1
|
Kasanga EA, Soto I, Centner A, McManus R, Shifflet MK, Navarrete W, Han Y, Lisk J, Ehrhardt T, Wheeler K, Mhatre-Winters I, Richardson JR, Bishop C, Nejtek VA, Salvatore MF. Moderate intensity aerobic exercise alleviates motor deficits in 6-OHDA lesioned rats and reduces serum levels of biomarkers of Parkinson's disease severity without recovery of striatal dopamine or tyrosine hydroxylase. Exp Neurol 2024; 379:114875. [PMID: 38944332 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Alleviation of motor impairment by aerobic exercise (AE) in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients points to activation of neurobiological mechanisms that may be targetable by therapeutic approaches. However, evidence for AE-related recovery of striatal dopamine (DA) signaling or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) loss has been inconsistent in rodent studies. This ambiguity may be related to the timing of AE intervention in relation to the status of nigrostriatal neuron loss. Here, we replicated human PD at diagnosis by establishing motor impairment with >80% striatal DA and TH loss prior to initiating AE, and assessed its potential to alleviate motor decline and restore DA and TH loss. We also evaluated if serum levels of neurofilament light (NfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), biomarkers of human PD severity, changed in response to AE. 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was infused unilaterally into rat medial forebrain bundle to induce progressive nigrostriatal neuron loss over 28 days. Moderate intensity AE (3× per week, 40 min/session), began 8-10 days post-lesion following establishment of impaired forelimb use. Striatal tissue DA, TH protein and mRNA, and serum levels of NfL/GFAP were determined 3-wks after AE began. Despite severe striatal DA depletion at AE initiation, forelimb use deficits and hypokinesia onset were alleviated by AE, without recovery of striatal DA or TH protein loss, but reduced NfL and GFAP serum levels. This proof-of-concept study shows AE alleviates motor impairment when initiated with >80% striatal DA loss without obligate recovery of striatal DA or TH protein. Moreover, the AE-related reduction of NfL and GFAP serum levels may serve as objective blood-based biomarkers of AE efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ella A Kasanga
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Isabel Soto
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Ashley Centner
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States of America
| | - Robert McManus
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Marla K Shifflet
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Walter Navarrete
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Yoonhee Han
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel School of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America; Isakson Center for Neurological Disease Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Jerome Lisk
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Travis Ehrhardt
- Clearcut Ortho Rehab & Diagnostics, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Ken Wheeler
- Clearcut Ortho Rehab & Diagnostics, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Isha Mhatre-Winters
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel School of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America; Isakson Center for Neurological Disease Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Jason R Richardson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel School of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America; Isakson Center for Neurological Disease Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Christopher Bishop
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States of America
| | - Vicki A Nejtek
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Michael F Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang H, Li R, Zhang J. A review of visual sustained attention: neural mechanisms and computational models. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15351. [PMID: 37334118 PMCID: PMC10274610 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained attention is one of the basic abilities of humans to maintain concentration on relevant information while ignoring irrelevant information over extended periods. The purpose of the review is to provide insight into how to integrate neural mechanisms of sustained attention with computational models to facilitate research and application. Although many studies have assessed attention, the evaluation of humans' sustained attention is not sufficiently comprehensive. Hence, this study provides a current review on both neural mechanisms and computational models of visual sustained attention. We first review models, measurements, and neural mechanisms of sustained attention and propose plausible neural pathways for visual sustained attention. Next, we analyze and compare the different computational models of sustained attention that the previous reviews have not systematically summarized. We then provide computational models for automatically detecting vigilance states and evaluation of sustained attention. Finally, we outline possible future trends in the research field of sustained attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for E-learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Li
- National Engineering Research Center for E-learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Junsong Zhang
- Brain Cognition and Intelligent Computing Lab, Department of Artificial Intelligence, School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schmitt O, Eipert P, Wang Y, Kanoke A, Rabiller G, Liu J. Connectome-based prediction of functional impairment in experimental stroke models. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.05.539601. [PMID: 37205373 PMCID: PMC10187266 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.05.539601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Experimental rat models of stroke and hemorrhage are important tools to investigate cerebrovascular disease pathophysiology mechanisms, yet how significant patterns of functional impairment induced in various models of stroke are related to changes in connectivity at the level of neuronal populations and mesoscopic parcellations of rat brains remain unresolved. To address this gap in knowledge, we employed two middle cerebral artery occlusion models and one intracerebral hemorrhage model with variant extent and location of neuronal dysfunction. Motor and spatial memory function was assessed and the level of hippocampal activation via Fos immunohistochemistry. Contribution of connectivity change to functional impairment was analyzed for connection similarities, graph distances and spatial distances as well as the importance of regions in terms of network architecture based on the neuroVIISAS rat connectome. We found that functional impairment correlated with not only the extent but also the locations of the injury among the models. In addition, via coactivation analysis in dynamic rat brain models, we found that lesioned regions led to stronger coactivations with motor function and spatial learning regions than with other unaffected regions of the connectome. Dynamic modeling with the weighted bilateral connectome detected changes in signal propagation in the remote hippocampus in all 3 stroke types, predicting the extent of hippocampal hypoactivation and impairment in spatial learning and memory function. Our study provides a comprehensive analytical framework in predictive identification of remote regions not directly altered by stroke events and their functional implication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schmitt
- Medical School Hamburg - University of Applied Sciences, Department of Anatomy; University of Rostock, Institute of Anatomy
- SFVAMC, 1700 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Peter Eipert
- Medical School Hamburg - University of Applied Sciences, Department of Anatomy; University of Rostock, Institute of Anatomy
- SFVAMC, 1700 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF
- SFVAMC, 1700 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China, 100050
| | - Atsushi Kanoke
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF
- SFVAMC, 1700 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Gratianne Rabiller
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF
- SFVAMC, 1700 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Jialing Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF
- SFVAMC, 1700 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhuo W, Lundquist AJ, Donahue EK, Guo Y, Phillips D, Petzinger GM, Jakowec MW, Holschneider DP. A mind in motion: Exercise improves cognitive flexibility, impulsivity and alters dopamine receptor gene expression in a Parkinsonian rat model. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 3:100039. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
5
|
Lundquist AJ, Llewellyn GN, Kishi SH, Jakowec NA, Cannon PM, Petzinger GM, Jakowec MW. Knockdown of Astrocytic Monocarboxylate Transporter 4 in the Motor Cortex Leads to Loss of Dendritic Spines and a Deficit in Motor Learning. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:1002-1017. [PMID: 34822124 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) shuttle molecules, including L-lactate, involved in metabolism and cell signaling of the central nervous system. Astrocyte-specific MCT4 is a key component of the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS) and is important for neuroplasticity and learning of the hippocampus. However, the importance of astrocyte-specific MCT4 in neuroplasticity of the M1 primary motor cortex remains unknown. In this study, we investigated astrocyte-specific MCT4 in motor learning and neuroplasticity of the M1 primary motor cortex using a cell-type specific shRNA knockdown of MCT4. Knockdown of astrocyte-specific MCT4 resulted in impaired motor performance and learning on the accelerating rotarod. In addition, MCT4 knockdown was associated with a reduction of neuronal dendritic spine density and spine width and decreased protein expression of PSD95, Arc, and cFos. Using near-infrared-conjugated 2-deoxyglucose uptake as a surrogate marker for neuronal activity, MCT4 knockdown was also associated with decreased neuronal activity in the M1 primary motor cortex and associated motor regions including the dorsal striatum and ventral thalamus. Our study supports a potential role for astrocyte-specific MCT4 and the ANLS in the neuroplasticity of the M1 primary motor cortex. Targeting MCT4 may serve to enhance neuroplasticity and motor repair in several neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease and stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Lundquist
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St, MCA-241, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - George N Llewellyn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Susan H Kishi
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St, MCA-241, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Nicolaus A Jakowec
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Paula M Cannon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Giselle M Petzinger
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St, MCA-241, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Michael W Jakowec
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St, MCA-241, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shi K, Liu X, Hou L, Qiao D, Peng Y. Exercise Improves Movement by Regulating the Plasticity of Cortical Function in Hemiparkinsonian Rats. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:695108. [PMID: 34194319 PMCID: PMC8236842 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.695108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant cortical spike-local field potential (LFP) coupling leads to abnormal basal ganglia activity, disruption of cortical function, and impaired movement in Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, the primary motor cortex mediated plasticity mechanism underlying behavioral improvement by exercise intervention was investigated. Exercise alleviates motor dysfunction and induces neuroplasticity in PD. In this study, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were injected with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to induce unilateral nigrostriatal dopamine depletion. Two weeks later, a 4-week exercise intervention was initiated in the PD + exercise (Ex) group. Multichannel recording technology recorded spikes and LFPs in rat motor cortices, and balanced ability tests evaluated behavioral performance. The balanced ability test showed that the total crossing time/front leg error/input latency time was significantly lower in PD + Ex rats than in PD rats (P < 0.05). Scalograms and LFP power spectra indicated increased beta-range LFP power in lesioned hemispheres, with exercise reducing LFP power spectral density. Spike-triggered LFP waveform averages showed strong phase-locking in PD motor cortex cells, and exercise reduced spike-LFP synchronization. Our results suggest that exercise can suppress overexcitability of LFPs and minimize spike-LFP synchronization in the motor cortex, leading to motor-improving effects in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Shi
- Department of Physical Education, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Hou
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Decai Qiao
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Department of Physical Education, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Petkus AJ, Jarrahi B, Holschneider DP, Gomez ME, Filoteo JV, Schiehser DM, Fisher BE, Van Horn JD, Jakowec MW, McEwen SC, Petzinger G. Thalamic volume mediates associations between cardiorespiratory fitness (VO 2max) and cognition in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 86:19-26. [PMID: 33819900 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cognitive deficits occur in Parkinson's disease (PD). Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with better cognitive performance in aging especially in executive function (EF) and memory. The association between CRF and cognitive performance is understudied in people with PD. Brain structures underlying associations also remains unknown. This cross-sectional study examined the associations between CRF and cognitive performance in PD. We also examined associations between CRF and brain structures impacted in PD. Mediation analysis were conducted to examine whether brain structures impacted in PD mediate putative associations between CRF and cognitive performance. METHODS Individuals with PD (N = 33) underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), CRF evaluation (estimated VO2max), and neuropsychological assessment. Composite cognitive scores of episodic memory, EF, attention, language, and visuospatial functioning were generated. Structural equation models were constructed to examine whether MRI volume estimates (thalamus and pallidum) mediated associations between CRF and cognitive performance (adjusting for age, education, PD disease duration, sex, MDS-UPDRS motor score, and total intracranial volume). RESULTS Higher CRF was associated with better episodic memory (Standardized β = 0.391; p = 0.008), EF (Standardized β = 0.324; p = 0.025), and visuospatial performance (Standardized β = 0.570; p = 0.005). Higher CRF was associated with larger thalamic (Standardized β = 0.722; p = 0.004) and pallidum (Standardized β = 0.635; p = 0.004) volumes. Thalamic volume mediated the association between higher CRF and better EF (Indirect effect = 0.309) and episodic memory (Indirect effect = 0.209) performance (p < 0.05). The pallidum did not significantly mediate associations between CRF and cognitive outcomes. CONCLUSION The thalamus plays an important role in the association between CRF and both EF and episodic memory in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Petkus
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, 1520 San Pablo St., HCC-2, Suite 3000, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - Behnaz Jarrahi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Daniel P Holschneider
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, 1520 San Pablo St., HCC-2, Suite 3000, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA; Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St., Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Megan E Gomez
- Department of Psychology, Tibor Rubin Veterans Administration Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, 90822, USA
| | - J Vincent Filoteo
- Psychology and Research Services, Veterans Administration San Diego Health Care System, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Dawn M Schiehser
- Psychology and Research Services, Veterans Administration San Diego Health Care System, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Beth E Fisher
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - John D Van Horn
- Department of Psychology and School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Michael W Jakowec
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, 1520 San Pablo St., HCC-2, Suite 3000, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Sarah C McEwen
- Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, Saint John's Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
| | - Giselle Petzinger
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, 1520 San Pablo St., HCC-2, Suite 3000, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lundquist AJ, Gallagher TJ, Petzinger GM, Jakowec MW. Exogenous l-lactate promotes astrocyte plasticity but is not sufficient for enhancing striatal synaptogenesis or motor behavior in mice. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1433-1447. [PMID: 33629362 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
l-Lactate is an energetic and signaling molecule that may be produced through astrocyte-specific aerobic glycolysis and is elevated in striatal muscle during intensive exercise. l-Lactate has been shown to promote neurotrophic gene expression through astrocytes within the hippocampus, however, its role in neuroplasticity within the striatum remains unknown. This study sought to investigate the role of peripheral sources of l-lactate in promoting astrocyte-specific gene expression and morphology as well as its role in neuroplasticity within the striatum of healthy animals. Using in vitro primary astrocyte cell culture, administration of l-lactate increased the expression of the neurotrophic factors Bdnf, Gdnf, Cntf, and the immediate early gene cFos. l-Lactate's promotion of neurotrophic factor expression was mediated through the lactate receptor HCAR1 since application of the HCAR1 agonist 3,5-DHBA also increased expression of Bdnf in primary astrocytes. Similar to our previous report demonstrating exercise-induced changes in astrocytic structure within the striatum, l-lactate administration to healthy mice led to increased astrocyte morphological complexity as well as astrocyte-specific neurotrophic expression within the striatum. Our study failed to demonstrate an effect of peripheral l-lactate on synaptogenesis or motor behavior. Insufficient levels and/or inadequate delivery of l-lactate through regional cerebral blood flow within the striatum may account for the lack of these benefits. Taken together, these novel findings suggest a potential framework that links peripheral l-lactate production within muscle and intensive exercise with neuroplasticity of specific brain regions through astrocytic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Lundquist
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tyler J Gallagher
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Giselle M Petzinger
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael W Jakowec
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sedaghat K, Gundlach AL, Finkelstein DI. Analysis of morphological and neurochemical changes in subthalamic nucleus neurons in response to a unilateral 6-OHDA lesion of the substantia nigra in adult rats. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 10:96-103. [PMID: 33842916 PMCID: PMC8019994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons undergo changes in their pattern of activity and morphology during the clinical course of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Striatal dopamine depletion and hyperactivity of neurons in the parafascicular nucleus (Pf) of the intralaminar thalamus are predicted to contribute to the STN changes. Objective This study investigated possible morphological and neurochemical changes in STN neurons in a rat model of unilateral, nigral dopamine neuron loss, in relation to previously documented alterations in Pf neurons. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats received a unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Rats were randomly divided into two groups (6/group) for study at 1 and 5 months by post-treatment. The extent of SNpc dopamine neuron damage was assessed in an amphetamine-induced rotation test and postmortem assessment of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels using in situ hybridization histochemistry. Neural cross-sectional measurements and assessment of vesicular glutamate transporter-2 (vGlut2) mRNA levels were performed to measure the impact on neurons in the STN. Results A unilateral SNpc dopaminergic neuron lesion significantly decreased the cross-sectional area of STN neurons ipsilateral to the lesion, at 1 month (P < 0.05) and 5 months (P < 0.01) post-lesion, while bilateral vGlut2 mRNA levels in STN neurons were unaltered. Conclusions Decreased size of STN neurons in the presence of sustained vGlut2 mRNA levels following a unilateral SNpc 6-OHDA lesion, indicate altered STN physiology. This study presents further details of changes within the STN, coincident with observed alterations in Pf neurons and behaviour. Data availability The data associated with the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katayoun Sedaghat
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David I Finkelstein
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Garrigos D, Martínez-Morga M, Toval A, Kutsenko Y, Barreda A, Do Couto BR, Navarro-Mateu F, Ferran JL. A Handful of Details to Ensure the Experimental Reproducibility on the FORCED Running Wheel in Rodents: A Systematic Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:638261. [PMID: 34040580 PMCID: PMC8141847 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.638261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A well-documented method and experimental design are essential to ensure the reproducibility and reliability in animal research. Experimental studies using exercise programs in animal models have experienced an exponential increase in the last decades. Complete reporting of forced wheel and treadmill exercise protocols would help to ensure the reproducibility of training programs. However, forced exercise programs are characterized by a poorly detailed methodology. Also, current guidelines do not cover the minimum data that must be included in published works to reproduce training programs. For this reason, we have carried out a systematic review to determine the reproducibility of training programs and experimental designs of published research in rodents using a forced wheel system. Having determined that most of the studies were not detailed enough to be reproducible, we have suggested guidelines for animal research using FORCED exercise wheels, which could also be applicable to any form of forced exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Garrigos
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez-Morga
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Angel Toval
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Yevheniy Kutsenko
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Barreda
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Bruno Ribeiro Do Couto
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Navarro-Mateu
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Unidad de Docencia, Investigación y Formación en Salud Mental (UDIF-SM), Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Psicología Básica y Metodología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Luis Ferran
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- *Correspondence: José Luis Ferran,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cognitive flexibility deficits in rats with dorsomedial striatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesions tested using a three-choice serial reaction time task with reversal learning. Neuroreport 2020; 31:1055-1064. [PMID: 32881776 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lesions of the dorsomedial striatum elicit deficits in cognitive flexibility that are an early feature of Parkinson's disease (PD), and presumably reflect alterations in frontostriatal processing. The current study aimed to examine deficits in cognitive flexibility in rats with bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in the dorsomedial striatum. While deficits in cognitive flexibility have previously been examined in rodent PD models using the cross-maze, T-maze, and a food-digging task, the current study is the first to examine such deficits using a 3-choice serial reaction time task (3-CSRT) with reversal learning (3-CSRT-R). Although the rate of acquisition in 3-CSRT was slower in lesioned compared to control rats, lesioned animals were able to acquire a level of accuracy comparable to that of control animals following 4 weeks of training. In contrast, substantial and persistent deficits were apparent during the reversal learning phase. Our results demonstrate that deficits in cognitive flexibility can be robustly unmasked by reversal learning in the 3-CSRT-R paradigm, which can be a useful test for evaluating effects of dorsomedial striatal deafferentation and interventions.
Collapse
|
12
|
Hackney ME, Bay AA, Jackson JM, Nocera JR, Krishnamurthy V, Crosson B, Evatt ML, Langley J, Cui X, McKay JL, Huddleston DE. Rationale and Design of the PAIRED Trial: Partnered Dance Aerobic Exercise as a Neuroprotective, Motor, and Cognitive Intervention in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2020; 11:943. [PMID: 33162925 PMCID: PMC7581698 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), an intractable condition impairing motor and cognitive function, is imperfectly treated by drugs and surgery. Two priority issues for many people with PD are OFF-time and cognitive impairment. Even under best medical management, three-fourths of people with PD experience “OFF-time” related to medication-related motor fluctuations, which severely impacts both quality of life and cognition. Cognitive deficits are found even in newly diagnosed people with PD and are often intractable. Our data suggest that partnered dance aerobic exercise (PDAE) reduces OFF-time on the Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale-IV (MDS-UPDRS-IV) and ameliorates other disease features, which motivate the PAIRED trial. PDAE provides AE during an improvisational, cognitively engaging rehabilitative physical activity. Although exercise benefits motor and cognitive symptoms and may be neuroprotective for PD, studies using robust biomarkers of neuroprotection in humans are rare. We propose to perform a randomized, controlled trial in individuals with diagnosed mild–moderate PD to compare the efficacy of PDAE vs. walking aerobic exercise (WALK) for OFF-time, cognition, and neuroprotection. We will assess neuroprotection with neuromelanin-sensitive MRI (NM-MRI) and iron-sensitive (R2*) MRI sequences to quantify neuromelanin loss and iron accumulation in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). We will use these biomarkers, neuromelanin loss, and iron accumulation, as tools to chart the course of neurodegeneration in patients with PD who have undergone long-term (16 months) intervention. We will randomly assign 102 individuals with mild–moderate PD to 16 months of PDAE or WALK. The 16-month intervention period will consist of Training (3 months of biweekly sessions) and Maintenance (13 months of weekly sessions) phases. We will assess participants at baseline, 3 months (immediately post-Training), and 16 months (immediately post-Maintenance) for OFF-time and behaviorally and physiologically measured cognition. We will acquire NM-MRI and R2* imaging data at baseline and 16 months to assess neuroprotection. We will (1) examine effects of Training and Maintenance phases of PDAE vs. WALK on OFF-time, (2) compare PDAE vs. WALK at 3 and 16 months on behavioral and functional MRI (fMRI) measures of spatial cognition, and (3) compare PDAE vs. WALK for effects on rates of neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine E Hackney
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA, Decatur, GA, United States.,Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Emory University School of Nursing, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Birmingham/Atlanta VA Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Allison A Bay
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jordan M Jackson
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joe R Nocera
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA, Decatur, GA, United States.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Birmingham/Atlanta VA Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Emory University School of Medicine Department of Neurology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Venkatagiri Krishnamurthy
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA, Decatur, GA, United States.,Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Emory University School of Medicine Department of Neurology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Bruce Crosson
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA, Decatur, GA, United States.,Emory University School of Medicine Department of Neurology, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Georgia State University Department of Psychology, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Health and Rehabilitation Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Marian L Evatt
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA, Decatur, GA, United States.,Emory University School of Medicine Department of Neurology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jason Langley
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA, Decatur, GA, United States.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Birmingham/Atlanta VA Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Emory University School of Medicine Department of Neurology, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Xiangqin Cui
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA, Decatur, GA, United States.,Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - J Lucas McKay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Daniel E Huddleston
- Emory University School of Medicine Department of Neurology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu W, Fu R, Wang Z, Liu S, Tang C, Li L, Yin D. Regular Aerobic Exercise-Alleviated Dysregulation of CAMKIIα Carbonylation to Mitigate Parkinsonism via Homeostasis of Apoptosis With Autophagy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:46-61. [PMID: 31750928 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated carbonylation of proteins with oxidative modification profiling in the striatum of aging and Parkinson disease (PD) rats, as well as the long-term effects of regular aerobic exercise on the carbonylation process and the damaging effects of PD vs habitual sedentary behavior. Regular aerobic exercise improved the PD rats' rotational behavior, increased tyrosine hydroxylase expression in both the striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta, and decreased α-synuclein expression significantly. Interestingly, apoptotic nuclei and autophagosomes were increased in the aerobic exercise PD rat striatum. Carbonylated protein Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase alpha (CAMKIIα) was present in the middle-aged and aged groups but only in the sedentary, not the exercise, PD rat striatum. Notably, CAMKIIα was characterized by a 4-hydroxynonenal adduct. Regular aerobic exercise upregulated CAMKIIα expression level, activated the CAMK signaling pathway, and promoted the expression of autophagy markers Beclin1 and microtubule-associated proteins 1 A/1B light chain 3II. Aberrant carbonylation of CAMKII initiated age-related changes and might be useful as a potential biomarker of PD. Regular aerobic exercise alleviated protein carbonylation modification of CAMKIIα and regulated the CAMK signaling pathway, thereby affecting and regulating the homeostasis of apoptosis and autophagy in the striatum to alleviate the neurodegenerative process of PD lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China (WL, RF, ZW, SL, CT, LL, DY); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (WL); School of Health & Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia (LL); and Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (DY)
| | - Rang Fu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China (WL, RF, ZW, SL, CT, LL, DY); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (WL); School of Health & Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia (LL); and Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (DY)
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China (WL, RF, ZW, SL, CT, LL, DY); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (WL); School of Health & Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia (LL); and Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (DY)
| | - Shaopeng Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China (WL, RF, ZW, SL, CT, LL, DY); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (WL); School of Health & Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia (LL); and Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (DY)
| | - Changfa Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China (WL, RF, ZW, SL, CT, LL, DY); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (WL); School of Health & Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia (LL); and Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (DY)
| | - Li Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China (WL, RF, ZW, SL, CT, LL, DY); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (WL); School of Health & Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia (LL); and Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (DY)
| | - Dazhong Yin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China (WL, RF, ZW, SL, CT, LL, DY); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (WL); School of Health & Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia (LL); and Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (DY)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Aerobic Exercise and Healthy Nutrition as Neuroprotective Agents for Brain Health in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: A Critical Review of the Literature. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050380. [PMID: 32380715 PMCID: PMC7278852 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by motor and nonmotor features that have an influence on patients’ quality of life at different levels. To date, some evidences have arisen on the effectiveness of physical trainings and nutrients intake in ameliorating functional and cognitive outcomes in PD patients. Physical activity is effective in improving both motor and nonmotor features and recent epidemiological investigations have revealed the pivotal role that dietary patterns may play in reducing the risk of PD highlighting the pathogenesis of the neurodegeneration. Specifically, aerobic exercise shows beneficial effects in improving motor functions and executive control in PD patients, as well as proper nutrition may help in improving neuroprotective agents counteracting neurodegeneration and allows patients to better interact with the medication. Our narrative review critically focused on aerobic exercise and nutrition in PD in order to point out the best prescriptions for brain health of affected patients. Implications for a therapeutic plan and rehabilitation for these patients are also discussed.
Collapse
|
15
|
Loprinzi PD, Green D, Wages S, Cheke LG, Jones T. Experimental Effects of Acute High-Intensity Resistance Exercise on Episodic Memory Function: Consideration for Post-Exercise Recovery Period. J Lifestyle Med 2020; 10:7-20. [PMID: 32328444 PMCID: PMC7171060 DOI: 10.15280/jlm.2020.10.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present experiments evaluated the effects of acute high-intensity resistance exercise on episodic memory. Methods Two experiments were conducted. For Experiment 1, participants (N = 40; Mage = 21.0 years) were randomized into one of two groups, including an experimental exercise group and a control group (seated for 20 min). The experimental group engaged in an acute bout of resistance exercises (circuit style exercises) for 15 minutes, followed by a 5-min recovery period. Memory function was subsequently assessed using a multiple trial (immediate and delay), word-list episodic memory task (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, RAVLT), and then followed by a comprehensive, computerized assessment of episodic memory (Treasure Hunt task, THT). The THT involved a spatio-temporal assessment of what, where, and when components of episodic memory. Experiment 2 evaluated if altering the recovery period would influence the potential negative effects of high-intensity resistance exercise on episodic memory function. For Experiment 2, participants (N = 51) were randomized into the same acute resistance exercise protocol but either with a 10-min recovery period, 20-min recovery period, or a control group. Results For Experiment 1, for RAVLT, the exercise group performed worse (Fgroup × time = 3.7, p = .001, η 2p = .09). Across nearly all THT outcomes, the exercise group had worse spatio-temporal memory than the control group. These results suggest that high-intensity resistance exercise (with a 5-min recovery) may have a detrimental effect on episodic memory function. For Experiment 2, for RAVLT, the exercise with 10-min recovery group performed better (Fgroup × time = 3.1, p = .04, η 2p = .11). Unlike Experiment 1, exercise did not impair spatio-temporal memory, with the 20-min exercise recovery group having the best "where" component of episodic memory. Conclusion Collectively, the results from these two experiments suggest that acute high-intensity resistance exercise may impair episodic memory when a short exercise recovery period (e.g., 5-min) is employed, but with a longer recovery period (10+ min), acute high-intensity resistance exercise may, potentially, enhance episodic memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, Exercise & Memory Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - David Green
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, Exercise & Memory Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Shelby Wages
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, Exercise & Memory Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Lucy G Cheke
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy Jones
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, Exercise & Memory Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Intensive treadmill exercise increases expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and its downstream transcript targets: a potential role in neuroplasticity. Neuroreport 2019; 30:619-627. [PMID: 31045849 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exercise and other forms of physical activity lead to the activation of specific motor and cognitive circuits within the mammalian brain. These activated neuronal circuits are subjected to increased metabolic demand and must respond to transient but significant reduction in available oxygen. The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) is a regulatory mediator of a wide spectrum of genes involved in metabolism, synaptogenesis, and blood flow. The purpose of this study was to begin to explore the potential relationship between exercise in the form of running on a motorized treadmill and the activation of genes involved in exercise-dependent neuroplasticity to begin to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms involved. Mice were subjected to treadmill exercise and striatal tissues analyzed with a commercial microarray designed to identify transcripts whose expression is altered by exposure to hypoxia, a condition occurring in cells under a high metabolic demand. Several candidate genes were identified, and a subset involved in metabolism and angiogenesis were selected to elucidate their temporal and regional patterns of expression with exercise. Transcript analysis included Hif1a (hypoxia-inducible factor 1α), Ldha (lactate dehydrogenase A), Slc2a1 (glucose transporter 1), Slc16a1 (monocarboxylate transporter 1), Slc16a7 (monocarboxylate transporter 2), and Vegf (vascular endothelial growth factor). Overall these results indicate that several genes involved in the elevated metabolic response with exercise are consistent with increased expression of HIF-1α suggesting a regulatory role for HIF-1α in exercise-enhanced neuroplasticity. Furthermore, these increases in gene expression appear regionally specific; occurring with brain regions we have previously shown to be sites for increased cerebral blood flow with activity. Such findings are beginning to lay down a working hypothesis that specific forms of exercise lead to circuit specific neuronal activation and can identify a potentially novel therapeutic approach to target dysfunctional behaviors subserved by such circuitry.
Collapse
|
17
|
MicroRNA Expression Profiling Screen miR-3557/324-Targeted CaMK/mTOR in the Rat Striatum of Parkinson's Disease in Regular Aerobic Exercise. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:7654798. [PMID: 31309116 PMCID: PMC6594308 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7654798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to screen the target miRNAs and to investigate the differential miR-3557/324-targeted signal mechanisms in the rats' model of Parkinson's disease (PD) with regular aerobic exercise. Rats were divided into sedentary control PD group (SED-PD, n = 18) and aerobic exercise PD group (EX-PD, n = 22). After 8 weeks of regular aerobic exercise, a 6-hydroxydopamine- (6-OHDA-) induced PD lesion model was constructed. Preregular aerobic exercises enhanced the injury resistance of rats with 6-OHDA-induced PD. The rotational behavior after injection of apomorphine hydrochloride was alleviated. Under the scanning electron microscopy, we found the neurons, axons, and villi of the striatum were clearly and tightly arranged, and neurons and axons significantly becoming larger. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was increased significantly and α-synuclein protein expression was reduced in the EX-PD group compared to the SED-PD group. Screening from miRNA microarray chip, we further found upregulation of miR-3557 and downregulation of miR-324 were closely related to the calcium-modulating signaling pathway, remitting the progress of Parkinson's disease on aerobic exercise. Compared to the SED-PD group, Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMK2α) was upregulated, but CaMKV and voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 (Vdac1) were significantly downregulated in the EX-PD group. Additionally, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) expression were activated, and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) expression was upregulated in the EX-PD group. Conclusions: the adaptive mechanism of regular aerobic exercise delaying neurodegenerative diseases and lesions was that miR-3557/324 was activated to regulate one of its targets CaMKs signaling pathways. CaMKs, coordinated with mTOR pathway-related gene expression, improved UCH-L1 level to favor for delaying neurodegeneration or improving the pathogenesis of PD lesions.
Collapse
|
18
|
Lundquist AJ, Parizher J, Petzinger GM, Jakowec MW. Exercise induces region-specific remodeling of astrocyte morphology and reactive astrocyte gene expression patterns in male mice. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:1081-1094. [PMID: 31175682 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are essential mediators of many aspects of synaptic transmission and neuroplasticity. Exercise has been demonstrated to induce neuroplasticity and synaptic remodeling, such as through mediating neurorehabilitation in animal models of neurodegeneration. However, the effects of exercise on astrocytic function, and how such changes may be relevant to neuroplasticity remain unclear. Here, we show that exercise remodels astrocytes in an exercise- and region-dependent manner as measured by GFAP and SOX9 immunohistochemistry and morphological analysis in male mice. Additionally, qRT-PCR analysis of reactive astrocyte gene expression showed an exercise-induced elevation in brain regions known to be activated by exercise. Taken together, these data demonstrate that exercise actively modifies astrocyte morphology and drives changes in astrocyte gene expression and suggest that astrocytes may be a central component to exercise-induced neuroplasticity and neurorehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Lundquist
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jacqueline Parizher
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Giselle M Petzinger
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael W Jakowec
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Loprinzi PD, Ponce P, Frith E. Hypothesized mechanisms through which acute exercise influences episodic memory. Physiol Int 2018; 105:285-297. [PMID: 30525869 DOI: 10.1556/2060.105.2018.4.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Emerging research demonstrates that exercise is favorably associated with several cognitive outcomes, including episodic memory function. The majority of the mechanistic work describing the underlying mechanisms of this effect has focused on chronic exercise engagement. Such mechanisms include, e.g., chronic exercise-induced neurogenesis, gliogenesis, angiogenesis, cerebral circulation, and growth factor production. Less research has examined the mechanisms through which acute (vs. chronic) exercise subserves episodic memory function. The purpose of this review is to discuss these potential underlying mechanisms, which include, e.g., acute exercise-induced (via several pathways, such as vagus nerve and muscle spindle stimulation) alterations in neurotransmitters, synaptic tagging/capturing, associativity, and psychological attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P D Loprinzi
- 1 Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi , Oxford, MS, USA
| | - P Ponce
- 1 Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi , Oxford, MS, USA
| | - E Frith
- 1 Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi , Oxford, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kami K, Tajima F, Senba E. Activation of mesolimbic reward system via laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and hypothalamus in exercise-induced hypoalgesia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11540. [PMID: 30069057 PMCID: PMC6070570 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29915-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons are the primary source of dopamine in target structures that constitute the mesolimbic reward system. Previous studies demonstrated that voluntary wheel running (VWR) by neuropathic pain (NPP) model mice produces exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH), and that activation of mesolimbic reward system may lead to EIH. However, the neuronal mechanism by which the mesolimbic reward system is activated by VWR is unknown. Here, we found that VWR produces EIH effects and reverses the marked reduction in activated lateral VTA (lVTA)-DA neurons induced by NPP. The proportions of activated laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT)-cholinergic and lateral hypothalamus-orexin neurons were significantly enhanced by VWR. Retrograde tracing and dual immunostaining revealed that VWR activates lVTA-projecting LDT-cholinergic/non-cholinergic and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA)-orexin/non-orexin neurons. Therefore, EIH effects may be produced, at least in part, by activation of the mesolimbic reward system via activation of LDT and LHA neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Kami
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama City, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan.
| | - Fumihiro Tajima
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama City, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Emiko Senba
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama City, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Osaka Yukioka College of Health Science, 1-1-41 Sojiji, Ibaraki City, Osaka, 567-0801, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yanes D, Loprinzi PD. Experimental Effects of Acute Exercise on Iconic Memory, Short-Term Episodic, and Long-Term Episodic Memory. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E146. [PMID: 29891755 PMCID: PMC6024998 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7060146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present experiment evaluated the effects of acute exercise on iconic memory and short- and long-term episodic memory. A two-arm, parallel-group randomized experiment was employed (n = 20 per group; Mage = 21 year). The experimental group engaged in an acute bout of moderate-intensity treadmill exercise for 15 min, while the control group engaged in a seated, time-matched computer task. Afterwards, the participants engaged in a paragraph-level episodic memory task (20 min delay and 24 h delay recall) as well as an iconic memory task, which involved 10 trials (at various speeds from 100 ms to 800 ms) of recalling letters from a 3 × 3 array matrix. For iconic memory, there was a significant main effect for time (F = 42.9, p < 0.001, η²p = 0.53) and a trend towards a group × time interaction (F = 2.90, p = 0.09, η²p = 0.07), but no main effect for group (F = 0.82, p = 0.37, η²p = 0.02). The experimental group had higher episodic memory scores at both the baseline (19.22 vs. 17.20) and follow-up (18.15 vs. 15.77), but these results were not statistically significant. These findings provide some suggestive evidence hinting towards an iconic memory and episodic benefit from acute exercise engagement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Yanes
- Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Crowley EK, Nolan YM, Sullivan AM. Neuroprotective effects of voluntary running on cognitive dysfunction in an α-synuclein rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 65:60-68. [PMID: 29407467 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is no longer primarily classified as a motor disorder due to increasing recognition of the impact on patients of several nonmotor PD symptoms, including cognitive dysfunction. These nonmotor symptoms are highly prevalent and greatly affect the quality of life of patients with PD, and so, therapeutic interventions to alleviate these symptoms are urgently needed. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of voluntary running on cognitive dysfunction in an adeno-associated virus-α-synuclein rat model of PD. Bilateral intranigral administration of adeno-associated virus-α-synuclein was found to induce motor dysfunction and a significant loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons, neither of which were rescued by voluntary running. Overexpression of α-synuclein also resulted in significant impairment on hippocampal neurogenesis-dependent pattern separation, a cognitive task; this was rescued by voluntary running. This was substantiated by an effect of running on neurogenesis levels in the dorsal dentate gyrus, suggesting that the functional effects of running on pattern separation were mediated via increased neurogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Crowley
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Yvonne M Nolan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aideen M Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bajic D, Craig MM, Mongerson CRL, Borsook D, Becerra L. Identifying Rodent Resting-State Brain Networks with Independent Component Analysis. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:685. [PMID: 29311770 PMCID: PMC5733053 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodent models have opened the door to a better understanding of the neurobiology of brain disorders and increased our ability to evaluate novel treatments. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) allows for in vivo exploration of large-scale brain networks with high spatial resolution. Its application in rodents affords researchers a powerful translational tool to directly assess/explore the effects of various pharmacological, lesion, and/or disease states on known neural circuits within highly controlled settings. Integration of animal and human research at the molecular-, systems-, and behavioral-levels using diverse neuroimaging techniques empowers more robust interrogations of abnormal/ pathological processes, critical for evolving our understanding of neuroscience. We present a comprehensive protocol to evaluate resting-state brain networks using Independent Component Analysis (ICA) in rodent model. Specifically, we begin with a brief review of the physiological basis for rs-fMRI technique and overview of rs-fMRI studies in rodents to date, following which we provide a robust step-by-step approach for rs-fMRI investigation including data collection, computational preprocessing, and brain network analysis. Pipelines are interwoven with underlying theory behind each step and summarized methodological considerations, such as alternative methods available and current consensus in the literature for optimal results. The presented protocol is designed in such a way that investigators without previous knowledge in the field can implement the analysis and obtain viable results that reliably detect significant differences in functional connectivity between experimental groups. Our goal is to empower researchers to implement rs-fMRI in their respective fields by incorporating technical considerations to date into a workable methodological framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dusica Bajic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael M Craig
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chandler R L Mongerson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David Borsook
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lino Becerra
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Schmitt O, Badurek S, Liu W, Wang Y, Rabiller G, Kanoke A, Eipert P, Liu J. Prediction of regional functional impairment following experimental stroke via connectome analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46316. [PMID: 28406178 PMCID: PMC5390322 DOI: 10.1038/srep46316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in functional connectivity suggest that shared neuronal activation patterns define brain networks linking anatomically separate brain regions. We sought to investigate how cortical stroke disrupts multiple brain regions in processing spatial information. We conducted a connectome investigation at the mesoscale-level using the neuroVIISAS-framework, enabling the analysis of directed and weighted connectivity in bilateral hemispheres of cortical and subcortical brain regions. We found that spatial-exploration induced brain activation mapped by Fos, a proxy of neuronal activity, was differentially affected by stroke in a region-specific manner. The extent of hypoactivation following spatial exploration is inversely correlated with the spatial distance between the region of interest and region damaged by stroke, in particular within the parietal association and the primary somatosensory cortex, suggesting that the closer a region is to a stroke lesion, the more it would be affected during functional activation. Connectome modelling with 43 network parameters failed to reliably predict regions of hypoactivation in stroke rats exploring a novel environment, despite a modest correlation found for the centrality and hubness parameters in the home-caged animals. Further investigation in the inhibitory versus excitatory neuronal networks and microcircuit connectivity is warranted to improve the accuracy of predictability in post-stroke functional impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Schmitt
- Department of Anatomy, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - S Badurek
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - W Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - G Rabiller
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - A Kanoke
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - P Eipert
- Department of Anatomy, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - J Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Toval A, Baños R, De la Cruz E, Morales-Delgado N, Pallarés JG, Ayad A, Tseng KY, Ferran JL. Habituation Training Improves Locomotor Performance in a Forced Running Wheel System in Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:42. [PMID: 28337132 PMCID: PMC5340750 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports that physical activity promotes mental health; and regular exercise may confer positive effects in neurological disorders. There is growing number of reports that requires the analysis of the impact of physical activity in animal models. Exercise in rodents can be performed under voluntary or forced conditions. The former presents the disadvantage that the volume and intensity of exercise varies from subject to subject. On the other hand, a major challenge of the forced training protocol is the low level of performance typically achieved within a given session. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of gradual increasing of the volume and intensity (training habituation protocol) to improve the locomotor performance in a forced running-wheel system in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to either a group that received an exercise training habituation protocol, or a control group. The locomotor performance during forced running was assessed by an incremental exercise test. The experimental results reveal that the total running time and the distance covered by habituated rats was significantly higher than in control ones. We conclude that the exercise habituation protocol improves the locomotor performance in forced running wheels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Toval
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain
| | - Raúl Baños
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain
| | - Ernesto De la Cruz
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Murcia Murcia, Spain
| | - Nicanor Morales-Delgado
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain
| | - Jesús G Pallarés
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, University of Murcia Murcia, Spain
| | - Abdelmalik Ayad
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain
| | - Kuei Y Tseng
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, The Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jose L Ferran
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sheibani V, Rafie F, Shahbazi M, Naghdi N, Sheikh M. Comparison of voluntary and forced exercise effects on motor behavior in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesion rat model of Parkinson’s disease. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-017-0354-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
27
|
Jakowec MW, Wang Z, Holschneider D, Beeler J, Petzinger GM. Engaging cognitive circuits to promote motor recovery in degenerative disorders. exercise as a learning modality. J Hum Kinet 2016; 52:35-51. [PMID: 28149392 PMCID: PMC5260516 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise and physical activity are fundamental components of a lifestyle essential in maintaining a healthy brain. This is primarily due to the fact that the adult brain maintains a high degree of plasticity and activity is essential for homeostasis throughout life. Plasticity is not lost even in the context of a neurodegenerative disorder, but could be maladaptive thus promoting disease onset and progression. A major breakthrough in treating brain disorders such as Parkinson's disease is to drive neuroplasticity in a direction to improve motor and cognitive dysfunction. The purpose of this short review is to present the evidence from our laboratories that supports neuroplasticity as a potential therapeutic target in treating brain disorders. We consider that the enhancement of motor recovery in both animal models of dopamine depletion and in patients with Parkinson's disease is optimized when cognitive circuits are engaged; in other words, the brain is engaged in a learning modality. Therefore, we propose that to be effective in treating Parkinson's disease, physical therapy must employ both skill-based exercise (to drive specific circuits) and aerobic exercise (to drive the expression of molecules required to strengthen synaptic connections) components to select those neuronal circuits, such as the corticostriatal pathway, necessary to restore proper motor and cognitive behaviors. In the wide spectrum of different forms of exercise, learning as the fundamental modality likely links interventions used to treat patients with Parkinson's disease and may be necessary to drive beneficial neuroplasticity resulting in symptomatic improvement and possible disease modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Jakowec
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel Holschneider
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jeff Beeler
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, New York City, United States of America
| | - Giselle M. Petzinger
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Evidence of functional brain reorganization on the basis of blood flow changes in the CAG140 knock-in mouse model of Huntington’s disease. Neuroreport 2016; 27:632-9. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
29
|
Forestalling Age-Related Brain Disorders. LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24687-1_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
30
|
Sosa PM, Schimidt HL, Altermann C, Vieira AS, Cibin FWS, Carpes FP, Mello-Carpes PB. Physical exercise prevents motor disorders and striatal oxidative imbalance after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [PMID: 26222650 PMCID: PMC4568807 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20154429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the third most common cause of death worldwide, and most stroke survivors present some functional impairment. We assessed the striatal oxidative balance and motor alterations resulting from stroke in a rat model to investigate the neuroprotective role of physical exercise. Forty male Wistar rats were assigned to 4 groups: a) control, b) ischemia, c) physical exercise, and d) physical exercise and ischemia. Physical exercise was conducted using a treadmill for 8 weeks. Ischemia-reperfusion surgery involved transient bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries for 30 min. Neuromotor performance (open-field and rotarod performance tests) and pain sensitivity were evaluated beginning at 24 h after the surgery. Rats were euthanized and the corpora striata was removed for assay of reactive oxygen species, lipoperoxidation activity, and antioxidant markers. Ischemia-reperfusion caused changes in motor activity. The ischemia-induced alterations observed in the open-field test were fully reversed, and those observed in the rotarod test were partially reversed, by physical exercise. Pain sensitivity was similar among all groups. Levels of reactive oxygen species and lipoperoxidation increased after ischemia; physical exercise decreased reactive oxygen species levels. None of the treatments altered the levels of antioxidant markers. In summary, ischemia-reperfusion resulted in motor impairment and altered striatal oxidative balance in this animal model, but those changes were moderated by physical exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M Sosa
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, BR
| | - H L Schimidt
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Neuromecânica Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, BR
| | - C Altermann
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, BR
| | - A S Vieira
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, BR
| | - F W S Cibin
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia da Reprodução, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, BR
| | - F P Carpes
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Neuromecânica Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, BR
| | - P B Mello-Carpes
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, BR
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Exercise intensity modulates the change in cerebral blood flow following aerobic exercise in chronic stroke. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:2467-75. [PMID: 26003127 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms supporting functional improvement by aerobic exercise following stroke remain incompletely understood. This study investigated how cycling intensity and aerobic fitness influence cerebral blood flow (CBF) following a single exercise session. Thirteen community-living stroke survivors performed 20 min of semi-recumbent cycling at low and moderate intensities (40-50 and 60-70 % of heart rate reserve, respectively) as determined from an exercise stress test. CBF was quantified by arterial spin labeling MRI at baseline, as well as 30 and 50 min post-exercise. An intensity-dependent effect was observed in the right post-central and supramarginal gyri up to 50 min after exercise (uncorrected p < 0.005, cluster size ≥10). Regional CBF was increased 18 ± 17 % and reduced 8 ± 12 % following moderate- and low-intensity cycling, respectively. In contrast, CBF changes were similar between sessions in the right lentiform nucleus and mid-frontal gyrus, as well as the left temporal and parietal gyri. Aerobic fitness was directly related to posterior cingulate and thalamic CBF, and inversely related to precuneal CBF at rest (R (2) ≥ 0.75); however, no relationship between fitness and the post-exercise change in CBF was observed. Divergent changes in regional CBF were observed in the right parietal cortex following low- and moderate-intensity exercise, which suggests that intensity of prescribed exercise may be useful in optimizing rehabilitation.
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang Z, Guo Y, Myers KG, Heintz R, Holschneider DP. Recruitment of the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum in Parkinsonian rats following skilled aerobic exercise. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 77:71-87. [PMID: 25747184 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise modality and complexity play a key role in determining neurorehabilitative outcome in Parkinson's disease (PD). Exercise training (ET) that incorporates both motor skill training and aerobic exercise has been proposed to synergistically improve cognitive and automatic components of motor control in PD patients. Here we introduced such a skilled aerobic ET paradigm in a rat model of dopaminergic deafferentation. Rats with bilateral, intra-striatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesions were exposed to forced ET for 4weeks, either on a simple running wheel (non-skilled aerobic exercise, NSAE) or on a complex wheel with irregularly spaced rungs (skilled aerobic exercise, SAE). Cerebral perfusion was mapped during horizontal treadmill walking or at rest using [(14)C]-iodoantipyrine 1week after the completion of ET. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was quantified by autoradiography and analyzed in 3-dimensionally reconstructed brains by statistical parametric mapping. SAE compared to NSAE resulted in equal or greater recovery in motor deficits, as well as greater increases in rCBF during walking in the prelimbic area of the prefrontal cortex, broad areas of the somatosensory cortex, and the cerebellum. NSAE compared to SAE animals showed greater activation in the dorsal caudate-putamen and dorsal hippocampus. Seed correlation analysis revealed enhanced functional connectivity in SAE compared to NSAE animals between the prelimbic cortex and motor areas, as well as altered functional connectivity between midline cerebellum and sensorimotor regions. Our study provides the first evidence for functional brain reorganization following skilled aerobic exercise in Parkinsonian rats, and suggests that SAE compared to NSAE results in enhancement of prefrontal cortex- and cerebellum-mediated control of motor function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yumei Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kalisa G Myers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Heintz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel P Holschneider
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Neurology, Cell and Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Peng YH, Heintz R, Wang Z, Guo Y, Myers KG, Scremin OU, Maarek JMI, Holschneider DP. Exercise training reinstates cortico-cortical sensorimotor functional connectivity following striatal lesioning: development and application of a subregional-level analytic toolbox for perfusion autoradiographs of the rat brain. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2014; 2:72. [PMID: 25745629 PMCID: PMC4347897 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2014.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Current rodent connectome projects are revealing brain structural connectivity with unprecedented resolution and completeness. How subregional structural connectivity relates to subregional functional interactions is an emerging research topic. We describe a method for standardized, mesoscopic-level data sampling from autoradiographic coronal sections of the rat brain, and for correlation-based analysis and intuitive display of cortico-cortical functional connectivity (FC) on a flattened cortical map. A graphic user interface "Cx-2D" allows for the display of significant correlations of individual regions-of-interest, as well as graph theoretical metrics across the cortex. Cx-2D was tested on an autoradiographic data set of cerebral blood flow (CBF) of rats that had undergone bilateral striatal lesions, followed by 4 weeks of aerobic exercise training or no exercise. Effects of lesioning and exercise on cortico-cortical FC were examined during a locomotor challenge in this rat model of Parkinsonism. Subregional FC analysis revealed a rich functional reorganization of the brain in response to lesioning and exercise that was not apparent in a standard analysis focused on CBF of isolated brain regions. Lesioned rats showed diminished degree centrality of lateral primary motor cortex, as well as neighboring somatosensory cortex-changes that were substantially reversed in lesioned rats following exercise training. Seed analysis revealed that exercise increased positive correlations in motor and somatosensory cortex, with little effect in non-sensorimotor regions such as visual, auditory, and piriform cortex. The current analysis revealed that exercise partially reinstated sensorimotor FC lost following dopaminergic deafferentation. Cx-2D allows for standardized data sampling from images of brain slices, as well as analysis and display of cortico-cortical FC in the rat cerebral cortex with potential applications in a variety of autoradiographic and histologic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hao Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Heintz
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yumei Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kalisa G. Myers
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Oscar U. Scremin
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Physiology Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Michel I. Maarek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel P. Holschneider
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Archer T, Garcia D, Fredriksson A. Restoration of MPTP-induced deficits by exercise and Milmed(®) co-treatment. PeerJ 2014; 2:e531. [PMID: 25210657 PMCID: PMC4157294 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induces permanent neurochemical and functional deficits. Following the administration of either two or four injections of the dopamine neurotoxin, MPTP, at a dose of 40 mg/kg, C57/BL6 mice were given access to running-wheels (30-min sessions, four times/week, Monday-Thursday) and treatment with the treated yeast, Milmed(®) (four times/week, Monday-Thursday), or simply running-wheel exercise by itself, over ten weeks. It was observed that the combination of physical exercise and Milmed(®) treatment, the MPTP + Exercise + Yeast (MC) group [MPTP + Exercise + Milmed(®) (MC)], restored spontaneous motor activity markedly by test day 10, restored completely subthreshold L-Dopa-induced activity, and dopamine concentration to 76% of control values, in the condition wherein two administrations of MPTP (2 × 40 mg/kg) were given prior to initiation of exercise and/or Milmed(®) treatment. Physical exercise by itself, MPTP + Exercise (MC) group, attenuated these deficits only partially. Administration of MPTP four times (i.e., 40 mg/kg, s.c., once weekly over four weeks for a total of 160 mg/kg, MPTP + Exercise + Yeast (MC) group [MPTP + Exercise + Milmed(®) (SC)] and MPTP + Exercise (SC), induced a lesioning effect that was far too severe for either exercise alone or the exercise + Milmed(®) combination to ameliorate. Nevertheless, these findings indicate a powerful effect of physical exercise reinforced by Milmed(®) treatment in restoring MPTP-induced deficits of motor function and dopamine neurochemistry in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Archer
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Network for Empowerment and Well-Being, Sweden
| | - Danilo Garcia
- Network for Empowerment and Well-Being, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Fredriksson
- Department of Neuroscience Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang Z, Guo Y, Myers KG, Heintz R, Peng YH, Maarek JMI, Holschneider DP. Exercise alters resting-state functional connectivity of motor circuits in parkinsonian rats. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:536-44. [PMID: 25219465 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have examined changes in functional connectivity after long-term aerobic exercise. We examined the effects of 4 weeks of forced running wheel exercise on the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of motor circuits of rats subjected to bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the dorsal striatum. Our results showed substantial similarity between lesion-induced changes in rsFC in the rats and alterations in rsFC reported in Parkinson's disease subjects, including disconnection of the dorsolateral striatum. Exercise in lesioned rats resulted in: (1) normalization of many of the lesion-induced alterations in rsFC, including reintegration of the dorsolateral striatum into the motor network; (2) emergence of the ventrolateral striatum as a new broadly connected network hub; and (3) increased rsFC among the motor cortex, motor thalamus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Our results showed for the first time that long-term exercise training partially reversed lesion-induced alterations in rsFC of the motor circuits, and in addition enhanced functional connectivity in specific motor pathways in the parkinsonian rats, which could underlie recovery in motor functions observed in these animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yumei Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kalisa G Myers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Heintz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Hao Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Michel I Maarek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel P Holschneider
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Cell and Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|