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Schmitt L, Hoppe J, Cea-Medina P, Bruch PM, Krings KS, Lechtenberg I, Drießen D, Peter C, Bhatia S, Dietrich S, Stork B, Fritz G, Gohlke H, Müller TJJ, Wesselborg S. Novel meriolin derivatives potently inhibit cell cycle progression and transcription in leukemia and lymphoma cells via inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:279. [PMID: 38862521 PMCID: PMC11167047 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
A key feature of cancer is the disruption of cell cycle regulation, which is characterized by the selective and abnormal activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Consequently, targeting CDKs via meriolins represents an attractive therapeutic approach for cancer therapy. Meriolins represent a semisynthetic compound class derived from meridianins and variolins with a known CDK inhibitory potential. Here, we analyzed the two novel derivatives meriolin 16 and meriolin 36 in comparison to other potent CDK inhibitors and could show that they displayed a high cytotoxic potential in different lymphoma and leukemia cell lines as well as in primary patient-derived lymphoma and leukemia cells. In a kinome screen, we showed that meriolin 16 and 36 prevalently inhibited most of the CDKs (such as CDK1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20). In drug-to-target modeling studies, we predicted a common binding mode of meriolin 16 and 36 to the ATP-pocket of CDK2 and an additional flipped binding for meriolin 36. We could show that cell cycle progression and proliferation were blocked by abolishing phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (a major target of CDK2) at Ser612 and Thr82. Moreover, meriolin 16 prevented the CDK9-mediated phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II at Ser2 which is crucial for transcription initiation. This renders both meriolin derivatives as valuable anticancer drugs as they target three different Achilles' heels of the tumor: (1) inhibition of cell cycle progression and proliferation, (2) prevention of transcription, and (3) induction of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schmitt
- Institute for Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Hoppe
- Institute for Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Pablo Cea-Medina
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter-Martin Bruch
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karina S Krings
- Institute for Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ilka Lechtenberg
- Institute for Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Drießen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Peter
- Institute for Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sanil Bhatia
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sascha Dietrich
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Björn Stork
- Institute for Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerhard Fritz
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Center (JSC) and Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas J J Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wesselborg
- Institute for Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Julson JR, Horton SC, Quinn CH, Beierle AM, Bownes LV, Stewart JE, Aye J, Yoon KJ, Beierle EA. CDK4/6 Inhibition With Lerociclib is a Potential Therapeutic Strategy for the Treatment of Pediatric Sarcomas. J Pediatr Surg 2024; 59:473-482. [PMID: 37919169 PMCID: PMC10922146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcomas are a heterogenous collection of bone and soft tissue tumors. The heterogeneity of these tumors makes it difficult to standardize treatment. CDK 4/6 inhibitors are a family of targeted agents which limit cell cycle progression and have been shown to be upregulated in sarcomas. In the current preclinical study, we evaluated the effects of lerociclib, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, on pediatric sarcomas in vitro and in 3D bioprinted tumors. METHODS The effects of lerociclib on viability, proliferation, cell cycle, motility, and stemness were assessed in established sarcoma cell lines, U-2 OS and MG-63, as well as sarcoma patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). 3D printed biotumors of each of the U-2 OS, MG-63, and COA79 cells were utilized to study the effects of lerociclib on tumor growth ex vivo. RESULTS CDK 4/6, as well as the intermediaries retinoblastoma protein (Rb) and phosphorylated Rb were identified as targets in the four sarcoma cell lines. Lerociclib treatment induced cell cycle arrest, decreased proliferation, motility, and stemness of sarcoma cells. Treatment with lerociclib decreased sarcoma cell viability in both traditional 2D culture as well as 3D bioprinted microtumors. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of CDK 4/6 activity with lerociclib was efficacious in traditional 2D sarcoma cell culture as well as in 3D bioprints. Lerociclib holds promise and warrants further investigation as a novel therapeutic strategy for management of these heterogenous groups of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet R Julson
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Sara C Horton
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Colin H Quinn
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Andee M Beierle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Laura V Bownes
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Jerry E Stewart
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Jamie Aye
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Karina J Yoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Beierle
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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Flores M, Goodrich DW. Retinoblastoma Protein Paralogs and Tumor Suppression. Front Genet 2022; 13:818719. [PMID: 35368709 PMCID: PMC8971665 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.818719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (RB1) is the first tumor suppressor gene discovered and a prototype for understanding regulatory networks that function in opposition to oncogenic stimuli. More than 3 decades of research has firmly established a widespread and prominent role for RB1 in human cancer. Yet, this gene encodes but one of three structurally and functionally related proteins that comprise the pocket protein family. A central question in the field is whether the additional genes in this family, RBL1 and RBL2, are important tumor suppressor genes. If so, how does their tumor suppressor activity overlap or differ from RB1. Here we revisit these questions by reviewing relevant data from human cancer genome sequencing studies that have been rapidly accumulating in recent years as well as pertinent functional studies in genetically engineered mice. We conclude that RBL1 and RBL2 do have important tumor suppressor activity in some contexts, but RB1 remains the dominant tumor suppressor in the family. Given their similarities, we speculate on why RB1 tumor suppressor activity is unique.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David W. Goodrich
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Functional Relevance of the Interaction between Human Cyclins and the Cytomegalovirus-Encoded CDK-Like Protein Kinase pUL97. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071248. [PMID: 34198986 PMCID: PMC8310212 DOI: 10.3390/v13071248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The replication of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is characterized by a complex network of virus–host interaction. This involves the regulatory viral protein kinase pUL97, which represents a viral cyclin-dependent kinase ortholog (vCDK) combining typical structural and functional features of host CDKs. Notably, pUL97 interacts with the three human cyclin types T1, H and B1, whereby the binding region of cyclin T1 and the region conferring oligomerization of pUL97 were both assigned to amino acids 231–280. Here, we addressed the question of whether recombinant HCMVs harboring deletions in this region were impaired in cyclin interaction, kinase functionality or viral replication. To this end, recombinant HCMVs were generated by traceless BACmid mutagenesis and were phenotypically characterized using a methodological platform based on qPCR, coimmunoprecipitation, in vitro kinase assay (IVKA), Phos-tag Western blot and confocal imaging analysis. Combined data illustrate the following: (i) infection kinetics of all three recombinant HCMVs, i.e., ORF-UL97 ∆231–255, ∆256–280 and ∆231–280, showed impaired replication efficiency compared to the wild type, amongst which the largest deletion exhibited the most pronounced defect; (ii) specifically, this mutant ∆231–280 showed a loss of interaction with cyclin T1, as demonstrated by CoIP and confocal imaging; (iii) IVKA and Phos-tag analyses revealed strongly affected kinase activity for ∆231–280, with strong impairment of both autophosphorylation and substrate phosphorylation, but less pronounced impairments for ∆231–255 and ∆256–280; and (iv) a bioinformatic assessment of the pUL97–cyclin T1 complex led to the refinement of our current binding model. Thus, the results provide initial evidence for the functional importance of the pUL97–cyclin interaction concerning kinase activity and viral replication fitness.
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El Dika M. Redirecting E2F1 to TA-p73 improves cancer therapy through apoptotic induction. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 90:102858. [PMID: 32388489 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed El Dika
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3348, Orsay, France; Paris Sud University, Paris-Saclay University, CNRS, UMR3348, Orsay, France; London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
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6
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Sanidas I, Morris R, Fella KA, Rumde PH, Boukhali M, Tai EC, Ting DT, Lawrence MS, Haas W, Dyson NJ. A Code of Mono-phosphorylation Modulates the Function of RB. Mol Cell 2019; 73:985-1000.e6. [PMID: 30711375 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyper-phosphorylation of RB controls its interaction with E2F and inhibits its tumor suppressor properties. However, during G1 active RB can be mono-phosphorylated on any one of 14 CDK phosphorylation sites. Here, we used quantitative proteomics to profile protein complexes formed by each mono-phosphorylated RB isoform (mP-RB) and identified the associated transcriptional outputs. The results show that the 14 sites of mono-phosphorylation co-ordinate RB's interactions and confer functional specificity. All 14 mP-RBs interact with E2F/DP proteins, but they provide different shades of E2F regulation. RB mono-phosphorylation at S811, for example, alters RB transcriptional activity by promoting its association with NuRD complexes. The greatest functional differences between mP-RBs are evident beyond the cell cycle machinery. RB mono-phosphorylation at S811 or T826 stimulates the expression of oxidative phosphorylation genes, increasing cellular oxygen consumption. These results indicate that RB activation signals are integrated in a phosphorylation code that determines the diversity of RB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Sanidas
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Robert Morris
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Katerina A Fella
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Purva H Rumde
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Myriam Boukhali
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Eric C Tai
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - David T Ting
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Michael S Lawrence
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Wilhelm Haas
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Nicholas J Dyson
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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Pérez-Morales J, Mejías-Morales D, Rivera-Rivera S, González-Flores J, González-Loperena M, Cordero-Báez FY, Pedreira-García WM, Chardón-Colón C, Cabán-Rivera J, Cress WD, Gordian ER, Muñoz-Antonia T, Cabrera-Ríos M, Isidro A, Coppola D, Rosa M, Boyle TA, Izumi V, Koomen JM, Santiago-Cardona PG. Hyper-phosphorylation of Rb S249 together with CDK5R2/p39 overexpression are associated with impaired cell adhesion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition: Implications as a potential lung cancer grading and staging biomarker. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207483. [PMID: 30452490 PMCID: PMC6242691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Prediction of lung cancer metastasis relies on post-resection assessment of tumor histology, which is a severe limitation since only a minority of lung cancer patients are diagnosed with resectable disease. Therefore, characterization of metastasis-predicting biomarkers in pre-resection small biopsy specimens is urgently needed. Here we report a biomarker consisting of the phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) on serine 249 combined with elevated p39 expression. This biomarker correlates with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition traits in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells. Immunohistochemistry staining of NSCLC tumor microarrays showed that strong phospho-Rb S249 staining positively correlated with tumor grade specifically in the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) subtype. Strong immunoreactivity for p39 positively correlated with tumor stage, lymph node invasion, and distant metastases, also in SCC. Linear regression analyses showed that the combined scoring for phospho-Rb S249, p39 and E-cadherin in SCC is even more accurate at predicting tumor staging, relative to each score individually. We propose that combined immunohistochemistry staining of NSCLC samples for Rb phosphorylation on S249, p39, and E-cadherin protein expression could aid in the assessment of tumor staging and metastatic potential when tested in small primary tumor biopsies. The intense staining for phospho-Rb S249 that we observed in high grade SCC could also aid in the precise sub-classification of poorly differentiated SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaileene Pérez-Morales
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Darielys Mejías-Morales
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Stephanie Rivera-Rivera
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Jonathan González-Flores
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Mónica González-Loperena
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Fernando Y. Cordero-Báez
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Wilfredo M. Pedreira-García
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Camille Chardón-Colón
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Jennifer Cabán-Rivera
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - W. Douglas Cress
- Molecular Oncology and Thoracic Oncology Departments, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Edna R. Gordian
- Molecular Oncology and Thoracic Oncology Departments, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Teresita Muñoz-Antonia
- Molecular Oncology and Thoracic Oncology Departments, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mauricio Cabrera-Ríos
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
| | - Angel Isidro
- Physiology Division, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Anatomic Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Marilin Rosa
- Anatomic Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Theresa A. Boyle
- Anatomic Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Victoria Izumi
- Proteomics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - John M. Koomen
- Molecular Oncology and Thoracic Oncology Departments, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Pedro G. Santiago-Cardona
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
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Chen Y, Hou Y, Ge R, Han J, Xu J, Chen J, Wang H. Protective effect of roscovitine against rotenone-induced parkinsonism. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 36:629-638. [PMID: 30056439 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-180817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protective effect of roscovitine and deregulation of the p-RB/E2F1 have not been well studied in PD models generated by repeated oral administration of rotenone. OBJECTIVE These experiments evaluated the effects of repeated oral gavage of rotenone on the activation of p-RB/E2F1 and the effects of roscovitine on the regulation of dopaminergic neuronal injury and the behavior of PD in mice. METHODS Using 2.5% carboxymethylcellulose and 1.25% chloroform as a vehicle solution, rotenone (30 mg/kg) was administered via oral gavage once daily for 30 days in C57 mice. Behavioral profiles (pole test and traction test) were assessed in these PD models, and oxidative stress levels were evaluated in the midbrain. The immunoreactivities of TH, α-synuclein (α-syn), p-RB, E2F1 and cleaved caspase-3 in the substantia nigra were examined with a laser confocal microscope. Pharmacological inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase with roscovitine was achieved by intraperitoneal (IP) injection at a dose of 50 mg/kg daily. RESULTS All rotenone-administered C57 mice showed the typical behavioral features of PD: stiffness, bradykinesia, or hypokinesia. Behavioral testing with the pole test and traction test indicated that the rotenone group, but not the vehicle group, was affected. Spectrophotometric analysis demonstrated that glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was decreased, and the generation of malondialdehyde (MDA) was elevated in the midbrain of the rotenone-treated group. After oral administration of rotenone, a loss of nigral tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons was observed. The immune response of α-syn was enhanced in the cytoplasm of dopaminergic neurons from the rotenone-induced neurotoxicity. Rb phosphorylation at serine 780, which affected Rb binding to E2F, was induced after rotenone treatment. The activation of E2F1, which is involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, was also induced from chronic exposure to rotenone. Moreover, administration of the cell cycle inhibitor roscovitine protected against rotenone-induced nigral dopaminergic neuronal injury and inhibited cleaved caspase-3 activation. Roscovitine also markedly ameliorated the behavior of PD mice. CONCLUSIONS Mouse models of Parkinson's disease were established by oral rotenone administration and reproduced some of the features of dopaminergic neuronal degeneration. Roscovitine protects against rotenone-induced parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yiwei Hou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ruli Ge
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jianmei Han
- Department of Neurology, Yangxin County People's Hospital, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jinbo Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongcai Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Shandong Province, China
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Abstract
The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (pRb) is a preeminent tumor suppressor that acts as a cell cycle repressor, specifically as an inhibitor of the G1-S transition of the cell cycle . pRb is a phosphoprotein whose function is repressed by extensive phosphorylation in several key residues, and therefore, pRb's phosphorylation status has become a surrogate for pRb activity. In particular, hyperphosphorylation of pRb has been associated with pathological states such as cancer, and therefore, assessing pRb's phosphorylation status is increasingly gaining diagnostic and prognostic value, may be used to inform therapeutic decisions, and is also an important tool for the cancer biologists seeking an understanding of the molecular etiology of cancer. In this chapter, we discuss an immunoblot protocol to detect pRb phosphorylation in two residues, serine 612 and threonine 821, in protein extracts from cancer cells.
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Ouzounoglou E, Dionysiou D, Stamatakos GS. Differentiation resistance through altered retinoblastoma protein function in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: in silico modeling of the deregulations in the G1/S restriction point pathway. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2016; 10:23. [PMID: 26932523 PMCID: PMC4774111 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-016-0264-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As in many cancer types, the G1/S restriction point (RP) is deregulated in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Hyper-phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (hyper-pRb) is found in high levels in ALL cells. Nevertheless, the ALL lymphocyte proliferation rate for the average patient is surprisingly low compared to its normal counterpart of the same maturation level. Additionally, as stated in literature, ALL cells possibly reside at or beyond the RP which is located in the late-G1 phase. This state may favor their differentiation resistant phenotype. A major phenomenon contributing to this fact is thought to be the observed limited redundancy in the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRb) by the various Cyclin Dependent Kinases (Cdks). The latter may result in partial loss of pRb functions despite hyper-phosphorylation. RESULTS To test this hypothesis, an in silico model aiming at simulating the biochemical regulation of the RP in ALL is introduced. By exploiting experimental findings derived from leukemic cells and following a semi-quantitative calibration procedure, the model has been shown to satisfactorily reproduce such a behavior for the RP pathway. At the same time, the calibrated model has been proved to be in agreement with the observed variation in the ALL cell cycle duration. CONCLUSIONS The proposed model aims to contribute to a better understanding of the complex phenomena governing the leukemic cell cycle. At the same time it constitutes a significant first step in the creation of a personalized proliferation rate predictor that can be used in the context of multiscale cancer modeling. Such an approach is expected to play an important role in the refinement and the advancement of mechanistic modeling of ALL in the context of the emergent and promising scientific domains of In Silico Oncology and more generally In Silico Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Ouzounoglou
- In Silico Oncology and In Silico Medicine Group, Laboratory of Microwaves and Fiber Optics, Institute of Communication and Computer Systems, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou, Zografou, 15780, Athens, Greece.
| | - Dimitra Dionysiou
- In Silico Oncology and In Silico Medicine Group, Laboratory of Microwaves and Fiber Optics, Institute of Communication and Computer Systems, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou, Zografou, 15780, Athens, Greece.
| | - Georgios S Stamatakos
- In Silico Oncology and In Silico Medicine Group, Laboratory of Microwaves and Fiber Optics, Institute of Communication and Computer Systems, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou, Zografou, 15780, Athens, Greece.
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