1
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Tan SQ, Wei HS, Li Z, Liu XX. The Odorant-Binding Protein 1 Mediates the Foraging Behavior of Grapholita molesta Larvae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:116-127. [PMID: 38109355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Since eggs are laid directly on fruit skin, it is typically believed that food odor has little impact on the foraging of Grapholita molesta larvae. It is crucial to note that larvae that hatch on twigs and leaves could need some sort of identification system when foraging. Here, 22 GmolOBP genes were identified from the G. molesta larval transcriptome via the comparison of conserved domain and homology in the protein level. GmolOBP1 had strong affinities for important pear-fruit volatiles, which caused larvae strong behavioral responses. However, after GmolOBP1 silencing, the larvae lost their attraction to methyl salicylate, α-farnesene, butyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, and ethyl hexanoate, and the effects of larvae seeking various pears were significantly reduced. Consequently, GmolOBP1 was required for the reception of pear volatiles and was involved in mediating how G. molesta larvae foraged. Our research revealed the GmolOBP1 foraging signal recognition mechanism as well as potential molecular targets for field pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Qian Tan
- Department of Entomology and Key Lab of Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hong-Shuang Wei
- Department of Entomology and Key Lab of Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Entomology and Key Lab of Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Liu
- Department of Entomology and Key Lab of Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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2
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Lizana P, Mutis A, Quiroz A, Venthur H. Insights Into Chemosensory Proteins From Non-Model Insects: Advances and Perspectives in the Context of Pest Management. Front Physiol 2022; 13:924750. [PMID: 36072856 PMCID: PMC9441497 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.924750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, insect chemosensation represents a key aspect of integrated pest management in the Anthropocene epoch. Olfaction-related proteins have been the focus of studies due to their function in vital processes, such ashost finding and reproduction behavior. Hence, most research has been based on the study of model insects, namely Drosophila melanogaster, Bombyx mori or Tribolium castaneum. Over the passage of time and the advance of new molecular techniques, insects considered non-models have been studied, contributing greatly to the knowledge of insect olfactory systems and enhanced pest control methods. In this review, a reference point for non-model insects is proposed and the concept of model and non-model insects is discussed. Likewise, it summarizes and discusses the progress and contribution in the olfaction field of both model and non-model insects considered pests in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Lizana
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Laboratorio de Química Ecológica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Ana Mutis
- Laboratorio de Química Ecológica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Andrés Quiroz
- Laboratorio de Química Ecológica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Herbert Venthur
- Laboratorio de Química Ecológica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- *Correspondence: Herbert Venthur,
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3
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Montino A, Balakrishnan K, Dippel S, Trebels B, Neumann P, Wimmer EA. Mutually Exclusive Expression of Closely Related Odorant-Binding Proteins 9A and 9B in the Antenna of the Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1502. [PMID: 34680135 PMCID: PMC8533528 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is crucial for insects to find food sources, mates, and oviposition sites. One of the initial steps in olfaction is facilitated by odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) that translocate hydrophobic odorants through the aqueous olfactory sensilla lymph to the odorant receptor complexes embedded in the dendritic membrane of olfactory sensory neurons. The Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) OBPs encoded by the gene pair TcasOBP9A and TcasOBP9B represent the closest homologs to the well-studied Drosophila melanogaster OBP Lush (DmelOBP76a), which mediates pheromone reception. By an electroantennographic analysis, we can show that these two OBPs are not pheromone-specific but rather enhance the detection of a broad spectrum of organic volatiles. Both OBPs are expressed in the antenna but in a mutually exclusive pattern, despite their homology and gene pair character by chromosomal location. A phylogenetic analysis indicates that this gene pair arose at the base of the Cucujiformia, which dates the gene duplication event to about 200 Mio years ago. Therefore, this gene pair is not the result of a recent gene duplication event and the high sequence conservation in spite of their expression in different sensilla is potentially the result of a common function as co-OBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Montino
- GZMB, Department of Developmental Biology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; (A.M.); (S.D.)
- Goettingen Graduate Center for Neurosciences, Biophysics, and Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August University School of Science, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Karthi Balakrishnan
- Department of Forest Zoology and Forest Conservation, Buesgen-Institute, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Buesgenweg 3, 37077 Goettingen, Germany;
| | - Stefan Dippel
- GZMB, Department of Developmental Biology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; (A.M.); (S.D.)
- Department of Biology—Animal Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Björn Trebels
- Department of Biology—Animal Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Piotr Neumann
- GZMB, Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology & Genetics, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany;
| | - Ernst A. Wimmer
- GZMB, Department of Developmental Biology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; (A.M.); (S.D.)
- Goettingen Graduate Center for Neurosciences, Biophysics, and Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August University School of Science, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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4
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Pan Y, Zhang X, Wang Z, Qi L, Zhang X, Zhang J, Xi J. Identification and analysis of chemosensory genes encoding odorant-binding proteins, chemosensory proteins and sensory neuron membrane proteins in the antennae of Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 112:1-11. [PMID: 34588009 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485321000857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a destructive pest that causes damage to rice crops worldwide. The olfactory system is critical for host or mate location by weevils, but only limited information about the molecular mechanism of olfaction-related behaviour has been reported in this insect. In this study, we conducted SMRT-seq transcriptome analysis and obtained 54,378 transcripts, 38,706 of which were annotated. Based on these annotations, we identified 40 candidate chemosensory genes, including 31 odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), six chemosensory proteins (CSPs) and three sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs). Phylogenetic analysis showed that LoryOBPs, LoryCSPs and LorySNMPs were distributed in various clades. The results of tissue expression patterns indicated that LoryOBPs were highly abundant in the antennae, whereas LoryCSPs were highly abundant not only in the antennae but also in the abdomen, head and wings. Our findings substantially expand the gene database of L. oryzophilus and may serve as a basis for identifying novel targets to disrupt key olfactory genes, potentially providing an eco-friendly strategy to control this pest in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun130062, PR China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun130062, PR China
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhun Wang
- Changchun Customs Technology Center, Changchun, China
| | - Lizhong Qi
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun130062, PR China
| | - Xinsheng Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun130062, PR China
| | - Juhong Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun130062, PR China
| | - Jinghui Xi
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun130062, PR China
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5
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Wei HS, Qin JH, Cao YZ, Li KB, Yin J. Two classic OBPs modulate the responses of female Holotrichia oblita to three major ester host plant volatiles. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 30:390-399. [PMID: 33822423 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Insects possess a fairly sophisticated olfactory system in their antennae to detect odorants essential for their survival and reproduction. Among them, insect first perceives odour sources by odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) to locate host-plants. Methyl salicylate, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and dibutyl phthalate are major volatile components of Ulmus pumila and Ricinus communis and elicit strong responses of the scarab beetle Holotrichia oblita adults. However, olfactory perception of the scarab beetle to these odorant compounds is unclear. In the current study, we cloned the OBP6 and OBP7 of H. oblita. The expression pattern shows that the two genes were highly expressed in the antennae of female beetles. Binding assays verified that the HoblOBP6 had a better binding affinity to methyl salicylate, and so did HoblOBP7 to (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and dibutyl phthalate. The effect on the responses of female beetles to the three compounds was decreased significantly after these two genes were silenced by RNA interference. These results indicate that HoblOBP6 and HoblOBP7 are essential for female H. oblita perception of methyl salicylate, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and dibutyl phthalate. Our study provides important insights into the olfactory mechanism of female H. oblita to ester plant volatiles and could facilitate the development of potential pest control strategies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-S Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - J-H Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y-Z Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - K-B Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - J Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Rondoni G, Roman A, Meslin C, Montagné N, Conti E, Jacquin-Joly E. Antennal Transcriptome Analysis and Identification of Candidate Chemosensory Genes of the Harlequin Ladybird Beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12030209. [PMID: 33801288 PMCID: PMC8002065 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The predatory harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) has been widely released for classical and augmentative biological control programs of insect herbivores and is now distributed worldwide. Because of its invasive behavior and the threat it can pose to local biodiversity, this ladybird has been adopted as a model species for invasive biocontrol predators. A huge amount of existing literature is available on this species. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying H. axyridis smell and taste, even though these senses are important in this ladybird for courtship, mating, and for locating suitable habitats for feeding and oviposition. Here we describe the first chemosensory gene repertoire that is expressed in the antennae of male and female H. axyridis. Our findings would likely represent the basis for future functional studies aiming at increasing the efficacy of H. axyridis in biological control or at reducing its populations in those areas where the ladybird has become a matter of concern due to its invasiveness. Abstract In predatory ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), antennae are important for chemosensory reception used during food and mate location, and for finding a suitable oviposition habitat. Based on NextSeq 550 Illumina sequencing, we assembled the antennal transcriptome of mated Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) males and females and described the first chemosensory gene repertoire expressed in this species. We annotated candidate chemosensory sequences encoding 26 odorant receptors (including the coreceptor, Orco), 17 gustatory receptors, 27 ionotropic receptors, 31 odorant-binding proteins, 12 chemosensory proteins, and 4 sensory neuron membrane proteins. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analyses allowed to assign candidate H. axyridis chemosensory genes to previously described groups in each of these families. Differential expression analysis between males and females revealed low variability between sexes, possibly reflecting the known absence of relevant sexual dimorphism in the structure of the antennae and in the distribution and abundance of the sensilla. However, we revealed significant differences in expression of three chemosensory genes, namely two male-biased odorant-binding proteins and one male-biased odorant receptor, suggesting their possible involvement in pheromone detection. Our data pave the way for improving the understanding of the molecular basis of chemosensory reception in Coccinellidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Rondoni
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 16123 Perugia, Italy; (A.R.); (E.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alessandro Roman
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 16123 Perugia, Italy; (A.R.); (E.C.)
| | - Camille Meslin
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES-Paris, INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Versailles, France; (C.M.); (N.M.); (E.J.-J.)
| | - Nicolas Montagné
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES-Paris, INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Versailles, France; (C.M.); (N.M.); (E.J.-J.)
| | - Eric Conti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 16123 Perugia, Italy; (A.R.); (E.C.)
| | - Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES-Paris, INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Versailles, France; (C.M.); (N.M.); (E.J.-J.)
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7
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Xie M, Zhong Y, Lin L, Zhang G, Su W, Ni W, Qu M, Chen H. Evaluation of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR normalization in the scarab beetle Holotrichia oblita. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240972. [PMID: 33085726 PMCID: PMC7577503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPT-PCR) is commonly used to analyze gene expression, however, the accuracy of the normalized results is affected by the expression stability of reference genes. Holotrichia oblita (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) causes serious damage to crops. Reliable reference genes in H. oblita are needed for qRT-PCR analysis. Therefore, we evaluated 13 reference genes under biotic and abiotic conditions. RefFinder provided a comprehensive stability ranking, and geNorm suggested the optimal number of reference genes for normalization. RPL13a and RPL18 were the most suitable reference genes for developmental stages, tissues, and temperature treatments; RPL13a and RPS3 were the most suitable for pesticide and photoperiod treatments; RPS18 and RPL18 were the most suitable for the two sexes. We validated the normalized results using odorant-binding protein genes as target genes in different tissues. Compared with the selected suitable reference genes, the expression of OBP1 in antennae, abdomen, and wings, and OBP2 in antennae and wings were overestimated due to the instability of ACTb. These results identified several reliable reference genes in H. oblita for normalization, and are valuable for future molecular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Xie
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yongzhi Zhong
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lulu Lin
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guangling Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weihua Su
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wanli Ni
- Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mingjing Qu
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Haoliang Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail:
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8
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Wei HS, Duan HX, Li KB, Zhang S, Wei ZJ, Yin J. The mechanism underlying OBP heterodimer formation and the recognition of odors in Holotrichia oblita Faldermann. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 152:957-968. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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Wang CQ, Li JQ, Li ET, Nyamwasa I, Li KB, Zhang S, Peng Y, Wei ZJ, Yin J. Molecular and functional characterization of odorant-binding protein genes in Holotrichia oblita Faldermann. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 136:359-367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Dong X, Liao H, Zhu G, Khuhro SA, Ye Z, Yan Q, Dong S. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated PBP1 and PBP3 mutagenesis induced significant reduction in electrophysiological response to sex pheromones in male Chilo suppressalis. INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 26:388-399. [PMID: 29058383 PMCID: PMC7379591 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) are thought to bind and transport sex pheromones onto the olfactory receptors on the dendrite membrane of olfactory neurons, and thus play a vital role in sex pheromone perception. However, the function of PBPs has rarely been demonstrated in vivo. In this study, two PBPs (PBP1 and PBP3) of Chilo suppressalis, one of the most notorious pyralid pests, were in vivo functionally characterized using insects with the PBP gene knocked out by the CRISPR/Cas9 system. First, through direct injection of PBP-single guide RNA (sgRNA)/Cas9 messenger RNA into newly laid eggs, a high rate of target-gene editing (checked with polled eggs) was induced at 24 h after injection, 21.3% for PBP1-sgRNA injected eggs and 19.5% for PBP3-sgRNA injected eggs. Second, by an in-crossing strategy, insects with mutant PBP1 or PBP3 (both with a premature stop codon) were screened, and homozygous mutants were obtained in the G3 generation. Third, the mutant insects were measured for electroantennogram (EAG) response to female sex pheromones. As a result, both PBP mutant males displayed significant reduction in EAG response, and this reduction in PBP1 mutants was higher than that in PBP3 mutants, indicating a more important role of PBP1. Finally, the relative importance of two PBPs and the possible off target effect induced by sgRNA-injection are discussed. Taken together, our study provides a deeper insight into the function of and interaction between different PBP genes in sex pheromone perception of C. suppressalis, as well as a valuable reference in methodology for gene functional study in other genes and other moth species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Tong Dong
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjingChina
| | - Hui Liao
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjingChina
| | - Guan‐Heng Zhu
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjingChina
| | - Sajjad Ali Khuhro
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjingChina
| | - Zhan‐Feng Ye
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjingChina
| | - Qi Yan
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjingChina
| | - Shuang‐Lin Dong
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjingChina
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11
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Venthur H, Zhou JJ. Odorant Receptors and Odorant-Binding Proteins as Insect Pest Control Targets: A Comparative Analysis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1163. [PMID: 30197600 PMCID: PMC6117247 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, two alternative targets in insect periphery nerve system have been explored for environmentally-friendly approaches in insect pest management, namely odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and odorant receptors (ORs). Located in insect antennae, OBPs are thought to be involved in the transport of odorants to ORs for the specific signal transduction of behaviorally active odorants. There is rich information on OBP binding affinity and molecular docking to bioactive compounds as well as ample 3D crystal structures due to feasible production of recombinant proteins. Although these provide excellent opportunities for them to be considered as pest control targets and a tool to design pest control agents, the debates on their binding specificity represent an obstacle. On the other hand, ORs have recently been functionally characterized with increasing evidence for their specificity, sensitivity and functional roles in pest behaviors. However, a major barrier to use ORs for semiochemical discovery is the lack of 3D crystal structures. Thus, OBPs and ORs have not been analyzed comparatively together so far for their feasibility as pest control targets. Here, we summarize the state of OBPs and ORs research in terms of its application in insect pest management. We discuss the suitability of both proteins as pest control targets and their selection toward the discovery of new potent semiochemicals. We argue that both proteins represent promising targets for pest control and can be used to identify new super-ligands likely present in nature and with reduced risk of resistance development than insect pesticides currently used in agriculture. We discuss that with the massive identification of OBPs through RNA-seq and improved binding affinity measurements, these proteins could be reconsidered as suitable targets for semiochemical discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Venthur
- Laboratorio de Química Ecológica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research Applied to the Environment (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jing-Jiang Zhou
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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12
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Pelosi P, Zhu J, Knoll W. From radioactive ligands to biosensors: binding methods with olfactory proteins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8213-8227. [PMID: 30054700 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we critically review the binding protocols currently reported in the literature to measure the affinity of odorants and pheromones to soluble olfactory proteins, such as odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), chemosensory proteins (CSPs) and Niemann-Pick class C2 (NPC2) proteins. The first part contains a brief introduction on the principles of binding and a comparison of the techniques adopted or proposed so far, discussing advantages and problems of each technique, as well as their suitable application to soluble olfactory proteins. In the second part, we focus on the fluorescent binding assay, currently the most widely used approach. We analyse advantages and drawbacks, trying to identify the causes of anomalous behaviours that have been occasionally observed, and suggest how to interpret the experimental data when such events occur. In the last part, we describe the state of the art of biosensors for odorants, using soluble olfactory proteins immobilised on biochips, and discuss the possibility of using such approach as an alternative way to measure binding events and dissociation constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Pelosi
- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Konrad-Lorenzstraße, 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
| | - Jiao Zhu
- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Konrad-Lorenzstraße, 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Konrad-Lorenzstraße, 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
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13
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Cui X, Liu D, Sun K, He Y, Shi X. Expression Profiles and Functional Characterization of Two Odorant-Binding Proteins From the Apple Buprestid Beetle Agrilus mali (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:1420-1432. [PMID: 29590372 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The apple buprestid beetle, Agrilus mali Matsumura (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), can respond to various volatiles, but the underlying mechanism of odorant perception for this insect is poorly understood. Here, we cloned A. mali's odorant-binding proteins 3 (AmalOBP3) and 8 (AmalOBP8) and characterized their expression patterns and binding profiles. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that AmalOBP3 and AmalOBP8 were distributed in the classic and minus-C OBP subfamily, respectively. AmalOBP3 was specifically and abundantly expressed in antennae of both sexes. AmalOBP8 displayed high transcript levels in antennae of both sexes, abdomens of males, and wings of both sexes. Both AmalOBPs exhibited much higher expression in male antennae than in female antennae, suggesting that they could be important in perception of male-specific olfactory cues (e.g., some sex pheromones). Out of the 40 odorant ligands tested, AmalOBP3 and AmalOBP8 bound to 15 and 21 different odorants, respectively, indicating a distinct and selective binding profile for them. Both AmalOBPs seemed to have very strong binding affinity to aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes with 12 to 15 carbon atoms. Alcohols, esters, and terpenoids were more likely to be good ligands for both AmalOBPs than aldehydes and alkanes. Together with its broad expression in different tissues, strong binding with higher numbers of putative ligands for AmalOPB8 means that this protein can have more extensive functional roles in chemosensation of A. mali. Our results provide insights into the molecular basis of chemosensation in A. mali, as well as a basis for developing detection, monitoring, and management tools for this serious pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Deguang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Keke Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yang He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoqin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
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14
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Tzotzos G, Iley JN, Moore EA. New insights on repellent recognition by Anopheles gambiae odorant-binding protein 1. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194724. [PMID: 29614080 PMCID: PMC5882127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally recognized that insect odorant binding proteins (OBPs) mediate the solubilisation and transport of hydrophobic odorant molecules and contribute to the sensitivity of the insect olfactory system. However, the exact mechanism by which OBPs deliver odorants to olfactory receptors and their role, if any, as selectivity filters for specific odorants, are still a matter of debate. In the case of Anopheles gambiae, recent studies indicate that ligand discrimination is effected through the formation of heterodimers such as AgamOBP1 and AgamOBP4 (odorant binding proteins 1 and 4 from Anopheles gambiae). Furthermore, AgamOBPs have been reported to be promiscuous in binding more than one ligand simultaneously and repellents such as DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-toluamide) and 6-MH (6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one) interact directly with mosquito OBPs and/or compete for the binding of attractive odorants thus disrupting OBP heterodimerisation. In this paper, we propose mechanisms of action of DEET and 6-MH. We also predict that ligand binding can occur in several locations of AgamOBP1 with partial occupancies and propose structural features appropriate for repellent pharmacophores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jim N. Iley
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine A. Moore
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
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15
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Zhang JH, Wang S, Yang S, Yi J, Liu Y, Xi JH. DIFFERENTIAL PROTEOME ANALYSIS OF THE MALE AND FEMALE ANTENNAE FROM Holotrichia parallela. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 92:274-287. [PMID: 27396371 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To understand the olfactory mechanisms of Holotrichia parallela antennae in detecting volatile compounds in the environment, protein profiles of H. parallela antennae were analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry and bioinformatics analyses. Approximately 1,100 protein spots in silver staining gel were detected. Quantitative image analysis revealed that in total 47 protein spots showed significant changes in different genders of adult antennae. Thirty-five differentially expressed proteins were identified by Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF) tandem mass spectrometer, among which 65.7% are involved in carbohydrate and energy metabolism, antioxidant system, transport, and amino acid/nucleotide metabolism. Some proteins identified here have not been reported previously in insect antennae. Identified male-biased proteins included odorant-binding protein 4, pheromone-binding protein-related protein 2, odorant-binding protein 14, prophenoloxidase-I, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, aldo-keto reductase-like, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, etc. whereas some proteins are female biased, such as antennae-rich cytochrome P450, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and putative glutamine synthetase. Alterations in the levels of some proteins were further confirmed by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The proteomic resources displayed here are valuable for the discovery of proteins from H. parallela antennae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hong Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun, P. R. China
| | - Shang Wang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Yang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun, P. R. China
| | - Jiankun Yi
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Hui Xi
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun, P. R. China
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16
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Zhu GH, Xu J, Cui Z, Dong XT, Ye ZF, Niu DJ, Huang YP, Dong SL. Functional characterization of SlitPBP3 in Spodoptera litura by CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome editing. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 75:1-9. [PMID: 27192033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Functional gene analysis by using genome editing techniques is limited only in few model insects. Here, we reported an efficient and heritable gene mutagenesis analysis in an important lepidopteran pest, Spodoptera litura, using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. By using this system, we successfully obtained the homozygous S. litura strain by targeting the pheromone binding protein 3 gene (SlitPBP3), which allowed us to elucidate the role of this gene in the olfaction of the female sex pheromones. By co-injection of Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA into S. litura eggs, highly efficient chimera mutation in SlitPBP3 loci was detected both in injected eggs (39.1%) and in the resulting individual moths (87.5%). We used the mutant moths as parents to obtain the G1 offspring and the homozygous mutant strain in G2. The function of SlitPBP3 was explored by Electroantennogram (EAG) recordings with a homozygous mutant strain. The result showed that the EAG responses were significantly decreased in mutant males than in control males when treated with the major sex pheromone component (Z9,E11-14:Ac) and a minor component (Z9-14:Ac) at higher dosages. The results demonstrate that s SlitPBP3 gene plays a minor role in the perception of the female sex pheromones. Furthermore, our study provides a useful methodology with the CRISPR/Cas9 system for gene in vivo functional study, particular for lepidopteran species in which the RNAi approach is not efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Heng Zhu
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhen Cui
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Dong
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhan-Feng Ye
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dong-Juan Niu
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yong-Ping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shuang-Lin Dong
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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González-González A, Palma-Millanao R, Yáñez O, Rojas M, Mutis A, Venthur H, Quiroz A, Ramírez CC. Virtual Screening of Plant Volatile Compounds Reveals a High Affinity of Hylamorpha elegans (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Odorant-Binding Proteins for Sesquiterpenes From Its Native Host. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2016; 16:iew008. [PMID: 27012867 PMCID: PMC4806717 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iew008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Hylamorpha elegans(Burmeister) is a native Chilean scarab beetle considered to be a relevant agricultural pest to pasture and cereal and small fruit crops. Because of their cryptic habits, control with conventional methods is difficult; therefore, alternative and environmentally friendly control strategies are highly desirable. The study of proteins that participate in the recognition of odorants, such as odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), offers interesting opportunities to identify new compounds with the potential to modify pest behavior and computational screening of compounds, which is commonly used in drug discovery, may help to accelerate the discovery of new semiochemicals. Here, we report the discovery of four OBPs inH. elegans as well as six new volatiles released by its native host Nothofagus obliqua(Mirbel). Molecular docking performed between OBPs and new and previously reported volatiles from N. oblique revealed the best binding energy values for sesquiterpenic compounds. Despite remarkable divergence at the amino acid level, three of the four OBPs evaluated exhibited the best interaction energy for the same ligands. Molecular dynamics investigation reinforced the importance of sesquiterpenes, showing that hydrophobic residues of the OBPs interacted most frequently with the tested ligands, and binding free energy calculations demonstrated van der Waals and hydrophobic interactions to be the most important. Altogether, the results suggest that sesquiterpenes are interesting candidates for in vitro and in vivo assays to assess their potential application in pest management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica González-González
- Millennium Nucleus Centre in Molecular Ecology and Evolutionary Applications in Agroecosystems, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile (; ; ),
| | - Rubén Palma-Millanao
- Millennium Nucleus Centre in Molecular Ecology and Evolutionary Applications in Agroecosystems, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile (; ; ),
| | - Osvaldo Yáñez
- Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 275, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maximiliano Rojas
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Dos Norte 685, 3465548 Talca, Chile , and
| | - Ana Mutis
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 01145 Temuco, Chile (; ; )
| | - Herbert Venthur
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 01145 Temuco, Chile (; ; )
| | - Andrés Quiroz
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 01145 Temuco, Chile (; ; )
| | - Claudio C Ramírez
- Millennium Nucleus Centre in Molecular Ecology and Evolutionary Applications in Agroecosystems, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile (; ; )
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18
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Chen H, Lin L, Xie M, Zhang G, Su W. Influence of Constant Temperature on Reproductive Parameters of Holotrichia oblita (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2015; 15:93. [PMID: 26160804 PMCID: PMC4535589 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Holotrichia oblita Faldermann (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is a major pest both in field crops and forests because the larvae could eat the roots of most crops in the field, and the adults damage the leaves of trees and field crops. In this study, we focused on the effects of temperature on H. oblita reproductive parameters. The results indicated H. oblita female adults at 25 °C could lay more eggs (84.0 eggs per female) and have the shortest preoviposition period (19.1 d), the greatest oviposition rate (2.8 eggs per female per 3 d), and largest percentage of life span spent in oviposition (59.5%). The longevity and the time to 50% egg laying decreased with increasing temperature, and female longevity was always longer than male longevity. The preoviposition and postoviposition period decreased with increasing temperature from 15 to 25 °C and then increased when the temperature increased from 25 to 30 °C. These results show that 25 °C is the optimal temperature for reproduction of H. oblita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoliang Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Lin
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Xie
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangling Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Su
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China
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19
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Sun H, Guan L, Feng H, Yin J, Cao Y, Xi J, Li K. Functional characterization of chemosensory proteins in the scarab beetle, Holotrichia oblita Faldermann (Coleoptera: Scarabaeida). PLoS One 2014; 9:e107059. [PMID: 25188038 PMCID: PMC4154846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) play important roles in chemical communication by insects, as they recognize and transport environmental chemical signals to receptors within sensilla. In this study, we identified HoblCSP1 and HoblCSP2 from a cDNA library of Holotrichia oblita antennae, successfully expressed them in E. coli and purified them by Ni ion affinity chromatography. We then measured the ligand-binding specificities of HoblCSP1 and HoblCSP2 to 50 selected ligands in a competitive binding assay. These results demonstrated that HoblCSP1 and HoblCSP2 have similar ligand-binding spectra. Both proteins displayed the highest affinity for β-ionone, α-ionone and cinnamaldehyde, indicating that they prefer binding to odorants other than sex pheromones. Additionally, immuno-localization revealed that HoblCSP1 is highly concentrated in sensilla basiconica, while HoblCSP2 is specifically localized to sensilla placodea. In conclusion, HoblCSP1 and HoblCSP2 are responsible for binding to general odorants with slightly different specificities due to their different in vivo environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China; College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China
| | - Li Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China; College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China
| | - Honglin Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China; College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yazhong Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jinghui Xi
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China
| | - Kebin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
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