by birch and ragweed APEs<3kDa , but was ineffective on hazel. Histamine concentrations in ragweed, birch and hazel APE's < 3 kDa were 0.764, 0.047, and 0.013 μM, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Allergen-free APEs from birch, ragweed, and hazel evoked strong nerve activation. Altered nerve-immune signaling as a result of severe pollen exposure could be a pathophysiological feature of allergic and non-allergic gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Buhner
- Chair of Human Biology, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Pieter Giesbertz
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ihsan Ekin Demir
- University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Zeller
- Department of Surgery, Academic Hospital Freising, Freising, Germany
| | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-Care), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Michael Schemann
- Chair of Human Biology, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gilles
- Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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5
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Girón-Pérez DA, Hermosillo-Escobedo AT, Macias-Garrigos K, Díaz-Resendiz KJG, Toledo-Ibarra GA, Ventura-Ramón GH, Girón-Pérez MI. Altered phagocytic capacity due to acute exposure and long-term post-exposure to pesticides used for vector-borne disease as dengue. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:455-462. [PMID: 32490699 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2020.1773413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spinosad and temefos are widely used pesticides for chemical control of dengue vector-borne disease (Aedes aegypti). The aim of this study was to compare the effect of acute exposure (7 days) to spinosad (0.5 mg A.I. L-1) and temefos (10 mg A.I. L-1), concentrations used by the Mexican Ministry of Health, on phagocytic capacity (PC) of mononuclear cells of guppies fish (Poecilia reticulata), as well as to assess PC in fish, at 96 days after exposure to those pesticides. Obtained results indicated that spinosad did not alter PC, while an acute exposure to temefos significantly affected phagocytosis and this parameter was maintained downed even 96 days after the acute exposure, suggesting that the immunotoxic effects of temefos may be chronic.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Girón-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic Nayarit, México
- Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Unidad Especializada Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación Para la Inocuidad Alimentaria (Laniia)-unidad Nayarit, Tepic, México
| | | | - K Macias-Garrigos
- Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic Nayarit, México
| | - K J G Díaz-Resendiz
- Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic Nayarit, México
- Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Unidad Especializada Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación Para la Inocuidad Alimentaria (Laniia)-unidad Nayarit, Tepic, México
| | - G A Toledo-Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic Nayarit, México
- Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Unidad Especializada Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación Para la Inocuidad Alimentaria (Laniia)-unidad Nayarit, Tepic, México
| | - G H Ventura-Ramón
- Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic Nayarit, México
- Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Unidad Especializada Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación Para la Inocuidad Alimentaria (Laniia)-unidad Nayarit, Tepic, México
| | - M I Girón-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic Nayarit, México
- Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Unidad Especializada Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación Para la Inocuidad Alimentaria (Laniia)-unidad Nayarit, Tepic, México
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6
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Buscail E, Deraison C. Postoperative Ileus: a Pharmacological Perspective. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:3283-3305. [PMID: 35048360 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-operative ileus (POI) is a frequent complication after abdominal surgery. The consequences of POI can be potentially serious such as bronchial inhalation or acute functional renal failure. Numerous advances in peri-operative management, particularly early rehabilitation, have made it possible to decrease POI. Despite this, the rate of prolonged POI ileus remains high and can be as high as 25% of patients in colorectal surgery. From a pathophysiological point of view, POI has two phases, an early neurological phase and a later inflammatory phase, to which we could add a "pharmacological" phase during which analgesic drugs, particularly opiates, play a central role. The aim of this review article is to describe the phases of the pathophysiology of POI, to analyse the pharmacological treatments currently available through published clinical trials and finally to discuss the different research areas for potential pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Buscail
- IRSD, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, University of Toulouse, CHU Purpan (University Hospital Centre), Toulouse, France.,Department of digestive surgery, colorectal surgery unit, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Deraison
- IRSD, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, University of Toulouse, CHU Purpan (University Hospital Centre), Toulouse, France
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7
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Populin L, Stebbing MJ, Furness JB. Neuronal regulation of the gut immune system and neuromodulation for treating inflammatory bowel disease. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:953-966. [PMID: 34761177 PMCID: PMC8565205 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut immune system in the healthy intestine is anti-inflammatory, but can move to a pro-inflammatory state when the gut is challenged by pathogens or in disease. The nervous system influences the level of inflammation through enteric neurons and extrinsic neural connections, particularly vagal and sympathetic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract, each of which exerts anti-inflammatory effects. Within the enteric nervous system (ENS), three neuron types that influence gut immune cells have been identified, intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) neurons that project to the mucosa, and cholinergic neurons that influence macrophages in the external muscle layers. The enteric neuropeptides, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), tachykinins, and neuromedin U (NMU), which are contained in IPANs, and VIP produced by the mucosa innervating neurons, all influence immune cells, notably innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). ILC2 are stimulated by VIP to release IL-22, which promotes microbial defense and tissue repair. Enteric neurons are innervated by the vagus, and, in the large intestine, by the pelvic nerves. Vagal nerve stimulation reduces gut inflammation, which may be both by stimulation of efferent (motor) pathways to the ENS, and stimulation of afferent pathways that connect to integrating centers in the CNS. Efferent pathways from the CNS have their anti-inflammatory effects through either or both vagal efferent neurons and sympathetic pathways. The final neurons in sympathetic pathways reduce gut inflammation by the action of noradrenaline on β2 adrenergic receptors expressed by immune cells. Activation of neural anti-inflammatory pathways is an attractive option to treat inflammatory bowel disease that is refractory to other treatments. Further investigation of the ways in which enteric reflexes, vagal pathways and sympathetic pathways integrate their effects to modulate the gut immune system and gut inflammation is needed to optimize neuromodulation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Populin
- Department of NeuroscienceSchool of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Martin J. Stebbing
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkvilleVICAustralia
- Department of Anatomy & PhysiologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - John B. Furness
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkvilleVICAustralia
- Department of Anatomy & PhysiologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
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8
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Stakenborg N, Boeckxstaens GE. Bioelectronics in the brain-gut axis: focus on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Int Immunol 2021; 33:337-348. [PMID: 33788920 PMCID: PMC8183669 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows that intestinal homeostasis is mediated by cross-talk between the nervous system, enteric neurons and immune cells, together forming specialized neuroimmune units at distinct anatomical locations within the gut. In this review, we will particularly discuss how the intrinsic and extrinsic neuronal circuitry regulates macrophage function and phenotype in the gut during homeostasis and aberrant inflammation, such as observed in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Furthermore, we will provide an overview of basic and translational IBD research using these neuronal circuits as a novel therapeutic tool. Finally, we will highlight the different challenges ahead to make bioelectronic neuromodulation a standard treatment for intestinal immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Stakenborg
- Center of Intestinal Neuro-immune Interaction, Translational Research Center for GI Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N1 bus 701, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Guy E Boeckxstaens
- Center of Intestinal Neuro-immune Interaction, Translational Research Center for GI Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N1 bus 701, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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9
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Halder N, Lal G. Cholinergic System and Its Therapeutic Importance in Inflammation and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660342. [PMID: 33936095 PMCID: PMC8082108 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological and immunological signals constitute an extensive regulatory network in our body that maintains physiology and homeostasis. The cholinergic system plays a significant role in neuroimmune communication, transmitting information regarding the peripheral immune status to the central nervous system (CNS) and vice versa. The cholinergic system includes the neurotransmitter\ molecule, acetylcholine (ACh), cholinergic receptors (AChRs), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) enzyme, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. These molecules are involved in regulating immune response and playing a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis. Most innate and adaptive immune cells respond to neuronal inputs by releasing or expressing these molecules on their surfaces. Dysregulation of this neuroimmune communication may lead to several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Several agonists, antagonists, and inhibitors have been developed to target the cholinergic system to control inflammation in different tissues. This review discusses how various molecules of the neuronal and non-neuronal cholinergic system (NNCS) interact with the immune cells. What are the agonists and antagonists that alter the cholinergic system, and how are these molecules modulate inflammation and immunity. Understanding the various functions of pharmacological molecules could help in designing better strategies to control inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrita Halder
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Tolerance, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Girdhari Lal
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Tolerance, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
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10
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Viola MF, Boeckxstaens G. Intestinal resident macrophages: Multitaskers of the gut. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13843. [PMID: 32222060 PMCID: PMC7757264 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal resident macrophages play a crucial role in homeostasis and have been implicated in numerous gastrointestinal diseases. While historically believed to be largely of hematopoietic origin, recent advances in fate-mapping technology have unveiled the existence of long-lived, self-maintaining populations located in specific niches throughout the gut wall. Furthermore, the advent of single-cell technology has enabled an unprecedented characterization of the functional specialization of tissue-resident macrophages throughout the gastrointestinal tract. PURPOSE The purpose of this review was to provide a panorama on intestinal resident macrophages, with particular focus to the recent advances in the field. Here, we discuss the functions and phenotype of intestinal resident macrophages and, where possible, the functional specialization of these cells in response to the niche they occupy. Furthermore, we will discuss their role in gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francesca Viola
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA)Laboratory for Neuro Immune InteractionTranslational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders (TARGID)KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Guy Boeckxstaens
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA)Laboratory for Neuro Immune InteractionTranslational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders (TARGID)KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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11
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Kizildag S, Hosgorler F, Güvendi G, Koc TB, Kandis S, Argon A, Ates M, Uysal N. Nicotine lowers TNF-α, IL-1b secretion and leukocyte accumulation via nAChR in rat stomach. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1790604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Servet Kizildag
- Vocational School of Health Services, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ferda Hosgorler
- Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Güven Güvendi
- Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Talha Basar Koc
- Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sevim Kandis
- Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Asuman Argon
- Department of Pathology, University of Health Sciences Izmir Bozyaka Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ates
- Vocational School of Health Services, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nazan Uysal
- Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
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12
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Du X, Tang Y, Han Y, Ri S, Kim T, Ju K, Shi W, Sun S, Zhou W, Liu G. Acetylcholine suppresses phagocytosis via binding to muscarinic- and nicotinic-acetylcholine receptors and subsequently interfering Ca 2+- and NFκB-signaling pathways in blood clam. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:152-160. [PMID: 32320762 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Though immunomodulation via cholinergic neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), an important part of neuroendocrine-immune (NEI) regulatory network, has been well established in vertebrate species, the mechanisms remain poorly understood in invertebrates. In the present study, the immunomodulatory effect of ACh on haemocyte phagocytosis was investigated in an invertebrate bivalve species, Tegillarca granosa. Data obtained showed that in vitro ACh incubation suppressed phagocytic activity of haemocytes along with a significant elevation in intracellular Ca2+. In addition, the expressions of genes from Ca2+ signaling pathway were significantly induced whereas those from NF-κB signaling pathway were significantly down-regulated by ACh incubation. Furthermore, these adverse impacts of ACh were significantly relieved by the blocking of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) or nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) using corresponding antagonists. Our study suggests that ACh suppresses phagocytosis via binding to both mAChRs and nAChRs, which disrupts intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and subsequently interferes with downstream Ca2+ and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Du
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yu Tang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yu Han
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Sanghyok Ri
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; College of Life Science, Kim Hyong Jik University of Education, Pyongyang, 99903, PR Korea
| | - Tongchol Kim
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; College of Life Science, Kim Hyong Jik University of Education, Pyongyang, 99903, PR Korea
| | - Kwangjin Ju
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; College of Aquaculture, Wonsan Fisheries University, Wonsan, 999093, PR Korea
| | - Wei Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Shuge Sun
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Weishang Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Guangxu Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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GTS-21 Reduces Inflammation in Acute Lung Injury by Regulating M1 Polarization and Function of Alveolar Macrophages. Shock 2020; 51:389-400. [PMID: 29608552 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe outcome of sepsis. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) play key roles in defense, resolution in ALI. The polarization of AMs is dependent on micro environmental stimuli and might influence the progression of ALI. Gainesville Tokushima scientists (GTS)-21, a selective α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP), has recently been established to be promising in the treatment of ALI. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the GTS-21-mediated suppression of inflammatory responses has been explored only partially. In this study, we examined the relation between GTS-21 and AM polarization in ALI. METHODS The adoptive transfer of M1 (classically activated) and M2 (alternatively activated)-polarized AMs was performed to AM-depleted ALI mice, along with the administration of GTS-21 in a murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI and in isolated AMs that had been stimulated by LPS in vitro. RESULTS The adoptive transfer of M1-polarized AMs aggravated the inflammatory response in the lung in contrast to the adoptive transfer of M2-polarized AMs. GTS-21 protected the lung from the effect of LPS, preventing injury and decreasing the number of AMs, AM-related pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, high mobility group box 1 expression levels in AMs. In addition, GTS-21 significantly diminished the number of M1-polarized AM and increased the number of M2-polarized AM, by flow cytometry, RT-PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the Arg1 and iNOS activity assays. CONCLUSION The GTS-21 substantially ameliorates LPS-induced ALI. This protection is predominantly associated with the inhibition of pulmonary AM M1 polarization and alteration in AM function.
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Meroni E, Stakenborg N, Viola MF, Boeckxstaens GE. Intestinal macrophages and their interaction with the enteric nervous system in health and inflammatory bowel disease. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 225:e13163. [PMID: 29998613 PMCID: PMC6519157 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, there has been an increasing understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate modulation of the immune system by the autonomic nervous system. The discovery that vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) attenuates endotoxin-induced experimental sepsis paved the way for further studies investigating neuro-immune interaction. In particular, great attention is now given to intestinal macrophages: several studies report the existence of both intrinsic and extrinsic neural mechanisms by which intestinal immune homoeostasis can be regulated in different layers of the intestine, mainly by affecting macrophage activation through neurotransmitter release. Given the important role of inflammation in numerous disease processes, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), cholinergic anti-inflammatory mechanisms are under intense investigation both from a basic and clinical science perspective in immune-mediated diseases such as IBD. This review discusses recent insights on the cross-talk between enteric neurons and the immune system, especially focusing on macrophages, and provides an overview of basic and translational aspects of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory response as therapeutic alternative to reinstall immune homoeostasis in intestinal chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Meroni
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and AgeingTranslational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID)KU Leuven—University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Nathalie Stakenborg
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and AgeingTranslational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID)KU Leuven—University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Maria Francesca Viola
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and AgeingTranslational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID)KU Leuven—University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Guy E. Boeckxstaens
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and AgeingTranslational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID)KU Leuven—University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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15
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Delgado-Vélez M, Lasalde-Dominicci JA. The Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Response and the Role of Macrophages in HIV-Induced Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051473. [PMID: 29772664 PMCID: PMC5983673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are phagocytic immune cells that protect the body from foreign invaders and actively support the immune response by releasing anti- and proinflammatory cytokines. A seminal finding revolutionized the way macrophages are seen. The expression of the neuronal alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR) in macrophages led to the establishment of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory response (CAR) in which the activation of this receptor inactivates macrophage production of proinflammatory cytokines. This novel neuroimmune response soon began to emerge as a potential target to counteract inflammation during illness and infection states. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals suffer from chronic inflammation that persists even under antiretroviral therapy. Despite the CAR’s importance, few studies involving macrophages have been performed in the HIV field. Evidence demonstrates that monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) recovered from HIV-infected individuals are upregulated for α7-nAChR. Moreover, in vitro studies demonstrate that addition of an HIV viral constituent, gp120IIIB, to uninfected MDMs also upregulates the α7-nAChR. Importantly, contrary to what was expected, activation of upregulated α7-nAChRs in macrophages does not reduce inflammation, suggesting a CAR disruption. Although it is reasonable to consider this receptor as a pharmacological target, additional studies are necessary since its activity seems to differ from that observed in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Delgado-Vélez
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00926, Puerto Rico.
| | - José A Lasalde-Dominicci
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00926, Puerto Rico.
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico.
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16
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Kiguchi N, Kobayashi D, Saika F, Matsuzaki S, Kishioka S. Inhibition of peripheral macrophages by nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists suppresses spinal microglial activation and neuropathic pain in mice with peripheral nerve injury. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:96. [PMID: 29587798 PMCID: PMC5872578 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuro–immune interaction underlies chronic neuroinflammation and aberrant sensory processing resulting in neuropathic pain. Despite the pathological significance of both neuroinflammation-driven peripheral sensitization and spinal sensitization, the functional relationship between these two distinct events has not been understood. Methods In this study, we determined whether inhibition of inflammatory macrophages by administration of α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists improves neuropathic pain and affects microglial activation in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) in mice following partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSL). Expression levels of neuroinflammatory molecules were evaluated by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry, and PSL-induced mechanical allodynia was defined by the von Frey test. Results Flow cytometry revealed that CD11b+ F4/80+ macrophages were accumulated in the injured sciatic nerve (SCN) after PSL. TC-2559, a full agonist for α4β2 nAChR, suppressed the upregulation of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the injured SCN after PSL and attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced upregulation of IL-1β in cultured macrophages. Systemic (subcutaneous, s.c.) administration of TC-2559 during either the early (days 0–3) or middle/late (days 7–10) phase of PSL improved mechanical allodynia. Moreover, local (perineural, p.n.) administration of TC-2559 and sazetidine A, a partial agonist for α4β2 nAChR, during either the early or middle phase of PSL improved mechanical allodynia. However, p.n. administration of sazetidine A during the late (days 21–24) phase did not show the attenuating effect, whereas p.n. administration of TC-2559 during this phase relieved mechanical allodynia. Most importantly, p.n. administration of TC-2559 significantly suppressed morphological activation of Iba1+ microglia and decreased the upregulation of inflammatory microglia-dominant molecules, such as CD68, interferon regulatory factor 5, and IL-1β in the SDH after PSL. Conclusion These findings support the notion that pharmacological inhibition of inflammatory macrophages using an α4β2 nAChR agonist exhibit a wide therapeutic window on neuropathic pain after nerve injury, and it could be nominated as a novel pharmacotherapy to relieve intractable pain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1133-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu Kiguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama city, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan.
| | - Daichi Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama city, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Saika
- Department of Pharmacology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama city, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Matsuzaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama city, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan
| | - Shiroh Kishioka
- Department of Pharmacology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama city, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan
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Buhner S, Barki N, Greiter W, Giesbertz P, Demir IE, Ceyhan GO, Zeller F, Daniel H, Schemann M. Calcium Imaging of Nerve-Mast Cell Signaling in the Human Intestine. Front Physiol 2017; 8:971. [PMID: 29238306 PMCID: PMC5712982 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: It is suggested that an altered microenvironment in the gut wall alters communication along a mast cell nerve axis. We aimed to record for the first time signaling between mast cells and neurons in intact human submucous preparations. Methods: We used the Ca2+ sensitive dye Fluo-4 AM to simultaneously image changes in intracellular calcium [Ca+2]i (%ΔF/F) in neurons and mast cells. Data are presented as median with interquartile ranges (25/75%). Results: We recorded nerve responses in 29 samples upon selective activation of 223 mast cells by IgE receptor cross linking with the antibody mAb22E7. Mast cells responded to mAb22E7 with a median [Ca+2]i increase of 20% (11/39) peaking 90 s (64/144) after the application. Only very few neurons responded and the median percentage of responding neuronal area was 0% (0/5.9). Mast cell activation remained in the presence of the fast sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin. Specific neuronal activation by transmural electrical field stimulation (EFS) in 34 samples evoked instantaneously [Ca+2]i signals in submucous neurons. This was followed by a [Ca+2]i peak response of 8%ΔF/F (4/15) in 33% of 168 mast cells in the field of view. The mast cell response was abolished by the nerve blocker tetrododoxin, reduced by the Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide receptor 1 antagonist BIBN-4096 and the Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide receptor antagonist PG97-269, but not by blockade of the neurokinin receptors 1-3. Conclusion: The findings revealed bidirectional signaling between mast cells and submucous neurons in human gut. In our macroscopically normal preparations a nerve to mast cell signaling was very prominent whereas a mast cell to nerve signaling was rather rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Buhner
- Human Biology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Natasja Barki
- Human Biology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Greiter
- Human Biology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Pieter Giesbertz
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Ihsan E. Demir
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Güralp O. Ceyhan
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Hannelore Daniel
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Schemann
- Human Biology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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18
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Kiguchi N, Kobayashi D, Saika F, Matsuzaki S, Kishioka S. Pharmacological Regulation of Neuropathic Pain Driven by Inflammatory Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112296. [PMID: 29104252 PMCID: PMC5713266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain can have a major effect on quality of life but current therapies are often inadequate. Growing evidence suggests that neuropathic pain induced by nerve damage is caused by chronic inflammation. Upon nerve injury, damaged cells secrete pro-inflammatory molecules that activate cells in the surrounding tissue and recruit circulating leukocytes to the site of injury. Among these, the most abundant cell type is macrophages, which produce several key molecules involved in pain enhancement, including cytokines and chemokines. Given their central role in the regulation of peripheral sensitization, macrophage-derived cytokines and chemokines could be useful targets for the development of novel therapeutics. Inhibition of key pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines prevents neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain; moreover, recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of pharmacological inhibition of inflammatory (M1) macrophages. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligands and T helper type 2 cytokines that reduce M1 macrophages are able to relieve neuropathic pain. Future translational studies in non-human primates will be crucial for determining the regulatory mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation-associated neuropathic pain. In turn, this knowledge will assist in the development of novel pharmacotherapies targeting macrophage-driven neuroinflammation for the treatment of intractable neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu Kiguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan.
| | - Daichi Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan.
| | - Fumihiro Saika
- Department of Pharmacology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan.
| | - Shinsuke Matsuzaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan.
| | - Shiroh Kishioka
- Department of Pharmacology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan.
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19
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Yuan PQ, Taché Y. Abdominal surgery induced gastric ileus and activation of M1-like macrophages in the gastric myenteric plexus: prevention by central vagal activation in rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G320-G329. [PMID: 28684460 PMCID: PMC6134391 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00121.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a role in abdominal surgery (AS)-induced intestinal ileus that is alleviated by electrical vagal stimulation. Intracisternal injection of RX-77368, the stable thyrotropin-releasing hormone agonist, activates dorsal motor nucleus neurons and gastric vagal efferent discharges. We investigated the gastric inflammation induced by AS and the modulation by intracisternal RX-77368 in rats. RX-77368 (50 ng/rat) or saline was injected followed, 1 h later, by laparotomy and small intestinal/cecal manipulation. The sham group had anesthesia alone. After 6 h, gastric emptying (GE) and the inflammation in gastric corpus were determined. AS inhibited GE by 72% vs. control and doubled the number of M1-like macrophage immunoreactive for major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII; M1 marker) but not for cluster of differentiation 206 (CD206; M2 marker) (MHCII+/CD206-) while there was no change in M2-like macrophages (MHCII-/CD206+). AS increased mRNA levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) by 1.7- and 1.5-fold, respectively, in the gastric submucosa plus muscle layers and the infiltration of neutrophils labeled by myeloperoxidase by 9.5-fold in the muscularis externa. RX-77368 inhibited AS-related gastric changes while not altering these parameters in the sham group. There was a significant negative correlation between GE and IL-1β (r = -0.46), TNF-α (r = -0.44), M1 macrophage (r = -0.82), and neutrophils (r = -0.91). The M2-like macrophages and IL-10 expression were unchanged by AS with intracisternal saline or RX-77368. These data indicate that AS activates gastric M1 macrophages and increases proinflammatory cytokines expression, which are prevented by central vagal activation and may contribute to the correlated dampening of postoperative gastric ileus.NEW & NOTEWORTHY MHCII+/CD206- (M1) and MHCII-/CD206+ (M2) constitute two distinct populations of macrophages that are in close apposition to the cholinergic neurons in the rat gastric myenteric plexus (MP). Abdominal surgery (6 h) activates M1 macrophage leading to inflammation in the gastric MP correlated with the delayed gastric emptying, which was abolished by central vagal stimulation via intracisternal injection of RX-77368. Vagal stimulation linked with the cephalic phase may have potential beneficial effects to curtail postoperative gastric ileus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Qing Yuan
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Yvette Taché
- 1CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California; and ,2Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California
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20
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Yuki K, Eckenhoff RG. Mechanisms of the Immunological Effects of Volatile Anesthetics: A Review. Anesth Analg 2017; 123:326-35. [PMID: 27308954 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000001403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Volatile anesthetics (VAs) have been in clinical use for a very long time. Their mechanism of action is yet to be fully delineated, but multiple ion channels have been reported as targets for VAs (canonical VA targets). It is increasingly recognized that VAs also manifest effects outside the central nervous system, including on immune cells. However, the literature related to how VAs affect the behavior of immune cells is very limited, but it is of interest that some canonical VA targets are reportedly expressed in immune cells. Here, we review the current literature and describe canonical VA targets expressed in leukocytes and their known roles. In addition, we introduce adhesion molecules called β2 integrins as noncanonical VA targets in leukocytes. Finally, we propose a model for how VAs affect the function of neutrophils, macrophages, and natural killer cells via concerted effects on multiple targets as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Yuki
- From the *Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Cardiac Anesthesia Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; †Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and ‡Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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21
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Vicary GW, Ritzenthaler JD, Panchabhai TS, Torres-González E, Roman J. Nicotine stimulates collagen type I expression in lung via α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Respir Res 2017; 18:115. [PMID: 28576119 PMCID: PMC5457545 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0596-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tobacco-related chronic lung diseases are characterized by alterations in lung architecture leading to decreased lung function. Knowledge of the exact mechanisms involved in tobacco-induced tissue remodeling and inflammation remains incomplete. We hypothesize that nicotine stimulates the expression of extracellular matrix proteins, leading to relative changes in lung matrix composition, which may affect immune cells entering the lung after injury. Methods Pulmonary fibroblasts from wildtype and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor knockout (α7KO) mice were exposed to nicotine and examined for collagen type 1 mRNA and protein expression. Testing the potential role on immune cell function, pulmonary fibroblasts were retained in culture for 120 h. The fibroblasts were eliminated by osmotic lysis and the remaining matrix-coated dishes were washed thoroughly. U937 cells were incubated on the matrix-coated dishes for 24 h followed by evaluation of IL-1β gene expression. Wildtype or α7KO C57BL/6 mice (female, 8–12 weeks) were fed normal diet and exposed to nicotine in their drinking water (100 μg/ml) for 8-12weeks. Lungs were processed for mRNA, protein, and histology. Statistical significance was determined at p ≤ .05 by two-tailed test or 2-way ANOVA with Bonferroni posttest. Results We found that nicotine stimulated collagen type I mRNA and protein expression in a dose-dependent manner and up to 72 h in primary lung fibroblasts. The stimulatory effect of nicotine was inhibited in α7KO primary lung fibroblasts. Testing the potential role of these events on immune cell function, U937 monocytic cells were cultured atop matrices derived from nicotine-treated lung fibroblasts. These cells expressed more IL-1β than those cultured atop matrices derived from untreated fibroblasts, and antibodies against the α2β1 collagen integrin receptor inhibited the effect. Nicotine also stimulated fibroblast proliferation via MEK-1/ERK, unveiling a potentially amplifying pathway. In vivo, nicotine increased collagen type I expression was detected in wildtype, but not in α7KO mice. Wildtype mice showed increased collagen staining in lung, primarily around the airways. Conclusions These observations suggest that nicotine stimulates fibroblast proliferation and their expression of collagen type I through α7 nAChRs, thereby altering the relative composition of the lung matrix without impacting the overall lung architecture; this may influence inflammatory responses after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn W Vicary
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Ritzenthaler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Disorders, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 550 South Jackson Street (3rd floor), Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Tanmay S Panchabhai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Disorders, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 550 South Jackson Street (3rd floor), Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Edilson Torres-González
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Disorders, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 550 South Jackson Street (3rd floor), Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jesse Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Disorders, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 550 South Jackson Street (3rd floor), Louisville, KY, USA. .,Louisville Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA.
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22
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Dong MW, Li M, Chen J, Fu TT, Lin KZ, Ye GH, Han JG, Feng XP, Li XB, Yu LS, Fan YY. Activation of α7nAChR Promotes Diabetic Wound Healing by Suppressing AGE-Induced TNF-α Production. Inflammation 2017; 39:687-99. [PMID: 26650489 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes frequently presents accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which might induce excessive TNF-α production from macrophages to cause impaired wound healing. Recent studies have shown that activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) on macrophages efficiently suppressed TNF-α synthesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the accumulation of AGEs in the wounds and determine whether PNU282987, an α7nAChR agonist, can improve wound repair by inhibiting AGE-mediated TNF-α production in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse model. Animals were assigned into four groups: wounded control group, wounded diabetic group, wounded diabetic group treated intraperitoneally with PNU282987, or wounded diabetic group treated intraperitoneally with vehicle. Compared with the non-diabetic control mice, the diabetic mice exhibited delayed wound healing that was characterized by elevated accumulation of AGEs, increased TNF-α level and macrophage infiltration, and decreased fibroblast number and collagen deposition at the late stage of repair. Besides, macrophages of diabetic wounds showed expression of α7nAChR. During late repair, PNU282987 treatment of diabetic mice significantly reduced the level of TNF-α, accelerated wound healing, and elevated fibroblast number and collagen deposition. To investigate the cellular mechanism of these observations, RAW 264.7 cells, a macrophage cell line, were incubated with AGEs in the presence or absence of PNU282987. TNF-α production from AGE-stimulated macrophages was significantly decreased by PNU282987 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, PNU282987 significantly inhibited AGE-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and receptor for AGE (RAGE) expression. These results strongly suggest that activating α7nAChR can promote diabetic wound healing by suppressing AGE-induced TNF-α production, which may be closely associated with the blockage of NF-κB activation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Wu Dong
- Center of Basic Medical Experiment, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Higher Education District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- Renji College, Wenzhou Medical University, Higher Education District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- Renji College, Wenzhou Medical University, Higher Education District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong-Tong Fu
- Renji College, Wenzhou Medical University, Higher Education District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Zhi Lin
- Center of Basic Medical Experiment, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Higher Education District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Hua Ye
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Higher Education District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Ge Han
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Higher Education District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Ping Feng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Higher Education District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Biao Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Higher Education District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Sheng Yu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Higher Education District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Yan Fan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Higher Education District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, People's Republic of China.
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Lopes F, Graepel R, Reyes JL, Wang A, Petri B, McDougall JJ, Sharkey KA, McKay DM. Involvement of Mast Cells in α7 Nicotinic Receptor Agonist Exacerbation of Freund's Complete Adjuvant-Induced Monoarthritis in Mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 68:542-52. [PMID: 26314943 DOI: 10.1002/art.39411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activation of antiinflammatory cholinergic (vagal) pathways can reduce inflammation, and in vitro studies support a pivotal role of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7-nAChR), macrophages, and T cells in these events. The aim of this study was to assess α7-nAChR agonists as an antiinflammatory treatment for Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA)-induced monoarthritis. METHODS Arthritis was induced by intraarticular injection of CFA unilaterally into the knee joints of mice. Animals were treated with α7-nAChR agonists (AR-R17779 or A844606), with or without antagonists (COG133 or methyllycaconitine), and joint inflammation and pain were assessed. Experiments were repeated in c-Kit(W-sh) mast cell-deficient mice, and the effects of an α7-nAChR agonist on mast cell proliferation, migration, and activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were tested. RESULTS Treatment with α7-nAChR agonists significantly exacerbated CFA-induced arthritis and pain, as gauged by all indices of assessment, the specificity of which was confirmed by coadministration of an nAChR antagonist that attenuated the increase in disease severity. Toluidine blue-positive mast cells were increased in the joint capsule of CFA plus AR-R17779-treated mice, and AR-R17779 enhanced LPS-induced TNF proliferation and migration of a human mast cell line. The AR-R17779-driven increase in severity of CFA-induced arthritis was significantly reduced in mast cell-deficient mice. CONCLUSION Using CFA to elicit a local inflammatory response, we found that pharmacologic activation of α7-nAChR exacerbated joint inflammation and pain, in part via mast cells, which illustrates the organ- and disease-specific nature of regulatory neuroimmune mechanisms. Thus, α7-nAChR activation may not be uniformly antiinflammatory in all types of inflammatory joint disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arthur Wang
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Björn Petri
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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24
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Di Giovangiulio M, Bosmans G, Meroni E, Stakenborg N, Florens M, Farro G, Gomez-Pinilla PJ, Matteoli G, Boeckxstaens GE. Vagotomy affects the development of oral tolerance and increases susceptibility to develop colitis independently of the alpha-7 nicotinic receptor. Mol Med 2016; 22:464-476. [PMID: 27341335 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vagotomy (VGX) increases the susceptibility to develop colitis suggesting a crucial role for the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in the regulation of the immune responses. Since oral tolerance and the generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial to preserve mucosal immune homeostasis, we studied the effect of vagotomy and the involvement of α7 nicotinic receptors (α7nAChR) at the steady state and during colitis. Therefore, the development of both oral tolerance and colitis (induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) or via T cell transfer) was studied in vagotomized mice and in α7nAChR-/- mice. VGX, but not α7nAChR deficiency, prevented oral tolerance establishment. This effect was associated with reduced Treg conversion in the lamina propria and mesenteric lymphnodes. To the same extent, vagotomized mice, but not α7nAChR-/- mice, developed a more severe DSS colitis compared with control mice treated with DSS, associated with a decreased number of colonic Tregs. However, neither VGX nor absence of α7nAChR in recipient mice affected colitis development in the T cell transfer model. In line, deficiency of α7nAChR exclusively in T cells did not influence the development of colitis induced by T cell transfer. Our results indicate a key role for the vagal intestinal innervation in the development of oral tolerance and colitis, most likely by modulating induction of Tregs independently of α7nAChR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Di Giovangiulio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Division of Gastroenterology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Goele Bosmans
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Division of Gastroenterology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisa Meroni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Division of Gastroenterology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Stakenborg
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Division of Gastroenterology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Morgane Florens
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Division of Gastroenterology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giovanna Farro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Division of Gastroenterology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pedro J Gomez-Pinilla
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Division of Gastroenterology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gianluca Matteoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Division of Gastroenterology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy E Boeckxstaens
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Division of Gastroenterology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Goverse G, Stakenborg M, Matteoli G. The intestinal cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. J Physiol 2016; 594:5771-5780. [PMID: 26959627 DOI: 10.1113/jp271537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The main task of the immune system is to distinguish and respond accordingly to 'danger' or 'non-danger' signals. This is of critical importance in the gastrointestinal tract in which immune cells are constantly in contact with food antigens, symbiotic microflora and potential pathogens. This complex mixture of food antigens and symbionts are essential for providing vital nutrients, so they must be tolerated by the intestinal immune system to prevent aberrant inflammation. Therefore, in the gut the balance between immune activation and tolerance should be tightly regulated to maintain intestinal homeostasis and to prevent hypersensitivity to harmless luminal antigens. Loss of this delicate equilibrium can lead to abnormal activation of the intestinal immune system resulting in devastating gastrointestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Recent evidence supports the idea that the central nervous system interacts dynamically via the vagus nerve with the intestinal immune system to modulate inflammation through humoral and neural pathways, using a mechanism also referred to as the intestinal cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. In this review, we will focus on the current understanding of the mechanisms and neuronal circuits involved in the intestinal cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Further investigation on the crosstalk between the nervous and intestinal immune system will hopefully provide new insights leading to the identification of innovative therapeutic approaches to treat intestinal inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gera Goverse
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michelle Stakenborg
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gianluca Matteoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Cipriani G, Gibbons SJ, Kashyap PC, Farrugia G. Intrinsic Gastrointestinal Macrophages: Their Phenotype and Role in Gastrointestinal Motility. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:120-130.e1. [PMID: 27047989 PMCID: PMC4817106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing awareness of the role of macrophages in the regulation and maintenance of gastrointestinal function in health and disease. This work has proceeded in the context of an increased understanding of the complex phenotypic variation in macrophages throughout the body and has revealed previously un-identified roles for macrophages in diseases like gastroparesis, post-operative ileus and inflammatory bowel disease. Opportunities for exploiting the phenotypic modulation of tissue resident macrophages have been identified as possible therapies for some of these diseases. In addition, macrophages are an established component of the innate immune system that can respond to variations and changes in the intestinal microbiome and potentially mediate part of the impact of the microbiota on intestinal health. We reviewed the latest work on novel concepts in defining macrophage phenotype, discuss possible mechanisms of action for tissue-resident macrophages in the gut, address the significance of microbiome effects on macrophage phenotype and review the known and possible roles of macrophages in motility disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Cipriani
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Simon J Gibbons
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Purna C Kashyap
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Gianrico Farrugia
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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27
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Boesmans W, Hao MM, Vanden Berghe P. Optical Tools to Investigate Cellular Activity in the Intestinal Wall. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 21:337-51. [PMID: 26130630 PMCID: PMC4496899 DOI: 10.5056/jnm15096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Live imaging has become an essential tool to investigate the coordinated activity and output of cellular networks. Within the last decade, 2 Nobel prizes have been awarded to recognize innovations in the field of imaging: one for the discovery, use, and optimization of the green fluorescent protein (2008) and the second for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy (2014). New advances in both optogenetics and microscopy now enable researchers to record and manipulate activity from specific populations of cells with better contrast and resolution, at higher speeds, and deeper into live tissues. In this review, we will discuss some of the recent developments in microscope technology and in the synthesis of fluorescent probes, both synthetic and genetically encoded. We focus on how live imaging of cellular physiology has progressed our understanding of the control of gastrointestinal motility, and we discuss the hurdles to overcome in order to apply the novel tools in the field of neurogastroenterology and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werend Boesmans
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for GastroIntestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marlene M Hao
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for GastroIntestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for GastroIntestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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28
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Willemze RA, Luyer MD, Buurman WA, de Jonge WJ. Neural reflex pathways in intestinal inflammation: hypotheses to viable therapy. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 12:353-62. [PMID: 25963513 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2015.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies in neuroscience and immunology have clarified much of the anatomical and cellular basis for bidirectional interactions between the nervous and immune systems. As with other organs, intestinal immune responses and the development of immunity seems to be modulated by neural reflexes. Sympathetic immune modulation and reflexes are well described, and in the past decade the parasympathetic efferent vagus nerve has been added to this immune-regulation network. This system, designated 'the inflammatory reflex', comprises an afferent arm that senses inflammation and an efferent arm that inhibits innate immune responses. Intervention in this system as an innovative principle is currently being tested in pioneering trials of vagus nerve stimulation using implantable devices to treat IBD. Patients benefit from this treatment, but some of the working mechanisms remain to be established, for instance, treatment is effective despite the vagus nerve not always directly innervating the inflamed tissue. In this Review, we will focus on the direct neuronal regulatory mechanisms of immunity in the intestine, taking into account current advances regarding the innervation of the spleen and lymphoid organs, with a focus on the potential for treatment in IBD and other gastrointestinal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose A Willemze
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 69, 1105BK Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Misha D Luyer
- Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, Michelangelolaan 2, 5623 EJ, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Wim A Buurman
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Health and Nutrition, 6200 MD, Maastricht University, Netherlands
| | - Wouter J de Jonge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 69, 1105BK Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Kiguchi N, Saika F, Kobayashi Y, Ko MC, Kishioka S. TC-2559, an α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, suppresses the expression of CCL3 and IL-1β through STAT3 inhibition in cultured murine macrophages. J Pharmacol Sci 2015; 128:83-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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30
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Jiang DQ, Wei MD, Wang KW, Lan YX, Zhu N, Wang Y. Nicotine contributes to the neural stem cells fate against toxicity of microglial-derived factors induced by Aβ via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Int J Neurosci 2015; 126:257-68. [PMID: 26001208 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2015.1008696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that the molecules secreted from microglias play important roles in the cell fate determination of neural stem cells (NSCs), and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist treatment could reduce neuroinflammation in some neurodegenerative disease models, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it is not clear how nicotine plays a neuroprotective role in inflammation-mediated central nervous diseases, and its possible mechanisms in the process remain largely elusive. The aim of this study is to improve the survival microenvironment of NSCs co-cultured with microglias in vitro by weakening inflammation that mediated by accumulation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ). The viability, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis of NSCs and underlying mechanisms associated with Wnt signaling pathway were investigated. The results showed that Aβ could directly damage NSCs. Furthermore, concomitant to elevated levels of TNF-α, IL-1β derived from microglias, the NSCs had been damaged more severely with the upregulation of Axin 2, p-β-catenin and the downregulation of β-catenin, p-GSK-3β, microtubule-associated protein-2, choline acetyltransferase. However, addition of 10 μmol/L nicotine before microglias treated with Aβ was beneficial to protect the NSCs against neurotoxicity of microglial-derived factors induced by Aβ, which partially rescued proliferation, differentiation and inhibited apoptosis of NSCs via activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Taken together, these data imply that low concentration nicotine attenuates NSCs injury induced by microglial-derived factors via Wnt signaling pathway. Thus, treatment with nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist provides a promising research field for neural stem cell fate and therapeutic intervention in neuroinflammation diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Qi Jiang
- a Department of Pharmacy , Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Department of Biopharmaceutical , Yulin Normal University , Yulin , China
| | - Mei-Dan Wei
- c Department of Pharmacy , the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Ke-Wan Wang
- d Department of Neurosurgery , Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yan-Xian Lan
- a Department of Pharmacy , Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Ning Zhu
- a Department of Pharmacy , Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yong Wang
- a Department of Pharmacy , Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
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Understanding the Mysterious M2 Macrophage through Activation Markers and Effector Mechanisms. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:816460. [PMID: 26089604 PMCID: PMC4452191 DOI: 10.1155/2015/816460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1152] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The alternatively activated or M2 macrophages are immune cells with high phenotypic heterogeneity and are governing functions at the interface of immunity, tissue homeostasis, metabolism, and endocrine signaling. Today the M2 macrophages are identified based on the expression pattern of a set of M2 markers. These markers are transmembrane glycoproteins, scavenger receptors, enzymes, growth factors, hormones, cytokines, and cytokine receptors with diverse and often yet unexplored functions. This review discusses whether these M2 markers can be reliably used to identify M2 macrophages and define their functional subdivisions. Also, it provides an update on the novel signals of the tissue environment and the neuroendocrine system which shape the M2 activation. The possible evolutionary roots of the M2 macrophage functions are also discussed.
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