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Wallace R, Bliss CM, Parker AL. The Immune System-A Double-Edged Sword for Adenovirus-Based Therapies. Viruses 2024; 16:973. [PMID: 38932265 PMCID: PMC11209478 DOI: 10.3390/v16060973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic adenovirus (Ad) infections are widespread but typically mild and transient, except in the immunocompromised. As vectors for gene therapy, vaccine, and oncology applications, Ad-based platforms offer advantages, including ease of genetic manipulation, scale of production, and well-established safety profiles, making them attractive tools for therapeutic development. However, the immune system often poses a significant challenge that must be overcome for adenovirus-based therapies to be truly efficacious. Both pre-existing anti-Ad immunity in the population as well as the rapid development of an immune response against engineered adenoviral vectors can have detrimental effects on the downstream impact of an adenovirus-based therapeutic. This review focuses on the different challenges posed, including pre-existing natural immunity and anti-vector immunity induced by a therapeutic, in the context of innate and adaptive immune responses. We summarise different approaches developed with the aim of tackling these problems, as well as their outcomes and potential future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Wallace
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (R.W.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Carly M. Bliss
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (R.W.); (C.M.B.)
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (R.W.); (C.M.B.)
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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2
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Göttig L, Schreiner S. E4orf1: The triple agent of adenovirus - Unraveling its roles in oncogenesis, infectious obesity and immune responses in virus replication and vector therapy. Tumour Virus Res 2024; 17:200277. [PMID: 38428735 PMCID: PMC10937242 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2024.200277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Human Adenoviruses (HAdV) are nearly ubiquitous pathogens comprising numerous sub-types that infect various tissues and organs. Among many encoded proteins that facilitate viral replication and subversion of host cellular processes, the viral E4orf1 protein has emerged as an intriguing yet under-investigated player in the complex interplay between the virus and its host. E4orf1 has gained attention as a metabolism activator and oncogenic agent, while recent research is showing that E4orf1 may play a more important role in modulating cellular pathways such as PI3K-Akt-mTOR, Ras, the immune response and further HAdV replication stages than previously anticipated. In this review, we aim to explore the structure, molecular mechanisms, and biological functions of E4orf1, shedding light on its potentially multifaceted roles during HAdV infection, including metabolic diseases and oncogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss the role of functional E4orf1 in biotechnological applications such as Adenovirus (AdV) vaccine vectors and oncolytic AdV. By dissecting the intricate relationships between HAdV types and E4orf1 proteins, this review provides valuable insights into viral pathogenesis and points to promising areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Göttig
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schreiner
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (Resolving Infection Susceptibility; EXC 2155), Hannover, Germany; Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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3
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Liu Y, Potts JL, Bloch D, Nian K, McCormick CA, Fanari O, Rouhanifard SH. Paired Capture and FISH Detection of Individual Virions Enable Cell-Free Determination of Infectious Titers. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2563-2571. [PMID: 37368999 PMCID: PMC10621038 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of viruses can prevent the uncontrolled spread of viral infections. Determination of viral infectivity is also critical for determining the dosage of gene therapies, including vector-based vaccines, CAR T-cell therapies, and CRISPR therapeutics. In both cases, for viral pathogens and viral vector delivery vehicles, fast and accurate measurement of infectious titers is desirable. The most common methods for virus detection are antigen-based (rapid but not sensitive) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based (sensitive but not rapid). Current viral titration methods heavily rely on cultured cells, which introduces variability within labs and between labs. Thus, it is highly desirable to directly determine the infectious titer without using cells. Here, we report the development of a direct, fast, and sensitive assay for virus detection (dubbed rapid capture fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or rapture FISH) and cell-free determination of infectious titers. Importantly, we demonstrate that the virions captured are "infectious," thus serving as a more consistent proxy of infectious titers. This assay is unique because it first captures viruses bearing an intact coat protein using an aptamer and then detects genomes directly in individual virions using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH); thus, it is selective for infectious particles (i.e., positive for coat proteins and positive for genomes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jacob L. Potts
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Dylan Bloch
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Keqing Nian
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Caroline A. McCormick
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Oleksandra Fanari
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sara H. Rouhanifard
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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First Record of HAdV-D20 Among Keratoconjunctivitis Patients in Iraq. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 11:176-181. [PMID: 35765528 PMCID: PMC9208557 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.11.1.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Human Adenovirus species D (HAdV-D) was common human viral pathogen especially in eye infection, consists of several types of which HAdV-D8, -D19 and -D37 were common in eye infection. This study includes detection of HAdV-D types implicated in conjunctivitis based on L2 (Penton protein) gene similarity. Methods Conjunctival swabs were collected from Keratoconjunctivitis patients as eye infection related to adenovirus. Viral nucleic acids were extracted and specific primer pairs for HAdV-D L2 gene (encoding for penton base protein) was used to amplify the target gene and only positive samples were sent to sequencing. Results The results revealed that only 6 samples give positive results for L2 gene amplification and then sent for sequencing for L2 (penton protein) gene-based typing. The results show that 4 local isolates (S1, S2, S3, S6) were similar to HAdV-D8 and 2 local isolates (S4, S5) were similar to HAdV-D20. Also the results display that the HAdV-37, prominent HAdV-D type of human eye infection, may be variant of HAdV-D20 due to that six variation were seen in S4and S5 local isolates nucleotide sequence in relation to HAdV-D37: T>C at position 14364, A>C at position 14411, T>C at position 14427, C>A at position 14448, G>A at position 14540 and T>C at position 14617, leading to only 2 amino acid change in resulted penton protein: T (Threonine) instead of K (Lysine) at position 204 and N (Asparagine) instead of D (Aspartic acid) at position 247. Conclusion The current study concludes the possibility of implication of HAdV-D20 in eye infections especially conjunctivitis.
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Adenovirus Receptor Expression in Cancer and Its Multifaceted Role in Oncolytic Adenovirus Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186828. [PMID: 32957644 PMCID: PMC7554712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic adenovirus therapy is believed to be a promising way to treat cancer patients. To be able to target tumor cells with an oncolytic adenovirus, expression of the adenovirus receptor on the tumor cell is essential. Different adenovirus types bind to different receptors on the cell, of which the expression can vary between tumor types. Pre-existing neutralizing immunity to human adenovirus species C type 5 (HAdV-C5) has hampered its therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials, hence several adenoviral vectors from different species are currently being developed as a means to evade pre-existing immunity. Therefore, knowledge on the expression of appropriate adenovirus receptors on tumor cells is important. This could aid in determining which tumor types would benefit most from treatment with a certain oncolytic adenovirus type. This review provides an overview of the known receptors for human adenoviruses and how their expression on tumor cells might be differentially regulated compared to healthy tissue, before and after standardized anticancer treatments. Mechanisms behind the up- or downregulation of adenovirus receptor expression are discussed, which could be used to find new targets for combination therapy to enhance the efficacy of oncolytic adenovirus therapy. Additionally, the utility of the adenovirus receptors in oncolytic virotherapy is examined, including their role in viral spread, which might even surpass their function as primary entry receptors. Finally, future directions are offered regarding the selection of adenovirus types to be used in oncolytic adenovirus therapy in the fight against cancer.
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Georgi F, Andriasyan V, Witte R, Murer L, Hemmi S, Yu L, Grove M, Meili N, Kuttler F, Yakimovich A, Turcatti G, Greber UF. The FDA-Approved Drug Nelfinavir Inhibits Lytic Cell-Free but Not Cell-Associated Nonlytic Transmission of Human Adenovirus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:e01002-20. [PMID: 32601166 PMCID: PMC7449217 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01002-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses (AdVs) are prevalent and give rise to chronic and recurrent disease. Human AdV (HAdV) species B and C, such as HAdV-C2, -C5, and -B14, cause respiratory disease and constitute a health threat for immunocompromised individuals. HAdV-Cs are well known for lysing cells owing to the E3 CR1-β-encoded adenovirus death protein (ADP). We previously reported a high-throughput image-based screening framework and identified an inhibitor of HAdV-C2 multiround infection, nelfinavir mesylate. Nelfinavir is the active ingredient of Viracept, an FDA-approved inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) aspartyl protease that is used to treat AIDS. It is not effective against single-round HAdV infections. Here, we show that nelfinavir inhibits lytic cell-free transmission of HAdV, indicated by the suppression of comet-shaped infection foci in cell culture. Comet-shaped foci occur upon convection-based transmission of cell-free viral particles from an infected cell to neighboring uninfected cells. HAdV lacking ADP was insensitive to nelfinavir but gave rise to comet-shaped foci, indicating that ADP enhances but is not required for cell lysis. This was supported by the notion that HAdV-B14 and -B14p1 lacking ADP were highly sensitive to nelfinavir, although HAdV-A31, -B3, -B7, -B11, -B16, -B21, -D8, -D30, and -D37 were less sensitive. Conspicuously, nelfinavir uncovered slow-growing round HAdV-C2 foci, independent of neutralizing antibodies in the medium, indicative of nonlytic cell-to-cell transmission. Our study demonstrates the repurposing potential of nelfinavir with postexposure efficacy against different HAdVs and describes an alternative nonlytic cell-to-cell transmission mode of HAdV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Georgi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vardan Andriasyan
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Witte
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Murer
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Hemmi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Yu
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Grove
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Meili
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Kuttler
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Artur Yakimovich
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Artificial Intelligence for Life Sciences CIC, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerardo Turcatti
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Isakova-Sivak I, Matyushenko V, Stepanova E, Matushkina A, Kotomina T, Mezhenskaya D, Prokopenko P, Kudryavtsev I, Kopeykin P, Sivak K, Rudenko L. Recombinant Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Viruses Carrying Conserved T-cell Epitopes of Human Adenoviruses Induce Functional Cytotoxic T-Cell Responses and Protect Mice against Both Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020196. [PMID: 32344618 PMCID: PMC7349758 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (AdVs) are one of the most common causes of acute respiratory viral infections worldwide. Multiple AdV serotypes with low cross-reactivity circulate in the human population, making the development of an effective vaccine very challenging. In the current study, we designed a cross-reactive AdV vaccine based on the T-cell epitopes conserved among various AdV serotypes, which were inserted into the genome of a licensed cold-adapted live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) backbone. We rescued two recombinant LAIV-AdV vaccines by inserting the selected AdV T-cell epitopes into the open reading frame of full-length NA and truncated the NS1 proteins of the H7N9 LAIV virus. We then tested the bivalent vaccines for their efficacy against influenza and human AdV5 in a mouse model. The vaccine viruses were attenuated in C57BL/6J mice and induced a strong influenza-specific antibody and cell-mediated immunity, fully protecting the mice against virulent influenza virus infection. The CD8 T-cell responses induced by both LAIV-AdV candidates were functional and efficiently killed the target cells loaded either with influenza NP366 or AdV DBP418 peptides. In addition, high levels of recall memory T cells targeted to an immunodominant H2b-restricted CD8 T-cell epitope were detected in the immunized mice after the AdV5 challenge, and the magnitude of these responses correlated with the level of protection against pulmonary pathology caused by the AdV5 infection. Our findings suggest that the developed recombinant vaccines can be used for combined protection against influenza and human adenoviruses and warrant further evaluation on humanized animal models and subsequent human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (I.K.); (P.K.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Victoria Matyushenko
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (I.K.); (P.K.); (L.R.)
| | - Ekaterina Stepanova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (I.K.); (P.K.); (L.R.)
| | - Anastasia Matushkina
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (I.K.); (P.K.); (L.R.)
| | - Tatiana Kotomina
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (I.K.); (P.K.); (L.R.)
| | - Daria Mezhenskaya
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (I.K.); (P.K.); (L.R.)
| | - Polina Prokopenko
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (I.K.); (P.K.); (L.R.)
| | - Igor Kudryavtsev
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (I.K.); (P.K.); (L.R.)
| | - Pavel Kopeykin
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (I.K.); (P.K.); (L.R.)
| | - Konstantin Sivak
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (I.K.); (P.K.); (L.R.)
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Mondal M, Guo J, He P, Zhou D. Recent advances of oncolytic virus in cancer therapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2389-2402. [PMID: 32078405 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1723363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have been taking the front stage in biological therapy for cancer recently. The first and most potent virus to be used in oncolytic virotherapy is human adenovirus. Recently, ongoing extensive research has suggested that other viruses like herpes simplex virus (HSV) and measles virus can also be considered as potential candidates in cancer therapy. An HSV-based oncolytic virus, T-VEC, has completed phase Ш clinical trial and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in biological cancer therapy. Moreover, the vaccine strain of the measles virus has shown impressive results in pre-clinical and clinical trials. Considering their therapeutic efficacy, safety, and reduced side effects, the use of such engineered viruses in biological cancer therapy has the potential to establish a milestone in cancer research. In this review, we summarize the recent clinical advances in the use of oncolytic viruses in biological therapy for cancer. Additionally, this review evaluates the potential viral candidates for their benefits and shortcomings and sheds light on the future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Mondal
- Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China.,Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Jingao Guo
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Ping He
- Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
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9
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Tan B, Yang XL, Ge XY, Peng C, Zhang YZ, Zhang LB, Shi ZL. Novel bat adenoviruses with an extremely large E3 gene. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1625-1635. [PMID: 27032099 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats carry diverse RNA viruses, some of which are responsible for human diseases. Compared to bat-borne RNA viruses, relatively little information is known regarding bat-borne DNA viruses. In this study, we isolated and characterized three novel bat adenoviruses (BtAdV WIV9-11) from Rhinolophus sinicus. Their genomes, which are highly similar to each other but distinct from those of previously sequenced adenoviruses (AdVs), are 37 545, 37 566 and 38 073 bp in size, respectively. An unusually large E3 gene was identified in their genomes. Phylogenetic and taxonomic analyses suggested that these isolates represent a distinct species of the genus Mastadenovirus. Cell susceptibility assays revealed a broad cell tropism for these isolates, indicating that they have a potentially wide host range. Our results expand the understanding of genetic diversity of bat AdVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Tan
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing-Lou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing-Yi Ge
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun-Zhi Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | | | - Zheng-Li Shi
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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10
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Windheim M, Höning S, Leppard KN, Butler L, Seed C, Ponnambalam S, Burgert HG. Sorting Motifs in the Cytoplasmic Tail of the Immunomodulatory E3/49K Protein of Species D Adenoviruses Modulate Cell Surface Expression and Ectodomain Shedding. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:6796-812. [PMID: 26841862 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.684787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 transcription unit of human species C adenoviruses (Ads) encodes immunomodulatory proteins that mediate direct protection of infected cells. Recently, we described a novel immunomodulatory function for E3/49K, an E3 protein uniquely expressed by species D Ads. E3/49K of Ad19a/Ad64, a serotype that causes epidemic keratokonjunctivitis, is synthesized as a highly glycosylated type I transmembrane protein that is subsequently cleaved, resulting in secretion of its large ectodomain (sec49K). sec49K binds to CD45 on leukocytes, impairing activation and functions of natural killer cells and T cells. E3/49K is localized in the Golgi/trans-Golgi network (TGN), in the early endosomes, and on the plasma membrane, yet the cellular compartment where E3/49K is cleaved and the protease involved remained elusive. Here we show that TGN-localized E3/49K comprises both newly synthesized and recycled molecules. Full-length E3/49K was not detected in late endosomes/lysosomes, but the C-terminal fragment accumulated in this compartment at late times of infection. Inhibitor studies showed that cleavage occurs in a post-TGN compartment and that lysosomotropic agents enhance secretion. Interestingly, the cytoplasmic tail of E3/49K contains two potential sorting motifs, YXXΦ (where Φ represents a bulky hydrophobic amino acid) and LL, that are important for binding the clathrin adaptor proteins AP-1 and AP-2in vitro Surprisingly, mutating the LL motif, either alone or together with YXXΦ, did not prevent proteolytic processing but increased cell surface expression and secretion. Upon brefeldin A treatment, cell surface expression was rapidly lost, even for mutants lacking all known endocytosis motifs. Together with immunofluorescence data, we propose a model for intracellular E3/49K transport whereby cleavage takes place on the cell surface by matrix metalloproteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Windheim
- From the School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom, the Institute of Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Höning
- the Institute for Biochemistry I and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany, and
| | - Keith N Leppard
- From the School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Larissa Butler
- From the School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Seed
- From the School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Sreenivasan Ponnambalam
- the School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Hans-Gerhard Burgert
- From the School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom,
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11
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Uusi-Kerttula H, Hulin-Curtis S, Davies J, Parker AL. Oncolytic Adenovirus: Strategies and Insights for Vector Design and Immuno-Oncolytic Applications. Viruses 2015; 7:6009-42. [PMID: 26610547 PMCID: PMC4664994 DOI: 10.3390/v7112923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ad) are commonly used both experimentally and clinically, including oncolytic virotherapy applications. In the clinical area, efficacy is frequently hampered by the high rates of neutralizing immunity, estimated as high as 90% in some populations that promote vector clearance and limit bioavailability for tumor targeting following systemic delivery. Active tumor targeting is also hampered by the ubiquitous nature of the Ad5 receptor, hCAR, as well as the lack of highly tumor-selective targeting ligands and suitable targeting strategies. Furthermore, significant off-target interactions between the viral vector and cellular and proteinaceous components of the bloodstream have been documented that promote uptake into non-target cells and determine dose-limiting toxicities. Novel strategies are therefore needed to overcome the obstacles that prevent efficacious Ad deployment for wider clinical applications. The use of less seroprevalent Ad serotypes, non-human serotypes, capsid pseudotyping, chemical shielding and genetic masking by heterologous peptide incorporation are all potential strategies to achieve efficient vector escape from humoral immune recognition. Conversely, selective vector arming with immunostimulatory agents can be utilized to enhance their oncolytic potential by activation of cancer-specific immune responses against the malignant tissues. This review presents recent advantages and pitfalls occurring in the field of adenoviral oncolytic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanni Uusi-Kerttula
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Sarah Hulin-Curtis
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - James Davies
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Alan L Parker
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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