1
|
Clostridium botulinum C3 Toxin for Selective Delivery of Cargo into Dendritic Cells and Macrophages. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14100711. [DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein toxin C3bot from Clostridium botulinum is a mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase that selectively intoxicates monocyte-derived cells such as macrophages, osteoclasts, and dendritic cells (DCs) by cytosolic modification of Rho-A, -B, and -C. Here, we investigated the application of C3bot as well as its non-toxic variant C3botE174Q as transporters for selective delivery of cargo molecules into macrophages and DCs. C3bot and C3botE174Q facilitated the uptake of eGFP into early endosomes of human-monocyte-derived macrophages, as revealed by stimulated emission depletion (STED) super-resolution microscopy. The fusion of the cargo model peptide eGFP neither affected the cell-type selectivity (enhanced uptake into human macrophages ex vivo compared to lymphocytes) nor the cytosolic release of C3bot. Moreover, by cell fractionation, we demonstrated that C3bot and C3botE174Q strongly enhanced the cytosolic release of functional eGFP. Subsequently, a modular system was created on the basis of C3botE174Q for covalent linkage of cargos via thiol–maleimide click chemistry. The functionality of this system was proven by loading small molecule fluorophores or an established reporter enzyme and investigating the cellular uptake and cytosolic release of cargo. Taken together, non-toxic C3botE174Q is a promising candidate for the cell-type-selective delivery of small molecules, peptides, and proteins into the cytosol of macrophages and DCs.
Collapse
|
2
|
Clostridial C3 Toxins Enter and Intoxicate Human Dendritic Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090563. [PMID: 32883045 PMCID: PMC7551598 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
C3 protein toxins produced by Clostridium (C.) botulinum and C. limosum are mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases, which specifically modify the GTPases Rho A/B/C in the cytosol of monocytic cells, thereby inhibiting Rho-mediated signal transduction in monocytes, macrophages, and osteoclasts. C3 toxins are selectively taken up into the cytosol of monocytic cells by endocytosis and translocate from acidic endosomes into the cytosol. The C3-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of Rho proteins inhibits essential functions of these immune cells, such as migration and phagocytosis. Here, we demonstrate that C3 toxins enter and intoxicate dendritic cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Both immature and mature human dendritic cells efficiently internalize C3 exoenzymes. These findings could also be extended to the chimeric fusion toxin C2IN-C3lim. Moreover, stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy revealed the localization of the internalized C3 protein in endosomes and emphasized its potential use as a carrier to deliver foreign proteins into dendritic cells. In contrast, the enzyme C2I from the binary C. botulinum C2 toxin was not taken up into dendritic cells, indicating the specific uptake of C3 toxins. Taken together, we identified human dendritic cells as novel target cells for clostridial C3 toxins and demonstrated the specific uptake of these toxins via endosomal vesicles.
Collapse
|
3
|
Prominin-1 Modulates Rho/ROCK-Mediated Membrane Morphology and Calcium-Dependent Intracellular Chloride Flux. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15911. [PMID: 31685837 PMCID: PMC6828804 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane morphology is an important structural determinant as it reflects cellular functions. The pentaspan membrane protein Prominin-1 (Prom1/CD133) is known to be localised to protrusions and plays a pivotal role in migration and the determination of cellular morphology; however, the underlying mechanism of its action have been elusive. Here, we performed molecular characterisation of Prom1, focussing primarily on its effects on cell morphology. Overexpression of Prom1 in RPE-1 cells triggers multiple, long, cholesterol-enriched fibres, independently of actin and microtubule polymerisation. A five amino acid stretch located at the carboxyl cytosolic region is essential for fibre formation. The small GTPase Rho and its downstream Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase (ROCK) are also essential for this process, and active Rho colocalises with Prom1 at the site of initialisation of fibre formation. In mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells we show that Prom1 is required for chloride ion efflux induced by calcium ion uptake, and demonstrate that fibre formation is closely associated with chloride efflux activity. Collectively, these findings suggest that Prom1 affects cell morphology and contributes to chloride conductance.
Collapse
|
4
|
Heck AJ, Ostertag T, Schnell L, Fischer S, Agrawalla BK, Winterwerber P, Wirsching E, Fauler M, Frick M, Kuan SL, Weil T, Barth H. Supramolecular Toxin Complexes for Targeted Pharmacological Modulation of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Functions. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900665. [PMID: 31318180 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The targeted pharmacological modulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) is of major medical interest. These innate immune cells play a central role in the defense against pathogenic microorganisms. However, their excessive chemotactic recruitment into tissues after traumatic injury is detrimental due to local and systemic inflammation. Rho-GTPases, being the master regulators of the actin cytoskeleton, regulate migration and chemotaxis of PMNs, are attractive pharmacological targets. Herein, supramolecular protein complexes are assembled in a "mix-and-match" approach containing the specific Rho-inhibiting clostridial C3 enzyme and three PMN-binding peptides using an avidin platform. Selective delivery of the C3 Rho-inhibitor with these complexes into the cytosol of human neutrophil-like NB-4 cells and primary human PMNs ex vivo is demonstrated, where they catalyze the adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribosylation of Rho and induce a characteristic change in cell morphology. Notably, the complexes do not deliver C3 enzyme into human lung epithelial cells, A549 lung cancer cells, and immortalized human alveolar epithelial cells (hAELVi), demonstrating their cell type-selectivity. The supramolecular complexes represent attractive molecular tools to decipher the role of PMNs in infection and inflammation or for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for diseases that are associated with hyperactivity and reactivity of PMNs such as post-traumatic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Johanna Heck
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Theresa Ostertag
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology – Ulm University Medical Center Albert‐Einstein‐Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Leonie Schnell
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology – Ulm University Medical Center Albert‐Einstein‐Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Stephan Fischer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology – Ulm University Medical Center Albert‐Einstein‐Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | | | - Pia Winterwerber
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Eva Wirsching
- Institute of General Physiology – Ulm University Albert‐Einstein‐Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Michael Fauler
- Institute of General Physiology – Ulm University Albert‐Einstein‐Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology – Ulm University Albert‐Einstein‐Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Seah Ling Kuan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm University Albert‐Einstein‐Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm University Albert‐Einstein‐Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Holger Barth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology – Ulm University Medical Center Albert‐Einstein‐Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kuan SL, Fischer S, Hafner S, Wang T, Syrovets T, Liu W, Tokura Y, Ng DYW, Riegger A, Förtsch C, Jäger D, Barth TFE, Simmet T, Barth H, Weil T. Boosting Antitumor Drug Efficacy with Chemically Engineered Multidomain Proteins. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1701036. [PMID: 30128225 PMCID: PMC6097141 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201701036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A facile chemical approach integrating supramolecular chemistry, site-selective protein chemistry, and molecular biology is described to engineer synthetic multidomain protein therapeutics that sensitize cancer cells selectively to significantly enhance antitumor efficacy of existing chemotherapeutics. The desired bioactive entities are assembled via supramolecular interactions at the nanoscale into structurally ordered multiprotein complexes comprising a) multiple copies of the chemically modified cyclic peptide hormone somatostatin for selective targeting and internalization into human A549 lung cancer cells expressing SST-2 receptors and b) a new cysteine mutant of the C3bot1 (C3) enzyme from Clostridium botulinum, a Rho protein inhibitor that affects and influences intracellular Rho-mediated processes like endothelial cell migration and blood vessel formation. The multidomain protein complex, SST3-Avi-C3, retargets C3 enzyme into non-small cell lung A549 cancer cells and exhibits exceptional tumor inhibition at a concentration ≈100-fold lower than the clinically approved antibody bevacizumab (Avastin) in vivo. Notably, SST3-Avi-C3 increases tumor sensitivity to a conventional chemotherapeutic (doxorubicin) in vivo. These findings show that the integrated approach holds vast promise to expand the current repertoire of multidomain protein complexes and can pave the way to important new developments in the area of targeted and combination cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seah Ling Kuan
- Max‐Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Stephan Fischer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Ulm Medical CenterAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Susanne Hafner
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlm UniversityHelmholtzstraße 2089081UlmGermany
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest Jiaotong University610031ChengduP. R. China
| | - Tatiana Syrovets
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlm UniversityHelmholtzstraße 2089081UlmGermany
| | - Weina Liu
- Max‐Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Yu Tokura
- Max‐Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - David Yuen Wah Ng
- Max‐Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Andreas Riegger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Christina Förtsch
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Ulm Medical CenterAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Daniela Jäger
- Institute of PathologyUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 2389070UlmGermany
| | - Thomas F. E. Barth
- Institute of PathologyUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 2389070UlmGermany
| | - Thomas Simmet
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlm UniversityHelmholtzstraße 2089081UlmGermany
| | - Holger Barth
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Ulm Medical CenterAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max‐Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Martino F, Perestrelo AR, Vinarský V, Pagliari S, Forte G. Cellular Mechanotransduction: From Tension to Function. Front Physiol 2018; 9:824. [PMID: 30026699 PMCID: PMC6041413 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Living cells are constantly exposed to mechanical stimuli arising from the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) or from neighboring cells. The intracellular molecular processes through which such physical cues are transformed into a biological response are collectively dubbed as mechanotransduction and are of fundamental importance to help the cell timely adapt to the continuous dynamic modifications of the microenvironment. Local changes in ECM composition and mechanics are driven by a feed forward interplay between the cell and the matrix itself, with the first depositing ECM proteins that in turn will impact on the surrounding cells. As such, these changes occur regularly during tissue development and are a hallmark of the pathologies of aging. Only lately, though, the importance of mechanical cues in controlling cell function (e.g., proliferation, differentiation, migration) has been acknowledged. Here we provide a critical review of the recent insights into the molecular basis of cellular mechanotransduction, by analyzing how mechanical stimuli get transformed into a given biological response through the activation of a peculiar genetic program. Specifically, by recapitulating the processes involved in the interpretation of ECM remodeling by Focal Adhesions at cell-matrix interphase, we revise the role of cytoskeleton tension as the second messenger of the mechanotransduction process and the action of mechano-responsive shuttling proteins converging on stage and cell-specific transcription factors. Finally, we give few paradigmatic examples highlighting the emerging role of malfunctions in cell mechanosensing apparatus in the onset and progression of pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Martino
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Competence Center for Mechanobiology in Regenerative Medicine, INTERREG ATCZ133, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ana R. Perestrelo
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Vladimír Vinarský
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
- Competence Center for Mechanobiology in Regenerative Medicine, INTERREG ATCZ133, Brno, Czechia
| | - Stefania Pagliari
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Giancarlo Forte
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
- Competence Center for Mechanobiology in Regenerative Medicine, INTERREG ATCZ133, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gačanin J, Kovtun A, Fischer S, Schwager V, Quambusch J, Kuan SL, Liu W, Boldt F, Li C, Yang Z, Liu D, Wu Y, Weil T, Barth H, Ignatius A. Spatiotemporally Controlled Release of Rho-Inhibiting C3 Toxin from a Protein-DNA Hybrid Hydrogel for Targeted Inhibition of Osteoclast Formation and Activity. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28758712 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In osteoporosis, bone structure can be improved by the introduction of therapeutic molecules inhibiting bone resorption by osteoclasts. Here, biocompatible hydrogels represent an excellent option for the delivery of pharmacologically active molecules to the bone tissue because of their biodegradability, injectability, and manifold functionalization capacity. The present study reports the preparation of a multifunctional hybrid hydrogel from chemically modified human serum albumin and rationally designed DNA building blocks. The hybrid hydrogel combines advantageous characteristics, including rapid gelation through DNA hybridization under physiological conditions and a self-healing and injectable nature with the possibility of specific loading and spatiotemporally controlled release of active proteins, making it an advanced biomaterial for the local treatment of bone diseases, for example, osteoporosis. The hydrogels are loaded with a recombinant Rho-inhibiting C3 toxin, C2IN-C3lim-G205C. This toxin selectively targets osteoclasts and inhibits Rho-signaling and, thereby, actin-dependent processes in these cells. Application of C2IN-C3lim-G205C toxin-loaded hydrogels effectively reduces osteoclast formation and resorption activity in vitro, as demonstrated by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining and the pit resorption assay. Simultaneously, osteoblast activity, viability, and proliferation are unaffected, thus making C2IN-C3lim-G205C toxin-loaded hybrid hydrogels an attractive pharmacological system for spatial and selective modulation of osteoclast functions to reduce bone resorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Gačanin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III; University of Ulm; 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Anna Kovtun
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics; Trauma Research Center; University of Ulm; 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Stephan Fischer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Ulm; 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Victoria Schwager
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Ulm; 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Johanna Quambusch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III; University of Ulm; 89081 Ulm Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Seah Ling Kuan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Weina Liu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III; University of Ulm; 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Felix Boldt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III; University of Ulm; 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Chuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education; Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; 100084 Beijing China
| | - Zhongqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education; Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; 100084 Beijing China
| | - Dongsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education; Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; 100084 Beijing China
| | - Yuzhou Wu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III; University of Ulm; 89081 Ulm Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; 55128 Mainz Germany
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; 430074 Wuhan China
| | - Tanja Weil
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III; University of Ulm; 89081 Ulm Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Holger Barth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Ulm; 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics; Trauma Research Center; University of Ulm; 89081 Ulm Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rho-inhibiting C2IN-C3 fusion toxin inhibits chemotactic recruitment of human monocytes ex vivo and in mice in vivo. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:323-336. [PMID: 28924833 PMCID: PMC5773661 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial protein toxins became valuable molecular tools for the targeted modulation of cell functions in experimental pharmacology and attractive therapeutics because of their potent and specific mode of action in human cells. C2IN-C3lim, a recombinant fusion toxin (~50 kDa) of the Rho-inhibiting C3lim from Clostridium (C.) limosum and a non-toxic portion of the C. botulinum C2 toxin (C2IN), is selectively internalized into the cytosol of monocytic cells where C3lim specifically ADP-ribosylates Rho A and -B, thereby inhibiting Rho-mediated signaling. Thus, we hypothesized that these unique features make C2IN-C3lim an attractive molecule for the targeted pharmacological down-regulation of Rho-mediated functions in monocytes. The analysis of the actin structure and the Rho ADP-ribosylation status implied that C2IN-C3lim entered the cytosol of primary human monocytes from healthy donors ex vivo within 1 h. Moreover, it inhibited the fMLP-induced chemotaxis of human monocytes in a Boyden chamber model ex vivo. Similarly, in a 3-dimensional ex vivo model of extravasation, single cell analysis revealed that C2IN-C3lim-treated cells were not able to move. In a clinically relevant mouse model of blunt chest trauma, the local application of C2IN-C3lim into the lungs after thorax trauma prevented the trauma-induced recruitment of monocytes into the lungs in vivo. Thus, C2IN-C3lim might be an attractive lead compound for novel pharmacological strategies to avoid the cellular damage response caused by monocytes in damaged tissue after trauma and during systemic inflammation. The results suggest that the pathophysiological role of clostridial C3 toxins might be a down-modulation of the innate immune system.
Collapse
|
9
|
Biology of Paenibacillus larvae, a deadly pathogen of honey bee larvae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7387-95. [PMID: 27394713 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7716-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The gram-positive bacterium Paenibacillus larvae is the etiological agent of American Foulbrood of honey bees, a notifiable disease in many countries. Hence, P. larvae can be considered as an entomopathogen of considerable relevance in veterinary medicine. P. larvae is a highly specialized pathogen with only one established host, the honey bee larva. No other natural environment supporting germination and proliferation of P. larvae is known. Over the last decade, tremendous progress in the understanding of P. larvae and its interactions with honey bee larvae at a molecular level has been made. In this review, we will present the recent highlights and developments in P. larvae research and discuss the impact of some of the findings in a broader context to demonstrate what we can learn from studying "exotic" pathogens.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kuan SL, Förtsch C, Ng DYW, Fischer S, Tokura Y, Liu W, Wu Y, Koynov K, Barth H, Weil T. A Supramolecular Approach toward Bioinspired PAMAM-Dendronized Fusion Toxins. Macromol Biosci 2016; 16:803-10. [PMID: 26833574 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201500417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Nature has provided a highly optimized toolbox in bacterial endotoxins with precise functions dictated by their clear structural division. Inspired by this streamlined design, a supramolecular approach capitalizing on the strong biomolecular (streptavidin (SA))-biotin interactions is reported herein to prepare two multipartite fusion constructs, which involves the generation 2.0 (D2) or generation 3.0 (D3) polyamidoamine-dendronized transporter proteins (dendronized streptavidin (D3SA) and dendronized human serum albumin (D2HSA)) non-covalently fused to the C3bot1 enzyme from Clostridium botulinum, a potent and specific Rho-inhibitor. The fusion constructs, D3SA-C3 and D2HSA-C3, represent the first examples of dendronized protein transporters that are fused to the C3 enzyme, and it is successfully demonstrated that the C3 Rho-inhibitor is delivered into the cytosol of mammalian cells as determined from the characteristic C3-mediated changes in cell morphology and confocal microscopy. The design circumvents the low uptake of the C3 enzyme by eukaryotic cells and holds great promise for reprogramming the properties of toxin enzymes using a supramolecular approach to broaden their therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seah Ling Kuan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III - Macromolecular Chemistry & Biomaterials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christina Förtsch
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - David Yuen Wah Ng
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III - Macromolecular Chemistry & Biomaterials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephan Fischer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Yu Tokura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III - Macromolecular Chemistry & Biomaterials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Weina Liu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III - Macromolecular Chemistry & Biomaterials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Yuzhou Wu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III - Macromolecular Chemistry & Biomaterials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Barth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III - Macromolecular Chemistry & Biomaterials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Barth H, Fischer S, Möglich A, Förtsch C. Clostridial C3 Toxins Target Monocytes/Macrophages and Modulate Their Functions. Front Immunol 2015; 6:339. [PMID: 26175735 PMCID: PMC4485225 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The C3 enzymes from Clostridium (C.) botulinum (C3bot) and Clostridium limosum (C3lim) are single chain protein toxins of about 25 kDa that mono-ADP-ribosylate Rho-A, -B, and -C in the cytosol of mammalian cells. We discovered that both C3 proteins are selectively internalized into the cytosol of monocytes and macrophages by an endocytotic mechanism, comparable to bacterial AB-type toxins, while they are not efficiently taken up into the cytosol of other cell types including epithelial cells and fibroblasts. C3-treatment results in disturbed macrophage functions, such as migration and phagocytosis, suggesting a novel function of clostridial C3 toxins as virulence factors, which selectively interfere with these immune cells. Moreover, enzymatic inactive C3 protein serves as a transport system to selectively deliver pharmacologically active molecules into the cytosol of monocytes/macrophages without damaging these cells. This review addresses also the generation of C3-based molecular tools for experimental macrophage pharmacology and cell biology as well as the exploitation of C3 for development of novel therapeutic strategies against monocyte/macrophage-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Barth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center , Ulm , Germany
| | - Stephan Fischer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center , Ulm , Germany ; Institute of Organic Chemistry III, University of Ulm , Ulm , Germany
| | - Amelie Möglich
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center , Ulm , Germany
| | - Christina Förtsch
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center , Ulm , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Krska D, Ravulapalli R, Fieldhouse RJ, Lugo MR, Merrill AR. C3larvin toxin, an ADP-ribosyltransferase from Paenibacillus larvae. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:1639-53. [PMID: 25477523 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.589846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
C3larvin toxin was identified by a bioinformatic strategy as a putative mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase and a possible virulence factor from Paenibacillus larvae, which is the causative agent of American Foulbrood in honey bees. C3larvin targets RhoA as a substrate for its transferase reaction, and kinetics for both the NAD(+) (Km = 34 ± 12 μm) and RhoA (Km = 17 ± 3 μm) substrates were characterized for this enzyme from the mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 toxin subgroup. C3larvin is toxic to yeast when expressed in the cytoplasm, and catalytic variants of the enzyme lost the ability to kill the yeast host, indicating that the toxin exerts its lethality through its enzyme activity. A small molecule inhibitor of C3larvin enzymatic activity was discovered called M3 (Ki = 11 ± 2 μm), and to our knowledge, is the first inhibitor of transferase activity of the C3 toxin family. C3larvin was crystallized, and its crystal structure (apoenzyme) was solved to 2.3 Å resolution. C3larvin was also shown to have a different mechanism of cell entry from other C3 toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Krska
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ravikiran Ravulapalli
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Robert J Fieldhouse
- the Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, and the Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Miguel R Lugo
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - A Rod Merrill
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada,
| |
Collapse
|