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Szczepanek J, Skorupa M, Jarkiewicz-Tretyn J, Tretyn A. COVID-19 vaccination in healthcare workers: Long-term benefits and protection. Cent Eur J Immunol 2024; 48:311-321. [PMID: 38558566 PMCID: PMC10976651 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2023.134250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination in healthcare workers by analyzing the population's response to the vaccine after two years, based on anti-SARS-CoV-2 protein S antibody levels. Additionally, the study aimed to assess the impact of basic factors on antibody levels. Material and methods A total of 4,090 healthcare workers were included in the study, and their antibody levels were measured using ELISA to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG). Statistical analysis was conducted to examine the influence of COVID-19 infection, vaccination status, and number of vaccine doses on antibody concentrations. Results and Conclusion The majority of participants (85.1%) received the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, while a smaller percentage chose vector vaccines such as AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson. The incidence of COVID-19 among vaccinated individuals was relatively low for all vaccines, confirming their effectiveness in preventing symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. The study observed variations in IgG antibody levels within the study population, with only 0.46% of individuals testing negative for the presence of antibodies. The average anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG values showed significant differences across consecutive 3-month periods following infection or vaccination, with a gradual decrease over time. Notably, the most significant changes in antibody levels were observed within the first 6 months (mean values ranged from 3647.11 BAU/ml to 2601.49 BAU/ml). Subsequently, minor fluctuations were observed, with mean antibody values hovering around 2000 BAU/ml. The differences between average anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG values between consecutive 3-month periods from disease onset were statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szczepanek
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Monika Skorupa
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Tretyn
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
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2
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Kilpatrick KW, Lee C, Hudgens MG. G-formula for observational studies under stratified interference, with application to bed net use on malaria. Stat Med 2024. [PMID: 38726590 DOI: 10.1002/sim.10102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Assessing population-level effects of vaccines and other infectious disease prevention measures is important to the field of public health. In infectious disease studies, one person's treatment may affect another individual's outcome, that is, there may be interference between units. For example, the use of bed nets to prevent malaria by one individual may have an indirect effect on other individuals living in close proximity. In some settings, individuals may form groups or clusters where interference only occurs within groups, that is, there is partial interference. Inverse probability weighted estimators have previously been developed for observational studies with partial interference. Unfortunately, these estimators are not well suited for studies with large clusters. Therefore, in this paper, the parametric g-formula is extended to allow for partial interference. G-formula estimators are proposed for overall effects, effects when treated, and effects when untreated. The proposed estimators can accommodate large clusters and do not suffer from the g-null paradox that may occur in the absence of interference. The large sample properties of the proposed estimators are derived assuming no unmeasured confounders and that the partial interference takes a particular form (referred to as 'weak stratified interference'). Simulation studies are presented demonstrating the finite-sample performance of the proposed estimators. The Demographic and Health Survey from the Democratic Republic of the Congo is then analyzed using the proposed g-formula estimators to assess the effects of bed net use on malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla W Kilpatrick
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Chanhwa Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael G Hudgens
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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3
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Shengule S, Alai S, Bhandare S, Patil S, Gautam M, Mangaonkar B, Gupta S, Shaligram U, Gairola S. Validation and Suitability Assessment of Multiplex Mesoscale Discovery Immunogenicity Assay for Establishing Serological Signatures Using Vaccinated, Non-Vaccinated and Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Infected Cases. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:433. [PMID: 38675815 PMCID: PMC11053742 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibody responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are multi-targeted and variable over time. Multiplex quantitative serological assays are needed to provide accurate and robust seropositivity data for the establishment of serological signatures during vaccination and or infection. We describe here the validation and evaluation of an electro-chemiluminescence (ECL)-based Mesoscale Discovery assay (MSD) for estimation of total and functional IgG relative to SARS-CoV-2 spike, nucleocapsid and receptor binding (RBD) proteins in human serum samples to establish serological signatures of SARS-CoV-2 natural infection and breakthrough cases. The 9-PLEX assay was validated as per ICH, EMA, and US FDA guidelines using a panel of sera samples, including the NIBSC/WHO reference panel (20/268). The assay demonstrated high specificity and selectivity in inhibition assays, wherein the homologous inhibition was more than 85% and heterologous inhibition was below 10%. The assay also met predetermined acceptance criteria for precision (CV < 20%), accuracy (70-130%) and dilutional linearity. The method's applicability to serological signatures was demonstrated using sera samples (n = 45) representing vaccinated, infected and breakthrough cases. The method was able to establish distinct serological signatures and thus provide a potential tool for seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 during vaccination or infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sunil Gairola
- Clinical Bioanalytical Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Pune 411028, India; (S.S.); (S.A.); (M.G.); (U.S.)
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4
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Yang J, Lo NC, Dankwa EA, Donnelly CA, Gupta R, Montgomery MP, Weng MK, Martin NK. Determining Herd Immunity Thresholds for Hepatitis A Virus Transmission to Inform Vaccination Strategies Among People Who Inject Drugs in 16 US States. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78:976-982. [PMID: 37738564 PMCID: PMC11006109 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Widespread outbreaks of person-to-person transmitted hepatitis A virus (HAV), particularly among people who inject drugs (PWID), continue across the United States and globally. However, the herd immunity threshold and vaccination coverage required to prevent outbreaks are unknown. We used surveillance data and dynamic modeling to estimate herd immunity thresholds among PWID in 16 US states. METHODS We used a previously published dynamic model of HAV transmission calibrated to surveillance data from outbreaks involving PWID in 16 states. Using state-level calibrated models, we estimated the basic reproduction number (R0) and herd immunity threshold for PWID in each state. We performed a meta-analysis of herd immunity thresholds to determine the critical vaccination coverage required to prevent most HAV outbreaks among PWID. RESULTS Estimates of R0 for HAV infection ranged from 2.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9-2.5) for North Carolina to 5.0 (95% CI, 4.5-5.6) for West Virginia. Corresponding herd immunity thresholds ranged from 55% (95% CI, 47%-61%) for North Carolina to 80% (95% CI, 78%-82%) for West Virginia. Based on the meta-analysis, we estimated a pooled herd immunity threshold of 64% (95% CI, 61%-68%; 90% prediction interval, 52%-76%) among PWID. Using the prediction interval upper bound (76%) and assuming 95% vaccine efficacy, we estimated that vaccination coverage of 80% could prevent most HAV outbreaks. CONCLUSIONS Hepatitis A vaccination programs in the United States may need to achieve vaccination coverage of at least 80% among PWID in order to prevent most HAV outbreaks among this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nathan C Lo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Emmanuelle A Dankwa
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christl A Donnelly
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ribhav Gupta
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Martha P Montgomery
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mark K Weng
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Natasha K Martin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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5
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Robertson D, Heriot G, Jamrozik E. Herd immunity to endemic diseases: Historical concepts and implications for public health policy. J Eval Clin Pract 2024. [PMID: 38562003 DOI: 10.1111/jep.13983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND "Herd immunity" became a contested term during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the term "herd immunity" is often used to refer to thresholds at which some diseases can be eliminated (e.g., due to mass vaccination), the term has multiple referents. Different concepts of herd immunity have been relevant throughout the history of immunology and infectious disease epidemiology. For some diseases, herd immunity plays a role in the development of an endemic equilibrium, rather than elimination via threshold effects. METHODS We reviewed academic literature from 1920 to 2022, using historical and philosophical analysis to identify and develop relevant concepts of herd immunity. RESULTS This paper analyses the ambiguity surrounding the concept of herd immunity during the pandemic. We argue for the need to recapture a long-standing interpretation of this concept as one of the factors that leads to a dynamic endemic equilibrium between a host population and a mutating respiratory pathogen. CONCLUSIONS Informed by the history of infectious disease epidemiology, we argue that understanding the concept in this way will help us manage both SARS-CoV-2 and hundreds of other seasonal respiratory pathogens with which we live but which have been disrupted due to sustained public health measures/non-pharmaceutical interventions targeting SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Robertson
- Swiss National Science Foundation; Faculty of History, Oxford Centre for the History of Science, Medicine, and Technology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - George Heriot
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Euzebiusz Jamrozik
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, The Ethox Centre & Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Vlček V. Compulsory vaccination of children - medical and legal problems. Cent Eur J Public Health 2024; 32:58-62. [PMID: 38669159 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a8087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Regarding the vaccination of children, it can be said that there are basically three vaccination policies in the world, one of which is usually used in particular country depending on the national legislation. These are the mandatory vaccination policy, mandatory vaccination policy for school entry and recommended vaccination policy. The mandatory vaccination policy and the mandatory vaccination policy for school entry face obstacles consisting of conflicts between fundamental human rights and freedoms. This is, for example, a conflict between the right to health and the right to life on the one hand and the right to protect the inviolability of the person and body integrity or the right to personal freedom, freedom of movement, residence, etc., on the other. Another issue is the right to undisrupted school attendance, based on both compulsory schooling and the right to education. This article looks at different approaches to the vaccination of children in different countries. It provides an illustrative comparison of approaches to vaccination of children in selected countries. It is obvious that the essential problems with organizing and ensuring the vaccination of children are and will be associated with the indicated conflicts of fundamental human rights. It is therefore necessary to search and try to find the optimal policy for undergoing the necessary vaccinations and thereby creating herd immunity, of course for those infectious diseases where this is possible. These efforts are necessary for sufficiently effective protection of individual and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vít Vlček
- Public Health Authority of the Capital City of Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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7
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Murayama H, Pearson CAB, Abbott S, Miura F, Jung SM, Fearon E, Funk S, Endo A. Accumulation of Immunity in Heavy-Tailed Sexual Contact Networks Shapes Mpox Outbreak Sizes. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:59-63. [PMID: 37402631 PMCID: PMC10786257 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many countries affected by the global outbreak of mpox in 2022 have observed a decline in cases. Our mathematical model accounting for heavy-tailed sexual partnership distributions suggests that mpox epidemics can hit the infection-derived herd immunity threshold and begin to decline, with <1% of sexually active men who have sex with men infected regardless of interventions or behavioral changes. We consistently found that many countries and US states experienced an epidemic peak, with cumulative cases of around 0.1% to 0.5% among men who have sex with men. The observed decline in cases may not necessarily be attributable to interventions or behavioral changes primarily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Murayama
- School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | - Carl A B Pearson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- South African DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Republic of South Africa
| | - Sam Abbott
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fuminari Miura
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Sung-mok Jung
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth Fearon
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Funk
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Akira Endo
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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8
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Zhou J, Uddback I, Kohlmeier JE, Christensen JP, Thomsen AR. Vaccine induced memory CD8 + T cells efficiently prevent viral transmission from the respiratory tract. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1322536. [PMID: 38164135 PMCID: PMC10757911 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1322536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mucosal immunization eliciting local T-cell memory has been suggested for improved protection against respiratory infections caused by viral variants evading pre-existing antibodies. However, it remains unclear whether T-cell targeted vaccines suffice for prevention of viral transmission and to which extent local immunity is important in this context. Methods To study the impact of T-cell vaccination on the course of viral respiratory infection and in particular the capacity to inhibit viral transmission, we used a mouse model involving natural murine parainfluenza infection with a luciferase encoding virus and an adenovirus based nucleoprotein targeting vaccine. Results and discussion Prior intranasal immunization inducing strong mucosal CD8+ T cell immunity provided an almost immediate shut-down of the incipient infection and completely inhibited contact based viral spreading. If this first line of defense did not operate, as in parentally immunized mice, recirculating T cells participated in accelerated viral control that reduced the intensity of inter-individual transmission. These observations underscore the importance of pursuing the development of mucosal T-cell inducing vaccines for optimal protection of the individual and inhibition of inter-individual transmission (herd immunity), while at the same time explain why induction of a strong systemic T-cell response may still impact viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Zhou
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Uddback
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob E. Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Allan Randrup Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Miranda D, Sanchez DJ. Monkeypox as a warning to preserve global herd immunities. Virulence 2023; 14:2154424. [PMID: 36602152 PMCID: PMC9828603 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2154424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Miranda
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - David Jesse Sanchez
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA,
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10
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Sanchez CA, Lozada-Urbano M, Best-Bandenay P. Pneumonia Mortality Trends in Children under 5 Years of Age in the Context of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination in Peru, 2003-2017. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1715. [PMID: 38006047 PMCID: PMC10674622 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, conjugated pneumococcal vaccines (PCVs) have proven effective against invasive pneumococcal disease, but non-invasive pneumonia is a major cause of mortality in young children and serotypes vary geographically, affecting effectiveness. We analyze nationwide death certificate data between 2003-2017 to assess the impact of PCVs on pneumonia mortality among young children from Peru. We report descriptive statistics and perform timeseries analysis on annual mortality rates (AMRs) and monthly frequencies of pneumonia deaths. Children under 5 years of age accounted for 6.2% (n = 10,408) of all pneumonia deaths (N = 166,844), and 32.3% (n = 3363) were children between 1-4 years of age, of which 95.1% did not report pneumonia etiology. Comparing periods before and after PCV introduction in 2009, mean AMRs dropped 13.5% and 26.0% for children between 1-4 years of age (toddlers/preschoolers), and children under 1 year of age (infants), respectively. A moderate correlation (Spearman's r = 0.546, p < 0.01) in the monthly frequency of pneumonia deaths was estimated between both age groups. Quadratic regression suggests a change in direction around 2005 (highest pneumonia mortality) for both age groups, but percentage change analysis identified an inflection point in 2013 for infants only, not for toddlers/preschoolers, suggesting that the impact of PCVs might be different for each age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Sanchez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima 15067, Peru
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru;
| | - Michelle Lozada-Urbano
- Centro Sudamericano de Educación e Investigación en Salud Pública, Universidad Norbert Wiener, Lima 15046, Peru;
| | - Pablo Best-Bandenay
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru;
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Kodera S, Ueta H, Unemi T, Nakata T, Hirata A. Population-Level Immunity for Transient Suppression of COVID-19 Waves in Japan from April 2021 to September 2022. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1457. [PMID: 37766133 PMCID: PMC10537865 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple COVID-19 waves have been observed worldwide, with varying numbers of positive cases. Population-level immunity can partly explain a transient suppression of epidemic waves, including immunity acquired after vaccination strategies. In this study, we aimed to estimate population-level immunity in 47 Japanese prefectures during the three waves from April 2021 to September 2022. For each wave, characterized by the predominant variants, namely, Delta, Omicron, and BA.5, the estimated rates of population-level immunity in the 10-64-years age group, wherein the most positive cases were observed, were 20%, 35%, and 45%, respectively. The number of infected cases in the BA.5 wave was inversely associated with the vaccination rates for the second and third injections. We employed machine learning to replicate positive cases in three Japanese prefectures to validate the reliability of our model for population-level immunity. Using interpolation based on machine learning, we estimated the impact of behavioral factors and vaccination on the fifth wave of new positive cases that occurred during the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. Our computational results highlighted the critical role of population-level immunity, such as vaccination, in infection suppression. These findings underscore the importance of estimating and monitoring population-level immunity to predict the number of infected cases in future waves. Such estimations that combine numerical derivation and machine learning are of utmost significance for effective management of medical resources, including the vaccination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Kodera
- Center of Biomedical Physics and Information Technology, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Haruto Ueta
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Unemi
- Glycan and Life Systems Integration Center, Soka University, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Taisuke Nakata
- Graduate School of Economics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akimasa Hirata
- Center of Biomedical Physics and Information Technology, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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12
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El Khalifi M, Britton T. Extending susceptible-infectious-recovered-susceptible epidemics to allow for gradual waning of immunity. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20230042. [PMID: 37700711 PMCID: PMC10498349 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Susceptible-infectious-recovered-susceptible (SIRS) epidemic models assume that individual immunity wanes in one leap, from complete immunity to complete susceptibility. For many diseases immunity on the contrary wanes gradually, something that has become even more evident during COVID-19 pandemic where also recently infected have a reinfection risk, and booster vaccines are given to increase immunity. Here, a novel mathematical model is presented allowing for the gradual decay of immunity following linear or exponential waning functions. The two new models and the SIRS model are compared assuming all three models have the same cumulative immunity. When no intervention is put in place, we find that the long-term prevalence is higher for the models with gradual waning. If aiming for herd immunity by continuous vaccination, it is shown that larger vaccine quantities are required when immunity wanes gradually compared with results obtained from the SIRS model, and this difference is the biggest for the most realistic assumption of exponentially waning of immunity. For parameter choices fitting to COVID-19, the critical amount of vaccine supply is about 50% higher if immunity wanes linearly, and more than 150% higher when immunity wanes exponentially, when compared with the classic SIRS epidemic model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Britton
- Department of Mathematics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Ko L, Malet G, Chang LL, Nguyen H, Mayes R. COVID-19 Infection Rates in Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Inmates: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e44684. [PMID: 37680261 PMCID: PMC10482361 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In 2023, breakthrough COVID-19 infections among vaccinated individuals and reinfections in previously infected people have become common. Additionally, infections are due to Omicron subvariants of the virus that behave differently from those at the onset of the pandemic. Understanding how vaccination and natural immunity influence COVID-19 infection rates is crucial, especially in high-density congregate settings such as prisons, to inform public health strategies. Methods We analyzed COVID-19 surveillance data from January to July 2023 across 33 California state prisons, primarily a male population of 96,201 individuals. We computed the incidence rate of new COVID-19 infections among COVID-bivalent-vaccinated and entirely unvaccinated groups (those not having received either the bivalent or monovalent vaccine). Results Our results indicate that the infection rates in the bivalent-vaccinated and entirely unvaccinated groups are 3.24% (95% confidence interval (CI): 3.06-3.42%) and 2.72% (CI: 2.50-2.94%), respectively, with an absolute risk difference of only 0.52%. When the data were filtered for those aged 50 and above, the infection rates were 4.07% (CI: 3.77-4.37%) and 3.1% (CI: 2.46-3.74%), respectively, revealing a mere 0.97% absolute risk difference. Among those aged 65 and above, the infection rates were 6.45% (CI: 5.74-7.16%) and 4.5% (CI: 2.57-6.43%), respectively, with an absolute risk difference of 1.95%. Conclusion We note low infection rates in both the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups, with a small absolute difference between the two across age groups. A combination of monovalent and bivalent vaccines and natural infections likely contributed to immunity and a lower level of infection rates compared to the height of the pandemic. It is possible that a degree of 'herd immunity' has been achieved. Yet, using p<0.05 as the threshold for statistical significance, the bivalent-vaccinated group had a slightly but statistically significantly higher infection rate than the unvaccinated group in the statewide category and the age ≥50 years category. However, in the older age category (≥65 years), there was no significant difference in infection rates between the two groups. This suggests that while the bivalent vaccine might offer protection against severe outcomes, it may not significantly reduce the risk of infections entirely. Further research is needed to understand the reasons behind these findings and to consider other factors, such as underlying health conditions. This study underscores the importance of developing vaccines that target residual COVID-19 infections, especially in regard to evolving COVID-19 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Ko
- Biomedical Sciences Pathway Program, California High School, San Ramon, USA
| | - Gary Malet
- Internal Medicine, California Correctional Healthcare Services, Stockton, USA
| | - Lisa L Chang
- College of Education, Governors State University, University Park, USA
| | - Huu Nguyen
- Internal Medicine, California Correctional Healthcare Services, Stockton, USA
| | - Robert Mayes
- Internal Medicine, California Correctional Healthcare Services, Stockton, USA
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Shi J, Chen F, Chen S, Ling H. COVID-19 over the last 3 years in China, what we've learned. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1209343. [PMID: 37522001 PMCID: PMC10374005 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1209343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
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15
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Adusei-Mensah F, Isiozor NM, Kingdom DL, Oduro KJ, Okolie CJ. Boosting COVID-19 vaccine inoculation and booster shots: a systematic review and meta-analysis of factors that influence Coronavirus vaccine uptake in practice. Afr Health Sci 2023; 23:3-22. [PMID: 38223628 PMCID: PMC10782355 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v23i2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vaccines alone do not control pandemics, but vaccinations. The hope of COVID-19 pandemic control is hinged on vaccinations and other public health measures. This systematic review/meta-analysis (SR/MA) investigated the factors that inform coronavirus vaccine uptake globally in an attempt to improve COVID-19 immunization. Method The PRISMA 2020 methodology was used for this review. A total of 2902 articles were identified from electronic databases and other sources. After screening, 33 articles were included in the review and quantitative meta-analysis. Comprehensive meta-analysis software version 3 was used for the meta-analysis. Results We observed that vaccine effectiveness, side effects and the proportion of acquaintances vaccinated significantly influenced respondents' COVID-19 immunization decision. Also, associations of vaccine effectiveness, smaller risks to serious side effects, free and voluntary vaccinations and fewer vaccine doses, and longer duration to wanning were observed. We also observed variations in vaccine hesitancy trends in studies carried out in Asia, Europe, America, and Africa. Conclusion Wanning and acquaintance's vaccination status as factors to vaccination are insights the present paper is bringing to the limelight. Health promotion and COVID-19 vaccination planning are crucial for enhancing vaccine uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Adusei-Mensah
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Public Health and Medicine Research Group, Center for Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Nzechukwu Michael Isiozor
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - David Lekpa Kingdom
- Public Health and Medicine Research Group, Center for Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Kennedy Jeff Oduro
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Chukwuma John Okolie
- Public Health and Medicine Research Group, Center for Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Lagos, Nigeria
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16
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Asriadi, Mutiarin D. Comparison of Achievements in the Implementation of COVID-19 Vaccination in Five Provinces to Establish Herd Immunity in Indonesia in the Perspective of the New Public Service. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:318-330. [PMID: 37204316 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the achievements of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccination in five provinces in Indonesia, North Maluku, West Sulawesi, Maluku, West Papua, and Papua. Furthermore, to establish herd immunity in the new normal perspective. Vaccination is important because it is an effective way to build immunity. This method uses qualitative research with a Qualitative Data Analysis Software (QDAS) approach. The source of data was obtained from the official website of the government, the ministry of health, in the category of areas with low vaccination achievement, and data were also obtained by capturing news in credible official media to find the cause of the low vaccination rate in the community. The data analyst uses NVivo12 software to code and visualizes data in graphs, images, and word clouds. The findings of this study indicate that in five provinces in Indonesia, North Maluku (68%), West Sulawesi (76%), Maluku (66%), West Papua (62%), and Papua (41%), the achievement of vaccination implementation is still relatively low. Due to doubts in the community about the status of the vaccine, information and communication education from the government have not been optimal; the environment and geography vary, so it becomes an obstacle in carrying out vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asriadi
- Government Affairs and Administration, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dyah Mutiarin
- Government Affairs and Administration, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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17
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Lee WK, Shin SR. Integrated factors affecting intention of COVID-19 preventive behaviours including vaccination in Korea. Nurs Open 2023; 10:3424-3431. [PMID: 36611182 PMCID: PMC10077401 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to determine the multiple potential contributing factors in preventive behaviours, including COVID-19 vaccination for an effective campaign strategy. DESIGN This is a descriptive correlation study to examine the effects of the behavioural outcome, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, optimistic bias and social stigma on the intention of preventive behaviour, based on Ajen's Theory of Planned Behaviour. METHODS The survey was performed by a professional research company online from 16-19 July 2021. Two hundred and thirty-three participants who had not been vaccinated against COVID-19 at the time of data collection completed the survey. RESULTS Perceived benefit, perceived behavioural control and social stigma are significantly associated with intention of preventive behaviours. The factors engaging in preventive behaviour presents us that our society is strongly influenced by social groups. Social groups influence decision-making in intention of preventing behaviour. Public education using social networks can increase such desirable behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee Kyung Lee
- Graduate School, Department of NursingSahmyook UniversityNowon‐guKorea
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18
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Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine some of the reasons why people are skeptical about the COVID-19 vaccination despite assurances from the authorities. In terms of methodological consideration, the study is situated within the qualitative research paradigm. The study adopted interviews and documentary analysis as the main source of data. The themes were generated from the data using the Voyant software, and the empirical discussion based on thematic analysis approach. The study reveals that trust in the COVID-19 vaccines, institutions, and cultural and religious beliefs determines people’s vaccination decisions in a significant manner. The study further highlighted that the quick production and administration of the various COVID-19 vaccines and history of previous epidemics/pandemic’s vaccination programs (such as the side effects of the vaccines) could have made people hesitant towards the COVID-19 vaccination. Furthermore, trust in governments, pharmaceutical companies, and healthcare institutions informs people whether to participate in the COVID-19 pandemic vaccination project. Last but not the least, religious and cultural beliefs have sown seeds of skepticism in people and, ultimately, their COVID-19 vaccination decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Latif Anas
- Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7K, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Mashudu Salifu
- Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7K, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Hanan Lassen Zakaria
- Danish Centre for African Business (DaNCAB), Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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19
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Capodici A, Sanmarchi F, Bonaccorso N, Costantino C, Maietti E. The Willingness toward Vaccination: A Focus on Non-Mandatory Vaccinations. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040828. [PMID: 37112740 PMCID: PMC10143186 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Special Issue "The Willingness toward Vaccination: A Focus on Non-mandatory Vaccinations", published in the journal Vaccines, has the main aim of gathering more data on vaccine hesitancy and the willingness of individuals to receive vaccinations, particularly in the context of non-mandatory vaccines. The aim is to address vaccine hesitancy and improve vaccine coverage rates, in addition to identifying the determinants of vaccine hesitancy itself. This Special Issue garners articles that examine the external and internal factors that can influence the decision-making process of individuals regarding vaccination. Given that vaccine hesitancy is present in a significant part of the general population, it is crucial to have a better analytical understanding of the areas where hesitancy arises to determine appropriate strategies to address this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Capodici
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Sanmarchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicole Bonaccorso
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", Section of Hygiene, University of Palermo, Via Del Vespro 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Costantino
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", Section of Hygiene, University of Palermo, Via Del Vespro 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Elisa Maietti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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20
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Hussain H, Ganesh A, Milane L, Amiji M. Lessons learned from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic; from nucleic acid nanomedicines, to clinical trials, herd immunity, and the vaccination divide. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:489-506. [PMID: 36890642 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2189697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In November 2019, the idea of a zoonotic virus crossing over to human transmission in a seafood market in Wuhan, China, and then soaring across the globe to claim over 6.3 million lives and persisting to date, seemed more like wild science fiction than a future reality. As the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic continues, it is important to hallmark the imprints the pandemic has made on science. AREAS COVERED This review covers the biology of SARS-CoV-2, vaccine formulations and trials, the concept of 'herd resistance,' and the vaccination divide. EXPERT OPINION The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has changed the landscape of medicine. The rapid approval of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines has changed the culture of drug development and clinical approvals. This change is already leading to more accelerated trials. The RNA vaccines have opened the market for nucleic acid therapies and the applications are limitless - from cancer to influenza. A phenomenon that has occurred is that the low efficacy of current vaccines and the rapid mutation rate of the virus is preventing herd immunity from being attained. Instead, herd resistance is being acquired. Even with future, more effective vaccines, anti-vaccination attitudes will continue to challenge the quest for SARS-CoV-2 herd immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aishwarya Ganesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lara Milane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mansoor Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Zheng
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | | | - Fengmin Lu
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.,Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, Beijing 100044, China
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22
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Pacheco-García U, Serafín-López J. Indirect Dispersion of SARS-CoV-2 Live-Attenuated Vaccine and Its Contribution to Herd Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:655. [PMID: 36992239 PMCID: PMC10055900 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been 34 months since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic, which causes the COVID-19 disease. In several countries, immunization has reached a proportion near what is required to reach herd immunity. Nevertheless, infections and re-infections have been observed even in vaccinated persons. That is because protection conferred by vaccines is not entirely effective against new virus variants. It is unknown how often booster vaccines will be necessary to maintain a good level of protective immunity. Furthermore, many individuals refuse vaccination, and in developing countries, a large proportion of the population has not yet been vaccinated. Some live-attenuated vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are being developed. Here, we analyze the indirect dispersion of a live-attenuated virus from vaccinated individuals to their contacts and the contribution that this phenomenon could have to reaching Herd Immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursino Pacheco-García
- Department of Cardio-Renal Pathophysiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Jeanet Serafín-López
- Department of Immunology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico
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23
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Rana R, Kant R, Kumra T, Gupta S, Rana DS, Ganguly NK. An update on SARS-CoV-2 immunization and future directions. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1125305. [PMID: 36969857 PMCID: PMC10033701 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1125305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of people have died as a result of SARS-CoV-2, which was first discovered in China and has since spread globally. Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection may show a range of symptoms, including fever, coughing, and shortness of breath, or they may show no symptoms at all. To treat COVID-19 symptoms and avoid serious infections, many medications and vaccinations have been employed. However, to entirely eradicate COVID-19 from the world, next-generation vaccine research is required because of the devastating consequences it is having for humanity and every nation's economy. Scientists are working hard to eradicate this dangerous virus across the world. SARS-CoV-2 has also undergone significant mutation, leading to distinct viral types such as the alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and omicron variants. This has sparked discussion about the effectiveness of current vaccines for the newly formed variants. A proper comparison of these vaccinations is required to compare their efficacy as the number of people immunized against SARS-CoV-2 globally increases. Population-level statistics evaluating the capacity of these vaccines to reduce infection are therefore being developed. In this paper, we analyze the many vaccines on the market in terms of their production process, price, dosage needed, and efficacy. This article also discusses the challenges of achieving herd immunity, the likelihood of reinfection, and the importance of convalescent plasma therapy in reducing infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Rana
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Kant
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanya Kumra
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sneha Gupta
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
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24
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Al-Raeei M. The study of human monkeypox disease in 2022 using the epidemic models: herd immunity and the basic reproduction number case. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:316-21. [PMID: 36845803 DOI: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000000229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As of May 2022, a new outbreak of the human monkeypox (MPOX) disease appeared in multiple countries, where the 2022 human MPOX disease spread to more than 109 cases, excluding the suspected cases up to the end of 2022. The deaths of the 2022 human MPOX exceeded 200 cases up to the same date. The human MPOX is not a new disease, this disease was once endemic in some countries on the African continent. Despite this, this disease began to spread in a number of countries around the world in 2022. The first case of the 2022 human MPOX was recorded in the United Kingdom in May. After that date, this disease began to become a pandemic in a number of other countries, such as the United States, Spain, and Brazil. The 2022 human MPOX is a type of viral disease caused by a viral virus, the MPOX virus, and this virus causes rashes and lesions over the skin of the patient, as well as in the mouth of the patient. Multiple effective indicators are employed for the study of the 2022 of the human MPOX, such as the herd immunity of the human MPOX (HIhMPOX), the basic reproduction number of the human MPOX (BRNhMPOX), and the infection period of the human MPOX. This study focuses on the study of the herd immunity of, and the basic reproduction number of the 2022 outbreak of human MPOX in multiple countries around the world. This study employed the semianalytical method of the Susceptible compartment S, Infectious compartment I, Recovered compartment R (SIR) pandemic model including the mortality for the study of the herd immunity, and the basic reproduction number of the 2022 human MPOX disease. It is found that the average value of the herd immunity for the human MPOX disease in 2022 equals to 0.2194, that is, 21.94% for multiple countries, and equals to 35.52% for the United States, and 30.99% for Spain. Also, it is found that the average value of the basic reproduction number of the 2022 human MPOX disease equals to 1.2810 for multiple countries. It is concluded from these values that 21.94% of the total susceptible population has to be immunized in an effective way to prevent the spreading of the disease. Also, based on the previous values, it is concluded that the status of the 2022 MPOX disease is spreading as a pandemic.
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Erkayman B, Ak F, Çodur S. A simulation approach for COVID-19 pandemic assessment based on vaccine logistics, SARS-CoV-2 variants, and spread rate. Simulation 2023; 99:127-135. [PMID: 36751401 PMCID: PMC9895289 DOI: 10.1177/00375497221120018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in clinical care for the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, population-wide interventions are vital to effectively manage the pandemic due to its rapid spread and the emergence of different variants. One of the most important interventions to control the spread of the disease is vaccination. In this study, an extended Susceptible-Infected Healed (SIR) model based on System Dynamics was designed, considering the factors affecting the rate of spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The model predicts how long it will take to reach 70% herd immunity based on the number of vaccines administered. The designed simulation model is modeled in AnyLogic 8.7.2 program. The model was performed for three different vaccine supply scenarios and for Turkey with ~83 million population. The results show that, with a monthly supply of 15 million vaccines, social immunity reached the target value of 70% in 161 days, while this number was 117 days for 30 million vaccines and 98 days for 40 million vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ferhat Ak
- Industrial Engineering, Ataturk
University, Turkey
| | - Sadrettin Çodur
- Arakli Ali Cevat Ozyurt Vocational
School, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
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Guerrero Saldivia SE, Unnikrishnan S, Chavarria YY, Akindele AO, Jalkh AP, Eastmond AK, Shetty C, Rizvi SMHA, Sharaf J, Williams KAD, Tariq M, Acharekar MV, Balani P. Zika Virus: A Systematic Review of Teratogenesis, Congenital Anomalies, and Child Mortality. Cureus 2023; 15:e34735. [PMID: 36909038 PMCID: PMC9998135 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus infection (ZIKV) was one of the most catastrophic epidemics. ZIKV in nonpregnant women is mild and sometimes asymptomatic. However, infection during pregnancy leads to congenital malformations in the fetus, while maternal signs of infection are preceded by a rash. The maternal-fetal infection begins with a rash that occurs early during pregnancy. The most severe pathologies were related to the first trimester of gestation, including microcephaly, musculoskeletal, genitourinary, craniofacial, ocular, and pulmonary manifestations. The prognosis may not be encouraging. Herd immunity increases CD8+ (cytotoxic T-lymphocytes) earlier and decreases in the resolution phase. However, CD4+ (T-helper cells) remains higher after infection. Recent ongoing vaccine development shows good immunity, control of the vector (Aedes mosquitoes), and treatment. ZIKV, anomalies, mortality, herd immunity, and vaccine were our main keywords. This systematic review demonstrates the teratogenesis of ZIKV in children, congenital anomalies, mortality, and a view of the future and behavior of ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yeny Y Chavarria
- Internal Medicine, Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Adebisi O Akindele
- Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ana P Jalkh
- Family Medicine, Dermatology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Aziza K Eastmond
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Chaitra Shetty
- Medicine and Surgery, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | | | - Joudi Sharaf
- Neurology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Kerry-Ann D Williams
- Anesthesiology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Maha Tariq
- Family Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Maitri V Acharekar
- Gastroenterology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Prachi Balani
- Internal Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, USA.,Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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27
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Ordóñez JE, Ordóñez A. A cost-effectiveness analysis of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in infants and herd protection in older adults in Colombia. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:216-225. [PMID: 36812426 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2184090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumococcal diseases have a clinical and economic impact on the population. Until this year, a 10-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV10) used to be applied in Colombia, which does not contain serotypes 19A, 3, and 6A, the most prevalent in the country. Therefore, we aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of the shift to the 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A decision model was used for newborns in Colombia between 2022-2025 and adults over 65 years. The time horizon was life expectancy. Outcomes are Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases (IPD), Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP), Acute Otitis Media (AOM), their sequelae, Life Gained Years (LYGs), and herd effect in older adults. RESULTS PCV10 covers 4.27% of serotypes in the country, while PCV13 covers 64.4%. PCV13 would avoid in children 796 cases of IPD, 19,365 of CAP, 1,399 deaths, and generate 44,204 additional LYGs, as well as 9,101 cases of AOM, 13 cases of neuromotor disability and 428 cochlear implants versus PCV10. In older adults, PCV13 would avoid 993 cases of IPD and 17,245 of CAP, versus PCV10. PCV13 saves $51.4 million. The decision model shows robustness in the sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSION PCV13 is a cost-saving strategy versus PCV10 to avoid pneumococcal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angélica Ordóñez
- Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud, Bogotá, D.C, Colombia
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. Herd Immunity to Fight Against COVID-19: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e33575. [PMID: 36779140 PMCID: PMC9909126 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its consequent illness, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has revealed the severe impact of new, contagious pathogens on the population throughout the globe. Here, we describe the fundamental notions of herd immunity and discuss their consequences from the perspective of COVID-19, along with the obstacles to acquiring herd immunity. SARS-CoV-2 causes COVID-19, a contagious respiratory infection. It is a major global health issue, with more than 179 million positive cases and 3.8 million deaths globally. It has impacted more than 159 countries; hence, the World Health Organization designated it a pandemic. Different vaccines have been developed against coronavirus to slow the spread of this deadly virus. Immunizing people against coronavirus is the key to getting through this infectious virus. The central concept of this review article is the effect of vaccinating a large population to achieve herd immunity and the reasons for the delay in developing herd immunity. Herd immunity can prove highly beneficial for dealing with reinfection. Moreover, it can reduce the severity of the reinfection in many people who are twice infected with COVID-19. Herd immunity can prevent people in the high-risk group such as immunocompromised individuals; those on immunosuppressants; organ transplant recipients; particular age groups such as neonates, infants, toddlers, and elderly; those with impaired immunity; those with anaphylaxis reactions; and people with chronic diseases. However, due to repeated mutations of the virus, it is evolving into new strains with more severity. Its consequences on the immune system and response to a vaccine are still a big challenge to overcome. How new variants of COVID-19 impacted herd immunity needs to be investigated. The duration required for the development of herd immunity and how long it would last is still under research, along with the number of doses needed, booster doses, and the proportion of the population to be vaccinated.
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Dimassi O, Dimassi M, Tritschler A, Laban T, Santhosh D. Exploring Vaccination Sentiments: A Population-Centric Examination. J Prim Care Community Health 2023; 14:21501319231210615. [PMID: 37965709 PMCID: PMC10647961 DOI: 10.1177/21501319231210615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine hesitancy has, for a considerable time, been a significant risk to global health. As an integral part of disease prevention, vaccines have become a public health matter which is often debated among the community in spite of proven scientific evidence of their efficiency. A questionnaire was designed to evaluate the perception and knowledge of a population and compare it with behavior in order to assess a demographic within a sample population of 245 individuals selected at random within the United States, Here, we aim to clarify the difference between vaccine opinion among the general public as compared to vaccination status. Chi-squared analysis was done with the categorical data showing a statistically significant result when comparing parents versus non-parents, and Asian/Asian Americans against other ethnicities. All other comparisons were statistically insignificant. When looking at participant responses, PCPs did not discuss vaccines at all with 32% of the sample. The need for PCPs to provide educational information to certain ethnicities may play an important role in public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Dimassi
- Saint James School of Medicine, Arnos Vale, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
| | - Mohamad Dimassi
- Washington University of Health and Science, San Pedro, Belize
| | | | - Tariq Laban
- Ross University School of Medicine, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Daphne Santhosh
- Saint James School of Medicine, Arnos Vale, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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Nasimiyu C, Ngere I, Dawa J, Amoth P, Oluga O, Ngunu C, Mirieri H, Gachohi J, Dayan M, Liku N, Njoroge R, Odinoh R, Owaka S, Khamadi SA, Konongoi SL, Galo S, Elamenya L, Mureithi M, Anzala O, Breiman R, Osoro E, Njenga MK. Near-Complete SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence among Rural and Urban Kenyans despite Significant Vaccine Hesitancy and Refusal. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:68. [PMID: 36679913 PMCID: PMC9862465 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the early inequity in global COVID-19 vaccine distribution, we compared the level of population immunity to SARS-CoV-2 with vaccine uptake and refusal between rural and urban Kenya two years after the pandemic onset. A population-based seroprevalence study was conducted in the city of Nairobi (n = 781) and a rural western county (n = 810) between January and February 2022. The overall SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was 90.2% (95% CI, 88.6−91.2%), including 96.7% (95% CI, 95.2−97.9%) among urban and 83.6% (95% CI, 80.6−86.0%) among rural populations. A comparison of immunity profiles showed that >50% of the rural population were strongly immunoreactive compared to <20% of the urban population, suggesting more recent infections or vaccinations in the rural population. More than 45% of the vaccine-eligible (≥18 years old) persons had not taken a single dose of the vaccine (hesitancy), including 47.6% and 46.9% of urban and rural participants, respectively. Vaccine refusal was reported in 19.6% of urban and 15.6% of rural participants, attributed to concern about vaccine safety (>75%), inadequate information (26%), and concern about vaccine effectiveness (9%). Less than 2% of vaccine refusers cited religious or cultural beliefs. These findings indicate that despite vaccine inequity, hesitancy, and refusal, herd immunity had been achieved in Kenya and likely other African countries by early 2022, with natural infections likely contributing to most of this immunity. However, vaccine campaigns should be sustained due to the need for repeat boosters associated with waning of SARS-CoV-2 immunity and emergence of immune-evading virus variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyne Nasimiyu
- Global Health Program, Washington State University (WSU), Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University (WSU), Pullman, WA 99163, USA
- KAVI-Institute for Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00202, Kenya
| | - Isaac Ngere
- Global Health Program, Washington State University (WSU), Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University (WSU), Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - Jeanette Dawa
- Global Health Program, Washington State University (WSU), Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University (WSU), Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - Patrick Amoth
- Directorate of Public Health, Kenya Ministry of Health, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Ouma Oluga
- Directorate of Health, Nairobi Metropolitan Services, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Carol Ngunu
- Directorate of Health, Nairobi Metropolitan Services, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Harriet Mirieri
- Global Health Program, Washington State University (WSU), Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University (WSU), Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - John Gachohi
- Global Health Program, Washington State University (WSU), Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University (WSU), Pullman, WA 99163, USA
- School of Public Health, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-00200, Kenya
| | - Moshe Dayan
- Global Health Program, Washington State University (WSU), Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University (WSU), Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - Nzisa Liku
- Global Health Program, Washington State University (WSU), Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University (WSU), Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - Ruth Njoroge
- Global Health Program, Washington State University (WSU), Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University (WSU), Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - Raymond Odinoh
- Global Health Program, Washington State University (WSU), Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University (WSU), Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - Samuel Owaka
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 00200, Kenya
| | - Samoel A. Khamadi
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 00200, Kenya
| | - Samson L. Konongoi
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 00200, Kenya
| | - Sudi Galo
- Department of Health Services, County Government of Kakamega, Kakamega 50100, Kenya
| | - Linet Elamenya
- Department of Health Services, County Government of Kakamega, Kakamega 50100, Kenya
| | - Marianne Mureithi
- KAVI-Institute for Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00202, Kenya
| | - Omu Anzala
- KAVI-Institute for Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00202, Kenya
| | - Robert Breiman
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Eric Osoro
- Global Health Program, Washington State University (WSU), Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University (WSU), Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - M. Kariuki Njenga
- Global Health Program, Washington State University (WSU), Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University (WSU), Pullman, WA 99163, USA
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Kahambing JG. Radicalizing moral conservatism in herd immunity during COVID-19. J Public Health (Oxf) 2022; 44:e606-e607. [PMID: 34297131 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of herd immunity during the coronavirus disease 2019 is constantly changing. The World Health Organization's current focus is on vaccination. With ties to the bioethics of autonomy and exemptions to mandatory vaccinations, the problem is that moral conservatism tends not to cooperate in the rollouts. Radical means can be applied not just to the concept but also its application, emphasizing the need to depart from conservative hindrances to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gresil Kahambing
- Bioethics, Sustainability, and Global Public Health, American University of Sovereign Nations, 8840 E Chaparral Rd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85250 USA.,Social Science Unit and Values Education, Leyte Normal University, Tacloban City, Philippines Paterno Street, Tacloban City 6500, Philippines
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. Assessing the Dynamics of COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality in Response to Mass Vaccination: A Comparative Study Between Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom. Cureus 2022; 14:e33042. [PMID: 36721578 PMCID: PMC9881500 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, efforts have been in place to tackle the infection. Mass vaccination programs were regarded as the sole solution to end the pandemic. Here, we compare the differential impact of mass vaccination programs in Saudi Arabia (SA) and the United Kingdom (UK) on COVID-19 morbidity and mortality to determine whether vaccines were solely responsible for the changes observed in the disease dynamics. Methodology We retrospectively collected the number of new cases and deaths throughout 2021 in both SA and the UK. Similarly, the number of vaccine doses delivered in both countries was collected and compared. Results Through 2021, the percentage of daily COVID-19 cases was significantly less in SA than in the UK; however, the percentage of deaths was higher in SA. Interestingly, the percentage of daily cases was significantly reduced in SA upon vaccination. The vaccination coverage of both the first and second doses was higher in the UK compared to SA, and, consequently, the percentage of deaths was significantly reduced in the UK compared to SA. Conclusions The UK vaccination program succeeded in curbing the number of daily deaths compared to SA. SA had better control over the percentage of daily cases, primarily due to the restrictive measures and vaccination, such as the imposed social distancing and mandatory face masks.
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Abdou SS, Amos OA, Onwuemene OV, Odey GO, Nsikak Abasi CJ. Road to achieving COVID-19 herd immunity in Niger Republic: Challenges and recommendations. Public Health Chall 2022; 1:e38. [PMID: 37519310 PMCID: PMC9877972 DOI: 10.1002/puh2.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has had tremendous impact on countries across the world and Niger Republic is not left out of the ravaging impact of the virus. The rapid dissemination of the virus across the globe has led to the development of safe and efficacious vaccines at an unprecedented level. While Niger Republic has prioritized COVID-19 vaccination in line with the global plan to attain herd immunity by vaccinating 70% of world's population, the country has continued to struggle to expand coverage of its population. Niger Republic is faced with challenges such as conflict, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, poor COVID-19 vaccine demand and inefficient information system, consequently leading to low COVID-19 vaccine demand and uptake. These challenges coupled with the different wave of the pandemic, the latest largely driven by the Omicron variant has slowed down progress towards achieving herd immunity in Niger Republic. There is need for the Nigerien government to scale up vaccination drive as well as implement refined approaches towards achieving the country's herd immunity target. This paper aimed to discuss the current state of COVID-19 vaccination including efforts and challenges towards achieving herd immunity in Niger Republic, thus informing strategies to ramp up COVID-19 vaccination in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sil‐Ana Salissou Abdou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, department of Nursing and midwiferyAboubacar Ibrahim International UniversityMaradiMaradiNiger Republic
| | - Oladunni Abimbola Amos
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsCollege of MedicineUniversity of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo stateNigeria
- Afe Babalola Multisystem Hospital, Ado‐Ekiti, Ekiti stateNigeria
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Ahmed A, Safdar M, Sardar S, Yousaf S, Farooq F, Raza A, Shahid M, Malik K, Afzal S. Modern vaccine strategies for emerging zoonotic viruses. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1711-1725. [PMID: 36384000 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2148660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The significant increase in the emergence of notable zoonotic viruses in the previous decades has become a serious concern to global public health. Ninety-nine percent of infectious diseases have originated from zoonotic viruses with immense potential for dissemination, infecting the susceptible population completely lacking herd immunity. AREAS COVERED Zoonotic viruses appear in the last two decades as a major health threat either newly evolved or previously present with elevated prevalence in the last few years are selected to explain their current prophylactic measures. In this review, modern generation vaccines including viral vector vaccines, mRNA vaccines, DNA vaccines, synthetic vaccines, virus-like particles, and plant-based vaccines are discussed with their benefits and challenges. Moreover, the traditional vaccines and their efficacy are also compared with the latest vaccines. EXPERT OPINION The emergence and reemergence of viruses that constantly mutate themselves have greatly increased the chance of transmission and immune escape mechanisms in humans. Therefore, the only possible solution to prevent viral infection is the use of vaccines with improved safety profile and efficacy, which becomes the basis of modern generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Ahmed
- Division of Molecular Virology and Infectious Diseases, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Safdar
- Division of Molecular Virology and Infectious Diseases, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Samran Sardar
- Division of Molecular Virology and Infectious Diseases, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sahar Yousaf
- Division of Molecular Virology and Infectious Diseases, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fiza Farooq
- Division of Molecular Virology and Infectious Diseases, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ali Raza
- Division of Molecular Virology and Infectious Diseases, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Division of Molecular Virology and Infectious Diseases, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kausar Malik
- Division of Molecular Virology and Infectious Diseases, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Samia Afzal
- Division of Molecular Virology and Infectious Diseases, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Leung CC, Lee ACK. Are we coming out from the COVID-19 pandemic? Respirology 2022; 27:1022-1024. [PMID: 36319590 PMCID: PMC9877730 DOI: 10.1111/resp.14403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chiu Leung
- Hong Kong Tuberculosis, Chest and Heart Diseases AssociationHong KongChina
| | - Andrew C. K. Lee
- School of Health and Related ResearchThe University of SheffieldLondonUK
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Thindwa D, Mwalukomo TS, Msefula J, Jambo KC, Brown C, Kamng’ona A, Mwansambo C, Ojal J, Flasche S, French N, Heyderman RS, Swarthout TD. Risk factors for pneumococcal carriage in adults living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in the infant pneumococcal vaccine era in Malawi. AIDS 2022; 36:2045-2055. [PMID: 35983828 PMCID: PMC10503545 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adults living with HIV (ALWHIV) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) are at high risk of pneumococcal carriage and disease. To help evaluate carriage risk in African ALWHIV at least 4 years after infant pneumococcal conjugate vaccination introduction in 2011, we assessed association between pneumococcal carriage and potential risk factors. METHODS Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from adults aged 18-40 years attending an ART clinic during rolling, cross-sectional surveys in Blantyre, Malawi between 2015 and 2019. We fitted generalized additive models to estimate the risk of sex, social economic status (SES), living with a child less than 5 years, and ART duration on carriage. RESULTS Of 2067 adults, median age was 33 years (range 28-37), 1427 (69.0%) were women, 1087 (61.4%) were in low-middle socioeconomic-status (SES), 910 (44.0%) were living with a child less than 5 years, and median ART duration was 3 years (range 0.004-17). We estimated 38.2 and 60.6% reductions in overall and vaccine-serotype carriage prevalence. Overall carriage was associated with low SES, living with a child less than 5 years and shorter duration on ART. By contrast, vaccine-type carriage was associated with living without a child less than 5 years and male sex. CONCLUSION Despite temporal reductions in overall and vaccine-serotype carriage, there is evidence of incomplete vaccine-serotype indirect protection. A targeted-vaccination campaign should be considered for ALWHIV, along with other public health measures to further reduce vaccine-serotype carriage and therefore disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deus Thindwa
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme
| | - Thandie S. Mwalukomo
- School of Life Sciences and Allied Health Professions, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - Kondwani C. Jambo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Arox Kamng’ona
- School of Life Sciences and Allied Health Professions, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - John Ojal
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- KEMRI-Wellcome Research Programme, Geographic Medicine Centre, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Stefan Flasche
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Neil French
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool
| | - Robert S. Heyderman
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Research Department of Infection, NIHR Mucosal Pathogens Research Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Todd D. Swarthout
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Research Department of Infection, NIHR Mucosal Pathogens Research Unit, University College London, London, UK
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She J, Hou D, Chen C, Bi J, Song Y. Challenges of vaccination and herd immunity in COVID-19 and management strategies. Clin Respir J 2022; 16:708-716. [PMID: 36172975 PMCID: PMC9539035 DOI: 10.1111/crj.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the highly contagious viral disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread worldwide with millions of cases and more than 5 million deaths to date. SARS-CoV-2 has caused serious damage all over the world with many countries experiencing the third or the fourth wave of the viral disease outbreaks, mainly due to the emergence of mutant variants. Those who unvaccinated remain most vulnerable to COVID-19 and its variants. COVID-19 vaccination, along with prevention strategies, is a critical measure to defense against the disease. COVID-19 vaccination can reduce the spread of virus and help protect susceptible population. Although herd immunity might not be realized solely by vaccination, COVID-19 vaccines have been proved to be effective in reducing the risk of severe disease, hospitalization, and even death. It is recommended that people get vaccinated as soon as they are eligible. This review summarizes the recent SARS-CoV-2 variants that brought challenges for vaccination and herd immunity and discusses promising management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun She
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Dongni Hou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Cuicui Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jing Bi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yuanlin Song
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Klinkenberg D, van Hoek AJ, Veldhuijzen I, Hahné S, Wallinga J. Social clustering of unvaccinated children in schools in the Netherlands. Epidemiol Infect 2022; 150:e200. [PMID: 36093608 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268822001455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, the World Health Organization-recommended coverage for herd protection is 95% for measles and 80% for rubella and mumps. However, a national vaccine coverage does not reflect social clustering of unvaccinated children, e.g. in schools of Orthodox Protestant or Anthroposophic identity in The Netherlands. To fully characterise this clustering, we estimated one-dose MMR vaccination coverages at all schools in the Netherlands. By combining postcode catchment areas of schools and school feeder data, each child in the Netherlands was characterised by residential postcode, primary and secondary school (referred to as school career). Postcode-level vaccination data were used to estimate vaccination coverages per school career. These were translated to coverages per school, stratified by school identity. Most schools had vaccine coverages over 99%, but major exceptions were Orthodox Protestant schools (63% in primary and 58% in secondary schools) and Anthroposophic schools (67% and 78%). School-level vaccine coverage estimates reveal strong clustering of unvaccinated children. The school feeder data reveal strongly connected Orthodox Protestant and Anthroposophic communities, but separated from one another. This suggests that even at a national one-dose MMR coverage of 97.5%, thousands of children per cohort are not protected by herd immunity.
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Kryukov EV, Trishkin DV, Salukhov VV, Ivchenko EV. Experience of Military Medicine in the Fight against the New Coronavirus Infection. Her Russ Acad Sci 2022; 92:437-444. [PMID: 36091859 PMCID: PMC9447944 DOI: 10.1134/s1019331622040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The results achieved by the medical service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to overcome the new coronavirus infection are presented. The high efficiency of the established unified system of biological safety and strict ranking of the priorities of anti-epidemic measures is shown. The experience of organizing traveling medical and nursing teams, as well as temporary military medical units on the territory of Russia, as well as in foreign countries, is demonstrated. Among the priority scientific results of military doctors, especially noteworthy is the study of the world's first COVID-19 vaccine Sputnik V, its immunogenicity, the effectiveness of its use in previously ill patients and revaccination, as well as the use of immune plasma from those who have been ill and vaccinated. By the examples of organized military groups and the general population, the features of the formation of herd immunity have been studied. Military doctors were the first in the country to show the effectiveness of hormone therapy in the treatment of coronavirus infection and to study its effects. They carried out ultrastructural studies of the life cycle of the virus. It is shown that the system of comprehensive measures implemented by military medicine determined a lower incidence of new coronavirus infection among the personnel of the Ministry of Defense of Russia and a lower mortality among the military.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. V. Kryukov
- Kirov Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - D. V. Trishkin
- Main Military Medical Directorate, Ministry of Defense of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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Kyuregyan KK, Lopatukhina MA, Asadi Mobarkhan FA, Kichatova VS, Potemkin IA, Isaeva OV, Karlsen AA, Malinnikova EY, Kaira AN, Kozhanova TV, Manuylov VA, Mazunina EP, Bykonia EN, Kleymenov DA, Ignateva ME, Trotsenko OE, Kuznetsova AV, Saryglar AA, Oorzhak ND, Romanenko VV, Mikhailov MI. Dynamic Changes in Hepatitis A Immunity in Regions with Different Vaccination Strategies and Different Vaccination Coverage. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10. [PMID: 36146501 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The data on hepatitis A virus (HAV) seroprevalence are critical for the implementation of a universal mass vaccination (UMV) strategy. The latter has not been implemented in Russia; however, regional child vaccination programs have been adopted in some parts of the country. The aim of this study is to assess changes in HAV immunity within the last decade in regions of Russia with different vaccination strategies and different vaccination coverage rates. In regions where UMV has not been implemented and HAV vaccination coverage rates do not exceed the national average, the 50% seroprevalence threshold has shifted in the Moscow region from people aged under 40 years in 2008 to people aged over 59 years in 2020, and from people aged under 30 years to people aged over 40 years in the Khabarovsk region. In two regions (Yakutia and Sverdlovsk), a two-dose-based UMV scheme has been in place since 2011 and 2003, respectively, and in Tuva single-dose child immunization was launched in 2012. These regional programs have resulted in a significant increase in HAV seroprevalence in children and adolescents. In Yakutia, 50% herd immunity had been achieved by 2020 in age groups under 20 years, compared to 20−30% seroprevalence rates in 2008. In the Sverdlovsk region, HAV immunity has increased to >65% over the decade in children aged over 10 years, adolescents and young adults, whereas it declined in older age groups. However, a three-fold drop in HAV immunity has occurred in children under 10 years of age, reflecting a significant decline in vaccination coverage. In Tuva, HAV immunity rates in children under 10 years old increased two-fold to exceed 50% by 2020. These data suggest that UMV should be implemented on a national level. Measures to control vaccination coverage and catch-up vaccination campaigns are recommended in order to maintain the effectiveness of existing HAV vaccination programs.
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Ismail F, Farag A, Haq S, Kamal MA. Low SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Blood Donors After the First 6 Months of COVID-19 Epidemic in the Tobruk Region, Eastern Libya. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2022; 16:1-2. [PMID: 35883277 PMCID: PMC9411722 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2022.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Ismail
- Clinical Laboratory Department, Faculty of Medical Technology, University of Tobruk, Tobruk, Libya
- National Centre for Disease Control, Tobruk, Libya
- Libyan Medical Research Centre, Kambut, Tobruk, Libya
| | - Atiya Farag
- National Centre for Disease Control, Tobruk, Libya
| | - Soghra Haq
- Clinical Laboratory Department, Faculty of Medical Technology, University of Tobruk, Tobruk, Libya
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- West China School of Nursing/Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Centre for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Enzymoics, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
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Saban M, Kaim A, Myers V, Wilf-Miron R. COVID-19 Vaccination, Morbidity, and Mortality During a 12-Month Period in Israel: Can We Maintain a " Herd Immunity" State? Popul Health Manag 2022; 25:684-691. [PMID: 35876882 DOI: 10.1089/pop.2022.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite widespread vaccination, the COVID-19 pandemic continues to cause global disruption. Authors describe the pace of COVID-19 vaccination in Israel and examine differences in morbidity and mortality rates over time between vaccinated and unvaccinated populations. Retrospective data were obtained between December 2020 and December 2021 on daily vaccine uptake by age group (20-39, 40-59, 60+ years): rate of hospitalized severely ill cases, vaccination status and age group, and death rate per 100,000 by date and vaccination status. Uptake of first and second doses was slower in 20-59-year olds, whereas in 60+-year olds, it occurred without delay. Once most adults were vaccinated, a gap appeared with much higher severe cases and deaths in unvaccinated versus vaccinated populations; this gap attenuated by late May with very low rates in both vaccinated and unvaccinated populations until mid-July, when rates began to rise again. A herd-immunity-like period occurred in Spring 2021, with unvaccinated benefitting from a highly vaccinated population. Staggered vaccine uptake led to unsynchronized high immunity, which contributed to the fourth pandemic wave. Population vaccination within a shorter timeframe or shorter intervals between boosters may be important to reduce viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mor Saban
- Department of Health Technology and Policy Evaluation, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer, Israel
| | - Arielle Kaim
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Management, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv-Yafo, Israel.,National Center for Trauma and Emergency Medicine Research, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer, Israel
| | - Vicki Myers
- Department of Health Technology and Policy Evaluation, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer, Israel
| | - Rachel Wilf-Miron
- Department of Health Technology and Policy Evaluation, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer, Israel.,Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv-Yafo, Israel
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Abstract
This analysis piece will attempt to examine some of the critical pandemic-related measures implemented in the United States from an immunological perspective and pinpoint caveats that should have been considered before their implementation. I also discuss alternative measures grounded in scientific data that were not thoroughly explored and likely could have helped fight the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botond Z Igyártó
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Achrekar GC, Batra K, Urankar Y, Batra R, Iqbal N, Choudhury SA, Hooda D, Khan R, Arora S, Singh A, Chirico F, Sharma M. Assessing COVID-19 Booster Hesitancy and Its Correlates: An Early Evidence from India. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10. [PMID: 35891212 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 mutants, waning immunity, and breakthrough infections prompted the use of booster doses of the COVID-19 vaccine to fight against the pandemic. India started booster doses in January 2022 and it is critical to determine the intention of booster dose uptake and its correlates. Therefore, the current cross-sectional study aimed to investigate booster dose acceptability and associated predictors among the Indian population. A convenience sampling technique was utilized to recruit a sample of 687 Indian residents. A 55-item psychometric validated survey tool was used to assess booster dose acceptability, vaccine literacy and vaccine confidence. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate statistical methods were used to analyze the data. Over 50% of participants reported their willingness to take the booster dose. Among the group not willing to take the booster dose (n = 303, 44.1%), a significantly larger proportion of respondents were unvaccinated with the primary series (12.2% vs. 5.2%, p < 0.001), had an annual income below 2.96 lacs/annum (52.8% vs. 33.1, p < 0.001), were residents of rural areas (38.0% vs. 23.2%, p < 0.001), were not living with vulnerable individuals (78.5% vs. 65.2%, p < 0.001) and did not have family/friends who had tested positive for COVID-19 (54.6% vs. 35.1%, p = 0.001). Demographic, vaccine variables and multi-theory model subscales to predict the initiation of booster dose among hesitant participants were statistically significant, R2 = 0.561, F (26, 244) = 11.978, p < 0.001; adjusted R2 = 0.514. Findings of this study highlight the need to develop evidence-based interventions to promote vaccine uptake, particularly among hard-to-reach communities living in developing countries.
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Mai TN, Sekiguchi S, Huynh TML, Cao TBP, Le VP, Dong VH, Vu VA, Wiratsudakul A. Dynamic Models of Within-Herd Transmission and Recommendation for Vaccination Coverage Requirement in the Case of African Swine Fever in Vietnam. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9060292. [PMID: 35737344 PMCID: PMC9228824 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9060292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious disease that is caused by the ASF virus (ASFV) with a high fatality rate in domestic pigs resulting in a high socio-economic impact. The pig business in Vietnam was recently affected by ASF for the first time. This study thus aimed to develop a disease dynamic model to explain how ASFV spreads in Vietnamese pig populations and suggest a protective vaccine coverage level required to prevent future outbreaks. The outbreak data were collected from ten private small-scale farms within the first wave of ASF outbreaks in Vietnam. Three methods were used to estimate the basic reproduction number (R0), including the exponential growth method, maximum likelihood method, and attack rate method. The average R0 values were estimated at 1.49 (95%CI: 1.05–2.21), 1.58 (95%CI: 0.92–2.56), and 1.46 (95%CI: 1.38–1.57), respectively. Based on the worst-case scenario, all pigs in a herd would be infected and removed within 50 days. We suggest vaccinating at least 80% of pigs on each farm once a commercially approved ASF vaccine is available. However, an improvement in biosecurity levels in small-scale farms is still greatly encouraged to prevent the introduction of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Ngan Mai
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.N.M.); (T.M.L.H.); (T.B.P.C.); (V.P.L.); (V.H.D.)
| | - Satoshi Sekiguchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan;
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Thi My Le Huynh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.N.M.); (T.M.L.H.); (T.B.P.C.); (V.P.L.); (V.H.D.)
| | - Thi Bich Phuong Cao
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.N.M.); (T.M.L.H.); (T.B.P.C.); (V.P.L.); (V.H.D.)
| | - Van Phan Le
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.N.M.); (T.M.L.H.); (T.B.P.C.); (V.P.L.); (V.H.D.)
| | - Van Hieu Dong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.N.M.); (T.M.L.H.); (T.B.P.C.); (V.P.L.); (V.H.D.)
| | - Viet Anh Vu
- Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;
| | - Anuwat Wiratsudakul
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +662-441-5242
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Yu BYM, Lam JCS, Lam SC, Li Y, Chen S, Lam MY, Yeung WF. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance in an urban Chinese population of Hong Kong: a cross-sectional study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2072144. [PMID: 35612813 PMCID: PMC9359377 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2072144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine hesitancy against COVID-19 is prevalent. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination compliance among adults in Hong Kong. An online survey was conducted during an early stage of community-based COVID-19 vaccination campaign in Hong Kong. The questionnaire consisted of vaccine status, sociodemographic information, risk perception of being infected by COVID-19, and exposure to confirmed COVID cases, as well as items on sleep and mental health. The association between these variables and vaccine hesitancy was analyzed. Among the 883 participants (67.5% females, 54.5% aged 18–39), 30.6% had low vaccine hesitancy, 27.4% had high vaccine hesitancy, and 27.5% had vaccine rejection. The likelihood of having high vaccine hesitancy was higher among young (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.99; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23–7.30) and middle-aged respondents (aOR = 2.99; 95% CI: 1.07–5.47) than among old respondents. Moreover, those who were married (aOR = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.29–0.88), had a full-time job (aOR = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.29–0.88), and had a greater confidence in the government (aOR = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.54–0.86) were less likely to exhibit vaccine hesitancy. Our findings showed that the prevalence of vaccine hesitancy and vaccine resistance were high. Policy makers need specific strategies to target those who may have a high risk of vaccine hesitancy and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branda Yee-Man Yu
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jason Chun-Sing Lam
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Simon Ching Lam
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shucheng Chen
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mei Yuk Lam
- Department of Medical Science, Tung Wah College, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing-Fai Yeung
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Karakusevic A, Devaney P, Enstone A, Kanibir N, Hartwig S, Carias CDS. The burden of rotavirus-associated acute gastroenteritis in the elderly: assessment of the epidemiology in the context of universal childhood vaccination programs. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:929-940. [PMID: 35535677 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2066524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rotaviruses (RVs) cause acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in infants and young children worldwide and also in older adults (≥60 years), however the burden among this age group is not well understood. Herd immunity through pediatric RV vaccination may reduce the burden of RVGE across all ages, however the impact of pediatric vaccination on burden in older adults is poorly understood. AREAS COVERED This systematic review was undertaken to identify studies related to the following objectives: understand the burden of RV in older adults, RV seroprevalence, and the impact of pediatric vaccination on this burden and highlight evidence gaps to guide future research. Of studies identified, 59 studies from two databases were included in this analysis following a review by two reviewers. EXPERT OPINION RV is an understudied disease in older adults. We found that 0-62% of patients with AGE tested positive for RV, with results varying by setting, country, and patient age. Results also suggest that pediatric vaccination benefits older adults through herd protection. Several studies showed a reduction in RV incidence after vaccination. However, there was variety in results and lack of consistency in outcomes reported. Further studies targeting older adults are needed to better characterize RV burden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nabi Kanibir
- Global Medical and Scientific Affairs, Msd International GmbH, Luzern, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Hartwig
- Biostatistical and Research Decision Sciences Epidemiology, MSD Vaccins, France
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Lugelo A, Hampson K, Ferguson EA, Czupryna A, Bigambo M, Duamor CT, Kazwala R, Johnson PCD, Lankester F. Development of Dog Vaccination Strategies to Maintain Herd Immunity against Rabies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040830. [PMID: 35458560 PMCID: PMC9028497 DOI: 10.3390/v14040830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rabies can be prevented through mass dog vaccination campaigns; however, in rabies endemic countries, pulsed central point campaigns do not always achieve the recommended coverage of 70%. This study describes the development of a novel approach to sustain high coverage based on decentralized and continuous vaccination delivery. A rabies vaccination campaign was conducted across 12 wards in the Mara region, Tanzania to test this approach. Household surveys were used to obtain data on vaccination coverage as well as factors influencing dog vaccination. A total 17,571 dogs were vaccinated, 2654 using routine central point delivery and 14,917 dogs using one of three strategies of decentralized continuous vaccination. One month after the first vaccination campaign, coverage in areas receiving decentralized vaccinations was higher (64.1, 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) 62.1-66%) than in areas receiving pulsed vaccinations (35.9%, 95% CIs 32.6-39.5%). Follow-up surveys 10 months later showed that vaccination coverage in areas receiving decentralized vaccinations remained on average over 60% (60.7%, 95% CIs 58.5-62.8%) and much higher than in villages receiving pulsed vaccinations where coverage was on average 32.1% (95% CIs 28.8-35.6%). We conclude that decentralized continuous dog vaccination strategies have the potential to improve vaccination coverage and maintain herd immunity against rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Lugelo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 78373, Tanzania
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (K.H.); (E.A.F.); (A.C.); (P.C.D.J.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3105, Tanzania;
- Global Animal Health Tanzania, Arusha 1642, Tanzania; (M.B.); (F.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Katie Hampson
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (K.H.); (E.A.F.); (A.C.); (P.C.D.J.)
| | - Elaine A. Ferguson
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (K.H.); (E.A.F.); (A.C.); (P.C.D.J.)
| | - Anna Czupryna
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (K.H.); (E.A.F.); (A.C.); (P.C.D.J.)
| | - Machunde Bigambo
- Global Animal Health Tanzania, Arusha 1642, Tanzania; (M.B.); (F.L.)
| | - Christian Tetteh Duamor
- Department of Global Health, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania;
| | - Rudovick Kazwala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3105, Tanzania;
| | - Paul C. D. Johnson
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (K.H.); (E.A.F.); (A.C.); (P.C.D.J.)
| | - Felix Lankester
- Global Animal Health Tanzania, Arusha 1642, Tanzania; (M.B.); (F.L.)
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Datta S, Roy A. Herd Immunity against Coronavirus: A Review. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2022; 16:256-265. [PMID: 35400332 DOI: 10.2174/1872208316666220408113002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread exponentially, leading to an alarming number of deaths worldwide. A devastating effect has been observed in susceptible populations. Our body's immune system plays a very important role in fighting against the diseases. The principle of herd immunity (also known as population immunity), which has found its way into science and has been in the limelight, is the most widely recognised among all. It is an indirect defence against infectious diseases when a community has gained immunity, either through vaccines or through prior infection. Herd immunity against COVID-19 must be achieved to reduce the transmission of disease and save lives. Therefore, this review provides a comprehension of the role of immunity, with a special emphasis on herd immunity against COVID-19, and the ways to attain herd immunity in India have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreeja Datta
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | - Arpita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
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Brown S, Mitarai N, Sneppen K. Protection of bacteriophage-sensitive Escherichia coli by lysogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2106005119. [PMID: 35344423 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106005119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Some viruses that infect bacteria, temperate bacteriophages, can confer immunity to infection by the same virus. Here we report λ-immune bacteria could protect λ-sensitive bacteria from killing by phage λ in mixed culture. The protection depended on the extent to which the immune bacteria were able to adsorb the phage. Reconciling modeling with experiment led to identifying a decline in protection as bacteria stopped growing. Adsorption of λ was compromised by inhibition of bacterial energy metabolism, explaining the loss of protection as bacterial growth ceased. Bacteriophage λ is a temperate virus infecting the bacterium Escherichia coli. Temperate phages have the ability to form lysogens where the prophage is maintained in the infected bacterium in a largely quiescent state. The lysogen becomes immune to superinfection by λ by blocking the development of the superinfecting phage. Here we report the λ lysogen not only protected itself from killing by λ phages but also protected λ-sensitive bacteria in mixed culture. This protection required that the lysogen was able to adsorb the superinfecting λ phages. The protection was also sensitive to the growth state of the mixed culture, and the λ lysogen lost efficiency in protecting λ-sensitive bacteria as it stopped growing. A mutant of the λ tail protein, λJ, was not subject to this loss of protection. Adsorption of λ having the wild-type J protein but not the mutant λJ protein to E. coli was inhibited by interference with bacterial energy metabolism. The last observation suggests wild-type λ preferentially infects bacteria with competent energy metabolism.
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