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Algarra JA, Cariñanos P, Ramos-Lorente MM. The Role of Snow-Related Environmental Variables in Plant Conservation Plans in the Mediterranean Mountains. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:783. [PMID: 38592949 PMCID: PMC10975130 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the effects that snow cover may have on the survival of one-year-old seedlings from 15 different taxa in the Mediterranean high mountains (Sierra Nevada National Park, SE Spain) in order to have clearer criteria for the planning and management of restoration efforts in these environments. Additionally, the influence of variables that have been scarcely explored up to now is also revised. We use the survival rates of the seedlings observed from the ecological restoration trial as reference values. The survival data analyzed are based on six variables to evaluate their effects. The results confirm that the permanence of snow is a favorable factor for seedlings, independent of the plant community. Contrastingly, a specific type of foundation (stones and rocks) stands out for being clearly unfavorable, regardless of other variables. For both altitude and solar radiation, a worsening of the survival ratio has been observed as they increase. The species' geographic ranges are all shown to be unfavorable for taxa of a boreo-alpine distribution. Finally, the plant community does not have a significant influence on the survival of seedlings. These results provide novel indications to improve the results of the first stages of restoration work in the Mediterranean high mountains. They are also valuable for the management and cataloging of threatened flora, as well as having direct applications in recovery plans and protection lists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Algarra
- Department of Botany, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Botanic Garden Hoya de Pedraza (Sierra Nevada), The Environment and Water Agency of Andalusia, 18014 Granada, Spain;
| | - Paloma Cariñanos
- Botanic Garden Hoya de Pedraza (Sierra Nevada), The Environment and Water Agency of Andalusia, 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - María M. Ramos-Lorente
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
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2
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Sharma MK, Hopak NE, Chawla A. Alpine plant species converge towards adopting elevation-specific resource-acquisition strategy in response to experimental early snow-melting. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167906. [PMID: 37858830 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Snow-melt is one of the important factors limiting growth and survival of alpine plants. Changes in snow-melt timing have profound effects on eco-physiological characteristics of alpine plant species through alterations in growing season length. Here, we conducted a field experiment and studied species response to experimentally induced early snow-melting (ES) (natural vs. early) at an alpine site (Rohtang) in the western Himalaya region. Eco-physiological response of eight snow-bed restricted alpine plant species from different elevations (lower: 3850 m and upper: 4150 m amsl) and belonging to contrasting resource acquisition strategies (conservative and acquisitive) were studied after 2-years (2019 & 2020) of initiating ES field experiment. We estimated the functional traits related to leaf economic spectrum and physiological performance and assessed their pattern of phenotypic plasticity. Analysis by linear mixed effect model showed that both the 'conservative' and 'acquisitive' species had responded to ES with significant effects on species specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, leaf thickness, leaf water content and sugar content. Our results also revealed that ES treatment induced significant increase in leaf C/N ratio (10.57 % to 13.65 %) and protein content (15.85 % to 20.76 %) at both the elevations, irrespective of species groups. The phenotypic plasticity was found to be low and was essentially species-specific. However, for leaf protein content, the upper elevation species exhibited a higher phenotypic plasticity (0.43 ± 0.18) than the lower elevation species (0.31 ± 0.21). Interestingly, we found that irrespective of species unique functional strategy, species adapt to perform more conservative at lower elevation and more acquisitive at upper elevation, in response to ES. We conclude that plants occurring at contrasting elevations respond differentially to ES. However, species showed capacity for short-term acclimation to future environmental conditions, but may be vulnerable, if their niche is occupied by new species with greater phenotypic plasticity and a superior competitive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish K Sharma
- Environmental Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India; Centre for High Altitude Biology (CeHAB), Research Centre of CSIR-IHBT, Ribling, P.O. Tandi, District Lahaul and Spiti, Himachal Pradesh 175132, India
| | - Nang Elennie Hopak
- Environmental Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India; Centre for High Altitude Biology (CeHAB), Research Centre of CSIR-IHBT, Ribling, P.O. Tandi, District Lahaul and Spiti, Himachal Pradesh 175132, India
| | - Amit Chawla
- Environmental Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India; Centre for High Altitude Biology (CeHAB), Research Centre of CSIR-IHBT, Ribling, P.O. Tandi, District Lahaul and Spiti, Himachal Pradesh 175132, India.
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3
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Boyle JS, Angers-Blondin S, Assmann JJ, Myers-Smith IH. Summer temperature—but not growing season length—influences radial growth of Salix arctica in coastal Arctic tundra. Polar Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-022-03074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractArctic climate change is leading to an advance of plant phenology (the timing of life history events) with uncertain impacts on tundra ecosystems. Although the lengthening of the growing season is thought to lead to increased plant growth, we have few studies of how plant phenology change is altering tundra plant productivity. Here, we test the correspondence between 14 years of Salix arctica phenology data and radial growth on Qikiqtaruk–Herschel Island, Yukon Territory, Canada. We analysed stems from 28 individuals using dendroecology and linear mixed-effect models to test the statistical power of growing season length and climate variables to individually predict radial growth. We found that summer temperature best explained annual variation in radial growth. We found no strong evidence that leaf emergence date, earlier leaf senescence date, or total growing season length had any direct or lagged effects on radial growth. Radial growth was also not explained by interannual variation in precipitation, MODIS surface greenness (NDVI), or sea ice concentration. Our results demonstrate that at this site, for the widely distributed species S. arctica, temperature—but not growing season length—influences radial growth. These findings challenge the assumption that advancing phenology and longer growing seasons will increase the productivity of all plant species in Arctic tundra ecosystems.
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4
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Bokhorst S, Cornelissen JHC, Veraverbeke S. Long-term legacies of seasonal extremes in Arctic ecosystem functioning. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:3161-3162. [PMID: 35007375 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stef Bokhorst
- Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sander Veraverbeke
- Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Wagner J, Gruber K, Ladinig U, Buchner O, Neuner G. Winter Frosts Reduce Flower Bud Survival in High-Mountain Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1507. [PMID: 34451552 PMCID: PMC8400932 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
At higher elevations in the European Alps, plants may experience winter temperatures of -30 °C and lower at snow-free sites. Vegetative organs are usually sufficiently frost hardy to survive such low temperatures, but it is largely unknown if this also applies to generative structures. We investigated winter frost effects on flower buds in the cushion plants Saxifraga bryoides L. (subnival-nival) and Saxifraga moschata Wulfen (alpine-nival) growing at differently exposed sites, and the chionophilous cryptophyte Ranunculus glacialis L. (subnival-nival). Potted plants were subjected to short-time (ST) and long-time (LT) freezing between -10 and -30 °C in temperature-controlled freezers. Frost damage, ice nucleation and flowering frequency in summer were determined. Flower bud viability and flowering frequency decreased significantly with decreasing temperature and exposure time in both saxifrages. Already, -10 °C LT-freezing caused the first injuries. Below -20 °C, the mean losses were 47% (ST) and 75% (LT) in S. bryoides, and 19% (ST) and 38% (LT) in S. moschata. Winter buds of both saxifrages did not supercool, suggesting that damages were caused by freeze dehydration. R. glacialis remained largely undamaged down to -30 °C in the ST experiment, but did not survive permanent freezing below -20 °C. Winter snow cover is essential for the survival of flower buds and indirectly for reproductive fitness. This problem gains particular relevance in the context of winter periods with low precipitation and winter warming events leading to the melting of the protective snowpack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Wagner
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (K.G.); (U.L.); (O.B.)
| | | | | | | | - Gilbert Neuner
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (K.G.); (U.L.); (O.B.)
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6
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Selection of Independent Variables for Crop Yield Prediction Using Artificial Neural Network Models with Remote Sensing Data. LAND 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/land10060609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Knowing the expected crop yield in the current growing season provides valuable information for farmers, policy makers, and food processing plants. One of the main benefits of using reliable forecasting tools is generating more income from grown crops. Information on the amount of crop yielding before harvesting helps to guide the adoption of an appropriate strategy for managing agricultural products. The difficulty in creating forecasting models is related to the appropriate selection of independent variables. Their proper selection requires a perfect knowledge of the research object. The following article presents and discusses the most commonly used independent variables in agricultural crop yield prediction modeling based on artificial neural networks (ANNs). Particular attention is paid to environmental variables, such as climatic data, air temperature, total precipitation, insolation, and soil parameters. The possibility of using plant productivity indices and vegetation indices, which are valuable predictors obtained due to the application of remote sensing techniques, are analyzed in detail. The paper emphasizes that the increasingly common use of remote sensing and photogrammetric tools enables the development of precision agriculture. In addition, some limitations in the application of certain input variables are specified, as well as further possibilities for the development of non-linear modeling, using artificial neural networks as a tool supporting the practical use of and improvement in precision farming techniques.
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7
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Kudo G, Cooper EJ. When spring ephemerals fail to meet pollinators: mechanism of phenological mismatch and its impact on plant reproduction. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190573. [PMID: 31185863 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The flowering phenology of early-blooming plants is largely determined by snowmelt timing in high-latitude and high-altitude ecosystems. When the synchrony of flowering and pollinator emergence is disturbed by climate change, seed production may be restricted due to insufficient pollination success. We revealed the mechanism of phenological mismatch between a spring ephemeral ( Corydalis ambigua) and its pollinator (overwintered bumblebees), and its impact on plant reproduction, based on 19 years of monitoring and a snow removal experiment in a cool-temperate forest in northern Japan. Early snowmelt increased the risk of phenological mismatch under natural conditions. Seed production was limited by pollination success over the 3 years of the pollination experiment and decreased when flowering occurred prior to bee emergence. Similar trends were detected on modification of flowering phenology through snow removal. Following snowmelt, the length of the pre-flowering period strongly depended on the ambient surface temperature, ranging from 4 days (at greater than 7°C) to 26 days (at 2.5°C). Flowering onset was explained with an accumulated surface degree-day model. Bumblebees emerged when soil temperature reached 6°C, which was predictable by an accumulated soil degree-day model, although foraging activity after emergence might depend on air temperature. These results indicate that phenological mismatch tends to occur when snow melts early but subsequent soil warming progresses slowly. Thus, modification of the snowmelt regime could be a major driver disturbing spring phenology in northern ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Kudo
- 1 Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0810 , Japan
| | - Elisabeth J Cooper
- 2 Institute for Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway , 9037 Tromsø , Norway
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8
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Addis CE, Bret‐Harte MS. The importance of secondary growth to plant responses to snow in the arctic. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Addis
- Department of Biology and Wildlife University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks Alaska
- Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks Alaska
| | - Marion S. Bret‐Harte
- Department of Biology and Wildlife University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks Alaska
- Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks Alaska
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9
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Semenchuk PR, Krab EJ, Hedenström M, Phillips CA, Ancin-Murguzur FJ, Cooper EJ. Soil organic carbon depletion and degradation in surface soil after long-term non-growing season warming in High Arctic Svalbard. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:158-167. [PMID: 30056226 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Arctic tundra active-layer soils are at risk of soil organic carbon (SOC) depletion and degradation upon global climate warming because they are in a stage of relatively early decomposition. Non-growing season (NGS) warming is particularly pronounced, and observed increases of CO2 emissions during experimentally warmed NGSs give concern for great SOC losses to the atmosphere. Here, we used snow fences in Arctic Spitsbergen dwarf shrub tundra to simulate 1.86 °C NGS warming for 9 consecutive years, while growing season temperatures remained unchanged. In the snow fence treatment, the 4-11 cm thick A-horizon had a 2% lower SOC concentration and a 0.48 kg C m-2 smaller pool size than the controls, indicating SOC pool depletion. The snow fence treatment's A-horizon's alkyl/O-alkyl ratio was also significantly increased, indicating an advance of SOC degradation. The underlying 5 cm of B/C-horizon did not show these effects. Our results support the hypothesis that SOC depletion and degradation are connected to the long-term transience of observed ecosystem respiration (ER) increases upon soil warming. We suggest that the bulk of warming induced ER increases may originate from surface and not deep active layer or permafrost horizons. The observed losses of SOC might be significant for the ecosystem in question, but are in magnitude comparatively small relative to anthropogenic greenhouse gas enrichment of the atmosphere. We conclude that a positive feedback of carbon losses from surface soils of Arctic dwarf shrub tundra to anthropogenic forcing will be minor, but not negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp R Semenchuk
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences Fisheries and Economics, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-98107 Abisko, Sweden; Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Vienna University, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Eveline J Krab
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-98107 Abisko, Sweden; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Soil and Environment, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Carly A Phillips
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA
| | - Francisco J Ancin-Murguzur
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences Fisheries and Economics, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Elisabeth J Cooper
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences Fisheries and Economics, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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10
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Christiansen CT, Lafreniére MJ, Henry GHR, Grogan P. Long-term deepened snow promotes tundra evergreen shrub growth and summertime ecosystem net CO 2 gain but reduces soil carbon and nutrient pools. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:3508-3525. [PMID: 29411950 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Arctic climate warming will be primarily during winter, resulting in increased snowfall in many regions. Previous tundra research on the impacts of deepened snow has generally been of short duration. Here, we report relatively long-term (7-9 years) effects of experimentally deepened snow on plant community structure, net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE), and soil biogeochemistry in Canadian Low Arctic mesic shrub tundra. The snowfence treatment enhanced snow depth from 0.3 to ~1 m, increasing winter soil temperatures by ~3°C, but with no effect on summer soil temperature, moisture, or thaw depth. Nevertheless, shoot biomass of the evergreen shrub Rhododendron subarcticum was near-doubled by the snowfences, leading to a 52% increase in aboveground vascular plant biomass. Additionally, summertime NEE rates, measured in collars containing similar plant biomass across treatments, were consistently reduced ~30% in the snowfenced plots due to decreased ecosystem respiration rather than increased gross photosynthesis. Phosphate in the organic soil layer (0-10 cm depth) and nitrate in the mineral soil layer (15-25 cm depth) were substantially reduced within the snowfences (47-70 and 43%-73% reductions, respectively, across sampling times). Finally, the snowfences tended (p = .08) to reduce mineral soil layer C% by 40%, but with considerable within- and among plot variation due to cryoturbation across the landscape. These results indicate that enhanced snow accumulation is likely to further increase dominance of R. subarcticum in its favored locations, and reduce summertime respiration and soil biogeochemical pools. Since evergreens are relatively slow growing and of low stature, their increased dominance may constrain vegetation-related feedbacks to climate change. We found no evidence that deepened snow promoted deciduous shrub growth in mesic tundra, and conclude that the relatively strong R. subarcticum response to snow accumulation may explain the extensive spatial variability in observed circumpolar patterns of evergreen and deciduous shrub growth over the past 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper T Christiansen
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Uni Research Climate, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Gregory H R Henry
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paul Grogan
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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11
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Prevéy J, Vellend M, Rüger N, Hollister RD, Bjorkman AD, Myers-Smith IH, Elmendorf SC, Clark K, Cooper EJ, Elberling B, Fosaa AM, Henry GHR, Høye TT, Jónsdóttir IS, Klanderud K, Lévesque E, Mauritz M, Molau U, Natali SM, Oberbauer SF, Panchen ZA, Post E, Rumpf SB, Schmidt NM, Schuur EAG, Semenchuk PR, Troxler T, Welker JM, Rixen C. Greater temperature sensitivity of plant phenology at colder sites: implications for convergence across northern latitudes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:2660-2671. [PMID: 28079308 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Warmer temperatures are accelerating the phenology of organisms around the world. Temperature sensitivity of phenology might be greater in colder, higher latitude sites than in warmer regions, in part because small changes in temperature constitute greater relative changes in thermal balance at colder sites. To test this hypothesis, we examined up to 20 years of phenology data for 47 tundra plant species at 18 high-latitude sites along a climatic gradient. Across all species, the timing of leaf emergence and flowering was more sensitive to a given increase in summer temperature at colder than warmer high-latitude locations. A similar pattern was seen over time for the flowering phenology of a widespread species, Cassiope tetragona. These are among the first results highlighting differential phenological responses of plants across a climatic gradient and suggest the possibility of convergence in flowering times and therefore an increase in gene flow across latitudes as the climate warms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Prevéy
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, 7260 Davos, Switzerland
- USDA-Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Olympia, WA 98512, USA
| | - Mark Vellend
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Nadja Rüger
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancón, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Robert D Hollister
- Biology Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49041, USA
| | - Anne D Bjorkman
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Karin Clark
- Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, NT X1A 3S8, Canada
| | - Elisabeth J Cooper
- Institute for Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bo Elberling
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna M Fosaa
- Faroese Museum of Natural History, Hoyvík 188, Faroe Islands
| | - Gregory H R Henry
- Department of Geography and Biodiversity Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Toke T Høye
- Arctic Research Center, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ingibjörg S Jónsdóttir
- The University Centre in Svalbard, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Kari Klanderud
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resources, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Esther Lévesque
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Marguerite Mauritz
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Center, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Ulf Molau
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Steven F Oberbauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Zoe A Panchen
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Eric Post
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sabine B Rumpf
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Niels M Schmidt
- Arctic Research Center, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Edward A G Schuur
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Center, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Phillip R Semenchuk
- Institute for Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Jeffrey M Welker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Christian Rixen
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, 7260 Davos, Switzerland
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12
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Using Ordinary Digital Cameras in Place of Near-Infrared Sensors to Derive Vegetation Indices for Phenology Studies of High Arctic Vegetation. REMOTE SENSING 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/rs8100847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Bokhorst S, Pedersen SH, Brucker L, Anisimov O, Bjerke JW, Brown RD, Ehrich D, Essery RLH, Heilig A, Ingvander S, Johansson C, Johansson M, Jónsdóttir IS, Inga N, Luojus K, Macelloni G, Mariash H, McLennan D, Rosqvist GN, Sato A, Savela H, Schneebeli M, Sokolov A, Sokratov SA, Terzago S, Vikhamar-Schuler D, Williamson S, Qiu Y, Callaghan TV. Changing Arctic snow cover: A review of recent developments and assessment of future needs for observations, modelling, and impacts. AMBIO 2016; 45:516-37. [PMID: 26984258 PMCID: PMC4980315 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0770-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Snow is a critically important and rapidly changing feature of the Arctic. However, snow-cover and snowpack conditions change through time pose challenges for measuring and prediction of snow. Plausible scenarios of how Arctic snow cover will respond to changing Arctic climate are important for impact assessments and adaptation strategies. Although much progress has been made in understanding and predicting snow-cover changes and their multiple consequences, many uncertainties remain. In this paper, we review advances in snow monitoring and modelling, and the impact of snow changes on ecosystems and society in Arctic regions. Interdisciplinary activities are required to resolve the current limitations on measuring and modelling snow characteristics through the cold season and at different spatial scales to assure human well-being, economic stability, and improve the ability to predict manage and adapt to natural hazards in the Arctic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stef Bokhorst
- FRAM – High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), PO Box 6606, Langnes, 9296 Tromsø Norway
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stine Højlund Pedersen
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ludovic Brucker
- NASA GSFC Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory, Code 615, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research Studies and Investigations, Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD 21044 USA
| | - Oleg Anisimov
- State Hydrological Institute of Roshydromet, 23 Second Line V.O., St.Petersburg, Russia 199053
- International Centre for Science and Education “Best”, North-East Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Jarle W. Bjerke
- FRAM – High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), PO Box 6606, Langnes, 9296 Tromsø Norway
| | - Ross D. Brown
- Climate Research Division, Environment Canada Ouranos, 550 Sherbrooke St. West, 19th Floor, Montreal, QC H3A 1B9 Canada
| | - Dorothee Ehrich
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Achim Heilig
- Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Ingvander
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Johansson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Margareta Johansson
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, PO Box 50005, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingibjörg Svala Jónsdóttir
- University Centre in Svalbard, PO Box 156, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
- Faculty of Life- and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Niila Inga
- Leavas Sámi Community, Box 53, 981 21 Kiruna, Sweden
| | - Kari Luojus
- Arctic Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giovanni Macelloni
- IFAC-CNR - Institute of Applied Physics “Nello Carrara”, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI Italy
| | - Heather Mariash
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, K1A 0H3 Canada
| | - Donald McLennan
- Canadian High Arctic Research Station (CHARS), 360 Albert Street, Suite 1710, Ottawa, ON K1R 7X7 Canada
| | - Gunhild Ninis Rosqvist
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Atsushi Sato
- Snow and Ice Research Center, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, 187-16 Suyoshi, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-0821 Japan
| | - Hannele Savela
- Thule Insitute, University of Oulu, PO Box 7300, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Martin Schneebeli
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, 7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandr Sokolov
- Arctic Research Station of Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Labytnangi, Russia 629400
- Science Center for Arctic Studies, State Organization of Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, Salekhard, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Sokratov
- Arctic Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Geography, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1, Moscow, Russia 119991
| | - Silvia Terzago
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council (ISAC-CNR), Corso Fiume 4, 10133 Turin, Italy
| | - Dagrun Vikhamar-Schuler
- Division for Model and Climate Analysis, R&D Department, The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Postboks 43, Blindern, 0313 Oslo, Norway
| | - Scott Williamson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405, Biological Sciences Bldg., Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - Yubao Qiu
- Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academic of Science, Beijing, 100094 China
- Group on Earth Observations, Cold Regions Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Terry V. Callaghan
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN UK
- National Research Tomsk Stated University, 36, Lenin Ave., Tomsk, Russia 634050
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14
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Khorsand Rosa R, Oberbauer SF, Starr G, Parker La Puma I, Pop E, Ahlquist L, Baldwin T. Plant phenological responses to a long-term experimental extension of growing season and soil warming in the tussock tundra of Alaska. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:4520-32. [PMID: 26183112 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming is strongly altering the timing of season initiation and season length in the Arctic. Phenological activities are among the most sensitive plant responses to climate change and have important effects at all levels within the ecosystem. We tested the effects of two experimental treatments, extended growing season via snow removal and extended growing season combined with soil warming, on plant phenology in tussock tundra in Alaska from 1995 through 2003. We specifically monitored the responses of eight species, representing four growth forms: (i) graminoids (Carex bigellowii and Eriophorum vaginatum); (ii) evergreen shrubs (Ledum palustre, Cassiope tetragona, and Vaccinium vitis-idaea); (iii) deciduous shrubs (Betula nana and Salix pulchra); and (iv) forbs (Polygonum bistorta). Our study answered three questions: (i) Do experimental treatments affect the timing of leaf bud break, flowering, and leaf senescence? (ii) Are responses to treatments species-specific and growth form-specific? and (iii) Which environmental factors best predict timing of phenophases? Treatment significantly affected the timing of all three phenophases, although the two experimental treatments did not differ from each other. While phenological events began earlier in the experimental plots relative to the controls, duration of phenophases did not increase. The evergreen shrub, Cassiope tetragona, did not respond to either experimental treatment. While the other species did respond to experimental treatments, the total active period for these species did not increase relative to the control. Air temperature was consistently the best predictor of phenology. Our results imply that some evergreen shrubs (i.e., C. tetragona) will not capitalize on earlier favorable growing conditions, putting them at a competitive disadvantage relative to phenotypically plastic deciduous shrubs. Our findings also suggest that an early onset of the growing season as a result of decreased snow cover will not necessarily result in greater tundra productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxaneh Khorsand Rosa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Steven F Oberbauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Gregory Starr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Inga Parker La Puma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Eric Pop
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- Bay Area Air Quality Management District, San Francisco, CA, 94109, USA
| | - Lorraine Ahlquist
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- Parsons Brinckerhoff, San Diego, CA, 92101, USA
| | - Tracey Baldwin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- NEON, Inc., Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
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15
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Bjorkman AD, Elmendorf SC, Beamish AL, Vellend M, Henry GHR. Contrasting effects of warming and increased snowfall on Arctic tundra plant phenology over the past two decades. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26216538 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent changes in climate have led to significant shifts in phenology, with many studies demonstrating advanced phenology in response to warming temperatures. The rate of temperature change is especially high in the Arctic, but this is also where we have relatively little data on phenological changes and the processes driving these changes. In order to understand how Arctic plant species are likely to respond to future changes in climate, we monitored flowering phenology in response to both experimental and ambient warming for four widespread species in two habitat types over 21 years. We additionally used long-term environmental records to disentangle the effects of temperature increase and changes in snowmelt date on phenological patterns. While flowering occurred earlier in response to experimental warming, plants in unmanipulated plots showed no change or a delay in flowering over the 21-year period, despite more than 1 °C of ambient warming during that time. This counterintuitive result was likely due to significantly delayed snowmelt over the study period (0.05-0.2 days/yr) due to increased winter snowfall. The timing of snowmelt was a strong driver of flowering phenology for all species - especially for early-flowering species - while spring temperature was significantly related to flowering time only for later-flowering species. Despite significantly delayed flowering phenology, the timing of seed maturation showed no significant change over time, suggesting that warmer temperatures may promote more rapid seed development. The results of this study highlight the importance of understanding the specific environmental cues that drive species' phenological responses as well as the complex interactions between temperature and precipitation when forecasting phenology over the coming decades. As demonstrated here, the effects of altered snowmelt patterns can counter the effects of warmer temperatures, even to the point of generating phenological responses opposite to those predicted by warming alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne D Bjorkman
- Department of Geography and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research and University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Sarah C Elmendorf
- National Ecological Observatory Network, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Alison L Beamish
- Department of Geography and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Periglacial Research Unit, Alfred Wegener Institute, Potsdam, 14473, Germany
| | - Mark Vellend
- Département de biologie, Universitè de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K2R1, Canada
| | - Gregory H R Henry
- Department of Geography and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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16
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Legault G, Cusa M. Temperature and delayed snowmelt jointly affect the vegetative and reproductive phenologies of four sub-Arctic plants. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1736-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Hollesen J, Buchwal A, Rachlewicz G, Hansen BU, Hansen MO, Stecher O, Elberling B. Winter warming as an important co-driver for Betula nana growth in western Greenland during the past century. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:2410-23. [PMID: 25788025 PMCID: PMC4657495 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Growing season conditions are widely recognized as the main driver for tundra shrub radial growth, but the effects of winter warming and snow remain an open question. Here, we present a more than 100 years long Betula nana ring-width chronology from Disko Island in western Greenland that demonstrates a highly significant and positive growth response to both summer and winter air temperatures during the past century. The importance of winter temperatures for Betula nana growth is especially pronounced during the periods from 1910-1930 to 1990-2011 that were dominated by significant winter warming. To explain the strong winter importance on growth, we assessed the importance of different environmental factors using site-specific measurements from 1991 to 2011 of soil temperatures, sea ice coverage, precipitation and snow depths. The results show a strong positive growth response to the amount of thawing and growing degree-days as well as to winter and spring soil temperatures. In addition to these direct effects, a strong negative growth response to sea ice extent was identified, indicating a possible link between local sea ice conditions, local climate variations and Betula nana growth rates. Data also reveal a clear shift within the last 20 years from a period with thick snow depths (1991-1996) and a positive effect on Betula nana radial growth, to a period (1997-2011) with generally very shallow snow depths and no significant growth response towards snow. During this period, winter and spring soil temperatures have increased significantly suggesting that the most recent increase in Betula nana radial growth is primarily triggered by warmer winter and spring air temperatures causing earlier snowmelt that allows the soils to drain and warm quicker. The presented results may help to explain the recently observed 'greening of the Arctic' which may further accelerate in future years due to both direct and indirect effects of winter warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Hollesen
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of CopenhagenØster Voldgade 10, DK-1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Conservation and Natural Sciences, National Museum of Denmark, I.C. ModewegsvejBrede, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Agata Buchwal
- Institute of Geoecology and Geoinformation, Adam Mickiewicz UniversityDziegielowa 27, 61-680, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Ecosystem and Biomedical Lab3151 Alumni Loop, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Grzegorz Rachlewicz
- Institute of Geoecology and Geoinformation, Adam Mickiewicz UniversityDziegielowa 27, 61-680, Poznan, Poland
| | - Birger U Hansen
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of CopenhagenØster Voldgade 10, DK-1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc O Hansen
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of CopenhagenØster Voldgade 10, DK-1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Stecher
- Arctic Station, University of CopenhagenQeqertarsuaq, Greenland
| | - Bo Elberling
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of CopenhagenØster Voldgade 10, DK-1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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19
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Gao Y, Couwenberg J. Carbon accumulation in a permafrost polygon peatland: steady long-term rates in spite of shifts between dry and wet conditions. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:803-815. [PMID: 25230297 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ice-wedge polygon peatlands contain a substantial part of the carbon stored in permafrost soils. However, little is known about their long-term carbon accumulation rates (CAR) in relation to shifts in vegetation and climate. We collected four peat profiles from one single polygon in NE Yakutia and cut them into contiguous 0.5 cm slices. Pollen density interpolation between AMS (14)C dated levels provided the time span contained in each of the sample slices, which--in combination with the volumetric carbon content--allowed for the reconstruction of CAR over decadal and centennial timescales. Vegetation representing dry palaeo-ridges and wet depressions was reconstructed with detailed micro- and macrofossil analysis. We found repeated shifts between wet and dry conditions during the past millennium. Dry ridges with associated permafrost growth originated during phases of (relatively) warm summer temperature and collapsed during relatively cold phases, illustrating the important role of vegetation and peat as intermediaries between ambient air temperature and the permafrost. The average long-term CAR across the four profiles was 10.6 ± 5.5 g C m(-2) yr(-1). Time-weighted mean CAR did not differ significantly between wet depression and dry ridge/hummock phases (10.6 ± 5.2 g C m(-2) yr(-1) and 10.3 ± 5.7 g C m(-2) yr(-1), respectively). Although we observed increased CAR in relation to warm shifts, we also found changes in the opposite direction and the highest CAR actually occurred during the Little Ice Age. In fact, CAR rather seems to be governed by strong internal feedback mechanisms and has roughly remained stable on centennial time scales. The absence of significant differences in CAR between dry ridge and wet depression phases suggests that recent warming and associated expansion of shrubs will not affect long-term rates of carbon burial in ice-wedge polygon peatlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sichuan, China; Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
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20
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Cooper EJ. Warmer Shorter Winters Disrupt Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Earth is warming, especially in polar areas in which winter temperatures and precipitation are expected to increase. Despite a growing research focus on winter climatic change, the impacts on Arctic terrestrial ecosystems remain poorly understood. Snow acts as an insulator, and depth changes affect the enhancement of thermally dependent reactions, such as microbial activity, affecting soil nutrient composition, respiration, and winter gas efflux. Snow depth and spring temperatures influence snowmelt timing, determining the start of plant growth and forage availability. Delays in winter onset affect tundra carbon balance, faunal hibernation, and migration but are unlikely to lengthen the plant growing season. Mild periods in winter followed by a return to freezing have negative consequences for plants and invertebrates, and the resultant ice layers act as barriers to foraging, triggering starvation of herbivores and their predators. In summary, knock-on effects between seasons and trophic levels have important consequences for biological activity, diversity, and ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth J. Cooper
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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21
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Spatial and Temporal Variability in the Onset of the Growing Season on Svalbard, Arctic Norway — Measured by MODIS-NDVI Satellite Data. REMOTE SENSING 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/rs6098088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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