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Abdolmaleki S, Aliabadi A, Khaksar S. Unveiling the promising anticancer effect of copper-based compounds: a comprehensive review. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:213. [PMID: 38662225 PMCID: PMC11045632 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-024-05641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Copper is a necessary micronutrient for maintaining the well-being of the human body. The biological activity of organic ligands, especially their anticancer activity, is often enhanced when they coordinate with copper(I) and (II) ions. Copper and its compounds are capable of inducing tumor cell death through various mechanisms of action, including activation of apoptosis signaling pathways by reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibition of angiogenesis, induction of cuproptosis, and paraptosis. Some of the copper complexes are currently being evaluated in clinical trials for their ability to map tumor hypoxia in various cancers, including locally advanced rectal cancer and bulky tumors. Several studies have shown that copper nanoparticles can be used as effective agents in chemodynamic therapy, phototherapy, hyperthermia, and immunotherapy. Despite the promising anticancer activity of copper-based compounds, their use in clinical trials is subject to certain limitations. Elevated copper concentrations may promote tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis by affecting cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abdolmaleki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | - Alireza Aliabadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Samad Khaksar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia.
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2
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Xie F, Wei W. [ 64Cu]Cu-ATSM: an emerging theranostic agent for cancer and neuroinflammation. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:3964-3972. [PMID: 35918492 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05887-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xie
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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Zhang M, Ye J, Xie Z, Wang Y, Ma W, Kang F, Yang W, Wang J, Chen X. Combined Probe Strategy to Increase the Enzymatic Digestion Rate and Accelerate the Renal Radioactivity Clearance of Peptide Radiotracers. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1548-1556. [PMID: 35357154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
High and sustained renal radioactivity accumulation is a major challenge in peptide-based radionuclide imaging and therapy. However, neutral endopeptidase (NEP)-based enzymatic hydrolysis to release and excrete the radioactive fragments has been proven to be an effective and promising way to reduce renal accumulation. Despite the improvement, the effect is still far from being satisfactory. To further reduce kidney uptake, we studied the relationship between the enzymatic reaction rate and the substrate concentration and came up with a combined probe strategy. Model compounds Boc-MVK-Dde and Boc-MFK-Dde were used for an in vitro enzymatic digestion study. NOTA-Exendin 4 and NOTA-MVK-Exendin 4 were labeled with 64Cu for in vivo dose-dependent micro-positron emission tomography (PET) studies. Groups 1 and 2 were injected with 0.2 and 0.8 nmol of 64Cu-NOTA-Exendin 4, respectively. Groups 3-6 were injected with 0.2, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.4 nmol of 64Cu-NOTA-MVK-Exendin 4, respectively. Groups 7 and 8 were co-injected with 0.2 nmol of 64Cu-NOTA-MVK-Exendin 4 and NOTA-MVK-PEG5K (1.3 and 2.6 nmol). The radioactivity uptakes were determined and compared within and among the groups. The in vitro cleavage study for both Boc-MVK-Dde and Boc-MFK-Dde indicated that within a certain concentration range, the enzyme digestion rate increased with increasing substrate concentration. The microPET images showed that the renal clearance could be accelerated significantly by increasing the injection dose of 64Cu-NOTA-MVK-Exendin 4, with the kidney uptakes being 60.98, 43.01, and 16.10 % ID/g at 1 h for groups 3, 4 and 5, respectively. Unfortunately, the tumor uptakes were also significantly inhibited as the injected dose of the tracer increased. However, with the co-injection of NOTA-MVK-PEG5K, the renal accumulation was significantly decreased without hampering the tumor uptake. As a result, the tumor-to-kidney ratios were significantly improved, which were 1.93, 3.47, 1.74, and 3.38 times that of group 3 at 1, 4, 24, and 48 h, respectively. The enzymatic reaction rate of NEP is dependent on the concentration of the substrates both in vitro and in vivo. The combined probe strategy developed in this study can dramatically reduce the renal accumulation of a peptide radioligand without affecting the tumor uptake, which shows great potential in peptide-based radiotheranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingru Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jiajun Ye
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Zhaojuan Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Yirong Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Wenhui Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Fei Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Weidong Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore.,Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.,Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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Special radionuclide production activities – recent developments at QST and throughout Japan. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2021-1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), formerly known as the National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), has been engaged in work on radiopharmaceutical science using cyclotrons since 1974. Eight pioneering researchers founded the basis of this field of research at NIRS, and to the present, many researchers and technicians have accumulated both scientific and technical achievements, as well as inherited the spirit of research. Besides, in recent years, we have developed production systems with AVF-930 cyclotron for various ‘non-standard’ radioisotopes applied in both diagnosis and therapy. Here, we review the past 50 years of our activities on radioisotope and radiopharmaceutical development, as well as more recent activities.
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Evaluation of Aminopolycarboxylate Chelators for Whole-Body Clearance of Free 225Ac: A Feasibility Study to Reduce Unexpected Radiation Exposure during Targeted Alpha Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101706. [PMID: 34683999 PMCID: PMC8540721 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinium-225 (225Ac) is a promising radionuclide used in targeted alpha therapy (TAT). Although 225Ac labeling of bifunctional chelating ligands is effective, previous in vivo studies reported that free 225Ac can be released from the drugs and that such free 225Ac is predominantly accumulated in the liver and could cause unexpected toxicity. To accelerate the clinical development of 225Ac TAT with a variety of drugs, preparing methods to deal with any unexpected toxicity would be valuable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of various chelators for reducing and excreting free 225Ac and compare their chemical structures. Nine candidate chelators (D-penicillamine, dimercaprol, Ca-DTPA, Ca-EDTA, CyDTA, GEDTA TTHA, Ca-TTHA, and DO3A) were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The biodistribution and dosimetry of free 225Ac were examined in mice before an in vivo chelating study. The liver exhibited pronounced 225Ac uptake, with an estimated human absorbed dose of 4.76 SvRBE5/MBq. Aminopolycarboxylate chelators with five and six carboxylic groups, Ca-DTPA and Ca-TTHA, significantly reduced 225Ac retention in the liver (22% and 30%, respectively). Significant 225Ac reductions were observed in the heart and remainder of the body with both Ca-DTPA and Ca-TTHA, and in the lung, kidney, and spleen with Ca-TTHA. In vitro interaction analysis supported the in vivo reduction ability of Ca-DTPA and Ca-TTHA. In conclusion, aminopolycarboxylate chelators with five and six carboxylic groups, Ca-DTPA and Ca-TTHA, were effective for whole-body clearance of free 225Ac. This feasibility study provides useful information for reducing undesirable radiation exposure from free 225Ac.
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Pharmacokinetics of CuGTSM, a Novel Drug Candidate, in a Mouse Model of Menkes Disease. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1335-1344. [PMID: 34403032 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Menkes disease is a rare hereditary disease in which systemic deficiency of copper due to mutation of the ATP7A gene causes severe neurodegenerative disorders. The present parenteral drugs have limited efficacy, so there is a need for an efficacious drug that can be administered orally. This study focused on glyoxal-bis (N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazonato)-copper(II (CuGTSM), which has shown efficacy in macular mice, a murine model of Menkes disease, and examined its pharmacokinetics. In addition, nanosized CuGTSM (nCuGTSM) was prepared, and the effects of nanosizing on CuGTSM pharmacokinetics were investigated. METHODS CuGTSM or nCuGTSM (10 mg/kg) was administered orally to male macular mice or C3H/HeNCrl mice (control), and plasma was obtained by serial blood sampling. Plasma concentrations of CuGTSM and GTSM were measured by LC-MS/MS and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. RESULTS When CuGTSM was administered orally, CuGTSM and GTSM were both detected in the plasma of both mouse strains. When nCuGTSM was administered, the Cmax was markedly higher, and the mean residence time was longer than when CuGTSM was administered for both CuGTSM and GTSM in both mouse strains. With macular mice, the AUC ratio (GTSM/CuGTSM) was markedly higher and the plasma CuGTSM concentration was lower than with C3H/HeNCrl mice when either CuGTSM or nCuGTSM was administered. CONCLUSION Absorption of orally administered CuGTSM was confirmed in macular mice, and the nano-formulation improved the absorption and retention of CuGTSM in the body. However, the plasma concentration of CuGTSM was lower in macular mice than in control mice, suggesting easier dissociation of CuGTSM.
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Michniewicz F, Saletta F, Rouaen JRC, Hewavisenti RV, Mercatelli D, Cirillo G, Giorgi FM, Trahair T, Ziegler D, Vittorio O. Copper: An Intracellular Achilles' Heel Allowing the Targeting of Epigenetics, Kinase Pathways, and Cell Metabolism in Cancer Therapeutics. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2315-2329. [PMID: 33890721 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an essential transition metal frequently increased in cancer known to strongly influence essential cellular processes. Targeted therapy protocols utilizing both novel and repurposed drug agents initially demonstrate strong efficacy, before failing in advanced cancers as drug resistance develops and relapse occurs. Overcoming this limitation involves the development of strategies and protocols aimed at a wider targeting of the underlying molecular changes. Receptor Tyrosine Kinase signaling pathways, epigenetic mechanisms and cell metabolism are among the most common therapeutic targets, with molecular investigations increasingly demonstrating the strong influence each mechanism exerts on the others. Interestingly, all these mechanisms can be influenced by intracellular copper. We propose that copper chelating agents, already in clinical trial for multiple cancers, may simultaneously target these mechanisms across a wide variety of cancers, serving as an excellent candidate for targeted combination therapy. This review summarizes the known links between these mechanisms, copper, and copper chelation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Michniewicz
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Federica Saletta
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jourdin R C Rouaen
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rehana V Hewavisenti
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniele Mercatelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cirillo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy
| | - Federico M Giorgi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Toby Trahair
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - David Ziegler
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Orazio Vittorio
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Martinez S, Brandl A, Leary D. Monte Carlo Evaluation of Dose Enhancement Due to CuATSM or GNP Uptake in Hypoxic Environments with External Beam Radiation. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:3719-3727. [PMID: 32547024 PMCID: PMC7261688 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s241756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Most solid tumors contain areas of chronic hypoxia. Gold nanoparticles (GNP) have been extensively explored as enhancers of external beam radiation; however, GNP have lower cellular uptake in hypoxic conditions than under normoxic conditions. Conversely, the chelator diacetyl-bis (N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazonato) copper II (CuATSM) deposits copper in hypoxic regions, allowing for dose enhancement in previously inaccessible regions. Methods External beam sources with different spectra were modeled using a Monte Carlo code (EGSnrc) to evaluate radioenhancement in a layered model with metal solutions. Also considered was a simple concentric layered tumor model containing a hypoxic core with each layer varying in concentrations of either copper or gold according to hypoxic conditions. Low energy external photon beams were then projected onto the tumor to determine the regional dose enhancement dependent on hypoxic conditions. Results Dose enhancement was more pronounced for beam spectra with low energy photons (225 kVp) and was highly dependent on metal concentrations from 0.1 g/kg to 100 g/kg. Increasing the depth of the metallic solution layer from 1 cm to 6 cm decreased dose enhancement. A small increase in the dose enhancement factor (DEF) of 1.01 was predicted in the hypoxic regions of the tumor model with commonly used diagnostic concentrations of CuATSM. At threshold concentrations of toxic subcutaneous injection levels, the DEF increases to 1.02, and in simulation of a high concentration of CuATSM, the DEF increased to 1.07. High concentration treatments are also considered, as well as synergistic combinations of GNP/CuATSM treatments. Conclusion The research presented is novel utilization of CuATSM to target hypoxic regions and act as a radiosensitizer by the nature of its ability to deposit copper metal in reduced tissue. We demonstrate CuATSM at high concentrations with low energy photons can increase dose deposition in hypoxic tumor regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Martinez
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alexander Brandl
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Del Leary
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Pérès EA, Toutain J, Paty LP, Divoux D, Ibazizène M, Guillouet S, Barré L, Vidal A, Cherel M, Bourgeois M, Bernaudin M, Valable S. 64Cu-ATSM/ 64Cu-Cl 2 and their relationship to hypoxia in glioblastoma: a preclinical study. EJNMMI Res 2019; 9:114. [PMID: 31858290 PMCID: PMC6923301 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-019-0586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone), labeled with 64Cu (64Cu-ATSM) has been suggested as a promising tracer for imaging hypoxia. However, various controversial studies highlighted potential pitfalls that may disable its use as a selective hypoxic marker. They also highlighted that the results may be tumor location dependent. Here, we first analyzed uptake of Cu-ATSM and its less lipophilic counterpart Cu-Cl2 in the tumor over time in an orthotopic glioblastoma model. An in vitro study was also conducted to investigate the hypoxia-dependent copper uptake in tumor cells. We then further performed a comprehensive ex vivo study to compare 64Cu uptake to hypoxic markers, specific cellular reactions, and also transporter expression. Methods μPET was performed 14 days (18F-FMISO), 15 days (64Cu-ATSM and 64Cu-Cl2), and 16 days (64Cu-ATSM and 64Cu-Cl2) after C6 cell inoculation. Thereafter, the brains were withdrawn for further autoradiography and immunohistochemistry. C6 cells were also grown in hypoxic workstation to analyze cellular uptake of Cu complexes in different oxygen levels. Results In vivo results showed that Cu-ASTM and Cu-Cl2 accumulated in hypoxic areas of the tumors. Cu-ATSM also stained, to a lesser extent, non-hypoxic regions, such as regions of astrogliosis, with high expression of copper transporters and in particular DMT-1 and CTR1, and also characterized by the expression of elevated astrogliosis. In vitro results show that 64Cu-ATSM showed an increase in the uptake only in severe hypoxia at 0.5 and 0.2% of oxygen while for 64Cu-Cl2, the cell retention was significantly increased at 5% and 1% of oxygen with no significant rise at lower oxygen percentages. Conclusion In the present study, we show that Cu-complexes undoubtedly accumulate in hypoxic areas of the tumors. This uptake may be the reflection of a direct dependency to a redox metabolism and also a reflection of hypoxic-induced overexpression of transporters. We also show that Cu-ATSM also stained non-hypoxic regions such as astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie A Pérès
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Jérôme Toutain
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Louis-Paul Paty
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Didier Divoux
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Méziane Ibazizène
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/LDM-TEP group, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Stéphane Guillouet
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/LDM-TEP group, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Louisa Barré
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/LDM-TEP group, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | | | - Michel Cherel
- Nantes-Angers Cancer Research Center CRCINA, University of Nantes, INSERM UMR1232, CNRS-ERL6001, Nantes, France.,GIP ARRONAX, Nantes, France.,Nuclear Medicine Department, ICO-René Gauducheau Cancer Center, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Mickaël Bourgeois
- Nantes-Angers Cancer Research Center CRCINA, University of Nantes, INSERM UMR1232, CNRS-ERL6001, Nantes, France.,GIP ARRONAX, Nantes, France.,Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Myriam Bernaudin
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Samuel Valable
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France.
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Matsumoto H, Yoshii Y, Baden A, Kaneko E, Hashimoto H, Suzuki H, Kawamura K, Zhang MR, Higashi T, Kurihara H. Preclinical Pharmacokinetic and Safety Studies of Copper-Diacetyl-Bis(N 4-Methylthiosemicarbazone) (Cu-ATSM): Translational Studies for Internal Radiotherapy. Transl Oncol 2019; 12:1206-1212. [PMID: 31252311 PMCID: PMC6600784 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia plays important roles in the prognosis of malignant brain tumors such as glioblastoma because it causes drug delivery deficiencies and the induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in tumor cells. Extensive hypoxic areas are associated with poor prognosis of these fatal diseases. We previously reported that multiple administrations of the hypoxia-targeted internal radiotherapy agent 64Cu-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (64Cu-ATSM), four times at intervals of 1 or 2 weeks, show antitumor effects in glioblastoma without treatment-related adverse events. Before initiating clinical trials, preclinical safety studies using Cu-ATSM composed of stable isotopes and its precursor ATSM were required to understand the potential risks of systemic and repeated chemical exposure of our investigational drug. In this study, the concentrations of Cu-ATSM and ATSM in mouse plasma after intravenous administration were determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, and the half-lives were estimated to be 21.5 and 22.4 minutes for Cu-ATSM and ATSM, respectively. Based on this result, approach 2 of the current ICH M3 [R2] guideline was adopted, and a 7-day intravenous toxicity study was conducted in mice. Cu-ATSM and ATSM in a ratio of 2:25 mimicking our current investigational drug was used, and no adverse effects were observed when Cu-ATSM and ATSM were administered at 81 μg/kg. These results and those of previous studies suggest that our current investigational drug formulation containing Cu-ATSM and ATSM at a dose of 15 μg can be safely administered to patients once per week for 4 weeks for treatment with 64Cu-ATSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Matsumoto
- Research Centre, Nihon Medi-Physics Co., Ltd., Sodegaura 299-0266, Japan
| | - Yukie Yoshii
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Atsumi Baden
- Research Centre, Nihon Medi-Physics Co., Ltd., Sodegaura 299-0266, Japan
| | - Emi Kaneko
- Research Centre, Nihon Medi-Physics Co., Ltd., Sodegaura 299-0266, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hashimoto
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hisashi Suzuki
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kawamura
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Higashi
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kurihara
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 104-0045, Tokyo, Japan
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Munakata M, Kodama H, Tani N, Kimura K, Takahashi H, Maruyama K, Sakamoto Y, Kure S. Menkes disease: Oral administration of glyoxal-bis(N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazonato)-copper(II) rescues the macular mouse. Pediatr Res 2018; 84:770-777. [PMID: 30127521 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Menkes disease is a copper metabolism disorder caused by mutations in ATP7A, a copper-transporting P-type ATPase. In this study, oral copper supplementation via glyoxal-bis(N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazonato)-copper(II) (CuGTSM), a lipophilic copper complex, was investigated in male hemizygous macular (MoMl/y) mice, a mouse model of Menkes disease. METHODS CuGTSM was administered by oral gavage on postnatal days 5, 8, 11, 17, 23, and 32. The copper levels in the organs and serum, copper-dependent enzyme activities in the brain, and ceruloplasmin (Cp) activity in the serum were measured at 15 days and 3 and 8 months of age. Histological analysis of the intestines and the rotarod test were also performed. RESULTS CuGTSM treatment extended the lifespan of MoMl/y mice and partly restored the copper concentrations and cytochrome oxidase and DBH activities in the brain; however, the rotarod test showed impaired motor performance. The treatment also increased copper concentrations and Cp activity in the serum. In suckling MoMl/y mice, CuGTSM treatment transiently induced diarrhea accompanied by copper accumulation and altered villus morphology in the ileum. CONCLUSION Oral administration of CuGTSM extended the lifespan of MoMl/y mice. Oral administration is attractive, but pharmaceutical studies are needed to reduce the adverse enteral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Munakata
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. .,Department of Pediatrics, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Kodama
- Department of Pediatrics, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Norihiko Tani
- Faculty of Pharma Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kimura
- Department of Farm Management, School of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Miyagi University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Kazuo Maruyama
- Faculty of Pharma Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shigeo Kure
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Jin ZH, Tsuji AB, Degardin M, Sugyo A, Yoshii Y, Nagatsu K, Zhang MR, Fujibayashi Y, Dumy P, Boturyn D, Higashi T. Uniform intratumoral distribution of radioactivity produced using two different radioagents, 64Cu-cyclam-RAFT-c(-RGDfK-) 4 and 64Cu-ATSM, improves therapeutic efficacy in a small animal tumor model. EJNMMI Res 2018; 8:54. [PMID: 29923139 PMCID: PMC6008272 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-018-0407-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study proposed a new concept for targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) to improve the intratumoral distribution of radioactivity using two different radiopharmaceuticals. We examined the efficacy of a combination of a tetrameric cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp (cRGD) peptide-based radiopharmaceutical, 64Cu-cyclam-RAFT-c(-RGDfK-)4 (64Cu-RaftRGD, an αVβ3 integrin [αVβ3] tracer), and 64Cu-diacetyl-bis (N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (64Cu-ATSM, a supposed tracer for hypoxic metabolism) in a small animal tumor model. Results Mice with subcutaneous αVβ3-positive U87MG glioblastoma xenografts were used. The intratumoral distribution of a near-infrared dye, Cy5.5-labeled RAFT-c(-RGDfK-)4 (Cy5.5-RaftRGD), 64Cu-RaftRGD, and 64Cu-ATSM was visualized by fluorescence imaging and autoradiography of the co-injected Cy5.5-RaftRGD with 64Cu-RaftRGD or 64Cu-ATSM at 3 h postinjection. Mice were treated with a single intravenous dose of the vehicle solution (control), 18.5 or 37 MBq of 64Cu-RaftRGD or 64Cu-ATSM, or a combination (18.5 MBq of each agent). The tumor volume, tumor cell proliferation, body weight, survival, and tumor and organ uptake of radiopharmaceuticals were assessed. It was shown that Cy5.5-RaftRGD colocalized with 64Cu-RaftRGD and could be used as a surrogate for the radioactive agent. The intratumoral distribution of Cy5.5-RaftRGD and 64Cu-ATSM was discordant and nearly complementary, indicating a more uniform distribution of radioactivity achievable with the combined use of 64Cu-RaftRGD and 64Cu-ATSM. Neither 64Cu-RaftRGD nor 64Cu-ATSM showed significant effects on tumor growth at 18.5 MBq. The combination of both (18.5 MBq each) showed sustained inhibitory effects against tumor growth and tumor cell proliferation and prolonged the survival of the mice, compared to that by either single agent at 37 MBq. Interestingly, the uptake of the combination by the tumor was higher than that of 64Cu-RaftRGD alone, but lower than that of 64Cu-ATSM alone. The kidneys showed the highest uptake of 64Cu-RaftRGD, whereas the liver exhibited the highest uptake of 64Cu-ATSM. No obvious adverse effects were observed in all treated mice. Conclusions The combination of 64Cu-RaftRGD and 64Cu-ATSM achieved an improved antitumor effect owing to the more uniform intratumoral distribution of radioactivity. Thus, combining different radiopharmaceuticals to improve the intratumoral distribution would be a promising concept for more effective and safer TRT. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13550-018-0407-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Hui Jin
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Atsushi B Tsuji
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Mélissa Degardin
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire-UMR CNRS 5250, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38041, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Aya Sugyo
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yukie Yoshii
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kotaro Nagatsu
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Fujibayashi
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Pascal Dumy
- IBMM, UMR-5247, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 34296, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Didier Boturyn
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire-UMR CNRS 5250, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38041, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Tatsuya Higashi
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
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Yoshii Y, Matsumoto H, Yoshimoto M, Zhang MR, Oe Y, Kurihara H, Narita Y, Jin ZH, Tsuji AB, Yoshinaga K, Fujibayashi Y, Higashi T. Multiple Administrations of 64Cu-ATSM as a Novel Therapeutic Option for Glioblastoma: a Translational Study Using Mice with Xenografts. Transl Oncol 2017; 11:24-30. [PMID: 29154146 PMCID: PMC5697999 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive malignant brain tumor in humans and is difficult to cure using current treatment options. Hypoxic regions are frequently found in glioblastoma, and increased levels of hypoxia are associated with poor clinical outcomes of glioblastoma patients. Hypoxia plays important roles in the progression and recurrence of glioblastoma because of drug delivery deficiencies and induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in tumor cells, which lead to poor prognosis. We focused on a promising hypoxia-targeted internal radiotherapy agent, 64Cu-diacetyl-bis (N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (64Cu-ATSM), to address the need for additional treatment for glioblastoma. This compound can target the overreduced state under hypoxic conditions within tumors. Clinical positron emission tomography studies using radiolabeled Cu-ATSM have shown that Cu-ATSM accumulates in glioblastoma and its uptake is associated with high hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of this agent for glioblastoma, we examined the efficacy of 64Cu-ATSM in mice bearing U87MG glioblastoma tumors. Administration of single dosage (18.5, 37, 74, 111, and 148 MBq) and multiple dosages (37 MBq × 4) of 64Cu-ATSM was investigated. Single administration of 64Cu-ATSM in high-dose groups dose-dependently inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival, with slight and reverse signs of adverse events. Multiple dosages of 64Cu-ATSM remarkably inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival. By splitting the dose of 64Cu-ATSM, no adverse effects were observed. Our findings indicate that multiple administrations of 64Cu-ATSM have effective antitumor effects in glioblastoma without side effects, indicating its potential for treating this fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Yoshii
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Matsumoto
- Research Centre, Nihon Medi-Physics Co., Ltd., Sodegaura 299-0266, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Yoshimoto
- Division of Functional Imaging, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 277-8577, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoko Oe
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kurihara
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 104-0045, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Narita
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 104-0045, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhao-Hui Jin
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi B Tsuji
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Yoshinaga
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Fujibayashi
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Higashi
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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Drude N, Tienken L, Mottaghy FM. Theranostic and nanotheranostic probes in nuclear medicine. Methods 2017; 130:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Yoshii Y, Yoshimoto M, Matsumoto H, Furukawa T, Zhang MR, Inubushi M, Tsuji AB, Fujibayashi Y, Higashi T, Saga T. 64Cu-ATSM internal radiotherapy to treat tumors with bevacizumab-induced vascular decrease and hypoxia in human colon carcinoma xenografts. Oncotarget 2017; 8:88815-88826. [PMID: 29179478 PMCID: PMC5687648 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody, is an antiangiogenic agent clinically used for various cancers. However, repeated use of this agent leads to tumor-decreased vascularity and hypoxia with activation of an HIF-1 signaling pathway, which results in drug delivery deficiency and induction of malignant behaviors in tumors. Here, we developed a novel strategy to treat tumors with bevacizumab-induced vascular decrease and hypoxia using 64Cu-diacetyl-bis (N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (64Cu-ATSM), a potential theranostic agent, which possesses high tissue permeability and can target over-reduced conditions under hypoxia in tumors, with a human colon carcinoma HT-29 tumor-bearing mouse model. The long-term treatment with bevacizumab caused decreased blood vessel density and activation of an HIF-1 signaling pathway; increased uptake of 64Cu-ATSM was also observed despite limited blood vessel density in HT-29 tumors. In vivo high-resolution SPECT/PET/CT imaging confirmed reduced vascularity and increased proportion of 64Cu-ATSM uptake areas within the bevacizumab-treated tumors. 64Cu-ATSM therapy was effective to inhibit tumor growth and prolong survival of the bevacizumab-treated tumor-bearing mice without major adverse effects. In conclusion, 64Cu-ATSM therapy effectively enhanced anti-tumor effects in tumors with bevacizumab-induced vascular decrease and hypoxia. 64Cu-ATSM therapy could represent a novel approach as an add-on to antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Yoshii
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Yoshimoto
- Division of Functional Imaging, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | | | - Takako Furukawa
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inubushi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Atsushi B Tsuji
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Fujibayashi
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Higashi
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Saga
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
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Raccagni I, Valtorta S, Moresco RM, Belloli S. Tumour hypoxia: lessons learnt from preclinical imaging. Clin Transl Imaging 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40336-017-0248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ohya T, Nagatsu K, Suzuki H, Fukada M, Minegishi K, Hanyu M, Fukumura T, Zhang MR. Efficient preparation of high-quality 64 Cu for routine use. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 43:685-691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lai YL, Wu CY, Chao KSC. Biological imaging in clinical oncology: radiation therapy based on functional imaging. Int J Clin Oncol 2016; 21:626-632. [PMID: 27384183 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-016-1000-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of the most effective tools for cancer treatment. In recent years, intensity-modulated radiation therapy has become increasingly popular in that target dose-escalation can be done while sparing adjacent normal tissues. For this reason, the development of measures to pave the way for accurate target delineation is of great interest. With the integration of functional information obtained by biological imaging with radiotherapy, strategies using advanced biological imaging to visualize metabolic pathways and to improve therapeutic index and predict treatment response are discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Liang Lai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yi Wu
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - K S Clifford Chao
- China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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64Cu-ATSM therapy targets regions with activated DNA repair and enrichment of CD133+ cells in an HT-29 tumor model: Sensitization with a nucleic acid antimetabolite. Cancer Lett 2016; 376:74-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Colombié M, Gouard S, Frindel M, Vidal A, Chérel M, Kraeber-Bodéré F, Rousseau C, Bourgeois M. Focus on the Controversial Aspects of (64)Cu-ATSM in Tumoral Hypoxia Mapping by PET Imaging. Front Med (Lausanne) 2015; 2:58. [PMID: 26380261 PMCID: PMC4547458 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2015.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mapping tumor hypoxia is a great challenge in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging as the precise functional information of the biological processes is needed for many effective therapeutic strategies. Tumor hypoxia has been widely reported as a poor prognostic indicator and is often associated with tumor aggressiveness, chemo- and radio-resistance. An accurate diagnosis of hypoxia is a challenge and is crucial for providing accurate treatment for patients' survival benefits. This challenge has led to the emergence of new and novel PET tracers for the functional and metabolic characterization of tumor hypoxia non-invasively. Among these tracers, copper semicarbazone compound [64Cu]-diacetyl-bis(N (4)-methylthiosemicarbazone) (=64Cu-ATSM) has been developed as a tracer for hypoxia imaging. This review focuses on 64Cu-ATSM PET imaging and the concept is presented in two sections. The first section describes its in vitro development and pre-clinical testing and particularly its affinity in different cell lines. The second section describes the controversial reports on its specificity for hypoxia imaging. The review concludes that 64Cu-ATSM - more than a hypoxic tracer, exhibits tracer accumulation in tumor, which is linked to the redox potential and reactive oxygen species. The authors concluded that 64Cu-ATSNM is a marker of over-reduced cell state and thus an indirect marker for hypoxia imaging. The affinity of 64Cu-ATSM for over-reduced cells was observed to be a complex phenomenon. And to provide a definitive and convincing mechanism, more in vivo studies are needed to prove the diagnostic utility of 64Cu-ATSM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michel Chérel
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest , Saint-Herblain , France ; CRCNA, INSERM, Université de Nantes , Nantes , France
| | - Françoise Kraeber-Bodéré
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest , Saint-Herblain , France ; CRCNA, INSERM, Université de Nantes , Nantes , France ; Service de Médecine Nucléaire - CHU de Nantes , Nantes , France
| | - Caroline Rousseau
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest , Saint-Herblain , France ; CRCNA, INSERM, Université de Nantes , Nantes , France
| | - Mickaël Bourgeois
- CRCNA, INSERM, Université de Nantes , Nantes , France ; GIP ARRONAX , Saint-Herblain , France ; Service de Médecine Nucléaire - CHU de Nantes , Nantes , France
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