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Joussaume A, Kanthou C, Pardo OE, Karayan-Tapon L, Benzakour O, Dkhissi F. The Vitamin K-Dependent Anticoagulant Factor, Protein S, Regulates Vascular Permeability. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3278-3293. [PMID: 38666935 PMCID: PMC11048934 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein S (PROS1) is a vitamin K-dependent anticoagulant factor, which also acts as an agonist for the TYRO3, AXL, and MERTK (TAM) tyrosine kinase receptors. PROS1 is produced by the endothelium which also expresses TAM receptors, but little is known about its effects on vascular function and permeability. Transwell permeability assays as well as Western blotting and immunostaining analysis were used to monitor the possible effects of PROS1 on both endothelial cell permeability and on the phosphorylation state of specific signaling proteins. We show that human PROS1, at its circulating concentrations, substantially increases both the basal and VEGFA-induced permeability of endothelial cell (EC) monolayers. PROS1 induces p38 MAPK (Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase), Rho/ROCK (Rho-associated protein kinase) pathway activation, and actin filament remodeling, as well as substantial changes in Vascular Endothelial Cadherin (VEC) distribution and its phosphorylation on Ser665 and Tyr685. It also mediates c-Src and PAK-1 (p21-activated kinase 1) phosphorylation on Tyr416 and Ser144, respectively. Exposure of EC to human PROS1 induces VEC internalization as well as its cleavage into a released fragment of 100 kDa and an intracellular fragment of 35 kDa. Using anti-TAM neutralizing antibodies, we demonstrate that PROS1-induced VEC and c-Src phosphorylation are mediated by both the MERTK and TYRO3 receptors but do not involve the AXL receptor. MERTK and TYRO3 receptors are also responsible for mediating PROS1-induced MLC (Myosin Light Chain) phosphorylation on a site targeted by the Rho/ROCK pathway. Our report provides evidence for the activation of the c-Src/VEC and Rho/ROCK/MLC pathways by PROS1 for the first time and points to a new role for PROS1 as an endogenous vascular permeabilizing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Joussaume
- Université de Poitiers, CHU de Poitiers, ProDiCeT, UR 24144 Poitiers, France; (A.J.); (O.B.)
| | - Chryso Kanthou
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine & Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK;
| | - Olivier E. Pardo
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
| | - Lucie Karayan-Tapon
- Université de Poitiers, CHU de Poitiers, ProDiCeT, Laboratoire de Cancérologie Biologique, UR 24144 Poitiers, France;
| | - Omar Benzakour
- Université de Poitiers, CHU de Poitiers, ProDiCeT, UR 24144 Poitiers, France; (A.J.); (O.B.)
| | - Fatima Dkhissi
- Université de Poitiers, CHU de Poitiers, ProDiCeT, UR 24144 Poitiers, France; (A.J.); (O.B.)
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2
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Bouillet L, Deroux A, Benmarce M, Guérin C, Bouvet L, Garnier O, Martin DK, Vilgrain I. Molecular Mechanisms of Endothelialitis in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Evidence for VE-Cadherin Cleavage by ACE2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12525. [PMID: 37569899 PMCID: PMC10419376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Long COVID-19 syndrome appears after Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus (SARS-CoV-2) infection with acute damage to microcapillaries, microthrombi, and endothelialitis. However, the mechanisms involved in these processes remain to be elucidated. All blood vessels are lined with a monolayer of endothelial cells called vascular endothelium, which provides a the major function is to prevent coagulation. A component of endothelial cell junctions is VE-cadherin, which is responsible for maintaining the integrity of the vessels through homophilic interactions of its Ca++-dependent adhesive extracellular domain. Here we provide the first evidence that VE-cadherin is a target in vitro for ACE2 cleavage because its extracellular domain (hrVE-ED) contains two amino acid sequences for ACE2 substrate recognition at the positions 256P-F257 and 321PMKP-325L. Indeed, incubation of hrVE-ED with the active ectopeptidase hrACE2 for 16 hrs in the presence of 10 μM ZnCl2 showed a dose-dependent (from 0.2 ng/μL to 2 ng/μL) decrease of the VE-cadherin immunoreactive band. In vivo, in the blood from patients having severe COVID-19 we detected a circulating form of ACE2 with an apparent molecular mass of 70 kDa, which was barely detectable in patients with mild COVID-19. Of importance, in the patients with severe COVID-19 disease, the presence of three soluble fragments of VE-cadherin (70, 62, 54 kDa) were detected using the antiEC1 antibody while only the 54 kDa fragment was present in patients with mild disease. Altogether, these data clearly support a role for ACE2 to cleave VE-cadherin, which leads to potential biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 infection related with the vascular disease in "Long COVID-19".
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Bouillet
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, TIMC-IMAG/T-RAIG (UMR 5525), 38000 Grenoble, France; (L.B.)
- Grenoble Hospital Grenoble Alpes (CHUGA), University Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
- Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Grenoble Alpes, CEDEX 9, 38043 Grenoble, France;
| | - Alban Deroux
- Grenoble Hospital Grenoble Alpes (CHUGA), University Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Meryem Benmarce
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, TIMC-IMAG/SyNaBi (UMR 5525), 38000 Grenoble, France (D.K.M.)
| | - Chloé Guérin
- Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Grenoble Alpes, CEDEX 9, 38043 Grenoble, France;
- University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U13, CEA, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research of Grenoble (IRIG), Laboratory of Biosciences et Bioingénierie Pour la Santé (BGE)-Biomics, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laura Bouvet
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, TIMC-IMAG/T-RAIG (UMR 5525), 38000 Grenoble, France; (L.B.)
| | - Olivia Garnier
- University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U13, CEA, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research of Grenoble (IRIG), Laboratory of Biosciences et Bioingénierie Pour la Santé (BGE)-Biomics, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Donald K. Martin
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, TIMC-IMAG/SyNaBi (UMR 5525), 38000 Grenoble, France (D.K.M.)
| | - Isabelle Vilgrain
- University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U13, CEA, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research of Grenoble (IRIG), Laboratory of Biosciences et Bioingénierie Pour la Santé (BGE)-Biomics, 38000 Grenoble, France
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3
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Wang S, Li X, Jiang H, Zhang J. High Serum VE-Cadherin and Vinculin Concentrations Are Markers of the Disruption of Vascular Integrity during Type B Acute Aortic Dissection. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4730. [PMID: 37510844 PMCID: PMC10381106 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12144730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study, we measured the serum vascular endothelial cadherin (VEC) and vinculin (Vcn) concentrations in patients with type B acute aortic dissection (TBAD) to evaluate their diagnostic value for this condition. METHODS A total of 100 patients with TBAD and 90 matched controls were included in the study. The serum concentrations of VEC and Vcn were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS The serum VEC and Vcn concentrations were significantly higher in participants with TBAD than in healthy controls. Compared with patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the serum concentrations of VEC and Vcn in patients with TBAD were higher, and the Vcn showed significant difference, with statistical significance. Receiver operating characteristic analysis generated areas under the curves for VEC and Vcn that were diagnostic for TBAD (0.599 and 0.655, respectively). The optimal cut-off values were 3.975 ng/μL and 128.1 pg/mL, the sensitivities were 43.0% and 35.0%, and the specificities were 73.3% and 90.0%, respectively. In addition, the use of a combination of serum VEC and Vcn increased the AUC to 0.661, with a sensitivity of 33.0% and a specificity of 93.33%. A high serum Vcn concentration was associated with a higher risk of visceral malperfusion in participants with TBAD (odds ratio (OR) = 1.007, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.001-1.013, p = 0.014). In participants with refractory pain, the adjusted OR for the serum VEC concentration increased to 1.172 (95% CI: 1.010-1.361; p = 0.036), compared with participants without refractory pain. CONCLUSION This study is the first to show the diagnostic value of serum VEC and Vcn for AAD and their relationships with the clinical characteristics of patients with TBAD. Thus, VEC and Vcn are potential serum markers of TBAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyue Wang
- Department of Vascular & Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Vascular & Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Han Jiang
- Department of Vascular & Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Vascular & Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
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Garnier O, Vilgrain I. Dialogue between VE-Cadherin and Sphingosine 1 Phosphate Receptor1 (S1PR1) for Protecting Endothelial Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044018. [PMID: 36835432 PMCID: PMC9959973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelial cells (EC) of established blood vessels in adults remain extraordinarily quiescent in the sense that they are not actively proliferating, but they fulfill the necessary role to control the permeability of their monolayer that lines the interior of blood vessels. The cell-cell junctions between ECs in the endothelium comprise tight junctions and adherens homotypic junctions, which are ubiquitous along the vascular tree. Adherens junctions are adhesive intercellular contacts that are crucial for the organization of the EC monolayer and its maintenance and regulation of normal microvascular function. The molecular components and underlying signaling pathways that control the association of adherens junctions have been described in the last few years. In contrast, the role that dysfunction of these adherens junctions has in contributing to human vascular disease remains an important open issue. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid mediator found at high concentrations in blood which has important roles in the control of the vascular permeability, cell recruitment, and clotting that follow inflammatory processes. This role of S1P is achieved through a signaling pathway mediated through a family of G protein-coupled receptors designated as S1PR1. This review highlights novel evidence for a direct linkage between S1PR1 signaling and the mediation of EC cohesive properties that are controlled by VE-cadherin.
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Resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors promotes renal cancer progression through MCPIP1 tumor-suppressor downregulation and c-Met activation. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:814. [PMID: 36138026 PMCID: PMC9500022 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the most commonly used targeted therapeutics in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC); however, drug resistance limits their utility and can lead to tumor "flare-up" and progression. In this study, we show that RCC resistance to sunitinib and sorafenib involves different mechanisms and leads to increased malignancy. Sunitinib decreased tumor growth and cell motility along with increased E-cadherin expression and secretion of the proangiogenic cytokines IL6 and IL8, which activated senescence in ccRCC cells and led to VE-cadherin phosphorylation, enhancing tumor angiogenesis. Sorafenib resistance increased the levels of mesenchymal markers and the secretion of MMP9, which cleaved VE-cadherin and disrupted endothelial cell integrity. Both sunitinib resistance and sorafenib resistance led to activation of the c-Met receptor IRAK1 and downregulation of the tumor suppressor MCPIP1, resulting in an increase in the metastasis of resistant cells, possibly due in part to enhanced vascularization of ccRCC. MCPIP1 overexpression partially overcame resistance to these drugs by decreasing micrometastasis and decreasing the expression of factors involved in tumorigenesis. In tumor samples from ccRCC patients, we observed a significant increase in the level of the c-Met receptor, IRAK1 and a decrease in MCPIP1 with respect to normal kidney tissue. Our results indicate separate novel mechanisms for sunitinib and sorafenib resistance, which both lead to MCPIP1 inhibition and ccRCC progression. The presented study suggests caution in the treatment of RCC with TKIs, which may lead to the unintended outcome of tumor progression.
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Luo Y, Yu M, Li P, Huang L, Wu J, Kong M, Li Y, Wu Z, Kang Z, Yi L, Yang Z. The Expression and Role of microRNA-133a in Plasma of Patients with Kawasaki Disease. Immunol Invest 2021; 51:826-838. [PMID: 33501869 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2021.1877302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD)), also known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MCLS), is an autoimmune and systemic vasculitis syndrome. Its etiology and pathogenesis are still unclear. microRNAs (miRNA), a novel class of small non-coding RNAs, regulate the expression of multiple protein-encoding genes at the post-transcriptional level. We intend to study the change of miRNA-133a in the plasma of patients with KD, explore the role of miRNA-133a on HUVEC and define the pathogenesis of vascular dysfunction in KD. miRNA-133a expression and the mRNA and protein expression of protein phosphatase 2 catalytic subunit alpha (PPP2CA) were assessed by RT-qPCR and Western blot, respectively. The PPP2CA mRNA 3'UTR was predicted to be the potential target of miRNA-133a by using the miRNA databases and verified by the luciferase assay. The plasmids of miRNA-133a mimics and inhibitors were transfected into HUVEC cells. The plasma soluble vascular endothelial cadherin (sVE-cadherin, the excised extracellular part of VE-cadherin) levels were investigated by ELISA. The results suggested that miRNA-133a was increased by 3.8 times in the acute KD group and by 2.7 times in the convalescent KD group compared with the control group (both P = .000). PPP2CA is the target gene of miRNA-133a and its expression was inhibited by miRNA-133a acting on PPP2CA mRNA 3'UTR (P = .013). The plasma sVE-cadherin levels in the acute KD groups were increased compared with the control group (P = .024). The ROC curve analysis showed that the expression of miRNA-133a segregate acute KD patients from convalescent KD patients and healthy children. Our results suggest that miRNA-133a might be a new biomarker for KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pengzhu Li
- Department of Pediatrics, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lihua Huang
- Center for Medical Experiments, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiping Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Pediatrics, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhixiang Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhijuan Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Yi
- Department of Pediatrics, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zuocheng Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Liu F, Zhou H, Du W, Huang X, Zheng X, Zhang C, Hu H, Wang J, Quan R. Hair follicle stem cells combined with human allogeneic acellular amniotic membrane for repair of full thickness skin defects in nude mice. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:723-735. [PMID: 32220061 DOI: 10.1002/term.3035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Repair of large skin defects caused by burns, trauma, or tumor operations is a clinical challenge. Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) are involved in epithelialization of wounds, formation of new hair follicles and promote vascularization in the newly formed skin, and human acellular amniotic membrane (hAAM) is a promising scaffold for skin substitute. Here, we investigated the ability of rat HFSCs (rHFSCs) combined with an hAAM to repair full thickness skin defects in nude mice. The effect of the rHFSC-hAAM composite on the repair of skin defects in nude mice was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, and EdU-labeled cell tracking. Isolated and cultured rHFSCs had strong cloning and proliferation potentials. Immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry assays showed that rHFSCs expressed high levels of integrin α6, CK15, p63, and Sox9. Cells cultured in hAAM showed flaky and cluster-like morphology and were able to adhere and grow effectively. After transplantation, the rHFSC-hAAM composite promoted wound healing in nude mice. Moreover, cells in the rHFSC-hAAM composite were directly involved in hair follicle formation and angiogenesis of tissue around the hair follicle. These results provide an experimental and theoretical basis for the clinical application of HFSCs in repair of human skin defects and a new approach for skin tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Jiangnan Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huateng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Jiangnan Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weibin Du
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Jiangnan Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Jiangnan Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Jiangnan Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cui Zhang
- Institute Cell and Development, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huahui Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Jiangnan Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinfu Wang
- Institute Cell and Development, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Renfu Quan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Jiangnan Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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8
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Khalil-Mgharbel A, Polena H, Dembélé PK, Hasan Sohag MM, Alcaraz JP, Martin DK, Vilgrain I. A Biomimetic Lipid Membrane Device Reveals the Interaction of Cancer Biomarkers with Human Serum Lipidic Moieties. Biotechnol J 2019; 13:e1800463. [PMID: 30457706 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A major problem for the detection of cancer biomarkers in plasma or serum is that common clinical practice does not require the patient to be in a fasting state. Considering that lipoproteins are the main population affected by food intake, the authors hypothesized that biomarkers could be embedded in lipid particles and thereby opens a new avenue for detection. Using the recently published biomarker, soluble VE-cadherin (sVE), the authors tested our hypothesis using techniques of biophysics, biochemistry and the tools of nanobiotechnology on serum samples from kidney cancer patients (n = 106). Optical density as well as contact angle measurements of serum revealed heterogeneity in the particle content of the serum samples. Isolation of the lipidic moieties by ultracentrifugation showed that sVE was detected in this compartment. Further, isolation of lipoprotein subclasses by precipitation with sodium phosphotungstate and MgCl2 , showed that HDL carried the majority of sVE. Immunoprecipitation of sVE confirmed that it was associated with Apolipoprotein A1, a major compound of HDL. Using a biomimetic lipid bilayer membrane coupled with impedance spectroscopy the authors quantified, in real-time, that the sVE adsorbed to the lipid bilayer membrane without altering its structure. Taken together, these results show for the first time a direct interaction of a cancer biomarker with lipids. The authors anticipate these results to prompt fasting for future blood tests for large-scale studies in the biomarkers research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Khalil-Mgharbel
- University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CNRS, BIG-BCI Biology of Cancer and Infection, UMR_S 1036, Grenoble, F-38054, France
| | - Helena Polena
- University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CNRS, BIG-BCI Biology of Cancer and Infection, UMR_S 1036, Grenoble, F-38054, France
| | - Paul K Dembélé
- University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CNRS, BIG-BCI Biology of Cancer and Infection, UMR_S 1036, Grenoble, F-38054, France
| | - Md Mehadi Hasan Sohag
- University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CNRS, BIG-BCI Biology of Cancer and Infection, UMR_S 1036, Grenoble, F-38054, France.,University Grenoble Alpes, SyNaBi, TIMC-IMAG/CNRS/INSERM, UMR 5525, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Alcaraz
- University Grenoble Alpes, SyNaBi, TIMC-IMAG/CNRS/INSERM, UMR 5525, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Donald K Martin
- University Grenoble Alpes, SyNaBi, TIMC-IMAG/CNRS/INSERM, UMR 5525, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Isabelle Vilgrain
- University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CNRS, BIG-BCI Biology of Cancer and Infection, UMR_S 1036, Grenoble, F-38054, France
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9
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The tyrosine-kinase inhibitor sunitinib targets vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin: a marker of response to antitumoural treatment in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2018; 118:1179-1188. [PMID: 29563634 PMCID: PMC5943344 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin is an endothelial cell-specific protein responsible for endothelium integrity. Its adhesive properties are regulated by post-translational processing, such as tyrosine phosphorylation at site Y685 in its cytoplasmic domain, and cleavage of its extracellular domain (sVE). In hormone-refractory metastatic breast cancer, we recently demonstrated that sVE levels correlate to poor survival. In the present study, we determine whether kidney cancer therapies had an effect on VE-cadherin structural modifications and their clinical interest to monitor patient outcome. Methods The effects of kidney cancer biotherapies were tested on an endothelial monolayer model mimicking the endothelium lining blood vessels and on a homotypic and heterotypic 3D cell model mimicking tumour growth. sVE was quantified by ELISA in renal cell carcinoma patients initiating sunitinib (48 patients) or bevacizumab (83 patients) in the first-line metastatic setting (SUVEGIL and TORAVA trials). Results Human VE-cadherin is a direct target for sunitinib which inhibits its VEGF-induced phosphorylation and cleavage on endothelial monolayer and endothelial cell migration in the 3D model. The tumour cell environment modulates VE-cadherin functions through MMPs and VEGF. We demonstrate the presence of soluble VE-cadherin in the sera of mRCC patients (n = 131) which level at baseline, is higher than in a healthy donor group (n = 96). Analysis of sVE level after 4 weeks of treatment showed that a decrease in sVE level discriminates the responders vs. non-responders to sunitinib, but not bevacizumab. Conclusions These data highlight the interest for the sVE bioassay in future follow-up of cancer patients treated with targeted therapies such as tyrosine-kinase inhibitors.
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10
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Khoy K, Nguyen MVC, Masson D, Bardy B, Drouet C, Paclet MH. Transfusion-related acute lung injury: critical neutrophil activation by anti-HLA-A2 antibodies for endothelial permeability. Transfusion 2017; 57:1699-1708. [PMID: 28608441 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a major complication of hemotherapy that may occur after the transfusion of any blood type component. Several clinical reports have suggested the presence of anti-HLA antibodies in the blood product. This study sought to examine the role of anti-HLA-A2 antibodies in polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) activation and thus in endothelial permeability. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS PMN activation was assessed by both nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase) activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. A coculture assay of EA.hy926 endothelial cells with PMNs or differentiated-PLB-985 cells, a model of neutrophil-like cells, was performed to estimate the impact of ROS on endothelial permeability. RESULTS Anti-HLA-A2 antibodies significantly increased PMN activation, with subsequent endothelial dysfunction. Phagocyte NADPH oxidase (NOX2) activity was shown to be involved in this process and ROS themselves were demonstrated to induce VE-cadherin cleavage and endothelial permeability. CONCLUSION Our data may support the existence of a critical anti-HLA-A2 antibody threshold for PMN activation, with NOX2 activity and subsequent endothelial permeability in the two-hit model of TRALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Khoy
- GREPI EA 7408, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Université de Caen Normandie, CHU Caen, Caen, France
| | | | | | | | - Christian Drouet
- GREPI EA 7408, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Paclet
- GREPI EA 7408, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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11
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Zakharova VV, Pletjushkina OY, Galkin II, Zinovkin RA, Chernyak BV, Krysko DV, Bachert C, Krysko O, Skulachev VP, Popova EN. Low concentration of uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation decreases the TNF-induced endothelial permeability and lethality in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:968-977. [PMID: 28131916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunctions occur in many diseases linked to the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Mild uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation is known to rescue model animals from pathologies related to mitochondrial dysfunctions and overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To study the potential of SIRS therapy by uncoupling, we tested protonophore dinitrophenol (DNP) and a free fatty acid (FFA) anion carrier, lipophilic cation dodecyltriphenylphosphonium (C12TPP) in mice and in vitro models of SIRS. DNP and C12TPP prevented the body temperature drop and lethality in mice injected with high doses of a SIRS inducer, tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The mitochondria-targeted antioxidant plastoquinonyl decyltriphenylphosphonium (SkQ1) which also catalyzes FFA-dependent uncoupling revealed similar protective effects and downregulated expression of the NFκB-regulated genes (VCAM1, ICAM1, MCP1, and IL-6) involved in the inflammatory response of endothelium in aortas of the TNF-treated mice. In vitro mild uncoupling rescued from TNF-induced endothelial permeability, disassembly of cell contacts and VE-cadherin cleavage by the matrix metalloprotease 9 (ММР9). The uncouplers prevented TNF-induced expression of MMP9 via inhibition of NFκB signaling. Water-soluble antioxidant Trolox also prevented TNF-induced activation and permeability of endothelium in vitro via inhibition of NFκB signaling, suggesting that the protective action of the uncouplers is linked to their antioxidant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlada V Zakharova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Yu Pletjushkina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan I Galkin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman A Zinovkin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris V Chernyak
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitri V Krysko
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Molecular Signalling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research and Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent Belgium
| | - Olga Krysko
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent Belgium
| | - Vladimir P Skulachev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N Popova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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12
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Galkin II, Pletjushkina OY, Zinovkin RA, Zakharova VV, Chernyak BV, Popova EN. Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant SkQR1 Reduces TNF-Induced Endothelial Permeability in vitro. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:1188-1197. [PMID: 27908243 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged or excessive increase in the circulatory level of proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor (TNF) leads to abnormal activation and subsequent damage to endothelium. TNF at high concentrations causes apoptosis of endothelial cells. Previously, using mitochondria-targeted antioxidants of SkQ family, we have shown that apoptosis of endothelial cells is dependent on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria (mito-ROS). Now we have found that TNF at low concentrations does not cause cell death but activates caspase-3 and caspase-dependent increase in endothelial permeability in vitro. This effect is probably due to the cleavage of β-catenin - an adherent junction protein localized in the cytoplasm. We have also shown that extracellular matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP9) VE-cadherin shedding plays a major role in the TNF-induced endothelial permeability. The mechanisms of the caspase-3 and MMP9 activation are probably not related to each other since caspase inhibition did not affect VE-cadherin cleavage and MMP9 inhibition had no effect on the caspase-3 activation. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQR1 inhibited TNF-induced increase in endothelial permeability. SkQR1 also inhibited caspase-3 activation, β-catenin cleavage, and MMP9-dependent VE-cadherin shedding. The data suggest that mito-ROS are involved in the increase in endothelial permeability due to the activation of both caspase-dependent cleavage of intracellular proteins and of MMP9-dependent cleavage of the transmembrane cell-to-cell contact proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Galkin
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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13
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Soluble VE-cadherin in metastatic breast cancer: an independent prognostic factor for both progression-free survival and overall survival. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:356-361. [PMID: 28056463 PMCID: PMC5294483 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) represent a heterogeneous group, with large differences in outcomes from individual patients. VE-cadherin, an endothelial-specific cadherin, was shown to promote tumour proliferation and angiogenesis. Soluble VE-cadherin has been recently associated to breast cancer progression. This study was designed to investigate the prognosis significance of soluble VE-cadherin in hormone-refractory MBC. Methods: Between 2004 and 2007, 150 patients with a fully documented history of hormone-refractory MBC were included in the prospective SEMTOF study. Serum concentrations of VE-cadherin were measured at inclusion for 141 patients and 6 weeks after the beginning of chemotherapy, using a sandwich enzyme immunoassay. Results: The presence of high levels of serum VE-cadherin was significantly correlated to a shorter progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS). In a multivariate analysis along with clinical and biologic prognostic parameters, high serum VE-cadherin level was an independent adverse prognostic variable for PFS (median PFS 9.7 (IC95: 8; 11.9) vs 5.8 (IC95: 4.1; 8) months P=0.0008) and OS (median OS 34 (IC95: 26.6; 47.1) vs 14.8 (IC95: 9.3; 21.4) months P=0.0007). Moreover, VE-cadherin decrease during chemotherapy was also associated with good prognosis. Conclusions: Serum VE-cadherin levels correlate to poorer survival in patients with hormone-refractory MBC. As sVE-cadherin reflects tumour angiogenesis, this could have therapeutic implications for antiangiogenic treatment.
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14
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Hérodin F, Voir D, Vilgrain I, Courçon M, Drouet M, Boittin FX. Soluble Vascular Endothelial Cadherin as a New Biomarker of Irradiation in Highly Irradiated Baboons with Bone Marrow Protection. HEALTH PHYSICS 2016; 110:598-605. [PMID: 27115227 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cadherin is the main component of adherens junctions enabling cohesion of the endothelial monolayer in vessels. The extracellular part of vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) can be cleaved, releasing soluble fragments in blood (sVE-cadherin). In some diseases with endothelial dysfunction, a correlation between increased blood sVE-cadherin levels and disease state has been proposed. Irradiation is known to induce endothelial damage, but new serum biomarkers are needed to evaluate endothelial damage after irradiation. Here, the authors investigated whether sVE-cadherin may be an interesting biomarker of irradiation in highly irradiated baboons with bone marrow protection. sVE-cadherin was detected in the plasma of young as well as old baboons. Plasma sVE-cadherin levels significantly decrease a few days after irradiation but recover in the late time after irradiation. Kinetic analysis of plasma sVE-cadherin levels suggests a correlation with white blood cell counts in both the acute phase of irradiation and during hematopoietic recovery, suggesting that plasma sVE-cadherin levels may be partly linked to the disappearance and recovery of white blood cells. Interestingly, after hematopoietic recovery was completed, sVE-cadherin levels were found to exceed control values, suggesting that plasma sVE-cadherin may represent a new biomarker of endothelial damage or neovascularization in the late time after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Hérodin
- *Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; †Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institute of Life Science Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; University of Grenoble Alpes, Unité mixte de recherche-S1036, 17, rue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
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15
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Visualization of adherent cell monolayers by cryo-electron microscopy: A snapshot of endothelial adherens junctions. J Struct Biol 2015; 192:470-477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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16
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Dehydroeffusol effectively inhibits human gastric cancer cell-mediated vasculogenic mimicry with low toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 287:98-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Blaise S, Polena H, Vilgrain I. Soluble vascular endothelial-cadherin and auto-antibodies to human vascular endothelial-cadherin in human diseases: Two new biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction. Vasc Med 2015; 20:557-65. [DOI: 10.1177/1358863x15591201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial-cadherin is the most important transmembrane component of endothelial adherens junctions, exclusively expressed by endothelial cells in all types of vessels. Targeting either the extracellular domain or the cytoplasmic tail deleteriously affects the junctional strength and leads to vascular permeability. Recently, cytokine-induced phosphorylation of the vascular endothelial-cadherin cytoplasmic domain was reported to trigger cleavage of its extracellular domain, producing the soluble form of the protein – soluble vascular endothelial-cadherin. Hence, the presence of soluble vascular endothelial-cadherin or auto-antibodies to human vascular endothelial-cadherin in human serum could signalize the presence of vascular abnormalities. This systematic review covers many human studies reporting increased levels of soluble vascular endothelial-cadherin, as well as auto-antibodies to human vascular endothelial-cadherin, which could be promising biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction in a large panel of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Blaise
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1036, Grenoble, France
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Institute of Life Science Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Unité Mixte de Recherche S1036, Grenoble, France
| | - Helena Polena
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1036, Grenoble, France
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Institute of Life Science Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Unité Mixte de Recherche S1036, Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Vilgrain
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1036, Grenoble, France
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Institute of Life Science Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Unité Mixte de Recherche S1036, Grenoble, France
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18
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Tanase C, Albulescu R, Codrici E, Popescu ID, Mihai S, Enciu AM, Cruceru ML, Popa AC, Neagu AI, Necula LG, Mambet C, Neagu M. Circulating biomarker panels for targeted therapy in brain tumors. Future Oncol 2015; 11:511-24. [PMID: 25241806 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An important goal of oncology is the development of cancer risk-identifier biomarkers that aid early detection and target therapy. High-throughput profiling represents a major concern for cancer research, including brain tumors. A promising approach for efficacious monitoring of disease progression and therapy could be circulating biomarker panels using molecular proteomic patterns. Tailoring treatment by targeting specific protein-protein interactions and signaling networks, microRNA and cancer stem cell signaling in accordance with tumor phenotype or patient clustering based on biomarker panels represents the future of personalized medicine for brain tumors. Gathering current data regarding biomarker candidates, we address the major challenges surrounding the biomarker field of this devastating tumor type, exploring potential perspectives for the development of more effective predictive biomarker panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Tanase
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Biochemistry-Proteomics Department, no 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Sector 5 Bucharest, Romania
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19
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Bouillet L, Vilgrain I. VE-cadherin, a potential marker for endothelial cell activation during hereditary angioedema attacks. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:241. [PMID: 24875615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Bouillet
- Internal Medicine Department, France National Reference Centre for Angioedema, Grenoble University Hospital, INSERM, Unit 1036, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France.
| | - Isabelle Vilgrain
- INSERM, Unit 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France; CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Grenoble, France
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20
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Sidibé A, Polena H, Razanajatovo J, Mannic T, Chaumontel N, Bama S, Maréchal I, Huber P, Gulino-Debrac D, Bouillet L, Vilgrain I. Dynamic phosphorylation of VE-cadherin Y685 throughout mouse estrous cycle in ovary and uterus. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H448-54. [PMID: 24858855 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00773.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that vascular endothelial growth factor induced vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin tyrosine phosphorylation at Y685 in a Src-dependent manner in vitro. Here, we studied the occurrence of Y685 phosphorylation in vivo in the female reproductive tract because it is a unique model of physiological vascular remodeling dependent on vascular endothelial growth factor. We first developed and characterized an anti-phospho-specific antibody against the site Y685 of VE-cadherin to monitor VE-cadherin phosphorylation along the four phases of mouse estrous cycle, termed proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus. A dynamic profile of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins was observed in both uterus and ovary throughout mouse estrous cycle, including kinase Src, which was found highly active at the estrus phase. The extent of tyrosine phosphorylated VE-cadherin was low at proestrus but strongly increased at estrus and returned to baseline at metestrus and diestrus, suggesting a potent hormonal regulation of this specific process. Indeed, C57Bl/6 female mice treatment with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin confirmed a significant increase in phosphoY685-VE-cadherin compared with that in untreated mice. These results demonstrate that VE-cadherin tyrosine phosphorylation at Y685 is a physiological and hormonally regulated process in female reproductive organs. In addition, this process was concomitant with the early steps of vascular remodeling taking place at estrus stage, suggesting that phosphoY685-VE-cadherin is a biomarker of endothelial cell activation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adama Sidibé
- INSERM, Unité 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; and
| | - Helena Polena
- INSERM, Unité 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; and
| | - Jeremy Razanajatovo
- INSERM, Unité 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; and
| | - Tiphaine Mannic
- INSERM, Unité 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; and
| | - Nicolas Chaumontel
- INSERM, Unité 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; and
| | - Soumalamaya Bama
- INSERM, Unité 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; and
| | - Irène Maréchal
- INSERM, Unité 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; and
| | - Philippe Huber
- INSERM, Unité 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; and
| | - Danielle Gulino-Debrac
- INSERM, Unité 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; and
| | - Laurence Bouillet
- INSERM, Unité 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; and Division of Internal Medicine, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Vilgrain
- INSERM, Unité 1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; and
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