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Shrestha S, Stockdale LK, Gautam MC, Gurung M, Feng S, Maskey P, Kerridge S, Kelly S, Voysey M, Pokhrel B, Rajbhandari P, Thorson S, Khadka B, Shah G, Scherer KS, Kelly D, Murdoch DR, Shrestha S, Pollard AJ. Impact of Vaccination on Haemophilus influenzae Type b Carriage in Healthy Children Less Than 5 Years of Age in an Urban Population in Nepal. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:S267-S274. [PMID: 34469554 PMCID: PMC8409530 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reduction in detection of asymptomatic carriage of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) can be used to assess vaccine impact. In Nepal, routine vaccination against Hib in children at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age was introduced in 2009. Before vaccine introduction, Hib carriage was estimated at 5.0% among children aged <13 years in Nepal, with higher rates among children under 5. Large-scale evaluation of Hib carriage in children has not been investigated since the introduction of the pentavalent diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis/Hib/hepatitis B (DTP-Hib-HepB) vaccine in Nepal. Methods A total of 666 oropharyngeal swabs were collected between August and December 2018 from healthy children between 6 months and 5 years of age attending the vaccination clinic at Patan Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Of these 666 swabs, 528 (79.3%) were tested for Hib by culture. Demographic and vaccination data were collected. Results Among 528 swabs tested for Hib, 100% came from fully vaccinated children. No swabs were positive for Hib (95% confidence interval, .0–.7). The absence of Hib in 2018 suggests vaccine-induced protection against Hib carriage 9 years after vaccine introduction. Conclusions Following 3 doses of pentavalent DTP-Hib-HepB vaccine, Hib carriage in children under the age of 5 years in Nepal is no longer common. Ongoing high coverage with Hib vaccine in early childhood is expected to maintain protection against Hib disease in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Shrestha
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa K Stockdale
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Madhav C Gautam
- Pediatric Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Meeru Gurung
- Pediatric Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Shuo Feng
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pratistha Maskey
- Pediatric Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Simon Kerridge
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Kelly
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Merryn Voysey
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bhishma Pokhrel
- Pediatric Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Piyush Rajbhandari
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Stephen Thorson
- Pediatric Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bibek Khadka
- Pediatric Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ganesh Shah
- Pediatric Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Karin S Scherer
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Kelly
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David R Murdoch
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Shrijana Shrestha
- Pediatric Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Zarei AE, Linjawi MH, Redwan EM. Circulating innate and adaptive immunity against anti-Haemophilus influenzae type b. Hum Antibodies 2020; 27:201-212. [PMID: 30958343 DOI: 10.3233/hab-190373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) are one of most dangerous microbes that occupies the paediatric nasopharyngeal as a commensal opportunistic bacterium, which may lead to meningitis in uncontrolled infection. Colonisation of pharyngeal tissues is the starting point for most H. influenzae infections, which may develop into invasive diseases, such meningitis. The vaccination against Hib in specific, as well as against most of vaccines preventable diseases; in general, play a major role in reducing children (< 5 years old) Hib meningitis from 57/100,000 to the lowest known Hib meningitis incidents in the history. First invented Hib vaccine was licensed in 1985 and contained Hib capsular polysaccharide (CPS); afterward, conjugate vaccines have been innovated and licensed on the road to improve Hib vaccine efficacy. Polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) is the main vaccine unite structure. Since anti-CPS antibodies in the serum reflect the extent of the acquired immunity against Hib infections, the concentration of ⩾ 0.15 g/ml of anti-CPS is believed to be an indicator for short-term protection from invasive Hib diseases, whereas one-month post-completion of primary Hib immunization concentration of ⩾ 1.0 g/ml is trusted to be immunological protective. As considered that serum anti-CPS antibodies are effectively linked to protection, the evaluation of antibodies concentration and reconsideration of published worldwide populations antibodies concentration are consider vital strides on the way to accurate valuation of Hib immunity that induced by vaccination; either direct or herd. As documented, some populations; worldwide, still susceptible to invasive Hib infections. Several populations worldwide remain vulnerable to Hib-related infections. We believe that up-to-date review article regarding circulated Hib immunology, represented in anti-Hib antibodies and worldwide Hib incidences will provide a precious information for microbiologists, public health officials, epidemiologists, immunologists, and strategic preventive healthcare executives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi E Zarei
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Main Medical Laboratory, Medical Services, Saudi Airlines, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa H Linjawi
- Department of Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Main Medical Laboratory, Medical Services, Saudi Airlines, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
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Swetha RG, Kala Sekar DK, Ramaiah S, Anbarasu A, Sekar K. Haemophilus influenzae Genome Database (HIGDB): a single point web resource for Haemophilus influenzae. Comput Biol Med 2014; 55:86-91. [PMID: 25450223 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haemophilus influenzae (H. Influenzae) is the causative agent of pneumonia, bacteraemia and meningitis. The organism is responsible for large number of deaths in both developed and developing countries. Even-though the first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of H. Influenzae, there is no exclusive database dedicated for H. Influenzae. This prompted us to develop the Haemophilus influenzae Genome Database (HIGDB). METHODS All data of HIGDB are stored and managed in MySQL database. The HIGDB is hosted on Solaris server and developed using PERL modules. Ajax and JavaScript are used for the interface development. RESULTS The HIGDB contains detailed information on 42,741 proteins, 18,077 genes including 10 whole genome sequences and also 284 three dimensional structures of proteins of H. influenzae. In addition, the database provides "Motif search" and "GBrowse". The HIGDB is freely accessible through the URL: http://bioserver1.physics.iisc.ernet.in/HIGDB/. DISCUSSION The HIGDB will be a single point access for bacteriological, clinical, genomic and proteomic information of H. influenzae. The database can also be used to identify DNA motifs within H. influenzae genomes and to compare gene or protein sequences of a particular strain with other strains of H. influenzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayapadi G Swetha
- Medical & Biological Computing Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Kala Sekar
- Laboratory for Structural Biology and Bio-computing, Supercomputer Education and Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Sudha Ramaiah
- Medical & Biological Computing Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, India
| | - Anand Anbarasu
- Medical & Biological Computing Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, India.
| | - Kanagaraj Sekar
- Laboratory for Structural Biology and Bio-computing, Supercomputer Education and Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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