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Uusimaa J, Kettunen J, Varilo T, Järvelä I, Kallijärvi J, Kääriäinen H, Laine M, Lapatto R, Myllynen P, Niinikoski H, Rahikkala E, Suomalainen A, Tikkanen R, Tyynismaa H, Vieira P, Zarybnicky T, Sipilä P, Kuure S, Hinttala R. The Finnish genetic heritage in 2022 – from diagnosis to translational research. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:278566. [PMID: 36285626 PMCID: PMC9637267 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated populations have been valuable for the discovery of rare monogenic diseases and their causative genetic variants. Finnish disease heritage (FDH) is an example of a group of hereditary monogenic disorders caused by single major, usually autosomal-recessive, variants enriched in the population due to several past genetic drift events. Interestingly, distinct subpopulations have remained in Finland and have maintained their unique genetic repertoire. Thus, FDH diseases have persisted, facilitating vigorous research on the underlying molecular mechanisms and development of treatment options. This Review summarizes the current status of FDH, including the most recently discovered FDH disorders, and introduces a set of other recently identified diseases that share common features with the traditional FDH diseases. The Review also discusses a new era for population-based studies, which combine various forms of big data to identify novel genotype–phenotype associations behind more complex conditions, as exemplified here by the FinnGen project. In addition to the pathogenic variants with an unequivocal causative role in the disease phenotype, several risk alleles that correlate with certain phenotypic features have been identified among the Finns, further emphasizing the broad value of studying genetically isolated populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Uusimaa
- Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital 1 , 90029 Oulu , Finland
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu 2 , 90014 Oulu , Finland
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- Computational Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu 3 , 90014 Oulu , Finland
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare 4 , 00271 Helsinki
- Finland 4 , 00271 Helsinki
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu 5 , 90014 Oulu , Finland
| | - Teppo Varilo
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare 4 , 00271 Helsinki
- Finland 4 , 00271 Helsinki
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki 6 , 00251 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Irma Järvelä
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki 6 , 00251 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Jukka Kallijärvi
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center 7 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki 8 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Helena Kääriäinen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare 4 , 00271 Helsinki
- Finland 4 , 00271 Helsinki
| | - Minna Laine
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki 9 , 00029 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Risto Lapatto
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital 10 , 00029 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Päivi Myllynen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab, Oulu University Hospital 11 , 90029 Oulu , Finland
| | - Harri Niinikoski
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku 12 , 20014 Turku , Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku 13 , 20014 Turku , Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital 14 , 20014 Turku , Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital 15 , 20014 Turku , Finland
| | - Elisa Rahikkala
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu 2 , 90014 Oulu , Finland
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oulu University Hospital 16 , 90029 Oulu , Finland
| | - Anu Suomalainen
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki 8 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
- HUS Diagnostics, Helsinki University Hospital 17 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Ritva Tikkanen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen 18 , D-35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Henna Tyynismaa
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki 8 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki 19 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Päivi Vieira
- Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital 1 , 90029 Oulu , Finland
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu 2 , 90014 Oulu , Finland
| | - Tomas Zarybnicky
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki 8 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki 20 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Petra Sipilä
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku 12 , 20014 Turku , Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku 21 , 20014 Turku , Finland
| | - Satu Kuure
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki 8 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
- GM-Unit, Laboratory Animal Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki 22 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Reetta Hinttala
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu 2 , 90014 Oulu , Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu 5 , 90014 Oulu , Finland
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2
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Organization of the Respiratory Supercomplexes in Cells with Defective Complex III: Structural Features and Metabolic Consequences. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11040351. [PMID: 33920624 PMCID: PMC8074069 DOI: 10.3390/life11040351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial respiratory chain encompasses four oligomeric enzymatic complexes (complex I, II, III and IV) which, together with the redox carrier ubiquinone and cytochrome c, catalyze electron transport coupled to proton extrusion from the inner membrane. The protonmotive force is utilized by complex V for ATP synthesis in the process of oxidative phosphorylation. Respiratory complexes are known to coexist in the membrane as single functional entities and as supramolecular aggregates or supercomplexes (SCs). Understanding the assembly features of SCs has relevant biomedical implications because defects in a single protein can derange the overall SC organization and compromise the energetic function, causing severe mitochondrial disorders. Here we describe in detail the main types of SCs, all characterized by the presence of complex III. We show that the genetic alterations that hinder the assembly of Complex III, not just the activity, cause a rearrangement of the architecture of the SC that can help to preserve a minimal energetic function. Finally, the major metabolic disturbances associated with severe SCs perturbation due to defective complex III are discussed along with interventions that may circumvent these deficiencies.
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3
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Mitochondrial peptide BRAWNIN is essential for vertebrate respiratory complex III assembly. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1312. [PMID: 32161263 PMCID: PMC7066179 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14999-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of small open reading frame (sORF)-encoded peptides (SEPs) is rapidly expanding the known proteome at the lower end of the size distribution. Here, we show that the mitochondrial proteome, particularly the respiratory chain, is enriched for small proteins. Using a prediction and validation pipeline for SEPs, we report the discovery of 16 endogenous nuclear encoded, mitochondrial-localized SEPs (mito-SEPs). Through functional prediction, proteomics, metabolomics and metabolic flux modeling, we demonstrate that BRAWNIN, a 71 a.a. peptide encoded by C12orf73, is essential for respiratory chain complex III (CIII) assembly. In human cells, BRAWNIN is induced by the energy-sensing AMPK pathway, and its depletion impairs mitochondrial ATP production. In zebrafish, Brawnin deletion causes complete CIII loss, resulting in severe growth retardation, lactic acidosis and early death. Our findings demonstrate that BRAWNIN is essential for vertebrate oxidative phosphorylation. We propose that mito-SEPs are an untapped resource for essential regulators of oxidative metabolism.
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Purhonen J, Grigorjev V, Ekiert R, Aho N, Rajendran J, Pietras R, Truvé K, Wikström M, Sharma V, Osyczka A, Fellman V, Kallijärvi J. A spontaneous mitonuclear epistasis converging on Rieske Fe-S protein exacerbates complex III deficiency in mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:322. [PMID: 31949167 PMCID: PMC6965120 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously observed an unexpected fivefold (35 vs. 200 days) difference in the survival of respiratory chain complex III (CIII) deficient Bcs1lp.S78G mice between two congenic backgrounds. Here, we identify a spontaneous homoplasmic mtDNA variant (m.G14904A, mt-Cybp.D254N), affecting the CIII subunit cytochrome b (MT-CYB), in the background with short survival. We utilize maternal inheritance of mtDNA to confirm this as the causative variant and show that it further decreases the low CIII activity in Bcs1lp.S78G tissues to below survival threshold by 35 days of age. Molecular dynamics simulations predict D254N to restrict the flexibility of MT-CYB ef loop, potentially affecting RISP dynamics. In Rhodobacter cytochrome bc1 complex the equivalent substitution causes a kinetics defect with longer occupancy of RISP head domain towards the quinol oxidation site. These findings represent a unique case of spontaneous mitonuclear epistasis and highlight the role of mtDNA variation as modifier of mitochondrial disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Purhonen
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vladislav Grigorjev
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert Ekiert
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Noora Aho
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (Survontie 9B), FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jayasimman Rajendran
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rafał Pietras
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarina Truvé
- Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 413 (Medicinaregatan 3), 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mårten Wikström
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PL 56 (Viikinkaari 9), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PL 56 (Viikinkaari 9), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Artur Osyczka
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Vineta Fellman
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, BMC F12, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 281 (Stenbäckinkatu 11), FI-00029, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Kallijärvi
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland. .,Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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5
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Maekawa S, Takada S, Furihata T, Fukushima A, Yokota T, Kinugawa S. Mitochondrial respiration of complex II is not lower than that of complex I in mouse skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 21:100717. [PMID: 31890905 PMCID: PMC6928343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle (SKM) requires a large amount of energy, which is produced mainly by mitochondria, for their daily functioning. Of the several mitochondrial complexes, it has been reported that the dysfunction of complex II is associated with several diseases, including myopathy. However, the degree to which complex II contributes to ATP production by mitochondria remains unknown. As complex II is not included in supercomplexes, which are formed to produce ATP efficiently, we hypothesized that complex II-linked respiration was lower than that of complex I. In addition, differences in the characteristics of complex I and II activity suggest that different factors might regulate their function. The isolated mitochondria from gastrocnemius muscle was used for mitochondrial respiration measurement and immunoblotting in male C57BL/6J mice. Student paired t-tests were performed to compare means between two groups. A univariate linear regression model was used to determine the correlation between mitochondrial respiration and proteins. Contrary to our hypothesis, complex II-linked respiration was not significantly less than complex I-linked respiration in SKM mitochondria (complex I vs complex II, 3402 vs 2840 pmol/[s × mg]). Complex I-linked respiration correlated with the amount of complex I incorporated in supercomplexes (r = 0.727, p < 0.05), but not with the total amount of complex I subunits. In contrast, complex II-linked respiration correlated with the total amount of complex II (r = 0.883, p < 0.05), but not with the amount of each complex II subunit. We conclude that both complex I and II play important roles in mitochondrial respiration and that the assembly of both supercomplexes and complex II is essential for the normal functioning of complex I and II in mouse SKM mitochondria. Complex II-linked respiration was comparable to complex I-linked respiration in isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria. Complex I-linked respiration correlated with the amount of complex I incorporated in supercomplexes, but not with the complex I subunit. Complex II-linked respiration correlated with the amount of complex II, but not with the SDH subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Maekawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shingo Takada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Faculty of Lifelong Sport, Department of Sports Education, Hokusho University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Takaaki Furihata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Arata Fukushima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokota
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kinugawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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6
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Rajendran J, Purhonen J, Tegelberg S, Smolander OP, Mörgelin M, Rozman J, Gailus-Durner V, Fuchs H, Hrabe de Angelis M, Auvinen P, Mervaala E, Jacobs HT, Szibor M, Fellman V, Kallijärvi J. Alternative oxidase-mediated respiration prevents lethal mitochondrial cardiomyopathy. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:emmm.201809456. [PMID: 30530468 PMCID: PMC6328925 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative oxidase (AOX) is a non‐mammalian enzyme that can bypass blockade of the complex III‐IV segment of the respiratory chain (RC). We crossed a Ciona intestinalis AOX transgene into RC complex III (cIII)‐deficient Bcs1lp.S78G knock‐in mice, displaying multiple visceral manifestations and premature death. The homozygotes expressing AOX were viable, and their median survival was extended from 210 to 590 days due to permanent prevention of lethal cardiomyopathy. AOX also prevented renal tubular atrophy and cerebral astrogliosis, but not liver disease, growth restriction, or lipodystrophy, suggesting distinct tissue‐specific pathogenetic mechanisms. Assessment of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and damage suggested that ROS were not instrumental in the rescue. Cardiac mitochondrial ultrastructure, mitochondrial respiration, and pathological transcriptome and metabolome alterations were essentially normalized by AOX, showing that the restored electron flow upstream of cIII was sufficient to prevent cardiac energetic crisis and detrimental decompensation. These findings demonstrate the value of AOX, both as a mechanistic tool and a potential therapeutic strategy, for cIII deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayasimman Rajendran
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Purhonen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saara Tegelberg
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Molecular Neurology Research Program and Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Matthias Mörgelin
- Division of Infection Medicine, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Rozman
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Valerie Gailus-Durner
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Experimental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Mervaala
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Howard T Jacobs
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marten Szibor
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vineta Fellman
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Kallijärvi
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland .,Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Purhonen J, Rajendran J, Tegelberg S, Smolander OP, Pirinen E, Kallijärvi J, Fellman V. NAD + repletion produces no therapeutic effect in mice with respiratory chain complex III deficiency and chronic energy deprivation. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201800090R. [PMID: 29782205 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800090r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthetic precursors of NAD+ can replenish a decreased cellular NAD+ pool and, supposedly via sirtuin (SIRT) deacetylases, improve mitochondrial function. We found decreased hepatic NAD+ concentration and downregulated biosynthesis in Bcs1lp.S78G knock-in mice with respiratory chain complex III deficiency and mitochondrial hepatopathy. Aiming at ameliorating disease progression via NAD+ repletion and improved mitochondrial function, we fed these mice nicotinamide riboside (NR), a NAD+ precursor. A targeted metabolomics verified successful administration and suggested enhanced NAD+ biosynthesis in the treated mice, although hepatic NAD+ concentration was unchanged at the end point. In contrast to our expectations, NR did not improve the hepatopathy, hepatic mitochondrial respiration, or survival of Bcs1lp.S78G mice. We linked this lack of therapeutic effect to NAD+-independent activation of SIRT-1 and -3 via AMPK and cAMP signaling related to the starvation-like metabolic state of Bcs1lp.S78G mice. In summary, we describe an unusual metabolic state with NAD+ depletion accompanied by energy deprivation signals, uncompromised SIRT function, and upregulated oxidative metabolism. Our study highlights that the knowledge of the underlying complex metabolic alterations is critical when designing therapies for mitochondrial dysfunction.-Purhonen, J., Rajendran, J., Tegelberg, S., Smolander, O.-P., Pirinen, E., Kallijärvi, J., Fellman, V. NAD+ repletion produces no therapeutic effect in mice with respiratory chain complex III deficiency and chronic energy deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Purhonen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jayasimman Rajendran
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saara Tegelberg
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Eija Pirinen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Kallijärvi
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vineta Fellman
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Mitochondrial Respiration in Human Colorectal and Breast Cancer Clinical Material Is Regulated Differently. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:1372640. [PMID: 28781720 PMCID: PMC5525093 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1372640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We conducted quantitative cellular respiration analysis on samples taken from human breast cancer (HBC) and human colorectal cancer (HCC) patients. Respiratory capacity is not lost as a result of tumor formation and even though, functionally, complex I in HCC was found to be suppressed, it was not evident on the protein level. Additionally, metabolic control analysis was used to quantify the role of components of mitochondrial interactosome. The main rate-controlling steps in HBC are complex IV and adenine nucleotide transporter, but in HCC, complexes I and III. Our kinetic measurements confirmed previous studies that respiratory chain complexes I and III in HBC and HCC can be assembled into supercomplexes with a possible partial addition from the complex IV pool. Therefore, the kinetic method can be a useful addition in studying supercomplexes in cell lines or human samples. In addition, when results from culture cells were compared to those from clinical samples, clear differences were present, but we also detected two different types of mitochondria within clinical HBC samples, possibly linked to two-compartment metabolism. Taken together, our data show that mitochondrial respiration and regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability have substantial differences between these two cancer types when compared to each other to their adjacent healthy tissue or to respective cell cultures.
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9
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Purhonen J, Rajendran J, Mörgelin M, Uusi-Rauva K, Katayama S, Krjutskov K, Einarsdottir E, Velagapudi V, Kere J, Jauhiainen M, Fellman V, Kallijärvi J. Ketogenic diet attenuates hepatopathy in mouse model of respiratory chain complex III deficiency caused by a Bcs1l mutation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:957. [PMID: 28424480 PMCID: PMC5430426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders are among the most prevalent inborn errors of metabolism but largely lack treatments and have poor outcomes. High-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets (KDs) have shown beneficial effects in mouse models of mitochondrial myopathies, with induction of mitochondrial biogenesis as the suggested main mechanism. We fed KD to mice with respiratory chain complex III (CIII) deficiency and progressive hepatopathy due to mutated BCS1L, a CIII assembly factor. The mutant mice became persistently ketotic and tolerated the KD for up to 11 weeks. Liver disease progression was attenuated by KD as shown by delayed fibrosis, reduced cell death, inhibition of hepatic progenitor cell response and stellate cell activation, and normalization of liver enzyme activities. Despite no clear signs of increased mitochondrial biogenesis in the liver, CIII assembly and activity were improved and mitochondrial morphology in hepatocytes normalized. Induction of hepatic glutathione transferase genes and elevated total glutathione level were normalized by KD. Histological findings and transcriptome changes indicated modulation of liver macrophage populations by the mutation and the diet. These results reveal a striking beneficial hepatic response to KD in mice with mitochondrial hepatopathy and warrant further investigations of dietary modification in the management of these conditions in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Purhonen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jayasimman Rajendran
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthias Mörgelin
- Division of Infection Medicine, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Shintaro Katayama
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kaarel Krjutskov
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia.,Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisabet Einarsdottir
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vidya Velagapudi
- Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Kere
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, England, UK
| | | | - Vineta Fellman
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Davoudi M, Kotarsky H, Hansson E, Kallijärvi J, Fellman V. COX7A2L/SCAFI and Pre-Complex III Modify Respiratory Chain Supercomplex Formation in Different Mouse Strains with a Bcs1l Mutation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168774. [PMID: 27997587 PMCID: PMC5173253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The COX7A2L (Supercomplex Assembly Factor I, SCAFI) protein has been proposed to be a mitochondrial supercomplex assembly factor required for respirasome (supercomplex containing complexes I, III, and IV) formation. In the C57BL/6 mouse strain a homozygous in-frame 6-base-pair deletion in the COX7a2l/SCAF1 gene resulting in unstable protein and suggesting loss of function was previously identified. The loss of SCAFI was shown to impede respirasome formation, a major concern for the use of C57BL mouse strains in mitochondrial research. In contradiction, another recent study suggested that supercomplex formation is independent of SCAFI isoforms. We investigated whether SCAFI isoform status affected the disease severity and supercomplex formation in the liver of Bcs1lc.232A>G knock-in mice with incomplete complex III assembly. In homozygotes (Bcs1lG/G) of mixed (C57BL/6:129/Sv) genetic background, the lifespan was similar in mice with wild-type SCAFI allele and in those homozygous (SCAFIshort/short) for the deleted SCAF1 variant (34±3 days; n = 6 vs. 32±2 days; n = 7, respectively). SCAFI heterozygosity (SCAFIlong/short) resulted in decreased SCAFI protein but respirasome assembly was unaffected. Congenic (C57BL/6) mice were of the genotype SCAFIshort/short and had no detectable SCAFI protein. In their liver mitochondria, respirasome composition was altered as compared to mixed background mice. Complex IV was mainly present as monomers and dimers, and only low amounts were found in combination with complex I and complex III or with precomplex III. The main supercomplex in the liver mitochondria of C57BL/6 mice comprised only complexes I and III. In conclusion, in liver mitochondria of C57BL/6 mice, supercomplexes had markedly reduced amount of, but were not completely depleted of, complex IV, supporting a role for COX7A2L/SCAFI in supercomplex assembly. However, the disease progression of the Bcs1l mutant mice was unrelated to SCAFI isoforms and supercomplex composition, suggesting that other genetic factors contribute to the different survival in the different genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Davoudi
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Heike Kotarsky
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Hansson
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Vineta Fellman
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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11
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Rajendran J, Tomašić N, Kotarsky H, Hansson E, Velagapudi V, Kallijärvi J, Fellman V. Effect of High-Carbohydrate Diet on Plasma Metabolome in Mice with Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Complex III Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1824. [PMID: 27809283 PMCID: PMC5133825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders cause energy failure and metabolic derangements. Metabolome profiling in patients and animal models may identify affected metabolic pathways and reveal new biomarkers of disease progression. Using liver metabolomics we have shown a starvation-like condition in a knock-in (Bcs1lc.232A>G) mouse model of GRACILE syndrome, a neonatal lethal respiratory chain complex III dysfunction with hepatopathy. Here, we hypothesized that a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD, 60% dextrose) will alleviate the hypoglycemia and promote survival of the sick mice. However, when fed HCD the homozygotes had shorter survival (mean ± SD, 29 ± 2.5 days, n = 21) than those on standard diet (33 ± 3.8 days, n = 30), and no improvement in hypoglycemia or liver glycogen depletion. We investigated the plasma metabolome of the HCD- and control diet-fed mice and found that several amino acids and urea cycle intermediates were increased, and arginine, carnitines, succinate, and purine catabolites decreased in the homozygotes. Despite reduced survival the increase in aromatic amino acids, an indicator of liver mitochondrial dysfunction, was normalized on HCD. Quantitative enrichment analysis revealed that glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism, and urea cycle were also partly normalized on HCD. This dietary intervention revealed an unexpected adverse effect of high-glucose diet in complex III deficiency, and suggests that plasma metabolomics is a valuable tool in evaluation of therapies in mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayasimman Rajendran
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Nikica Tomašić
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, 22185 Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Neonatology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Solna, Sweden.
| | - Heike Kotarsky
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, 22185 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Eva Hansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, 22185 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Vidya Velagapudi
- Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jukka Kallijärvi
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Vineta Fellman
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, 22185 Lund, Sweden.
- Institute of Clinical medicine, Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, 00029 Helsinki, Finland.
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12
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Suenobu T, Shibata S, Fukuzumi S. Catalytic Formation of Hydrogen Peroxide from Coenzyme NADH and Dioxygen with a Water-Soluble Iridium Complex and a Ubiquinone Coenzyme Analogue. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:7747-54. [PMID: 27403568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A ubiquinone coenzyme analogue (Q0: 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone) was reduced by coenzyme NADH to yield the corresponding reduced form of Q0 (Q0H2) in the presence of a catalytic amount of a [C,N] cyclometalated organoiridium complex (1: [Ir(III)(Cp*)(4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl-κN(2))benzoic acid-κC(3))(H2O)]2SO4) in water at ambient temperature as observed in the respiratory chain complex I (Complex I). In the catalytic cycle, the reduction of 1 by NADH produces the corresponding iridium hydride complex that in turn reduces Q0 to produce Q0H2. Q0H2 reduced dioxygen to yield hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) under slightly basic conditions. Catalytic generation of H2O2 was made possible in the reaction of O2 with NADH as the functional expression of NADH oxidase in white blood cells utilizing the redox cycle of Q0 as well as 1 for the first time in a nonenzymatic homogeneous reaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyoshi Suenobu
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, ALCA and SENTAN, Japan Science and Technology , Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shibata
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, ALCA and SENTAN, Japan Science and Technology , Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, ALCA and SENTAN, Japan Science and Technology , Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 120-750, Korea.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Meijo University, ALCA and SENTAN, Japan Science and Technology Agency , Nagoya, Aichi 468-0073, Japan
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13
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Kovářová N, Pecina P, Nůsková H, Vrbacký M, Zeviani M, Mráček T, Viscomi C, Houštěk J. Tissue- and species-specific differences in cytochrome c oxidase assembly induced by SURF1 defects. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:705-715. [PMID: 26804654 PMCID: PMC4793088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial protein SURF1 is a specific assembly factor of cytochrome c oxidase (COX), but its function is poorly understood. SURF1 gene mutations cause a severe COX deficiency manifesting as the Leigh syndrome in humans, whereas in mice SURF1−/− knockout leads only to a mild COX defect. We used SURF1−/− mouse model for detailed analysis of disturbed COX assembly and COX ability to incorporate into respiratory supercomplexes (SCs) in different tissues and fibroblasts. Furthermore, we compared fibroblasts from SURF1−/− mouse and SURF1 patients to reveal interspecies differences in kinetics of COX biogenesis using 2D electrophoresis, immunodetection, arrest of mitochondrial proteosynthesis and pulse-chase metabolic labeling. The crucial differences observed are an accumulation of abundant COX1 assembly intermediates, low content of COX monomer and preferential recruitment of COX into I–III2–IVn SCs in SURF1 patient fibroblasts, whereas SURF1−/− mouse fibroblasts were characterized by low content of COX1 assembly intermediates and milder decrease in COX monomer, which appeared more stable. This pattern was even less pronounced in SURF1−/− mouse liver and brain. Both the control and SURF1−/− mice revealed only negligible formation of the I–III2–IVn SCs and marked tissue differences in the contents of COX dimer and III2–IV SCs, also less noticeable in liver and brain than in heart and muscle. Our studies support the view that COX assembly is much more dependent on SURF1 in humans than in mice. We also demonstrate markedly lower ability of mouse COX to form I–III2–IVn supercomplexes, pointing to tissue-specific and species-specific differences in COX biogenesis. In SURF1 −/− mouse the decrease of COX amount and activity was tissue/cell specific. Assembly kinetics proceeded to the level of stable COX monomer in SURF1 −/− mouse. COX assembly intermediates were faster degraded/depleted in time in SURF1 −/− mouse. COX was preferentially recruited in supercomplex I–III2–IV1 in SURF1 patient cells. Newly synthesized COX monomer was unstable and rapidly degraded in SURF1 patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Kovářová
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pecina
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Nůsková
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Vrbacký
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Massimo Zeviani
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Instituto Neurologico "C. Besta", via Temolo 4, 20126 Milan, Italy; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust MRC Bldg, Addenbrookes Hospital Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Tomáš Mráček
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Carlo Viscomi
- MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust MRC Bldg, Addenbrookes Hospital Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Josef Houštěk
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague, Czech Republic.
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14
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Torraco A, Peralta S, Iommarini L, Diaz F. Mitochondrial Diseases Part I: mouse models of OXPHOS deficiencies caused by defects in respiratory complex subunits or assembly factors. Mitochondrion 2015; 21:76-91. [PMID: 25660179 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders are the most common inborn errors of metabolism affecting the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS). Because of the poor knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms, a cure for these disorders is still unavailable and all the treatments currently in use are supportive more than curative. Therefore, in the past decade a great variety of mouse models have been developed to assess the in vivo function of several mitochondrial proteins involved in human diseases. Due to the genetic and physiological similarity to humans, mice represent reliable models to study the pathogenic mechanisms of mitochondrial disorders and are precious to test new therapeutic approaches. Here we summarize the features of several mouse models of mitochondrial diseases directly related to defects in subunits of the OXPHOS complexes or in assembly factors. We discuss how these models recapitulate many human conditions and how they have contributed to the understanding of mitochondrial function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Torraco
- Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 15-00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Susana Peralta
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Luisa Iommarini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francisca Diaz
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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15
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Davoudi M, Kallijärvi J, Marjavaara S, Kotarsky H, Hansson E, Levéen P, Fellman V. A mouse model of mitochondrial complex III dysfunction induced by myxothiazol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:1079-84. [PMID: 24661880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Myxothiazol is a respiratory chain complex III (CIII) inhibitor that binds to the ubiquinol oxidation site Qo of CIII. It blocks electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome b and thus inhibits CIII activity. It has been utilized as a tool in studies of respiratory chain function in in vitro and cell culture models. We developed a mouse model of biochemically induced and reversible CIII inhibition using myxothiazol. We administered myxothiazol intraperitoneally at a dose of 0.56 mg/kg to C57Bl/J6 mice every 24 h and assessed CIII activity, histology, lipid content, supercomplex formation, and gene expression in the livers of the mice. A reversible CIII activity decrease to 50% of control value occurred at 2 h post-injection. At 74 h only minor histological changes in the liver were found, supercomplex formation was preserved and no significant changes in the expression of genes indicating hepatotoxicity or inflammation were found. Thus, myxothiazol-induced CIII inhibition can be induced in mice for four days in a row without overt hepatotoxicity or lethality. This model could be utilized in further studies of respiratory chain function and pharmacological approaches to mitochondrial hepatopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Davoudi
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Lund 22185, Sweden
| | - Jukka Kallijärvi
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Sanna Marjavaara
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Heike Kotarsky
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Lund 22185, Sweden
| | - Eva Hansson
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Lund 22185, Sweden
| | - Per Levéen
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Lund 22185, Sweden; Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Vineta Fellman
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Lund 22185, Sweden; Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland; Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00029, Finland.
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