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Qian F, Arner BE, Kelly KM, Annageldiyev C, Sharma A, Claxton DF, Paulson RF, Prabhu KS. Interleukin-4 treatment reduces leukemia burden in acute myeloid leukemia. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22328. [PMID: 35471732 PMCID: PMC9994642 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200251r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a signature cytokine pivotal in Type 2 helper T cell (Th2) immune response, particularly in allergy and hypersensitivity. Interestingly, IL-4 increases endogenous levels of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2 ) and its metabolites, Δ12 -prostaglandin J2 (Δ12 -PGJ2 ) and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14 -prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2 ), collectively called cyclopentenone PGs (CyPGs). However, the therapeutic role of IL-4 in hematologic malignancies remains unclear. Here, we employed a murine model of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), where human MLL-AF9 fusion oncoprotein was expressed in hematopoietic progenitor cells, to test the effect of IL-4 treatment in vivo. Daily intraperitoneal treatment with IL-4 at 60 µg/kg/d significantly alleviated the severity of AML, as seen by decreased leukemia-initiating cells (LICs). The effect of IL-4 was mediated, in part, by the enhanced expression of hematopoietic- PGD2 synthase (H-PGDS) to effect endogenous production of CyPGs, through autocrine and paracrine signaling mechanisms. Similar results were seen with patient-derived AML cells cultured ex vivo with IL-4. Use of GW9662, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) antagonist, suggested endogenous CyPGs-PPARγ axis mediated p53-dependent apoptosis of LICs by IL-4. Taken together, our results reveal a beneficial role of IL-4 treatment in AML suggesting a potential therapeutic regimen worthy of clinical trials in patients with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Qian
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Brooke E. Arner
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Kelly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Mammalian Pathology Section, Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Charyguly Annageldiyev
- Division of Hematology and Oncology and Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Arati Sharma
- Division of Hematology and Oncology and Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - David F. Claxton
- Division of Hematology and Oncology and Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Robert F. Paulson
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - K. Sandeep Prabhu
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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2
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Gimazetdinov AM, Al’mukhametov AZ, Zagitov VV, Miftakhov MS. Formal synthesis of J-type prostaglandins based on enantiopure polyfunctional cyclopentenol derivative. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Vostrikov NS, Spirikhin LV, Lobov AN, Gimazetdinov AM, Zileeva ZR, Vakhitova YV, Macaev ZR, Pivnitsky KK, Miftakhov MS. Simple antitumor model compounds for cross-conjugated cyclopentenone prostaglandins. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Loza VV, Gimazetdinov AM, Miftakhov MS. Cross-Conjugated Cyclopentenone Prostaglandins. Recent Advances. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428018110015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Nicolaou KC, Pulukuri KK, Rigol S, Peitsinis Z, Yu R, Kishigami S, Cen N, Aujay M, Sandoval J, Zepeda N, Gavrilyuk J. Short Total Synthesis of Δ 12-Prostaglandin J 2 and Related Prostaglandins. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Macrocyclic Δ 12-Prostaglandin J 2 Analogues. J Org Chem 2018; 84:365-378. [PMID: 30557504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Comprised of a large collection of structurally diverse molecules, the prostaglandins exhibit a wide range of biological properties. Among them are Δ12-prostaglandin J2 (Δ12-PGJ2) and Δ12-prostaglandin J3 (Δ12-PGJ3), whose unusual structural motifs and potent cytotoxicities present unique opportunities for chemical and biological investigations. Herein, we report a short olefin-metathesis-based total synthesis of Δ12-PGJ2 and its application to the construction of a series of designed analogues possessing monomeric, dimeric, trimeric, and tetrameric macrocyclic lactones consisting of units of this prostaglandin. Biological evaluation of these analogues led to interesting structure-activity relationships and trends and the discovery of a number of more potent antitumor agents than their parent naturally occurring molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Kiran Kumar Pulukuri
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Stephan Rigol
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Zisis Peitsinis
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Ruocheng Yu
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Satoshi Kishigami
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Nicholas Cen
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Monette Aujay
- Abbvie Stemcentrx, LLC, 450 East Jamie Court , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Joseph Sandoval
- Abbvie Stemcentrx, LLC, 450 East Jamie Court , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Nancy Zepeda
- Abbvie Stemcentrx, LLC, 450 East Jamie Court , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Julia Gavrilyuk
- Abbvie Stemcentrx, LLC, 450 East Jamie Court , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
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7
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Li J, Ahmed TS, Xu C, Stoltz BM, Grubbs RH. Concise Syntheses of Δ 12-Prostaglandin J Natural Products via Stereoretentive Metathesis. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:154-158. [PMID: 30537831 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Δ12-Prostaglandin J family is recently discovered and has potent anticancer activity. Concise syntheses of four Δ12-prostaglandin J natural products (7-8 steps in the longest linear sequences) are reported, enabled by convergent stereoretentive cross-metathesis. Exceptional control of alkene geometry was achieved through stereoretention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Li
- The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Tonia S Ahmed
- The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Chen Xu
- The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States.,Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518000 , China
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Robert H Grubbs
- The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
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8
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Pelšs A, Gandhamsetty N, Smith JR, Mailhol D, Silvi M, Watson AJA, Perez-Powell I, Prévost S, Schützenmeister N, Moore PR, Aggarwal VK. Reoptimization of the Organocatalyzed Double Aldol Domino Process to a Key Enal Intermediate and Its Application to the Total Synthesis of Δ 12 -Prostaglandin J 3. Chemistry 2018; 24:9542-9545. [PMID: 29774967 PMCID: PMC6055629 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Re-investigation of the l-proline catalyzed double aldol cascade dimerization of succinaldehyde for the synthesis of a key bicyclic enal intermediate, pertinent in the field of stereoselective prostaglandin synthesis, is reported. The yield of this process has been more than doubled, from 14 % to a 29 % isolated yield on a multi-gram scale (32 % NMR yield), through conducting a detailed study of the reaction solvent, temperature, and concentration, as well as a catalyst screen. The synthetic utility of this enal intermediate has been further demonstrated through the total synthesis of Δ12 -prostaglandin J3 , a compound with known anti-leukemic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrejs Pelšs
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | | | - James R Smith
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Damien Mailhol
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Mattia Silvi
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Andrew J A Watson
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Isabel Perez-Powell
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Sébastien Prévost
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Nina Schützenmeister
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Peter R Moore
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Charter Way, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Varinder K Aggarwal
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
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9
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Nicolaou KC, Pulukuri KK, Yu R, Rigol S, Heretsch P, Grove CI, Hale CRH, ElMarrouni A. Total Synthesis of Δ12-Prostaglandin J3: Evolution of Synthetic Strategies to a Streamlined Process. Chemistry 2016; 22:8559-70. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry; BioScience Research Collaborative; Rice University; 6100 Main Street Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Kiran Kumar Pulukuri
- Department of Chemistry; BioScience Research Collaborative; Rice University; 6100 Main Street Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Ruocheng Yu
- Department of Chemistry; BioScience Research Collaborative; Rice University; 6100 Main Street Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Stephan Rigol
- Department of Chemistry; BioScience Research Collaborative; Rice University; 6100 Main Street Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Philipp Heretsch
- Department of Chemistry; BioScience Research Collaborative; Rice University; 6100 Main Street Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Charles I. Grove
- Department of Chemistry; BioScience Research Collaborative; Rice University; 6100 Main Street Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Christopher R. H. Hale
- Department of Chemistry; BioScience Research Collaborative; Rice University; 6100 Main Street Houston TX 77005 USA
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Abdelatif ElMarrouni
- Department of Chemistry; BioScience Research Collaborative; Rice University; 6100 Main Street Houston TX 77005 USA
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10
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Nicolaou KC, Pulukuri KK, Rigol S, Heretsch P, Yu R, Grove CI, Hale CRH, ElMarrouni A, Fetz V, Brönstrup M, Aujay M, Sandoval J, Gavrilyuk J. Synthesis and Biological Investigation of Δ(12)-Prostaglandin J3 (Δ(12)-PGJ3) Analogues and Related Compounds. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6550-60. [PMID: 27171618 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of Δ(12)-prostaglandin J3 (Δ(12)-PGJ3) analogues and derivatives were synthesized employing an array of synthetic strategies developed specifically to render them readily available for biological investigations. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against a number of cancer cell lines, revealing nanomolar potencies for a number of them against certain cancer cell lines. Four analogues (2, 11, 21, and 27) demonstrated inhibition of nuclear export through a covalent addition at Cys528 of the export receptor Crm1. One of these compounds (i.e., 11) is currently under evaluation as a potential drug candidate for the treatment of certain types of cancer. These studies culminated in useful and path-pointing structure-activity relationships (SARs) that provide guidance for further improvements in the biological/pharmacological profiles of compounds within this class.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Kiran Kumar Pulukuri
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Stephan Rigol
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Philipp Heretsch
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ruocheng Yu
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Charles I Grove
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Christopher R H Hale
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Abdelatif ElMarrouni
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Verena Fetz
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Monette Aujay
- Stemcentrx Inc. , 450 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joseph Sandoval
- Stemcentrx Inc. , 450 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Julia Gavrilyuk
- Stemcentrx Inc. , 450 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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11
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Finch ER, Kudva AK, Quickel MD, Goodfield LL, Kennett MJ, Whelan J, Paulson RF, Prabhu KS. Chemopreventive Effects of Dietary Eicosapentaenoic Acid Supplementation in Experimental Myeloid Leukemia. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:989-99. [PMID: 26290393 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Current therapies for treatment of myeloid leukemia do not eliminate leukemia stem cells (LSC), leading to disease relapse. In this study, we supplemented mice with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5), a polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid, at pharmacologic levels, to examine whether the endogenous metabolite, cyclopentenone prostaglandin delta-12 PGJ3 (Δ(12)-PGJ3), was effective in targeting LSCs in experimental leukemia. EPA supplementation for 8 weeks resulted in enhanced endogenous production of Δ(12)-PGJ3 that was blocked by indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. Using a murine model of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) induced by bone marrow transplantation of BCR-ABL-expressing hematopoietic stem cells, mice supplemented with EPA showed a decrease in the LSC population, and reduced splenomegaly and leukocytosis, when compared with mice on an oleic acid diet. Supplementation of CML mice carrying the T315I mutation (in BCR-ABL) with EPA resulted in a similar effect. Indomethacin blocked the EPA effect and increased the severity of BCR-ABL-induced CML and decreased apoptosis. Δ(12)-PGJ3 rescued indomethacin-treated BCR-ABL mice and decreased LSCs. Inhibition of hematopoietic-prostaglandin D synthase (H-PGDS) by HQL-79 in EPA-supplemented CML mice also blocked the effect of EPA. In addition, EPA supplementation was effective in a murine model of acute myeloid leukemia. EPA-supplemented mice exhibited a decrease in leukemia burden and a decrease in the LSC colony-forming unit (LSC-CFU). The decrease in LSCs was confirmed through serial transplantation assays in all disease models. The results support a chemopreventive role for EPA in myeloid leukemia, which is dependent on the ability to efficiently convert EPA to endogenous COX-derived prostanoids, including Δ(12)-PGJ3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Finch
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania. Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Avinash K Kudva
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael D Quickel
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura L Goodfield
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary J Kennett
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Jay Whelan
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennesee
| | - Robert F Paulson
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
| | - K Sandeep Prabhu
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
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12
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Nicolaou KC, Heretsch P, ElMarrouni A, Hale CRH, Pulukuri KK, Kudva AK, Narayan V, Prabhu KS. Total Synthesis of Δ12-Prostaglandin J3, a Highly Potent and Selective Antileukemic Agent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201404917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Nicolaou KC, Heretsch P, ElMarrouni A, Hale CRH, Pulukuri KK, Kudva AK, Narayan V, Prabhu KS. Total synthesis of Δ¹²-prostaglandin J₃, a highly potent and selective antileukemic agent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:10443-7. [PMID: 25098181 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A catalytic asymmetric total synthesis of the potent and selective antileukemic Δ(12)-prostaglandin J3 (Δ(12)-PGJ3) is described. The convergent synthesis proceeded through intermediates 2 and 3, formed enantioselectively from readily available starting materials and coupled through an aldol reaction followed by dehydration to afford stereoselectively the cyclopentenone alkylidene structural motif of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005 (USA).
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