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Li L, Hossain SM, Eccles MR. The Role of the PAX Genes in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6730. [PMID: 38928435 PMCID: PMC11203709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a significant oncological challenge due to its heterogeneous nature and limited treatment options. The PAX developmental gene family encodes nine highly conserved transcription factors that play crucial roles in embryonic development and organogenesis, which have been implicated in the occurrence and development of RCC. This review explores the molecular landscape of RCC, with a specific focus on the role of the PAX gene family in RCC tumorigenesis and disease progression. Of the various RCC subtypes, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most prevalent, characterized by the loss of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene. Here, we review the published literature on the expression patterns and functional implications of PAX genes, particularly PAX2 and PAX8, in the three most common RCC subtypes, including ccRCC, papillary RCC (PRCC), and chromophobe RCC (ChRCC). Further, we review the interactions and potential biological mechanisms involving PAX genes and VHL loss in driving the pathogenesis of RCC, including the key signaling pathways mediated by VHL in ccRCC and associated mechanisms implicating PAX. Lastly, concurrent with our update regarding PAX gene research in RCC, we review and comment on the targeting of PAX towards the development of novel RCC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (L.L.); (S.M.H.)
| | - Sultana Mehbuba Hossain
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (L.L.); (S.M.H.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Level 2, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Michael R. Eccles
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (L.L.); (S.M.H.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Level 2, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Xie T, Ding YH, Sang CS, Lin ZX, Dong J, Fu XA. Vitexin enhances radiosensitivity of mouse subcutaneous xenograft glioma by affecting the miR-17-5p/miR-130b-3p/PTEN/HIF-1α pathway. Strahlenther Onkol 2024; 200:535-543. [PMID: 38453699 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-024-02220-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vitexin can cooperate with hyperbaric oxygen to sensitize the radiotherapy of glioma by inhibiting the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α. However, whether vitexin has a direct radiosensitization and how it affects the HIF-1α expression remain unclear. This study investigated these issues. METHODS The SU3 cells-inoculated nude mice were divided into control, radiation, and vitexin + radiation groups. The vitexin + radiation-treated mice were intraperitoneally injected with 75 mg/kg vitexin daily for 21 days. On the 3rd, 10th, and 17th days during the vitexin treatment, the radiation-treated mice were locally irradiated with 10 Gy, respectively. In vitro, the microRNA (miR)-17-5p or miR-130b-3p mimics-transfected SU3 cells were used to examine the effects of vitexin plus radiation on expression of miR-17-5p- or miR-130b-3p-induced radioresistance-related pathway proteins. The effects of vitexin on miR-17-5p and miR-130b-3p expression in SU3 cells were also evaluated. RESULTS Compared with the radiation group, the tumor volume, tumor weight, and expression of HIF-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor, and glucose transporter-1/3 proteins, miR-17-5p, and miR-130b-3p in tumor tissues in the vitexin + radiation group decreased, whereas the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) protein increased. After treatment of miR-17-5p or miR-130b-3p mimics-transfected SU3 cells with vitexin plus radiation, the PTEN protein expression also increased, the HIF-1α protein expression decreased correspondingly. Moreover, vitexin decreased the miR-17-5p and miR-130b-3p expression in SU3 cells. CONCLUSION Vitexin can enhance the radiosensitivity of glioma, and its mechanism may partly be related to the attenuation of HIF-1α pathway after lowering the inhibitory effect of miR-17-5p and miR-130b-3p on PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- The Experimental Center and Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Hao Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chun-Sheng Sang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ze-Xi Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun Dong
- The Experimental Center and Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xi-An Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Xu Y, Miller CP, Xue J, Zheng Y, Warren EH, Tykodi SS, Akilesh S. Single cell atlas of kidney cancer endothelial cells reveals distinct expression profiles and phenotypes. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3558517. [PMID: 37986984 PMCID: PMC10659545 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3558517/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Tumor endothelial cells (TECs) represent the primary interface between the tumor microenvironment and circulating immune cells, however their phenotypes are incompletely understood in highly vascularized clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Methods We purified tumor and matched normal endothelial cells (NECs) from ccRCC specimens and performed single-cell RNA-sequencing to create a reference-quality atlas available as a searchable web resource for gene expression patterns. We established paired primary TECs and NECs cultures for ex vivo functional testing. Results TECs from multiple donors shared a common phenotype with increased expression of pathways related to extracellular matrix regulation, cell-cell communication, and insulin-like growth factor signaling that was conserved in comparison to hepatocellular carcinoma associated TECs, suggesting convergent TEC phenotypes between unrelated tumors. Cultured TECs stably maintained a core program of differentially regulated genes, were inherently resistant to apoptosis after vascular endothelial growth factor removal and displayed increased adhesiveness to subsets of immune cells including regulatory T-cells. Conclusions Our studies delineate unique functional and phenotypic properties of TECs, which may provide insights into their interactions with available and emerging therapies. Functional phenotypes of cultured TECs suggest potential mechanisms of resistance to both antiangiogenic and immune-based therapies.
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Shirole NH, Kaelin WG. von-Hippel Lindau and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor at the Center of Renal Cell Carcinoma Biology. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2023; 37:809-825. [PMID: 37270382 PMCID: PMC11315268 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The most common form of kidney cancer is clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Biallelic VHL tumor suppressor gene inactivation is the usual initiating event in both hereditary (VHL Disease) and sporadic ccRCCs. The VHL protein, pVHL, earmarks the alpha subunits of the HIF transcription factor for destruction in an oxygen-dependent manner. Deregulation of HIF2 drives ccRCC pathogenesis. Drugs inhibiting the HIF2-responsive growth factor VEGF are now mainstays of ccRCC treatment. A first-in-class allosteric HIF2 inhibitor was recently approved for treating VHL Disease-associated neoplasms and appears active against sporadic ccRCC in early clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin H Shirole
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - William G Kaelin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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Downstream Targets of VHL/HIF-α Signaling in Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma Progression: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Relevance. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041316. [PMID: 36831657 PMCID: PMC9953937 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The clear cell variant of renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common renal epithelial malignancy and responsible for most of the deaths from kidney cancer. Patients carrying inactivating mutations in the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene have an increased proclivity to develop several types of tumors including ccRCC. Normally, the Hypoxia Inducible Factor alpha (HIF-α) subunits of the HIF heterodimeric transcription factor complex are regulated by oxygen-dependent prolyl-hydroxylation, VHL-mediated ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Loss of pVHL function results in elevated levels of HIF-α due to increased stability, leading to RCC progression. While HIF-1α acts as a tumor suppressor, HIF-2α promotes oncogenic potential by driving tumor progression and metastasis through activation of hypoxia-sensitive signaling pathways and overexpression of HIF-2α target genes. One strategy to suppress ccRCC aggressiveness is directed at inhibition of HIF-2α and the associated molecular pathways leading to cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Indeed, clinical and pre-clinical data demonstrated the effectiveness of HIF-2α targeted therapy in attenuating ccRCC progression. This review focuses on the signaling pathways and the involved genes (cyclin D, c-Myc, VEGF-a, EGFR, TGF-α, GLUT-1) that confer oncogenic potential downstream of the VHL-HIF-2α signaling axis in ccRCC. Discussed as well are current treatment options (including receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as sunitinib), the medical challenges (high prevalence of metastasis at the time of diagnosis, refractory nature of advanced disease to current treatment options), scientific challenges and future directions.
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Transgenic construction and functional miRNA analysis identify the role of miR-7 in prostate cancer suppression. Oncogene 2022; 41:4645-4657. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sensitivity of VHL mutant kidney cancers to HIF2 inhibitors does not require an intact p53 pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2120403119. [PMID: 35357972 PMCID: PMC9168943 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120403119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
VHL tumor suppressor gene inactivation is a hallmark of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the most common form of kidney cancer, and promotes tumor growth by stabilizing the hypoxia-inducible factor 2 (HIF2) transcription factor. HIF2 inhibitors appear to be helpful for some, but not all, ccRCC patients in clinical trials. Previous preclinical and clinical data suggested that only ccRCCs that can activate the p53 tumor suppressor in response to DNA damage would respond to HIF2 inhibitors. Here, we show that an intact p53 pathway is neither necessary nor sufficient for the sensitivity of ccRCCs to HIF2 inhibitors, suggesting that it would be premature to use p53 status to determine which ccRCC patients should be treated with a HIF2 inhibitor. Inactivation of the VHL tumor suppressor gene is the signature initiating event in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), which is the most common form of kidney cancer. The VHL tumor suppressor protein marks hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) and HIF2 for proteasomal degradation when oxygen is present. The inappropriate accumulation of HIF2 drives tumor formation by VHL tumor suppressor protein (pVHL)–defective ccRCC. Belzutifan, a first-in-class allosteric HIF2 inhibitor, has advanced to phase 3 testing for advanced ccRCC and is approved for ccRCCs arising in patients with VHL disease, which is caused by germline VHL mutations. HIF2 can suppress p53 function in some settings and preliminary data suggested that an intact p53 pathway, as measured by activation in response to DNA damage, was necessary for HIF2 dependence. Here, we correlated HIF2 dependence and p53 status across a broader collection of ccRCC cell lines. We also genetically manipulated p53 function in ccRCC lines that were or were not previously HIF2-dependent and then assessed their subsequent sensitivity to HIF2 ablation using CRISPR-Cas9 or the HIF2 inhibitor PT2399, which is closely related to belzutifan. From these studies, we conclude that p53 status does not dictate HIF2 dependence, at least in preclinical models, and thus is unlikely to be a useful biomarker for predicting which ccRCC patients will respond to HIF2 inhibitors.
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Jia Y, Qin T, Zhang C, Li Y, Huang C, Liu Z, Wang J, Li K. Bevacizumab promotes active biological behaviors of human umbilical vein endothelial cells by activating TGFβ1 pathways via off-VEGF signaling. Cancer Biol Med 2021; 17:418-432. [PMID: 32587778 PMCID: PMC7309466 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2019.0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Bevacizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that blocks vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with clear clinical benefits. However, overall survival of some cancer types remains low owing to resistance to bevacizumab therapy. While resistance is commonly ascribed to tumor cell invasion induced by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), less attention has been paid to the potential involvement of endothelial cells (ECs) in vasculature activated by anti-angiogenic drugs. Methods: Human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs), bEnd.3 cells, and mouse retinal microvascular ECs (MRMECs) were treated with bevacizumab under conditions of hypoxia and effects on biological behaviors, such as migration and tube formation, examined. Regulatory effects on TGFβ1 and CD105 (endoglin) were established via determination of protein and mRNA levels. We further investigated whether the effects of bevacizumab could be reversed using the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor anlotinib. Results: Bevacizumab upregulated TGFβ1 as well as CD105, a component of the TGFβ receptor complex and an angiogenesis promoter. Elevated CD105 induced activation of Smad1/5, the inflammatory pathway and endothelial–mesenchymal transition. The migration ability of HUVECs was enhanced by bevacizumab under hypoxia. Upregulation of CD105 was abrogated by anlotinib, which targets multiple receptor tyrosine kinases including VEGFR2/3, FGFR1-4, PDGFRα/β, C-Kit, and RET. Conclusions: Bevacizumab promotes migration and tube formation of HUVECs via activation of the TGFβ1 pathway and upregulation of CD105 expression. Anlotinib reverses the effects of bevacizumab by inhibiting the above signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yanan Jia
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Tingting Qin
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Cuicui Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yueya Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 100040, China
| | - Chengmou Huang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, China
| | - Zhujun Liu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
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Zhao Y, Huang H, Jia CH, Fan K, Xie T, Zhu ZY, Xie ML. Apigenin increases radiosensitivity of glioma stem cells by attenuating HIF-1α-mediated glycolysis. Med Oncol 2021; 38:131. [PMID: 34554338 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01586-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Apigenin, a natural flavonoid compound present in a variety of edible plants and health foods, has an anti-tumor effect and inhibits hypoxia inducible factor-lα (HIF-1α) expression in hypertrophic cardiac tissues. However, whether or not apigenin has a radiosensitization effect on glioma stem cells (GSCs) is unknown. Our present study aimed to investigate the effect of apigenin and its possible mechanisms. The human GSCs SU3 and its radioresistance line SU3-5R were treated with apigenin, radiation, or their combination, and the cell proliferation, migration, colony formation, and intracellular lactic acid and glycolytic related protein expressions were determined. Additionally, a cell model with hypoxia-induced HIF-1α expression was used and treated with apigenin. The current results displayed that the combination of apigenin and radiation could synergically reduce the viability, colony formation, and migration of the both GSCs. Moreover, this combination could also decrease the radiation-induced increments of glycolytic production lactic acid in the both GSCs and related protein expressions, including HIF-1α, glucose transporter (GLUT)-1/3, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65, and pyruvate kinase isozyme type M2 (PKM2). Further study confirmed that after treatment of hypoxia-cultured SU3 or SU3-5R cells with apigenin, the expression levels of HIF-1α, GLUT-1/3, NF-κB p65, and PKM2 proteins were reduced. These results demonstrated that apigenin could increase the radiosensitivity of GSCs and its radiosensitization mechanisms were attributable to the attenuation of glycolysis, which might result from the inhibition of HIF-1α expression and subsequent reductions of GLUT-1/3, NF-κB, and PKM2 expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chang-Hao Jia
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Fan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zeng-Yan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Mei-Lin Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Buart S, Terry S, Diop MK, Dessen P, Couvé S, Abdou A, Adam J, Thiery J, Savagner P, Chouaib S. The Most Common VHL Point Mutation R167Q in Hereditary VHL Disease Interferes with Cell Plasticity Regulation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3897. [PMID: 34359798 PMCID: PMC8345752 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is a rare hereditary syndrome due to mutations of the VHL tumor suppressor gene. Patients harboring the R167Q mutation of the VHL gene have a high risk of developing ccRCCs. We asked whether the R167Q mutation with critical aspects of pseudo-hypoxia interferes with tumor plasticity. For this purpose, we used wild-type VHL (WT-VHL) and VHL-R167Q reconstituted cells. We showed that WT-VHL and VHL-R167Q expression had a similar effect on cell morphology and colony formation. However, cells transfected with VHL-R167Q display an intermediate, HIF2-dependent, epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype. Using RNA sequencing, we showed that this mutation upregulates the expression of genes involved in the hypoxia pathway, indicating that such mutation is conferring an enhanced pseudo-hypoxic state. Importantly, this hypoxic state correlates with the induction of genes belonging to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stemness pathways, as revealed by GSEA TCGA analysis. Moreover, among these deregulated genes, we identified nine genes specifically associated with a poor patient survival in the TCGA KIRC dataset. Together, these observations support the hypothesis that a discrete VHL point mutation interferes with tumor plasticity and may impact cell behavior by exacerbating phenotypic switching. A better understanding of the role of this mutation might guide the search for more effective treatments to combat ccRCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Buart
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Gustave Roussy, Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France; (S.B.); (S.T.); (A.A.); (J.A.); (J.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Stéphane Terry
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Gustave Roussy, Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France; (S.B.); (S.T.); (A.A.); (J.A.); (J.T.); (P.S.)
| | - M’boyba Khadija Diop
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France; (M.K.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Philippe Dessen
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France; (M.K.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Sophie Couvé
- EPHE, PSL Université, 75006 Paris, France;
- CNRS UMR 9019, Gustave Roussy, University Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Abdérémane Abdou
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Gustave Roussy, Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France; (S.B.); (S.T.); (A.A.); (J.A.); (J.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Julien Adam
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Gustave Roussy, Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France; (S.B.); (S.T.); (A.A.); (J.A.); (J.T.); (P.S.)
- Biology and Pathology Department, University Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Jérôme Thiery
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Gustave Roussy, Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France; (S.B.); (S.T.); (A.A.); (J.A.); (J.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Pierre Savagner
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Gustave Roussy, Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France; (S.B.); (S.T.); (A.A.); (J.A.); (J.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Salem Chouaib
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Gustave Roussy, Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France; (S.B.); (S.T.); (A.A.); (J.A.); (J.T.); (P.S.)
- Thumbay Research Institute for Precision Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman 4184, United Arab Emirates
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Ma Z, Li K, Chen P, Pan Q, Li X, Zhao G. MiR-134, Mediated by IRF1, Suppresses Tumorigenesis and Progression by Targeting VEGFA and MYCN in Osteosarcoma. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:1197-1208. [PMID: 32238141 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200402074752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma (OS) is a prevalent primary bone malignancy and its distal metastasis remains the main cause of mortality in OS patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles during cancer metastasis. OBJECTIVE Thus, elucidating the role of miRNA dysregulation in OS metastasis may provide novel therapeutic targets. METHODS The previous study found a low miR-134 expression level in the OS specimens compared with paracancer tissues. Overexpression of miR-134 stable cell lines was established. Cell viability assay, cell invasion and migration assay and apoptosis assay were performed to evaluate the role of miR-134 in OS in vitro. RESULTS We found that miR-134 overexpression inhibits cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and induces cell apoptosis in both MG63 and Saos-2 cell lines. Mechanistically, miR-134 targets the 3'-UTR of VEGFA and MYCN mRNA to silence its translation, which was confirmed by luciferase-reporter assay. The real-time PCR analysis illustrated that miR-134 overexpression decreases VEGFA and MYCN mRNA levels. Additionally, the overexpression of VEGFA or MYCN can partly attenuate the effects of miR-134 on OS cell migration and viability. Furthermore, the overexpression of miR-134 dramatically inhibits tumor growth in the human OS cell line xenograft mouse model in vivo. Moreover, bioinformatic and luciferase assays indicate that the expression of miR-134 is regulated by Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF1), which binds to its promoter and activates miR-134 expression. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that IRF1 is a key player in the transcriptional control of miR-134, and it inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration in vitro and in vivo via targeting VEGFA and MYCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Ma
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, 130033, China
| | - Kai Li
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, 130033, China
| | - Peng Chen
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, 130033, China
| | - Qizheng Pan
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, 130033, China
| | - Xuyang Li
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, 130033, China
| | - Guoqing Zhao
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, 130033, China
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Apanovich N, Apanovich P, Mansorunov D, Kuzevanova A, Matveev V, Karpukhin A. The Choice of Candidates in Survival Markers Based on Coordinated Gene Expression in Renal Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:615787. [PMID: 34046336 PMCID: PMC8144703 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.615787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to identify and investigate genes that are essential for the development of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and sought to shed light on the mechanisms of its progression and create prognostic markers for the disease. We used real-time PCR to study the expression of 20 genes that were preliminarily selected based on their differential expression in ccRCC, in 68 paired tumor/normal samples. Upon ccRCC progression, seven genes that showed an initial increase in expression showed decreased expression. The genes whose expression levels did not significantly change during progression were associated mainly with metabolic and inflammatory processes. The first group included CA9, NDUFA4L2, EGLN3, BHLHE41, VWF, IGFBP3, and ANGPTL4, whose expression levels were coordinately decreased during tumor progression. This expression coordination and gene function is related to the needs of tumor development at different stages. Specifically, the high correlation coefficient of EGLN3 and NDUFA4L2 expression may indicate the importance of the coordinated regulation of glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism. A panel of CA9, EGLN3, BHLHE41, and VWF enabled the prediction of survival for more than 3.5 years in patients with ccRCC, with a probability close to 90%. Therefore, a coordinated change in the expression of a gene group during ccRCC progression was detected, and a new panel of markers for individual survival prognosis was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Apanovich
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Complex Inherited Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Apanovich
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Complex Inherited Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Danzan Mansorunov
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Complex Inherited Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Kuzevanova
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Complex Inherited Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod Matveev
- Department of Oncourology, Federal State Budgetary Institution “N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Karpukhin
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Complex Inherited Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Peng J, Liu F, Zheng H, Wu Q, Liu S. IncRNA ZFAS1 contributes to the radioresistance of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by sponging hsa-miR-7-5p to upregulate ENO2. Cell Cycle 2020; 20:126-141. [PMID: 33342344 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1864128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research revealed that lncRNA ZFAS1 could promote nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) by inhibiting its downstream target axis. However, the association between ZFAS1 and radioresistant NPC cells is unclear. This study aimed to explore the roles of ZFAS1 in the radioresistance of NPC. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to identify the significant factors (ENO2 and miR-7-5p) that contributed to the radioresistance of NPC cells. After performing qRT-PCR analysis, we found that the expression of ZFAS1 and ENO2 was upregulated in NPC cells but that the miR-7-5p expression was downregulated in the same samples. Apart from that, we noticed that ZFAS1 inhibition enhanced the sensitivity of NPC cells to radiation therapy by repressing cell proliferation and promoting cell apoptosis. Subsequently, we found that ZFAS1 could sponge miR-7-5p to upregulate ENO2, which was the target of miR-7-5p. Experimental results also indicated that the suppression of miR-7-5p inhibited the sensitivity of NPC cells to radiation therapy, thereby suppressing ENO2 expression. Overall, our findings suggested that ZFAS1 contributed to the radioresistance of NPC cells by regulating the miR-7-5p/ENO2 axis and that ZFAS1 might be a potential therapeutic target for addressing the radioresistance of NPC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Peng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Sichuan, China
| | - Shixi Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Sichuan, China
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14
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Rysz J, Franczyk B, Ławiński J, Olszewski R, Gluba-Brzózka A. The Role of Metabolic Factors in Renal Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7246. [PMID: 33008076 PMCID: PMC7582927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of evidence indicates that metabolic factors may play an important role in the development and progression of certain types of cancers, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This tumour is the most common kidney cancer which accounts for approximately 3-5% of malignant tumours in adults. Numerous studies indicated that concomitant diseases, including diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension, as well as obesity, insulin resistance, and lipid disorders, may also influence the prognosis and cancer-specific overall survival. However, the results of studies concerning the impact of metabolic factors on RCC are controversial. It appears that obesity increases the risk of RCC development; however, it may be a favourable factor in terms of prognosis. Obesity is closely related to insulin resistance and the development of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2T) since the adipocytes in visceral tissue secrete substances responsible for insulin resistance, e.g., free fatty acids. Interactions between insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system appear to be of key importance in the development and progression of RCC; however, the exact role of insulin and IGFs in RCC pathophysiology remains elusive. Studies indicated that diabetes increased the risk of RCC, but it might not alter cancer-related survival. The risk associated with a lipid profile is most mysterious, as numerous studies provided conflicting results. Even though large studies unravelling pathomechanisms involved in cancer growth are required to finally establish the impact of metabolic factors on the development, progression, and prognosis of renal cancers, it seems that the monitoring of health conditions, such as diabetes, low body mass index (BMI), and lipid disorders is of high importance in clear-cell RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Rysz
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (J.R.); (B.F.)
| | - Beata Franczyk
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (J.R.); (B.F.)
| | - Janusz Ławiński
- Department of Urology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-055 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Robert Olszewski
- Department of Gerontology, Public Health and Education, National Institute of Geriatrics Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Gluba-Brzózka
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (J.R.); (B.F.)
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15
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Zhang ZY, Zhang SL, Chen HL, Mao YQ, Li ZM, Kong CY, Han B, Zhang J, Chen YH, Xue W, Zhai W, Wang LS. The up-regulation of NDRG1 by HIF counteracts the cancer-promoting effect of HIF in VHL-deficient clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12853. [PMID: 32537867 PMCID: PMC7377940 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are thought to play important roles in the carcinogenesis and progression of VHL-deficient clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). METHODS The roles of HIF-1/2α in VHL-deficient clear cell renal cell carcinoma were evaluated by bioinformatics analysis, immunohistochemistry staining and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The downstream genes that counteract the cancer-promoting effect of HIF were analysed by unbiased proteomics and verified by in vitro and in vivo assays. RESULTS There was no correlation between the high protein level of HIF-1/2α and the poor prognosis of ccRCC patients in our large set of clinical data. Furthermore, NDRG1 was found to be up-regulated by both HIF-1α and -2α at the cellular level and in ccRCC tissues. Intriguingly, the high NDRG1 expression was correlated with lower Furman grade, TNM stage and longer survival for ccRCC patients compared with the low NDRG1 expression. In addition, NDRG1 suppressed the expression of series oncogenes as well as the proliferation, metastasis and invasion of VHL-deficient ccRCC cells in vitro and vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that HIF downstream gene of NDRG1 may counteract the cancer-promoting effect of HIF. These results provided evidence that NDRG1 may be a potential prognostic biomarker as well as a therapeutic target in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Qin Mao
- Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhan-Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao-Yue Kong
- Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Han
- Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Hui Chen
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhai
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Shun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Pan Q, Cheng G, Liu Y, Xu T, Zhang H, Li B. TMSB10 acts as a biomarker and promotes progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2020; 56:1101-1114. [PMID: 32319572 PMCID: PMC7115359 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.4991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is one of the most common urological malignancies. Identifying novel biomarkers and investigating the underlying mechanism of ccRCC development will be crucial to the management and treatment of ccRCC in patients. Thymosin b10 (TMSB10), a member of the thymosin family, is involved in various physiological processes, including tissue regeneration and inflammatory regulation. Moreover, it has been found to be upregulated in many types of carcinoma. However, its roles in ccRCC remain to be elucidated. The present study aimed to explore the expression of TMSB10 in ccRCC through mining The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Oncomine databases, and to investigate the association between TMSB10 expression and clinicopathological factors. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry assays and western blotting were conducted to verify TMSB10 expression levels in human ccRCC tissues and cell lines. Functional analyses were also performed to identify the roles of TMSB10 in vitro. The results revealed that TMSB10 was significantly upregulated in RCC tissues and cell lines. The expression of TMSB10 was closely associated with various clinicopathological parameters. In addition, high expression of TMSB10 predicted poor clinical outcome. The receiver operating characteristic curve revealed that TMSB10 could sufficiently distinguish the tumor from normal kidney (area under the curve = 0.9543, P<0.0001). Furthermore, knockdown of TMSB10 impaired the proliferation of ccRCC cells, and attenuated cell and invasion in vitro. In addition, TMSB10 knockdown downregulated reduced the phosphorylation of PI3K and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that high expression of TMSB10 could serve as a useful diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiufeng Pan
- Department of Urology, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Gong Cheng
- Department of Urology, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Yuenan Liu
- Department of Urology, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Tianbo Xu
- Department of Urology, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Urology, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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17
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Li R, Wang L, Wang X, Geng RX, Li N, Liu XH. Identification of hub genes associated with outcome of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:2846-2860. [PMID: 32218839 PMCID: PMC7068649 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is one of the most common tumor types of the urinary system. Bioinformatics tools have been used to identify new biomarkers of ccRCC and to explore the mechanisms underlying development and progression of ccRCC. The present study analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with RCC using data obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus datasets and GEO2R software. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of these DEGs was performed and analyzed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes to identify the hub genes, defined as the genes with the highest degree of interrelation. Subsequently, differential expression and survival analyses of hub genes was performed using The Cancer Genome Atlas database and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) online tool. Using GEO2R, 1,650 DEGs were identified, including 743 upregulated and 907 downregulated genes. GO and KEGG pathway analyses indicated that the upregulated DEGs were primarily involved in blood vessel and vasculature development, whereas downregulated DEGs were primarily involved in organic acid metabolic processes and carboxylic acid metabolic processes. Subsequently, important modules were identified in the PPI network using Cytoscape's Molecular Complex Detection. The 15 most connected hub genes were identified among DEGs, including glycine decarboxylase (GLDC), enolase 2 (ENO2) and topoisomerase II alpha. GEPIA revealed the association between expression levels of hub genes and survival. Specifically, GLDC and ENO2 were associated with the prognosis of patients with RCC and thus, the effects of GLDC and ENO2 involvement in renal cancer were investigated in vitro. GLDC and ENO2 affected the proliferation and apoptosis of renal cancer cells. These hub genes may reveal a new mechanism underlying development or progression of RCC and identify new markers for its diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rengui Li
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Rong-Xin Geng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Heng Liu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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18
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Schmid V, Lafleur VN, Lombardi O, Li R, Salama R, Colli L, Choudhry H, Chanock S, Ratcliffe PJ, Mole DR. Co-incidence of RCC-susceptibility polymorphisms with HIF cis-acting sequences supports a pathway tuning model of cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18768. [PMID: 31822727 PMCID: PMC6904466 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that dysregulation of oncogenic pathways requires precise tuning in order for cancer to develop. To test this, we examined the overlap between cis-acting elements of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway and cancer-susceptibility polymorphisms as defined in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). In renal cancer, where HIF is constitutively and un-physiologically activated by mutation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumour suppressor, we observed marked excess overlap, which extended to potential susceptibility polymorphisms that are below the conventional threshold applied in GWAS. In contrast, in other cancers where HIF is upregulated by different mechanisms, including micro-environmental hypoxia, we observed no excess in overlap. Our findings support a 'pathway tuning' model of cancer, whereby precise modulation of multiple outputs of specific, activated pathways is important in oncogenesis. This implies that selective pressures to modulate such pathways operate during cancer development and should focus attempts to identify their nature and consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Schmid
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Veronique N Lafleur
- NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia Lombardi
- NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ran Li
- NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Rafik Salama
- NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Leandro Colli
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, room 7E412, MSC 9776, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9776, USA
| | - Hani Choudhry
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stephen Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, room 7E412, MSC 9776, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9776, USA
| | - Peter J Ratcliffe
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom.
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom.
| | - David R Mole
- NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom.
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.
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19
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Yu Y, Yu Q, Zhang X. Allosteric inhibition of HIF-2α as a novel therapy for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:2332-2340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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20
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Guo Y, Xiao Z, Yang L, Gao Y, Zhu Q, Hu L, Huang D, Xu Q. Hypoxia‑inducible factors in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review). Oncol Rep 2019; 43:3-15. [PMID: 31746396 PMCID: PMC6908932 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of an appropriate oxygen concentration is essential for the function of the liver. However, in many pathological conditions, and particularly in the tumor microenvironment, cells and tissues are frequently in a hypoxic state. In the presence of hypoxia, the cells adapt to the low oxygen levels through the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway. Overgrowth of tumor cells restricts the diffusion of oxygen in tumors, leading to insufficient blood supply and the creation of a hypoxic microenvironment, and, as a consequence, activation of the expression of HIFs. HIFs possess a wide range of target genes, which function to control a variety of signaling pathways; thus, HIFs modulate cellular metabolism, immune escape, angiogenesis, metastasis, extracellular matrix remodeling, cancer stem cells and other properties of the tumor. Given their crucial role in the occurrence and development of tumors, HIFs are expected to become new targets of precise treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Guo
- Graduate Department, BengBu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Zunqiang Xiao
- The Second Clinical Medical Department, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Liu Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Yuling Gao
- Department of Genetics, Shaoxing Women and Children Hospital, Shaoxin, Zhejiang 312030, P.R. China
| | - Qiaojuan Zhu
- The Second Clinical Medical Department, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Linjun Hu
- Medical Department, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Dongsheng Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Qiuran Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
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21
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Vitexin, an inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, enhances the radiotherapy sensitization of hyperbaric oxygen on glioma. Clin Transl Oncol 2019; 22:1086-1093. [PMID: 31677055 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-019-02234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vitexin, an inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, has anti-tumor effect. However, whether it can enhance the radiotherapy sensitization of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on glioma is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of vitexin. METHODS The nude mice with paw-transplanted glioma were divided into four groups: control group, HBO + radiation group, HBO + vitexin group, and HBO + vitexin + radiation group. The mice of last two groups were daily given vitexin 75 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection. 30 min after administration of vitexin, the HBO-treated mice were daily placed in HBO chamber for 60 min. The radiation-treated mice were given local tumor irradiation once every week during the HBO treatment, and the dose of irradiation was 10 Gy/time. The experimental treatment lasted for 21 days. RESULTS Compared with the HBO + radiation group, the tumor volume, tumor weight, and tumor weight coefficient in the HBO + vitexin + radiation group were lower (p < 0.05). Importantly, the contents of reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase as well as expressions of HIF-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor, glucose transporter (GLUT)-1, and GLUT-3 proteins in tumor tissues were also lower in the HBO + vitexin + radiation group than in the HBO + radiation group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Vitexin can cooperate with HBO to sensitize the glioma radiotherapy, and its mechanisms may be correlated to the inhibition of HIF-1α protein expression and subsequent decrements of its downstream protein expressions, which finally cause the reduction of antioxidant capacity.
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22
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Wierzbicki PM, Klacz J, Kotulak-Chrzaszcz A, Wronska A, Stanislawowski M, Rybarczyk A, Ludziejewska A, Kmiec Z, Matuszewski M. Prognostic significance of VHL, HIF1A, HIF2A, VEGFA and p53 expression in patients with clear‑cell renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib as first‑line treatment. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:371-390. [PMID: 31268155 PMCID: PMC6615924 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of renal cell cancer, characterized by the highest mortality rate among other RCC subtypes due to the occurrence of metastasis and drug resistance following surgery. The Von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL)-hypoxia-inducible factor 1 subunit α (HIF1A)/hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF2A)-vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) protein axis is involved in the development and progression of ccRCC, whereas sunitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, blocks the binding of VEGFA to its receptor. The aim of the present study was to examine the possible association of the gene expression of VHL, HIF1A, HIF2A, VEGFA and tumor protein P53 (P53) in cancer tissue with the outcome of ccRCC patients who were treated with sunitinib as first-line therapy following nephrec-tomy. A total of 36 ccRCC patients were enrolled, 11 of whom were administered sunitinib post-operatively. Tumor and control samples were collected, and mRNA and protein levels were assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. High mRNA and protein expression levels of HIF2A and VEGFA were found to be associated with shorter overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates, as well as with unfavorable risk factors of cancer recurrence and mortality. Resistance to sunitinib was also observed; the OS and PFS rates were shorter (median OS and PFS: 12 and 6 months, respectively, vs. undetermined). Sunitinib resistance was associated with high HIF2A and VEGFA protein levels (b=0.57 and b=0.69 for OS and PFS, respectively; P<0.001). Taken together, the findings of this study suggest that the protein levels of HIF2A and VEGFA in tumor tissue may serve as independent prognostic factors in ccRCC. ccRCC patients with increased intratumoral HIF2A and VEGFA protein levels, and unaltered VHL protein levels, are not likely to benefit from sunitinib treatment following nephrectomy; however, this hypothesis requires verification by large-scale replication studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr M Wierzbicki
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jakub Klacz
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80402 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Kotulak-Chrzaszcz
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agata Wronska
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marcin Stanislawowski
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Rybarczyk
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80211 Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Zbigniew Kmiec
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marcin Matuszewski
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80402 Gdansk, Poland
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23
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Thymoquinone Selectively Kills Hypoxic Renal Cancer Cells by Suppressing HIF-1α-Mediated Glycolysis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051092. [PMID: 30832444 PMCID: PMC6429094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several reports have shown that thymoquinone (TQ) effectively attenuates angiogenesis in cancer cells, resulting in suppression of tumor growth. However, it is not yet clear whether TQ reduces hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) expression in hypoxic cancer cells. Here, we found that TQ was a novel HIF-1α inhibitor through hypoxia response element (HRE)-luciferase assay-based large screening by using 502 natural compounds containing chemical library. TQ reduced HIF-1α protein levels in renal cancer cells; however, it did not affect the HIF-1α protein levels in the presence of proteasome inhibitor, MG132, indicating that the reduction effects of TQ on HIF-1α protein are mediated via the ubiquitination-proteasome dependent pathway. TQ boosted HIF-1α protein degradation, and the mechanism was revealed by inhibiting interaction between HSP90 and HIF-1α. TQ suppressed downstream genes of HIF-1α, indicating negative impact of TQ on HIF-1α transcriptional activities. In addition, TQ altered glucose, lactate, and ATP levels, leading to anaerobic metabolic disturbance. TQ induced apoptosis in hypoxic cancer cells as determined by crystal violet staining and flow cytometry for annexin V-stained cells. Taken together, we suggested that TQ is a potential anticancer agent targeting HIF-1α.
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24
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Liao L, Alicea-Velázquez NL, Langbein L, Niu X, Cai W, Cho EA, Zhang M, Greer CB, Yan Q, Cosgrove MS, Yang H. High affinity binding of H3K14ac through collaboration of bromodomains 2, 4 and 5 is critical for the molecular and tumor suppressor functions of PBRM1. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:811-828. [PMID: 30585695 PMCID: PMC6441893 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polybromo‐1 (PBRM1) is an important tumor suppressor in kidney cancer. It contains six tandem bromodomains (BDs), which are specialized structures that recognize acetyl‐lysine residues. While BD2 has been found to bind acetylated histone H3 lysine 14 (H3K14ac), it is not known whether other BDs collaborate with BD2 to generate strong binding to H3K14ac, and the importance of H3K14ac recognition for the molecular and tumor suppressor function of PBRM1 is also unknown. We discovered that full‐length PBRM1, but not its individual BDs, strongly binds H3K14ac. BDs 2, 4, and 5 were found to collaborate to facilitate strong binding to H3K14ac. Quantitative measurement of the interactions between purified BD proteins and H3K14ac or nonacetylated peptides confirmed the tight and specific association of the former. Interestingly, while the structural integrity of BD4 was found to be required for H3K14ac recognition, the conserved acetyl‐lysine binding site of BD4 was not. Furthermore, simultaneous point mutations in BDs 2, 4, and 5 prevented recognition of H3K14ac, altered promoter binding and gene expression, and caused PBRM1 to relocalize to the cytoplasm. In contrast, tumor‐derived point mutations in BD2 alone lowered PBRM1's affinity to H3K14ac and also disrupted promoter binding and gene expression without altering cellular localization. Finally, overexpression of PBRM1 variants containing point mutations in BDs 2, 4, and 5 or BD2 alone failed to suppress tumor growth in a xenograft model. Taken together, our study demonstrates that BDs 2, 4, and 5 of PBRM1 collaborate to generate high affinity to H3K14ac and tether PBRM1 to chromatin. Mutations in BD2 alone weaken these interactions, and this is sufficient to abolish its molecular and tumor suppressor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Liao
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nilda L Alicea-Velázquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, CT, USA
| | - Lauren Langbein
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaohua Niu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Weijia Cai
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eun-Ah Cho
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Meiling Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Celeste B Greer
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael S Cosgrove
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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25
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Tsiakanikas P, Giaginis C, Kontos CK, Scorilas A. Clinical utility of microRNAs in renal cell carcinoma: current evidence and future perspectives. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2018; 18:981-991. [DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2018.1539668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Tsiakanikas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos Giaginis
- Department of Food Science and Nustrition, School of Environment, University of the Aegean, Lemnos, Greece
| | - Christos K. Kontos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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26
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Liao L, Liu ZZ, Langbein L, Cai W, Cho EA, Na J, Niu X, Jiang W, Zhong Z, Cai WL, Jagannathan G, Dulaimi E, Testa JR, Uzzo RG, Wang Y, Stark GR, Sun J, Peiper S, Xu Y, Yan Q, Yang H. Multiple tumor suppressors regulate a HIF-dependent negative feedback loop via ISGF3 in human clear cell renal cancer. eLife 2018; 7:37925. [PMID: 30355451 PMCID: PMC6234029 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas VHL inactivation is a primary event in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the precise mechanism(s) of how this interacts with the secondary mutations in tumor suppressor genes, including PBRM1, KDM5C/JARID1C, SETD2, and/or BAP1, remains unclear. Gene expression analyses reveal that VHL, PBRM1, or KDM5C share a common regulation of interferon response expression signature. Loss of HIF2α, PBRM1, or KDM5C in VHL-/-cells reduces the expression of interferon stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3), a transcription factor that regulates the interferon signature. Moreover, loss of SETD2 or BAP1 also reduces the ISGF3 level. Finally, ISGF3 is strongly tumor-suppressive in a xenograft model as its loss significantly enhances tumor growth. Conversely, reactivation of ISGF3 retards tumor growth by PBRM1-deficient ccRCC cells. Thus after VHL inactivation, HIF induces ISGF3, which is reversed by the loss of secondary tumor suppressors, suggesting that this is a key negative feedback loop in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Liao
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Pathology, Yale University, Connecticut, United States
| | - Zongzhi Z Liu
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, Connecticut, United States
| | - Lauren Langbein
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Weijia Cai
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Eun-Ah Cho
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Pennsylvania, United States.,Fox Chase Cancer Center, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jie Na
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Minnesota, United States
| | - Xiaohua Niu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Zhijiu Zhong
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Wesley L Cai
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, Connecticut, United States
| | - Geetha Jagannathan
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Essel Dulaimi
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Pennsylvania, United States
| | | | - Robert G Uzzo
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, United States
| | - George R Stark
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, United States
| | - Jianxin Sun
- Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Stephen Peiper
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Yaomin Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, Connecticut, United States
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Pennsylvania, United States
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27
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Meléndez-Rodríguez F, Roche O, Sanchez-Prieto R, Aragones J. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 2-Dependent Pathways Driving Von Hippel-Lindau-Deficient Renal Cancer. Front Oncol 2018; 8:214. [PMID: 29938199 PMCID: PMC6002531 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common type of the renal cancers detected in humans is clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs). These tumors are usually initiated by biallelic gene inactivation of the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) factor in the renal epithelium, which deregulates the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) HIF1α and HIF2α, and provokes their constitutive activation irrespective of the cellular oxygen availability. While HIF1α can act as a ccRCC tumor suppressor, HIF2α has emerged as the key HIF isoform that is essential for ccRCC tumor progression. Indeed, preclinical and clinical data have shown that pharmacological inhibitors of HIF2α can efficiently combat ccRCC growth. In this review, we discuss the molecular basis underlying the oncogenic potential of HIF2α in ccRCC by focusing on those pathways primarily controlled by HIF2α that are thought to influence the progression of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florinda Meléndez-Rodríguez
- Research Unit, Hospital of Santa Cristina, Research Institute Princesa (IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Roche
- Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Albacete, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Ricardo Sanchez-Prieto
- Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Albacete, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Departamento de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de investigaciones Biomedicas Alberto Sols, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian Aragones
- Research Unit, Hospital of Santa Cristina, Research Institute Princesa (IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Luo T, Chen X, Zeng S, Guan B, Hu B, Meng Y, Liu F, Wong T, Lu Y, Yun C, Hocher B, Yin L. Bioinformatic identification of key genes and analysis of prognostic values in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:1747-1757. [PMID: 30008862 PMCID: PMC6036467 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify new key genes as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis or targeted therapy of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Three expression profiles (GSE36895, GSE46699 and GSE71963) were collected from Gene Expression Omnibus. GEO2R was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in ccRCC tissues and normal samples. The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery was utilized for functional and pathway enrichment analysis. STRING v10.5 and Molecular Complex Detection were used for protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction and module analysis, respectively. Regulation network analyses were performed with the WebGestal tool. UALCAN web-portal was used for expression validation and survival analysis of hub genes in ccRCC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). A total of 65 up- and 164 downregulated genes were identified as DEGs. DEGs were enriched with functional terms and pathways compactly related to ccRCC pathogenesis. Seventeen hub genes and one significant module were filtered out and selected from the PPI network. The differential expression of hub genes was verified in TCGA patients. Kaplan-Meier plot showed that high mRNA expression of enolase 2 (ENO2) was associated with short overall survival in ccRCC patients (P=0.023). High mRNA expression of cyclin D1 (CCND1) (P<0.001), fms related tyrosine kinase 1 (FLT1) (P=0.004), plasminogen (PLG) (P<0.001) and von Willebrand factor (VWF) (P=0.008) appeared to serve as favorable factors in survival. These findings indicate that the DEGs may be key genes in ccRCC pathogenesis and five genes, including ENO2, CCND1, PLT1, PLG and VWF, may serve as potential prognostic biomarkers in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Luo
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Shufei Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Baozhang Guan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Yu Meng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Fanna Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Taksui Wong
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Yongpin Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chen Yun
- Department of Nephrology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Berthold Hocher
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lianghong Yin
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
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29
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Scanlon SE, Hegan DC, Sulkowski PL, Glazer PM. Suppression of homology-dependent DNA double-strand break repair induces PARP inhibitor sensitivity in VHL-deficient human renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:4647-4660. [PMID: 29435132 PMCID: PMC5797003 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene is inactivated in the vast majority of human clear cell renal carcinomas. The pathogenesis of VHL loss is currently best understood to occur through stabilization of the hypoxia-inducible factors, activation of hypoxia-induced signaling pathways, and transcriptional reprogramming towards a pro-angiogenic and pro-growth state. However, hypoxia also drives other pro-tumorigenic processes, including the development of genomic instability via down-regulation of DNA repair gene expression. Here, we find that DNA repair genes involved in double-strand break repair by homologous recombination (HR) and in mismatch repair, which are down-regulated by hypoxic stress, are decreased in VHL-deficient renal cancer cells relative to wild type VHL-complemented cells. Functionally, this gene repression is associated with impaired DNA double-strand break repair in VHL-deficient cells, as determined by the persistence of ionizing radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks and reduced repair activity in a homology-dependent plasmid reactivation assay. Furthermore, VHL deficiency conferred increased sensitivity to PARP inhibitors, analogous to the synthetic lethality observed between hypoxia and these agents. Finally, we discovered a correlation between VHL inactivation and reduced HR gene expression in a large panel of human renal carcinoma samples. Together, our data elucidate a novel connection between VHL-deficient renal carcinoma and hypoxia-induced down-regulation of DNA repair, and identify potential opportunities for targeting DNA repair defects in human renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. Scanlon
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Denise C. Hegan
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Parker L. Sulkowski
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peter M. Glazer
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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30
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Oliveira RDC, Ivanovic RF, Leite KRM, Viana NI, Pimenta RCA, Junior JP, Guimarães VR, Morais DR, Abe DK, Nesrallah AJ, Srougi M, Nahas W, Reis ST. Expression of micro-RNAs and genes related to angiogenesis in ccRCC and associations with tumor characteristics. BMC Urol 2017; 17:113. [PMID: 29202733 PMCID: PMC5715647 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-017-0306-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the third most common urological cancer in adults. Our aim is to evaluate genes and miRNAs expression profiles involved with angiogenesis and tumor characteristics in ccRCC. METHODS The expression levels of miRNAs miR-99a, 99b, 100; 199a; 106a; 106b; 29a; 29b; 29c; 126; 200a, 200b and their respective target genes: mTOR, HIF1-α, VHL, PDGF, VEGF, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 were analyzed using qRT-PCR in tumor tissue samples from 56 patients with ccRCC. Five samples of benign renal tissue were utilized as control. The expression levels of miRNAs and genes were related to tumor size, Fuhrman nuclear grade and microvascular invasion. RESULTS miR99a was overexpressed in most samples and its target gene mTOR was underexpressed, this also occurs for miRNAs 106a, 106b, and their target gene VHL. An increase in miR-200b was correlated with high-risk tumors (p = 0.01) while miR-126 overexpression was associated with Fuhrman's low grade (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that in ccRCC there are changes in miRNAs expression affecting gene expression that could be important in determining the aggressiveness of this lethal neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita de Cássia Oliveira
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2° floor, room 2145, Sao Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Renato Fidelis Ivanovic
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2° floor, room 2145, Sao Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Katia Ramos Moreira Leite
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2° floor, room 2145, Sao Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Nayara Izabel Viana
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2° floor, room 2145, Sao Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Ruan César Aparecido Pimenta
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2° floor, room 2145, Sao Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - José Pontes Junior
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2° floor, room 2145, Sao Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil.,Uro-Oncology Group, Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School and Institute of Cancer Estate of Sao Paulo (ICESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Ribeiro Guimarães
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2° floor, room 2145, Sao Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Denis Reis Morais
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2° floor, room 2145, Sao Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Daniel Kanda Abe
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2° floor, room 2145, Sao Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Adriano João Nesrallah
- Uro-Oncology Group, Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School and Institute of Cancer Estate of Sao Paulo (ICESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miguel Srougi
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2° floor, room 2145, Sao Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - William Nahas
- Uro-Oncology Group, Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School and Institute of Cancer Estate of Sao Paulo (ICESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Thalita Reis
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2° floor, room 2145, Sao Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil.
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Chanudet E, Wozniak MB, Bouaoun L, Byrnes G, Mukeriya A, Zaridze D, Brennan P, Muller DC, Scelo G. Large-scale genome-wide screening of circulating microRNAs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma reveals specific signatures in late-stage disease. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:1730-1740. [PMID: 28639257 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Circulating miRNAs have shown great promises as noninvasive diagnostic and predictive biomarkers in several solid tumors. While the miRNA profiles of renal tumors have been extensively explored, knowledge of their circulating counterparts is limited. Our study aimed to provide a large-scale genome-wide profiling of plasma circulating miRNA in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Plasma samples from 94 ccRCC cases and 100 controls were screened for 754 circulating micro-RNAs (miRNA) by TaqMan arrays. Analyses including known risk factors for renal cancer-namely, age, sex, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption-highlighted that circulating miRNA profiles were tightly correlated with the stage of the disease. Advanced tumors, characterized as stage III and IV, were associated with specific miRNA signatures that significantly differ from both controls and earlier stage ccRCC cases. Molecular pathway enrichment analyses of their gene targets showed high similarities with alterations observed in renal tumors. Plasma circulating levels of miR-150 were significantly associated with RCC-specific survival and could marginally improve the predictive accuracy of clinical parameters in our series, including age at diagnosis, sex and conventional staging. In summary, our results suggest that circulating miRNAs may provide insights into renal cell carcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Chanudet
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO-IARC), Lyon, France
| | | | - Liacine Bouaoun
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO-IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Graham Byrnes
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO-IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Anush Mukeriya
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, N. N. Blokhin Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - David Zaridze
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, N. N. Blokhin Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO-IARC), Lyon, France
| | | | - Ghislaine Scelo
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO-IARC), Lyon, France
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Gutteridge REA, Singh CK, Ndiaye MA, Ahmad N. Targeted knockdown of polo-like kinase 1 alters metabolic regulation in melanoma. Cancer Lett 2017; 394:13-21. [PMID: 28235541 PMCID: PMC5415376 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A limited number of studies have indicated an association of the mitotic kinase polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) and cellular metabolism. Here, employing an inducible RNA interference approach in A375 melanoma cells coupled with a PCR array and multiple validation approaches, we demonstrated that PLK1 alters a number of genes associated with cellular metabolism. PLK1 knockdown resulted in a significant downregulation of IDH1, PDP2 and PCK1 and upregulation of FBP1. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) identified that 1) glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway are major canonical pathways associated with PLK1, and 2) PLK1 inhibition-modulated genes were largely associated with cellular proliferation, with FBP1 being the key modulator. Further, BI 6727-mediated inhibition of PLK1 caused a decrease in PCK1 and increase in FBP1 in A375 melanoma cell implanted xenografts in vivo. Furthermore, an inverse correlation between PLK1 and FBP1 was found in melanoma cells, with FBP1 expression significantly downregulated in a panel of melanoma cells. In addition, BI 6727 treatment resulted in an upregulation in FBP1 in A375, Hs294T and G361 melanoma cells. Overall, our study suggests that PLK1 may be an important regulator of metabolism maintenance in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chandra K Singh
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mary Ann Ndiaye
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA; William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Cho H, Kaelin WG. Targeting HIF2 in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 81:113-121. [PMID: 27932568 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2016.81.030833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor-suppressor protein (pVHL) is the signature "truncal" event in clear cell renal cell carcinoma, which is the most common form of kidney cancer. pVHL is part of a ubiquitin ligase the targets the α subunit of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcription factor for destruction when oxygen is available. Preclinical studies strongly suggest that deregulation of HIF, and particularly HIF2, drives pVHL-defective renal carcinogenesis. Although HIF2α was classically considered undruggable, structural and chemical work by Rick Bruick and Kevin Gardner at University of Texas Southwestern laid the foundation for the development of small molecule direct HIF2α antagonists (PT2385 and the related tool compound PT2399) by Peloton Therapeutics that block the dimerization of HIF2α with its partner protein ARNT1. These compounds inhibit clear cell renal cell carcinoma growth in preclinical models, and PT2385 has now entered the clinic. Nonetheless, the availability of such compounds, together with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-based gene editing approaches, has revealed a previously unappreciated heterogeneity among clear cell renal carcinomas and patient-derived xenografts with respect to HIF2 dependence, suggesting that predictive biomarkers will be needed to optimize the use of such agents in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Cho
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 022145
| | - William G Kaelin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 022145
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Shanmugasundaram K, Block K. Renal Carcinogenesis, Tumor Heterogeneity, and Reactive Oxygen Species: Tactics Evolved. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:685-701. [PMID: 27287984 PMCID: PMC5069729 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The number of kidney cancers is growing 3-5% each year due to unknown etiologies. Intra- and inter-tumor mediators increase oxidative stress and drive tumor heterogeneity. Recent Advances: Technology advancement in state-of-the-art instrumentation and methodologies allows researchers to detect and characterize global landscaping modifications in genes, proteins, and pathophysiology patterns at the single-cell level. CRITICAL ISSUES We postulate that the sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their activation within subcellular compartments will change over a timeline of tumor evolvement and contribute to tumor heterogeneity. Therefore, the complexity of intracellular changes within a tumor and ROS-induced tumor heterogeneity coupled to the advancement of detecting these events globally are limited at the level of data collection, organization, and interpretation using software algorithms and bioinformatics. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Integrative and collaborative research, combining the power of numbers with careful experimental design, protocol development, and data interpretation, will translate cancer biology and therapeutics to a heightened level or leave the abundant raw data as stagnant and underutilized. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 685-701.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Block
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial Hospital Division, San Antonio, Texas
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35
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Tracz AF, Szczylik C, Porta C, Czarnecka AM. Insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling in renal cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:453. [PMID: 27405474 PMCID: PMC4942928 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) incidence is highest in highly developed countries and it is the seventh most common neoplasm diagnosed. RCC management include nephrectomy and targeted therapies. Type 1 insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) pathway plays an important role in cell proliferation and apoptosis resistance. IGF-1 and insulin share overlapping downstream signaling pathways in normal and cancer cells. IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) stimulation may promote malignant transformation promoting cell proliferation, dedifferentiation and inhibiting apoptosis. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) patients with IGF1R overexpression have 70 % increased risk of death compared to patients who had tumors without IGF1R expression. IGF1R signaling deregulation may results in p53, WT, BRCA1, VHL loss of function. RCC cells with high expression of IGF1R are more resistant to chemotherapy than cells with low expression. Silencing of IGF1R increase the chemosensitivity of ccRCC cells and the effect is greater in VHL mutated cells. Understanding the role of IGF-1 signaling pathway in RCC may result in development of new targeted therapeutic interventions. First preclinical attempts with anti-IGF-1R monoclonal antibodies or fragment antigen-binding (Fab) fragments alone or in combination with an mTOR inhibitor were shown to inhibit in vitro growth and reduced the number of colonies formed by of RCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam F Tracz
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland.,First Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cezary Szczylik
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Camillo Porta
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS San Matteo University Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna M Czarnecka
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland.
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Cai W, Yang H. The structure and regulation of Cullin 2 based E3 ubiquitin ligases and their biological functions. Cell Div 2016; 11:7. [PMID: 27222660 PMCID: PMC4878042 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-016-0020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes play a central role in targeting cellular proteins for ubiquitination-dependent protein turnover through 26S proteasome. Cullin-2 is a member of the Cullin family, and it serves as a scaffold protein for Elongin B and C, Rbx1 and various substrate recognition receptors to form E3 ubiquitin ligases. Main body of the abstract First, the composition, structure and the regulation of Cullin-2 based E3 ubiquitin ligases were introduced. Then the targets, the biological functions of complexes that use VHL, Lrr-1, Fem1b, Prame, Zyg-11, BAF250, Rack1 as substrate targeting subunits were described, and their involvement in diseases was discussed. A small molecule inhibitor of Cullins as a potential anti-cancer drug was introduced. Furthermore, proteins with VHL box that might bind to Cullin-2 were described. Finally, how different viral proteins form E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes with Cullin-2 to counter host viral defense were explained. Conclusions Cullin-2 based E3 ubiquitin ligases, using many different substrate recognition receptors, recognize a number of substrates and regulate their protein stability. These complexes play critical roles in biological processes and diseases such as cancer, germline differentiation and viral defense. Through the better understanding of their biology, we can devise and develop new therapeutic strategies to treat cancers, inherited diseases and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Cai
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
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Zhe N, Chen S, Zhou Z, Liu P, Lin X, Yu M, Cheng B, Zhang Y, Wang J. HIF-1α inhibition by 2-methoxyestradiol induces cell death via activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 17:625-34. [PMID: 27082496 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1177679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow microenvironment plays an important role in the development and progression of AML. Leukemia stem cells are in a hypoxic condition, which induces the expression of HIF-1α. Aberrant activation of HIF-1α is implicated in the poor prognosis of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Herein, we investigated the expression of HIF-1α in AML and tested 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) as a candidate HIF-1α inhibitor for the treatment of AML. We found that HIF-1α was overexpressed in AML. HIF-1α suppression by 2ME2 significantly induced apoptosis of AML cells, and it outperformed traditional chemotherapy drugs such as cytarabine. At the same time, 2ME2 downregulated the transcriptional levels of VEGF, GLUT1 and HO-1 in cellular assays. Additionally, 2ME2 displayed antileukemia activity in bone marrow blasts from AML patients, but showed little effect on normal cells. 2ME2-induced activation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which decreased the slight effect of drug on normal cells. Our data show that supression of HIF-1α expression significantly reduced the survival of AML cell lines, suggesting that 2ME2 may represent a powerful therapeutic approach for patients with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Zhe
- a Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang, Guizhou , China
| | - Shuya Chen
- a Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang, Guizhou , China.,b Department of Pharmacy , Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , Guizhou , China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- a Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang, Guizhou , China.,c Department of Pharmacy , Affiliated BaiYun Hospital of Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , Guizhou , China
| | - Ping Liu
- a Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang, Guizhou , China
| | - Xiaojing Lin
- a Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang, Guizhou , China
| | - Meisheng Yu
- a Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang, Guizhou , China
| | - Bingqing Cheng
- a Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang, Guizhou , China.,b Department of Pharmacy , Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , Guizhou , China
| | - Yaming Zhang
- d Guizhou Province Laboratory of Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center , Guiyang , Guizhou , China.,e Department of Hematology , Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , Guizhou , China
| | - Jishi Wang
- d Guizhou Province Laboratory of Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center , Guiyang , Guizhou , China.,e Department of Hematology , Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , Guizhou , China
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38
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Chen D, Li Y, Li Y, Jin L, Su Z, Yu Z, Yang S, Mao X, Lai Y. Tumor suppressive microRNA‑429 regulates cellular function by targeting VEGF in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:1361-6. [PMID: 26647818 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the predominant and most aggressive type of kidney malignancy, however, the mechanism underlying its carcinogenesis remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed to determine the expression and function of microRNA (miR)‑429 in ccRCC carcinogenesis. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) was used to detect the expression of miR‑429 in ccRCC specimens. Following transfection of miR‑429 synthetic mimics, the expression of miR‑429 was examined and cell proliferation, cell migration, apoptosis and luciferase assays were conducted in ccRCC cell lines. The results demonstrated that expression of miR‑429 was decreased in ccRCC cells. In addition, upregulation of miR‑429 by transfection of mimics reduced cellular proliferation and migration, and induced apoptosis in ACHN and 786‑0 cell lines. Furthermore, miR‑429 decreased the 3'UTR luciferase activity of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and c‑MYC, and RT‑qPCR analysis demonstrated that the cancer cells transfected with miR‑429 mimics exhibited decreased expression of VEGF, but not c‑MYC. To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to reveal that downregulated miR‑429 functioned as a tumor suppressor by restraining cellular proliferation and migration, and inducing apoptosis, as well as targeting VEGF in ccRCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duqun Chen
- Department of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Institute of Urology of Shenzhen PKU‑HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Yuchi Li
- The Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Institute of Urology of Shenzhen PKU‑HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Institute of Urology of Shenzhen PKU‑HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Lu Jin
- Department of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Institute of Urology of Shenzhen PKU‑HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Zhengming Su
- Department of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Institute of Urology of Shenzhen PKU‑HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Zuhu Yu
- Department of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Institute of Urology of Shenzhen PKU‑HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Shangqi Yang
- Department of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Institute of Urology of Shenzhen PKU‑HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Xiangming Mao
- Department of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Institute of Urology of Shenzhen PKU‑HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Yongqing Lai
- Department of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Institute of Urology of Shenzhen PKU‑HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
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Solarek W, Czarnecka AM, Escudier B, Bielecka ZF, Lian F, Szczylik C. Insulin and IGFs in renal cancer risk and progression. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:R253-64. [PMID: 26330483 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Insulin and IGFs play a significant role in cancer development and progression, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). RCC is the most frequent type of kidney cancer in adults and the tenth most common malignancy worldwide. Insulin is normally associated with metabolism control, whereas IGFs are defined as proliferation regulators. Today, there is convincing evidence of an association between obesity and the risk of RCC. Indicated risk factors together with type 2 diabetes are irreversibly connected with circulating insulin and IGF levels. The interplay between these molecules, their receptors, and IGF-binding proteins might be crucial for RCC cell biology and RCC progression. Given the potent activity IGF/IGF receptor 1 (IGF1R) inhibitors demonstrate against RCC in basic research, some type of combination therapy may prove to be beneficial clinically in the management of RCC. This review addresses not only molecular but also clinical associations between insulin and IGF1 signaling pathways and both RCC biology and clinical course. Revealing these interactions may improve our understanding of basic molecular oncology processes in RCC and improve treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Solarek
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland School of Molecular Medicine Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Institut Gustave Roussy 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia, USA Laboratory of Molecular Oncology Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland School of Molecular Medicine Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Institut Gustave Roussy 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - A M Czarnecka
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland School of Molecular Medicine Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Institut Gustave Roussy 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - B Escudier
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland School of Molecular Medicine Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Institut Gustave Roussy 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Z F Bielecka
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland School of Molecular Medicine Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Institut Gustave Roussy 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia, USA Laboratory of Molecular Oncology Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland School of Molecular Medicine Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Institut Gustave Roussy 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - F Lian
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland School of Molecular Medicine Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Institut Gustave Roussy 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - C Szczylik
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland School of Molecular Medicine Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Institut Gustave Roussy 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Esfahani M, Karimi F, Afshar S, Niknazar S, Sohrabi S, Najafi R. Prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors act as agents to enhance the efficiency of cell therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:1739-55. [PMID: 26325448 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1084281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In stem cell-based therapy as a subtype of regenerative medicine, stem cells can be used to replace or repair injured tissue and cells in order to treat disease. Stem cells have the ability to integrate into injured areas and produce new cells via processes of proliferation and differentiation. Several studies have demonstrated that hypoxia increases self-renewal, proliferation and post-homing differentiation of stem cells through the regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1)-mediated gene expression. Thus, pharmacological interventions including prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibitors are considered as promising solutions for stem cell-based therapy. PHD inhibitors stabilize the HIF-1 and activate its pathway through preventing proteasomal degradation of HIF-1. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the role of hypoxia, HIF-1 and especially PHD inhibitors on cell therapy. PHD structure and function are discussed as well as their inhibitors. In addition, we have investigated several preclinical studies in which PHD inhibitors improved the efficiency of cell-based therapies. EXPERT OPINION The data reviewed here suggest that PHD inhibitors are effective operators in improving stem cell therapy. However, because of some limitations, these compounds should be properly examined before clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Esfahani
- a 1 Research center for molecular medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Fatemeh Karimi
- a 1 Research center for molecular medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Saeid Afshar
- a 1 Research center for molecular medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Somayeh Niknazar
- b 2 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Hearing Disorders Research Center , Tehran, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Sareh Sohrabi
- a 1 Research center for molecular medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Rezvan Najafi
- a 1 Research center for molecular medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan, the Islamic Republic of Iran
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Wang Y, Li Y, Cao H, Xiong M, Shugart YY, Jin L. Efficient test for nonlinear dependence of two continuous variables. BMC Bioinformatics 2015; 16:260. [PMID: 26283601 PMCID: PMC4539721 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-015-0697-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Testing dependence/correlation of two variables is one of the fundamental tasks in statistics. In this work, we proposed a new way of testing nonlinear dependence between two continuous variables (X and Y). Results We addressed this research question by using CANOVA (continuous analysis of variance, software available at https://sourceforge.net/projects/canova/). In the CANOVA framework, we first defined a neighborhood for each data point related to its X value, and then calculated the variance of the Y value within the neighborhood. Finally, we performed permutations to evaluate the significance of the observed values within the neighborhood variance. To evaluate the strength of CANOVA compared to six other methods, we performed extensive simulations to explore the relationship between methods and compared the false positive rates and statistical power using both simulated and real datasets (kidney cancer RNA-seq dataset). Conclusions We concluded that CANOVA is an efficient method for testing nonlinear correlation with several advantages in real data applications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-015-0697-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Yi Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Hongbao Cao
- Unit on Statistical Genomics, Division of Intramural Division Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Momiao Xiong
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Houston Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Yin Yao Shugart
- Unit on Statistical Genomics, Division of Intramural Division Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. .,Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Porter Bldg, Room 3A100, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Li Jin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China. .,School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Mi YJ, Geng GJ, Zou ZZ, Gao J, Luo XY, Liu Y, Li N, Li CL, Chen YQ, Yu XY, Jiang J. Dihydroartemisinin inhibits glucose uptake and cooperates with glycolysis inhibitor to induce apoptosis in non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120426. [PMID: 25799586 PMCID: PMC4370589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the therapy of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the chemotherapy efficacy against NSCLC is still unsatisfactory. Previous studies show the herbal antimalarial drug dihydroartemisinin (DHA) displays cytotoxic to multiple human tumors. Here, we showed that DHA decreased cell viability and colony formation, induced apoptosis in A549 and PC-9 cells. Additionally, we first revealed DHA inhibited glucose uptake in NSCLC cells. Moreover, glycolytic metabolism was attenuated by DHA, including inhibition of ATP and lactate production. Consequently, we demonstrated that the phosphorylated forms of both S6 ribosomal protein and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and GLUT1 levels were abrogated by DHA treatment in NSCLC cells. Furthermore, the upregulation of mTOR activation by high expressed Rheb increased the level of glycolytic metabolism and cell viability inhibited by DHA. These results suggested that DHA-suppressed glycolytic metabolism might be associated with mTOR activation and GLUT1 expression. Besides, we showed GLUT1 overexpression significantly attenuated DHA-triggered NSCLC cells apoptosis. Notably, DHA synergized with 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2DG, a glycolysis inhibitor) to reduce cell viability and increase cell apoptosis in A549 and PC-9 cells. However, the combination of the two compounds displayed minimal toxicity to WI-38 cells, a normal lung fibroblast cell line. More importantly, 2DG synergistically potentiated DHA-induced activation of caspase-9, -8 and -3, as well as the levels of both cytochrome c and AIF of cytoplasm. However, 2DG failed to increase the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels elicited by DHA. Overall, the data shown above indicated DHA plus 2DG induced apoptosis was involved in both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways in NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-jun Mi
- Department of thoracic surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chenggong Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guo-jun Geng
- Department of thoracic surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zheng-zhi Zou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xian-yang Luo
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of thoracic surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of thoracic surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chun-lei Li
- Department of thoracic surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yu-qiang Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chenggong Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiu-yi Yu
- Department of thoracic surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- * E-mail: (XYY); (JJ)
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of thoracic surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- * E-mail: (XYY); (JJ)
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Hu T, He N, Yang Y, Yin C, Sang N, Yang Q. DEC2 expression is positively correlated with HIF-1 activation and the invasiveness of human osteosarcomas. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:22. [PMID: 25884381 PMCID: PMC4379712 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0135-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Osteosarcoma is the most common malignancy of bone. HIF-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor 1) activation is critical for the metabolic reprogramming and progression of solid tumors, and DEC2 (differentiated embryonic chondrocyte gene 2) has been recently reported to suppress HIF-1 in human breast and endometrial cancers. However, the roles of HIF-1 and DEC2 in human osteosarcomas remain unclear. Methods We evaluated the correlation of DEC2 and HIF-1 expression to the prognosis, and studied the roles of DEC2 and HIF-1 activation in the invasiveness of osteosarcoma. Multiple approaches including immunohistochemical staining of clinical osteosarcoma tissues, siRNA-based knockdown and other molecular biology techniques were used. Particularly, by using a repetitive trans-well culture-based in vitro evolution system, we selected a more invasive subpopulation (U2OS-M) of osteosarcoma cells from U2OS and used it as a model to study the roles of DEC2 and HIF-1 in the invasiveness of osteosarcoma. Results We found that the expression of DEC2 was positively correlated with HIF-1α levels, and HIF-1α expression positively correlated with poor prognosis in osteosarcomas. DEC2 knockdown in osteosarcoma cell lines (U2OS, MNNG and 143B) attenuated HIF-1α accumulation and impaired the up-regulation of HIF-1 target genes in response to hypoxia. Compared with the low invasive parental U2OS, U2OS-M showed higher levels of DEC2 expression which were confirmed at both mRNA and protein levels. Importantly, we found that the increased DEC2 expression resulted in a more rapid accumulation of HIF-1α in U2OS-M cells in response to hypoxia. Finally, we found that HIF-1 activation is sufficient to upregulate DEC2 expression in osteosarcoma cells. Conclusion Taken together, whereas DEC2 was found to promote HIF-1α degradation in other types of tumors, our data indicate that DEC2 facilitates HIF-1α stabilization and promotes HIF-1 activation in osteosarcoma. This implies that DEC2 may contribute to the progression and metastasis of human osteosarcoma by sensitizing tumor cells to hypoxia. On the other hand, HIF-1 activation may contribute to the expression of DEC2 in osteosarcoma. This is the first demonstration of a novel DEC2-HIF-1 vicious cycle in osteosarcoma and a tumor-type specific role for DEC2. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-015-0135-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No.600, Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Nengbin He
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No.600, Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Yunsong Yang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Chengqian Yin
- Departments of Biology, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Drexel University CoAS, 3245 Chestnut St, PISB 417, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Nianli Sang
- Departments of Biology, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Drexel University CoAS, 3245 Chestnut St, PISB 417, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Qingcheng Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No.600, Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Liao L, Testa JR, Yang H. The roles of chromatin-remodelers and epigenetic modifiers in kidney cancer. Cancer Genet 2015; 208:206-14. [PMID: 25873528 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the major subtype of kidney cancer that is characterized by frequent inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene in 80-90% of the tumors. Recent reports using massive parallel sequencing technologies have discovered additional cancer driver genes. PBRM1 was found to be mutated in about 40% of ccRCC tumors, whereas BAP1 and SETD2 were each mutated in about 10-15% of ccRCC tumors. JARID1C and UTX, two histone H3 demethylases, were also found to harbor mutations in ccRCC, albeit at lower rates. ccRCC tumors display a high degree of intra-tumoral heterogeneity, with some mutations present in all cancer cells (ubiquitous), whereas others are subclonal. The VHL mutations were always ubiquitous in the tumors; PBRM1 mutations were also ubiquitous but to a lesser extent. On the contrary, mutations in BAP1, SETD2, JARID1C, and UTX were all subclonal, meaning that they were present in a subset of cancer cells in a tumor. The prognostic value of PBRM1 mutations in ccRCC is still controversial, whereas BAP1 mutations were tightly linked to worse clinical outcomes in multiple studies. The molecular functions of these newly identified cancer driver genes are discussed, and they were known readers, writers, or erasers of histone marks on histone H2 and H3 tails that are very close to each other, suggesting that these factors might functionally interact and affect common pathways. The studies on these newly identified tumor suppressors will shed light on ccRCC tumorigenesis and development, and will likely lead to development of novel therapeutic interventions for ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Liao
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Joseph R Testa
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.
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Ito Y, Zemans R, Correll K, Yang IV, Ahmad A, Gao B, Mason RJ. Stanniocalcin-1 is induced by hypoxia inducible factor in rat alveolar epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:1091-7. [PMID: 25251473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar type II (ATII) cells remain differentiated and express surfactant proteins when cultured at an air-liquid (A/L) interface. When cultured under submerged conditions, ATII cells dedifferentiate and change their gene expression profile. We have previously shown that gene expression under submerged conditions is regulated by hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) signaling due to focal hypoxia resulting from ATII cell metabolism. Herein, we sought to further define gene expression changes in ATII cells cultured under submerged conditions. We performed a genome wide microarray on RNA extracted from rat ATII cells cultured under submerged conditions for 24-48h after switching from an A/L interface. We found significant alterations in gene expression, including upregulation of the HIF target genes stanniocalcin-1 (STC1), tyrosine hydroxylase (Th), enolase (Eno) 2, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 13, and we verified upregulation of these genes by RT-PCR. Because STC1, a highly evolutionarily conserved glycoprotein with anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant, and wound healing properties, is widely expressed in the lung, we further explored the potential functions of STC1 in the alveolar epithelium. We found that STC1 was induced by hypoxia and HIF in rat ATII cells, and this induction occurred rapidly and reversibly. We also showed that recombinant human STC1 (rhSTC1) enhanced cell motility with extended lamellipodia formation in alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) monolayers but did not inhibit the oxidative damage induced by LPS. We also confirmed that STC1 was upregulated by hypoxia and HIF in human lung epithelial cells. In this study, we have found that several HIF target genes including STC1 are upregulated in AECs by a submerged condition, that STC1 is regulated by hypoxia and HIF, that this regulation is rapidly and reversibly, and that STC1 enhances wound healing moderately in AEC monolayers. However, STC1 did not inhibit oxidative damage in rat AECs stimulated by LPS in vitro. Therefore, alterations in gene expression by ATII cells under submerged conditions including STC1 were largely induced by hypoxia and HIF, which may be relevant to our understanding of the pathogenesis of various lung diseases in which the alveolar epithelium is exposed to relative hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ito
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.
| | - Rachel Zemans
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kelly Correll
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Ivana V Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Bifeng Gao
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Robert J Mason
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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Reid MD, Choi H, Balci S, Akkas G, Adsay V. Serous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas: clinicopathologic and molecular characteristics. Semin Diagn Pathol 2014; 31:475-483. [PMID: 25441309 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We herein summarize the pathology and most recent advances in the molecular genetics of serous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. They typically present as relatively large, well-demarcated tumors (mean size, 6cm), predominantly occurring in females. Pre-operative diagnosis remains challenging; imaging findings and cyst fluid analysis often prove non-specific and fine-needle aspiration often does not yield diagnostic cells. Pathologically, they are characterized by a distinctive cytology referred to as "serous." Although they have ductal differentiation, they distinctly lack the mucin production that characterizes most other pancreatic ductal tumors, including ductal adenocarcinoma and its variants, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) and mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN). They instead produce abundant glycogen (glycogen-rich adenoma). Serous cystadenomas also lack the molecular alterations that characterize ductal neoplasms, such as mutation of KRAS (high prevalence in most mucinous ductal neoplasms), inactivation of SMAD4 (seen in ductal adenocarcinomas), and mutations in GNAS (seen in some IPMNs) and RNF43 (detected in MCNs and IPMNs). Instead, new molecular and immunohistochemical observations place serous pancreatic tumors closer to "clear cell neoplasms" seen in various other organs that are associated with the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) pathway, such as clear cell renal cell carcinomas and capillary hemangioblastomas. Patients with VHL syndrome have an increased risk of developing serous pancreatic tumors and somatic mutations of the VHL gene are common in these tumors along with modification of its downstream effectors including hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF1), glucose uptake and transporter-1 (GLUT-1), a common factor in clear cell (glycogen-rich) tumors, as well as expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), thought to be a factor in the striking capillarization of serous cystadenomas and other non-pancreatic clear cell tumors. VEGF may prove to be of significant diagnostic value since its elevation in cyst fluid has recently been found highly sensitive and specific for serous neoplasms. These molecular alterations establish serous tumors as prototypes of clear cell tumorigenesis and angiogenesis and may prove helpful both as diagnostic and non-surgical therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Reid
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Hyejeong Choi
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Serdar Balci
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Gizem Akkas
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Volkan Adsay
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.
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