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Homoplastic single nucleotide polymorphisms contributed to phenotypic diversity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8024. [PMID: 32415151 PMCID: PMC7229016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64895-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Homoplastic mutations are mutations independently occurring in different clades of an organism. The homoplastic changes may be a result of convergence evolution due to selective pressures. Reports on the analysis of homoplastic mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis have been limited. Here we characterized the distribution of homoplastic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among genomes of 1,170 clinical M. tuberculosis isolates. They were present in all functional categories of genes, with pe/ppe gene family having the highest ratio of homoplastic SNPs compared to the total SNPs identified in the same functional category. Among the pe/ppe genes, the homoplastic SNPs were common in a relatively small number of homologous genes, including ppe18, the protein of which is a component of a promising candidate vaccine, M72/AS01E. The homoplastic SNPs in ppe18 were particularly common among M. tuberculosis Lineage 1 isolates, suggesting the need for caution in extrapolating the results of the vaccine trial to the population where L1 is endemic in Asia. As expected, homoplastic SNPs strongly associated with drug resistance. Most of these mutations are already well known. However, a number of novel mutations associated with streptomycin resistance were identified, which warrants further investigation. A SNP in the intergenic region upstream of Rv0079 (DATIN) was experimentally shown to increase transcriptional activity of the downstream gene, suggesting that intergenic homoplastic SNPs should have effects on the physiology of the bacterial cells. Our study highlights the potential of homoplastic mutations to produce phenotypic changes. Under selective pressure and during interaction with the host, homoplastic mutations may confer advantages to M. tuberculosis and deserve further characterization.
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Loutet MG, Davidson JA, Brown T, Dedicoat M, Thomas HL, Lalor MK. Acquired Resistance to Antituberculosis Drugs in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, 2000-2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:524-533. [PMID: 29460735 PMCID: PMC5823342 DOI: 10.3201/eid2403.171362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Among tuberculosis (TB) patients, acquired resistance to anti-TB drugs represents a failure in the treatment pathway. To improve diagnosis and care for patients with drug-resistant TB, we examined the epidemiology and risk factors associated with acquired drug resistance during 2000–2015 among TB patients in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. We found acquired resistance in 0.2% (158/67,710) of patients with culture-confirmed TB. Using multivariate logistic regression, we identified the following factors associated with acquired drug resistance: having pulmonary disease; initial resistance to isoniazid, rifampin, or both; a previous TB episode; and being born in China or South Africa. Treatment outcomes were worse for patients with than without acquired resistance. Although acquired resistance is rare in the study area, certain patient groups are at higher risk. Identifying these patients and ensuring that adequate resources are available for treatment may prevent acquisition of resistance, thereby limiting transmission of drug-resistant strains of mycobacteria.
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Ou XC, Xu F, Zhou Y, Tian LL, Zeng QY, Fan WX, Zhao YL. Molecular Characterization and Drug Susceptibility of Mycobacterium Bovis Isolated from Cattle in Xinjiang, China. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131:3017-3019. [PMID: 30539923 PMCID: PMC6302649 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.247204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Chao Ou
- National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Fang Xu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Li-Li Tian
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China
| | - Qiao-Ying Zeng
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Wei-Xing Fan
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China
| | - Yan-Lin Zhao
- National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
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Mathema B, Andrews JR, Cohen T, Borgdorff MW, Behr M, Glynn JR, Rustomjee R, Silk BJ, Wood R. Drivers of Tuberculosis Transmission. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:S644-S653. [PMID: 29112745 PMCID: PMC5853844 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring tuberculosis transmission is exceedingly difficult, given the remarkable variability in the timing of clinical disease after Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection; incident disease can result from either a recent (ie, weeks to months) or a remote (ie, several years to decades) infection event. Although we cannot identify with certainty the timing and location of tuberculosis transmission for individuals, approaches for estimating the individual probability of recent transmission and for estimating the fraction of tuberculosis cases due to recent transmission in populations have been developed. Data used to estimate the probable burden of recent transmission include tuberculosis case notifications in young children and trends in tuberculin skin test and interferon γ-release assays. More recently, M. tuberculosis whole-genome sequencing has been used to estimate population levels of recent transmission, identify the distribution of specific strains within communities, and decipher chains of transmission among culture-positive tuberculosis cases. The factors that drive the transmission of tuberculosis in communities depend on the burden of prevalent tuberculosis; the ways in which individuals live, work, and interact (eg, congregate settings); and the capacity of healthcare and public health systems to identify and effectively treat individuals with infectious forms of tuberculosis. Here we provide an overview of these factors, describe tools for measurement of ongoing transmission, and highlight knowledge gaps that must be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barun Mathema
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jason R Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, California
| | - Ted Cohen
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Martien W Borgdorff
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Behr
- McGill International TB Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal,Canada
| | - Judith R Glynn
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Roxana Rustomjee
- Tuberculosis Clinical Research Branch, Therapeutics Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Benjamin J Silk
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robin Wood
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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Rockwood N, Sirgel F, Streicher E, Warren R, Meintjes G, Wilkinson RJ. Low Frequency of Acquired Isoniazid and Rifampicin Resistance in Rifampicin-Susceptible Pulmonary Tuberculosis in a Setting of High HIV-1 Infection and Tuberculosis Coprevalence. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:632-640. [PMID: 28934422 PMCID: PMC5815623 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We estimated the incidence of acquired isoniazid and rifampicin resistance in rifampicin-susceptible tuberculosis in a setting of high human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and tuberculosis coprevalence. Methods GeneXpert MTB/RIF–confirmed patients with rifampicin-susceptible tuberculosis were recruited at antituberculosis treatment initiation in Khayelitsha, South Africa. Liquid culture and adherence assessment were performed at 2 and 5–6 months. MTBDRplus was performed on mycobacteria-positive cultures to ascertain acquired drug resistance (ADR). Spoligotyping and whole-genome sequencing were performed to ascertain homogeneity between baseline isolates and isolates with ADR. Baseline isolates were retrospectively tested for isoniazid monoresistance. An electronic database review was performed to ascertain tuberculosis recurrences. Results A total of 306 participants (62% with HIV-1 coinfection, of whom 71% received antiretroviral therapy) were recruited. Ascertainment of outcomes was complete for 284 participants. Five acquired a resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain during or subsequent to treatment. One strain was confirmed to have ADR, 2 were confirmed as causing exogenous reinfection, and 2 were unrecoverable for genotyping. Incident ADR was estimated to have ranged from 0.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], .1%–1.9%; 1 of 284 participants) to 1% (95% CI, .2%–3%; 3 of 284 participants). Seventeen of 279 baseline isolates (6.1%; 95% CI, 3.6%–9.6%) had isoniazid monoresistance (13 of 17 had an inhA promoter mutation), but 0 of 17 had amplified resistance. Conclusions Treatment with standardized antituberculosis regimens dosed daily throughout, high uptake of antiretroviral therapy, and low prevalence of isoniazid monoresistance were associated with a low frequency of ADR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neesha Rockwood
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town
| | - Frederick Sirgel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Streicher
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Robin Warren
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College.,Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town
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Zimenkov DV, Kulagina EV, Antonova OV, Zhuravlev VY, Gryadunov DA. Simultaneous drug resistance detection and genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using a low-density hydrogel microarray. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:1520-31. [PMID: 26929267 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleic acid amplification tests are widely used in TB diagnostics. Priority tasks in their development consist of increasing the specificity and sensitivity of the detection of resistance to a wide spectrum of anti-TB drugs. METHODS We developed a multiplexed assay allowing the detection of 116 drug resistance-determining mutations in the rpoB, katG, inhA, ahpC, gyrA, gyrB, rrs, eis and embB genes in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex genome and six SNPs to identify the main lineages circulating in Russia. The assay is based on the amplification of 17 fragments of the genome using the universal primer adapter technique and heat pulses at the elongation step, followed by hybridization on a microarray. RESULTS The method was evaluated using 264 pairs of clinical samples and corresponding isolates. A significant proportion (25%) of smear-negative samples were correctly analysed by microarray analysis in addition to 96% of smear-positive samples. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay exceeded 90% for rifampicin, isoniazid, ofloxacin and second-line injection drugs. In agreement with previous studies, the specificity of ethambutol resistance was as low as 57%, while the sensitivity was 89.9%. Strong association of the Beijing lineage with a resistant phenotype was observed. Euro-American lineage strains, excluding Ural and LAM, were predominantly associated with the susceptible phenotype. CONCLUSIONS The developed test has a high sensitivity and specificity and can be directly applied to clinical samples. The combination of mutation-based drug resistance profiling and basic genotyping could be useful for clinical microbiology studies and epidemiological surveillance of the M. tuberculosis complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila V Zimenkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena V Kulagina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Olga V Antonova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Dmitry A Gryadunov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Rockwood N, Abdullahi LH, Wilkinson RJ, Meintjes G. Risk Factors for Acquired Rifamycin and Isoniazid Resistance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139017. [PMID: 26406228 PMCID: PMC4583446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies looking at acquired drug resistance (ADR) are diverse with respect to geographical distribution, HIV co-infection rates, retreatment status and programmatic factors such as regimens administered and directly observed therapy. Our objective was to examine and consolidate evidence from clinical studies of the multifactorial aetiology of acquired rifamycin and/or isoniazid resistance within the scope of a single systematic review. This is important to inform policy and identify key areas for further studies. METHODS Case-control and cohort studies and randomised controlled trials that reported ADR as an outcome during antitubercular treatment regimens including a rifamycin and examined the association of at least 1 risk factor were included. Post hoc, we carried out random effects Mantel-Haenszel weighted meta-analyses of the impact of 2 key risk factors 1) HIV and 2) baseline drug resistance on the binary outcome of ADR. Heterogeneity was assessed used I2 statistic. As a secondary outcome, we calculated median cumulative incidence of ADR, weighted by the sample size of the studies. RESULTS Meta-analysis of 15 studies showed increased risk of ADR with baseline mono- or polyresistance (RR 4.85 95% CI 3.26 to 7.23, heterogeneity I2 58%, 95% CI 26 to 76%). Meta-analysis of 8 studies showed that HIV co-infection was associated with increased risk of ADR (RR 3.02, 95% CI 1.28 to 7.11); there was considerable heterogeneity amongst these studies (I2 81%, 95% CI 64 to 90%). Non-adherence, extrapulmonary/disseminated disease and advanced immunosuppression in HIV co-infection were other risk factors noted. The weighted median cumulative incidence of acquired multi drug resistance calculated in 24 studies (assuming whole cohort as denominator, regardless of follow up DST) was 0.1% (5th to 95th percentile 0.07 to 3.2%). CONCLUSION Baseline drug resistance and HIV co-infection were significant risk factors for ADR. There was a trend of positive association with non-adherence which is likely to contribute to the outcome of ADR. The multifactorial aetiology of ADR in a programmatic setting should be further evaluated via appropriately designed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neesha Rockwood
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Leila H. Abdullahi
- Vaccines for Africa Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert J. Wilkinson
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Novel DNA chip based on a modified DigiTag2 assay for high-throughput species identification and genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:1962-8. [PMID: 24671786 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00153-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A multipurpose high-throughput genotyping tool for the assessment of recent epidemiological data and evolutional pattern in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) clinical isolates was developed in this study. To facilitate processing, 51 highly informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected for discriminating the clinically most relevant MTBC species and genotyping M. tuberculosis into its principle genetic groups (PGGs) and SNP cluster groups (SCGs). Because of the high flexibility of the DigiTag2 assay, the identical protocol and DNA array containing the identical set of probes were applied to the highly GC-rich mycobacterial genome. The specific primers with multiplex amplification and hybridization conditions based on the DigiTag2 principle were optimized and evaluated with 14 MTBC reference strains, 4 nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) isolates, and 322 characterized M. tuberculosis clinical isolates. The DNA chip that was developed revealed a 99.85% call rate, a 100% conversion rate, and 99.75% reproducibility. For the accuracy rate, 98.94% of positive calls were consistent with previous molecular characterizations. Our cost-effective technology was capable of simultaneously identifying the MTBC species and the genotypes of 96 M. tuberculosis clinical isolates within 6 h using only simple instruments, such as a thermal cycler, a hybridization oven, and a DNA chip scanner, and less technician skill was required than for other techniques. We demonstrate this approach's potential as a simple, flexible, and rapid tool for providing clearer information regarding circulating MTBC isolates.
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