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Alodhaibi I, Ailawadhi S, Burbano GP, O'Brien PJ, Buadi FK, Hayman S, Kumar SK, Gonsalves WI. An Open-Label Phase I Study of Metformin and Nelfinavir in Combination With Bortezomib in Patients With Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk 2024; 24:298-304. [PMID: 38220589 PMCID: PMC11045312 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In preclinical models, combining a GLUT4 inhibitor with an oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor shows synergistic therapeutic potential against multiple myeloma (MM). Thus, this study evaluated the safety and tolerability of repurposing metformin, a complex I inhibitor, and nelfinavir, a GLUT4 inhibitor, in combination with bortezomib for the treatment of relapsed/refractory MM that had progressed on all standard of care therapies. MATERIALS AND METHODS This trial utilized a 3 + 3 dose escalation design with 3 dose levels planned for up to a maximum of 6 (21-day) cycles. Metformin and nelfinavir were administered for 14 of 21 days, and subQ bortezomib was administered to a portion of patients on days 1, 8, and 15. The primary objective was to determine the maximal tolerated dose, and the secondary objective was to evaluate the safety and overall response rate (ORR) of this combination. RESULTS Nine patients were accrued with a median age of 65 (range: 42-81) and received a median of 7 prior lines of therapy (Range: 5-12). The first 3 patients received only metformin (500 mg BID) and nelfinavir (1250 mg BID) at the first dose level, with 1 patient experiencing an unconfirmed minimal response (MR) in the first cycle, 1 experiencing progressive disease after 1 cycle of treatment and 1 patient going off treatment prior to assessing response but with signs of progressive disease. Given the limited therapeutic activity, the upfront addition of bortezomib (1.3 mg/m2) was utilized for the subsequent 6 patients accrued. Three of these 6 patients went off study due to progressive disease, 1 patient achieved an unconfirmed partial response after 1 cycle of treatment but reported progressive disease in the subsequent cycle, 1 patient went off study to enter hospice, and the remaining patient experienced stable disease (SD) after receiving 6 cycles of clinical trial treatment. The study was closed before accrual to the next dose level was started. CONCLUSION This is the first study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this repurposed drug combination in this very difficult-to-treat population of relapsed and refractory MM. This was an overall negative study with no ORR observed. Fortunately, 1 patient experienced an SD response, allowing this combination to stabilize their disease until another novel therapy on a clinical trial was available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Alodhaibi
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Gabriel P Burbano
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Patrick J O'Brien
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Handa Y, Okuwaki K, Kawashima Y, Hatada R, Mochizuki Y, Komeiji Y, Tanaka S, Furuishi T, Yonemochi E, Honma T, Fukuzawa K. Prediction of Binding Pose and Affinity of Nelfinavir, a SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Repositioned Drug, by Combining Docking, Molecular Dynamics, and Fragment Molecular Orbital Calculations. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:2249-2265. [PMID: 38437183 PMCID: PMC10946393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
A novel in silico drug design procedure is described targeting the Main protease (Mpro) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The procedure combines molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD), and fragment molecular orbital (FMO) calculations. The binding structure and properties of Mpro were predicted for Nelfinavir (NFV), which had been identified as a candidate compound through drug repositioning, targeting Mpro. Several poses of the Mpro and NFV complexes were generated by docking, from which four docking poses were selected by scoring with FMO energy. Then, each pose was subjected to MD simulation, 100 snapshot structures were sampled from each of the generated MD trajectories, and the structures were evaluated by FMO calculations to rank the pose based on binding energy. Several residues were found to be important in ligand recognition, including Glu47, Asp48, Glu166, Asp187, and Gln189, all of which interacted strongly with NFV. Asn142 is presumably regarded to form hydrogen bonds or CH/π interaction with NFV; however, in the present calculation, their interactions were transient. Moreover, the tert-butyl group of NFV had no interaction with Mpro. Identifying such strong and weak interactions provides candidates for maintaining and substituting ligand functional groups and important suggestions for drug discovery using drug repositioning. Besides the interaction between NFV and the amino acid residues of Mpro, the desolvation effect of the binding pocket also affected the ranking order. A similar procedure of drug design was applied to Lopinavir, and the calculated interaction energy and experimental inhibitory activity value trends were consistent. Our approach provides a new guideline for structure-based drug design starting from a candidate compound whose complex crystal structure has not been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Handa
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka
University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Okuwaki
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawashima
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Ryo Hatada
- Department
of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Mochizuki
- Department
of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
- Institute
of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Yuto Komeiji
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka
University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
- Health
and Medical Research Institute, AIST, Tsukuba Central 6, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
- RIKEN
Center
for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shigenori Tanaka
- Graduate
School of System Informatics, Department of Computational Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takayuki Furuishi
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Etsuo Yonemochi
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Teruki Honma
- RIKEN
Center
for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kaori Fukuzawa
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka
University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department
of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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Roy PK, Majumder R, Mandal M. In-silico identification of novel DDI2 inhibitor in glioblastoma via repurposing FDA approved drugs using molecular docking and MD simulation study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:2270-2281. [PMID: 37139547 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2204371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the most severe form of brain tumor and a leading cause of death within a year of diagnosis, is characterized by excessive protein synthesis and folding in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), leading to increased ER stress in the cells of GBM tissues. To mitigate this stress the cancer cells have intelligently adopted a plethora of response mechanisms and Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) is one of those. To bear with this exhaustive situation cells upregulate a strong protein degradation system in form of 26S proteasome and blocking of proteasomal gene synthesis may be a potential therapeutic action against GBM. Proteasomal gene synthesis is exclusively dependent on the transcription factor Nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and its activating enzyme DNA damage inducible 1 homolog 2 (DDI2). Here in this study, we performed molecular docking against DDI2 with the 20 FDA-approved drugs and identified Alvimopan and Levocabastine as the top two compounds with the best binding score along with the standard drug Nelfinavir. MD simulation (100 ns) of these protein-ligand docked complexes reveals that the stability and compactness of Alvimopan are high in comparison with Nelfinavir. Our in-silico (Molecular docking and Molecular dynamics simulation) studies pointed out that Alvimopan may be repurposed as a DDI2 inhibitor and can be used as a potential anticancer agent for the treatment of brain tumors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Kumar Roy
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Ranabir Majumder
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
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Chang YS, Gills JJ, Kawabata S, Onozawa M, Della Gatta G, Ferrando AA, Aplan PD, Dennis PA. Inhibition of the NOTCH and mTOR pathways by nelfinavir as a novel treatment for T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int J Oncol 2023; 63:128. [PMID: 37800623 PMCID: PMC10609462 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‑ALL), a neoplasm derived from T cell lineage‑committed lymphoblasts, is characterized by genetic alterations that result in activation of oncogenic transcription factors and the NOTCH1 pathway activation. The NOTCH is a transmembrane receptor protein activated by γ‑secretase. γ‑secretase inhibitors (GSIs) are a NOTCH‑targeted therapy for T‑ALL. However, their clinical application has not been successful due to adverse events (primarily gastrointestinal toxicity), limited efficacy, and drug resistance caused by several mechanisms, including activation of the AKT/mTOR pathway. Nelfinavir is an human immunodeficiency virus 1 aspartic protease inhibitor and has been repurposed as an anticancer drug. It acts by inducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inhibiting the AKT/mTOR pathway. Thus, it was hypothesized that nelfinavir might inhibit the NOTCH pathway via γ‑secretase inhibition and blockade of aspartic protease presenilin, which would make nelfinavir effective against NOTCH‑associated T‑ALL. The present study assessed the efficacy of nelfinavir against T‑ALL cells and investigated mechanisms of action in vitro and in preclinical treatment studies using a SCL‑LMO1 transgenic mouse model. Nelfinavir blocks presenilin 1 processing and inhibits γ‑secretase activity as well as the NOTCH1 pathway, thus suppressing T‑ALL cell viability. Additionally, microarray analysis of nelfinavir‑treated T‑ALL cells showed that nelfinavir upregulated mRNA levels of CHAC1 (glutathione‑specific γ‑glutamylcyclotransferase 1, a negative regulator of NOTCH) and sestrin 2 (SESN2; a negative regulator of mTOR). As both factors are upregulated by ER stress, this confirmed that nelfinavir induced ER stress in T‑ALL cells. Moreover, nelfinavir suppressed NOTCH1 mRNA expression in microarray analyses. These findings suggest that nelfinavir inhibited the NOTCH1 pathway by downregulating NOTCH1 mRNA expression, upregulating CHAC1 and suppressing γ‑secretase via presenilin 1 inhibition and the mTOR pathway by upregulating SESN2 via ER stress induction. Further, nelfinavir exhibited therapeutic efficacy against T‑ALL in an SCL‑LMO1 transgenic mouse model. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of nelfinavir as a novel therapeutic candidate for treatment of patients with T‑ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Soo Chang
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joell J. Gills
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shigeru Kawabata
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Masahiro Onozawa
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Giusy Della Gatta
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Joint Centers for Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Adolfo A. Ferrando
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Joint Centers for Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Peter D. Aplan
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Phillip A. Dennis
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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5
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Besse L, Kraus M, Besse A, Driessen C, Tarantino I. The cytotoxic activity of carfilzomib together with nelfinavir is superior to the bortezomib/nelfinavir combination in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4411. [PMID: 36932175 PMCID: PMC10023769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31400-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance is still a major problem in the treatment of patients with non-small-cell-lung carcinoma (NSCLC), and novel concepts for the induction of cytotoxicity in NSCLC are highly warranted. Proteotoxicity, the induction of cytotoxicity by targeting the ubiquitin proteasome system, represents an appealing innovative strategy. The combination of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BTZ) and the proteotoxic stress-inducing HIV drug nelfinavir (NFV) synergistically induces proteotoxicity and shows encouraging preclinical efficacy in NSCLC. The second-generation proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib (CFZ) is superior to BTZ and overcomes BTZ resistance in multiple myeloma patients. Here, we show that CFZ together with NFV is superior to the BTZ + NFV combination in inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and proteotoxicity through the accumulation of excess proteasomal substrate protein in NSCLC in vitro and ex vivo. Interestingly, NFV increases the intracellular availability of CFZ through inhibition of CFZ export from NSCLC cells that express multidrug resistance (MDR) protein. Combining CFZ with NFV may therefore represent a future treatment option for NSCLC, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Besse
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, 9000, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
- Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95 Haus 09/218, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Marianne Kraus
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, 9000, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Andrej Besse
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, 9000, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Driessen
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, 9000, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Ignazio Tarantino
- Department of General, Visceral, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, 9000, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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6
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Okafor SN, Angsantikul P, Ahmed H. Discovery of Novel HIV Protease Inhibitors Using Modern Computational Techniques. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12149. [PMID: 36293006 PMCID: PMC9603388 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has continued to be a global concern. With the new HIV incidence, the emergence of multi-drug resistance and the untoward side effects of currently used anti-HIV drugs, there is an urgent need to discover more efficient anti-HIV drugs. Modern computational tools have played vital roles in facilitating the drug discovery process. This research focuses on a pharmacophore-based similarity search to screen 111,566,735 unique compounds in the PubChem database to discover novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs). We used an in silico approach involving a 3D-similarity search, physicochemical and ADMET evaluations, HIV protease-inhibitor prediction (IC50/percent inhibition), rigid receptor-molecular docking studies, binding free energy calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The 10 FDA-approved HIV PIs (saquinavir, lopinavir, ritonavir, amprenavir, fosamprenavir, atazanavir, nelfinavir, darunavir, tipranavir and indinavir) were used as reference. The in silico analysis revealed that fourteen out of the twenty-eight selected optimized hit molecules were within the acceptable range of all the parameters investigated. The hit molecules demonstrated significant binding affinity to the HIV protease (PR) when compared to the reference drugs. The important amino acid residues involved in hydrogen bonding and п-п stacked interactions include ASP25, GLY27, ASP29, ASP30 and ILE50. These interactions help to stabilize the optimized hit molecules in the active binding site of the HIV-1 PR (PDB ID: 2Q5K). HPS/002 and HPS/004 have been found to be most promising in terms of IC50/percent inhibition (90.15%) of HIV-1 PR, in addition to their drug metabolism and safety profile. These hit candidates should be investigated further as possible HIV-1 PIs with improved efficacy and low toxicity through in vitro experiments and clinical trial investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunday N. Okafor
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 41001, Nigeria
| | | | - Hashim Ahmed
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Foo CS, Abdelnabi R, Kaptein SJF, Zhang X, Ter Horst S, Mols R, Delang L, Rocha-Pereira J, Coelmont L, Leyssen P, Dallmeier K, Vergote V, Heylen E, Vangeel L, Chatterjee AK, Annaert PP, Augustijns PF, De Jonghe S, Jochmans D, Gouwy M, Cambier S, Vandooren J, Proost P, van Laer C, Weynand B, Neyts J. HIV protease inhibitors Nelfinavir and Lopinavir/Ritonavir markedly improve lung pathology in SARS-CoV-2-infected Syrian hamsters despite lack of an antiviral effect. Antiviral Res 2022; 202:105311. [PMID: 35390430 PMCID: PMC8978445 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nelfinavir is an HIV protease inhibitor that has been widely prescribed as a component of highly active antiretroviral therapy, and has been reported to exert in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. We here assessed the effect of Nelfinavir in a SARS-CoV-2 infection model in hamsters. Despite the fact that Nelfinavir, [50 mg/kg twice daily (BID) for four consecutive days], did not reduce viral RNA load and infectious virus titres in the lung of infected animals, treatment resulted in a substantial improvement of SARS-CoV-2-induced lung pathology. This was accompanied by a dense infiltration of neutrophils in the lung interstitium which was similarly observed in non-infected hamsters. Nelfinavir resulted also in a marked increase in activated neutrophils in the blood, as observed in non-infected animals. Although Nelfinavir treatment did not alter the expression of chemoattractant receptors or adhesion molecules on human neutrophils, in vitro migration of human neutrophils to the major human neutrophil attractant CXCL8 was augmented by this protease inhibitor. Nelfinavir appears to induce an immunomodulatory effect associated with increasing neutrophil number and functionality, which may be linked to the marked improvement in SARS-CoV-2 lung pathology independent of its lack of antiviral activity. Since Nelfinavir is no longer used for the treatment of HIV, we studied the effect of two other HIV protease inhibitors, namely the combination Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Kaletra™) in this model. This combination resulted in a similar protective effect as Nelfinavir against SARS-CoV2 induced lung pathology in hamsters. Nelfinavir and lopinavir/ritonavir are FDA-approved HIV-protease inhibitors that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro. In hamsters, both compounds did not reduce viral loads but resulted in marked improvement of virus-induced lung pathology. Histopathology revealed a dense infiltration of neutrophils in the lungs of animals treated with these protease inhibitors. Nelfinavir treatment resulted also in a marked increase in activated neutrophils in the blood of treated hamsters. These data suggest that these compounds induce immunomodulatory effects, resulting in improvement of the lung pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Foo
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Suzanne J F Kaptein
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xin Zhang
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Ter Horst
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raf Mols
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery & Disposition, Box 921, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joana Rocha-Pereira
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lotte Coelmont
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valentijn Vergote
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Heylen
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Vangeel
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Pieter P Annaert
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery & Disposition, Box 921, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick F Augustijns
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery & Disposition, Box 921, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Seppe Cambier
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Vandooren
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Immunobiology, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine van Laer
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Birgit Weynand
- KU Leuven Department of Imaging and Pathology, Division of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium; GVN, Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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8
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Bakowski MA, Beutler N, Wolff KC, Kirkpatrick MG, Chen E, Nguyen TTH, Riva L, Shaabani N, Parren M, Ricketts J, Gupta AK, Pan K, Kuo P, Fuller M, Garcia E, Teijaro JR, Yang L, Sahoo D, Chi V, Huang E, Vargas N, Roberts AJ, Das S, Ghosh P, Woods AK, Joseph SB, Hull MV, Schultz PG, Burton DR, Chatterjee AK, McNamara CW, Rogers TF. Drug repurposing screens identify chemical entities for the development of COVID-19 interventions. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3309. [PMID: 34083527 PMCID: PMC8175350 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23328-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), necessitates strategies to identify prophylactic and therapeutic drug candidates for rapid clinical deployment. Here, we describe a screening pipeline for the discovery of efficacious SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. We screen a best-in-class drug repurposing library, ReFRAME, against two high-throughput, high-content imaging infection assays: one using HeLa cells expressing SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and the other using lung epithelial Calu-3 cells. From nearly 12,000 compounds, we identify 49 (in HeLa-ACE2) and 41 (in Calu-3) compounds capable of selectively inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication. Notably, most screen hits are cell-line specific, likely due to different virus entry mechanisms or host cell-specific sensitivities to modulators. Among these promising hits, the antivirals nelfinavir and the parent of prodrug MK-4482 possess desirable in vitro activity, pharmacokinetic and human safety profiles, and both reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication in an orthogonal human differentiated primary cell model. Furthermore, MK-4482 effectively blocks SARS-CoV-2 infection in a hamster model. Overall, we identify direct-acting antivirals as the most promising compounds for drug repurposing, additional compounds that may have value in combination therapies, and tool compounds for identification of viral host cell targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malina A Bakowski
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Nathan Beutler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karen C Wolff
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Emily Chen
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tu-Trinh H Nguyen
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laura Riva
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Namir Shaabani
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mara Parren
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James Ricketts
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anil K Gupta
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kastin Pan
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Peiting Kuo
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - MacKenzie Fuller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- HUMANOID CoRE, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elijah Garcia
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Linlin Yang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Victor Chi
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Edward Huang
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Vargas
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amanda J Roberts
- Animal Models Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Soumita Das
- HUMANOID CoRE, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- HUMANOID CoRE, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ashley K Woods
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sean B Joseph
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mitchell V Hull
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Peter G Schultz
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Case W McNamara
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas F Rogers
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- UC San Diego Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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9
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Qu H, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Li H, Liu X, Xiong X, Zhang L, Gu J, Yang G, Zhu Z, Zheng H, Ouyang Q. The potential effects of clinical antidiabetic agents on SARS-CoV-2. J Diabetes 2021; 13:243-252. [PMID: 33210826 PMCID: PMC7753367 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is currently posing significant threats to public health worldwide. It is notable that a substantial proportion of patients with sever COVID-19 have coexisting diabetic conditions, indicating the progression and outcome of COVID-19 may relate to diabetes. However, it is still unclear whether diabetic treatment principles can be used for the treatment of COVID-19. METHODS We conducted a computational approach to screen all commonly used clinical oral hypoglycemic drugs to identify the potential inhibitors for the main protease (Mpro ) of SARS-CoV-2, which is one of the key drug targets for anti-COVID-19 drug discovery. RESULTS Six antidiabetic drugs with docking scores higher than 8.0 (cutoff value), including repaglinide, canagliflozin, glipizide, gliquidone, glimepiride, and linagliptin, were predicted as the promising inhibitors of Mpro . Interestingly, repaglinide, one of the six antidiabetic drugs with the highest docking score for Mpro , was similar to a previously predicted active molecule nelfinavir, which is a potential anti-HIV and anti-COVID-19 drug. Moreover, we found repaglinide shared similar docking pose and pharmacophores with a reported ligand (N3 inhibitor) and nelfinavir, demonstrating that repaglinide would interact with Mpro in a similar way. CONCLUSION These results indicated that these six antidiabetic drugs may have an extra effect on the treatment of COVID-19, although further studies are necessary to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Qu
- Department of EndocrinologyTranslational Research of Diabetes Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of EndocrinologyTranslational Research of Diabetes Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yuren Wang
- Department of EndocrinologyTranslational Research of Diabetes Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryCollege of Pharmacy, Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Hongwei Li
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryCollege of Pharmacy, Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xiufei Liu
- Department of EndocrinologyTranslational Research of Diabetes Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xin Xiong
- Department of EndocrinologyTranslational Research of Diabetes Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of EndocrinologyTranslational Research of Diabetes Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Jing Gu
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryCollege of Pharmacy, Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Gangyi Yang
- Department of EndocrinologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zhiming Zhu
- Department of Hypertension and EndocrinologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Hongting Zheng
- Department of EndocrinologyTranslational Research of Diabetes Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Qin Ouyang
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryCollege of Pharmacy, Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
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10
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Pathak N, Chen YT, Hsu YC, Hsu NY, Kuo CJ, Tsai HP, Kang JJ, Huang CH, Chang SY, Chang YH, Liang PH, Yang JM. Uncovering Flexible Active Site Conformations of SARS-CoV-2 3CL Proteases through Protease Pharmacophore Clusters and COVID-19 Drug Repurposing. ACS Nano 2021; 15:857-872. [PMID: 33373194 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The infectious SARS-CoV-2 causes COVID-19, which is now a global pandemic. Aiming for effective treatments, we focused on the key drug target, the viral 3C-like (3CL) protease. We modeled a big dataset with 42 SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease-ligand complex structures from ∼98.7% similar SARS-CoV 3CL protease with abundant complex structures. The diverse flexible active site conformations identified in the dataset were clustered into six protease pharmacophore clusters (PPCs). For the PPCs with distinct flexible protease active sites and diverse interaction environments, we identified pharmacophore anchor hotspots. A total of 11 "PPC consensus anchors" (a distinct set observed in each PPC) were observed, of which three "PPC core anchors" EHV2, HV1, and V3 are strongly conserved across PPCs. The six PPC cavities were then applied in virtual screening of 2122 FDA drugs for repurposing, using core anchor-derived "PPC scoring S" to yield seven drug candidates. Experimental testing by SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease inhibition assay and antiviral cytopathic effect assays discovered active hits, Boceprevir and Telaprevir (HCV drugs) and Nelfinavir (HIV drug). Specifically, Boceprevir showed strong protease inhibition with micromolar IC50 of 1.42 μM and an antiviral activity with EC50 of 49.89 μM, whereas Telaprevir showed moderate protease inhibition only with an IC50 of 11.47 μM. Nelfinavir solely showed antiviral activity with a micromolar EC50 value of 3.28 μM. Analysis of binding mechanisms of protease inhibitors revealed the role of PPC core anchors. Our PPCs revealed the flexible protease active site conformations, which successfully enabled drug repurposing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Pathak
- TIGP Bioinformatics Program, Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ti Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chao Hsu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Nung-Yu Hsu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jung Kuo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hui Ping Tsai
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 114, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Jou Kang
- National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Heng Huang
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 114, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 114, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Yuan Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiu Chang
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 114, Taiwan
| | - Po-Huang Liang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jinn-Moon Yang
- TIGP Bioinformatics Program, Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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11
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Bolcato G, Bissaro M, Pavan M, Sturlese M, Moro S. Targeting the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2: computational insights into the mechanism of action of the protease inhibitors lopinavir, ritonavir and nelfinavir. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20927. [PMID: 33262359 PMCID: PMC7708625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77700-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is a recently discovered single-stranded RNA betacoronavirus, responsible for a severe respiratory disease known as coronavirus disease 2019, which is rapidly spreading. Chinese health authorities, as a response to the lack of an effective therapeutic strategy, started to investigate the use of lopinavir and ritonavir, previously optimized for the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS viral infection. Despite the clinical use of these two drugs, no information regarding their possible mechanism of action at the molecular level is still known for SARS-CoV-2. Very recently, the crystallographic structure of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), also known as C30 Endopeptidase, was published. Starting from this essential structural information, in the present work we have exploited supervised molecular dynamics, an emerging computational technique that allows investigating at an atomic level the recognition process of a ligand from its unbound to the final bound state. In this research, we provided molecular insight on the whole recognition pathway of Lopinavir, Ritonavir, and Nelfinavir, three potential C30 Endopeptidase inhibitors, with the last one taken into consideration due to the promising in-vitro activity shown against the structurally related SARS-CoV protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bolcato
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Maicol Bissaro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Pavan
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Sturlese
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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12
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Komatsu TS, Okimoto N, Koyama YM, Hirano Y, Morimoto G, Ohno Y, Taiji M. Drug binding dynamics of the dimeric SARS-CoV-2 main protease, determined by molecular dynamics simulation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16986. [PMID: 33046764 PMCID: PMC7550358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74099-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed molecular dynamics simulation of the dimeric SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2) main protease (Mpro) to examine the binding dynamics of small molecular ligands. Seven HIV inhibitors, darunavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, and tipranavir, were used as the potential lead drugs to investigate access to the drug binding sites in Mpro. The frequently accessed sites on Mpro were classified based on contacts between the ligands and the protein, and the differences in site distributions of the encounter complex were observed among the ligands. All seven ligands showed binding to the active site at least twice in 28 simulations of 200 ns each. We further investigated the variations in the complex structure of the active site with the ligands, using microsecond order simulations. Results revealed a wide variation in the shapes of the binding sites and binding poses of the ligands. Additionally, the C-terminal region of the other chain often interacted with the ligands and the active site. Collectively, these findings indicate the importance of dynamic sampling of protein-ligand complexes and suggest the possibilities of further drug optimisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruhisa S Komatsu
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan.
| | - Noriaki Okimoto
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
- Drug Discovery Molecular Simulation Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Yohei M Koyama
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hirano
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
- Drug Discovery Molecular Simulation Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Gentaro Morimoto
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
- Drug Discovery Molecular Simulation Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Yousuke Ohno
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Makoto Taiji
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan.
- Drug Discovery Molecular Simulation Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan.
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13
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Musarrat F, Chouljenko V, Dahal A, Nabi R, Chouljenko T, Jois SD, Kousoulas KG. The anti-HIV drug nelfinavir mesylate (Viracept) is a potent inhibitor of cell fusion caused by the SARSCoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein warranting further evaluation as an antiviral against COVID-19 infections. J Med Virol 2020; 92:2087-2095. [PMID: 32374457 PMCID: PMC7267418 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Coronaviruses enter cells via fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane and/or via fusion of the viral envelope with endosomal membranes after virion endocytosis. The spike (S) glycoprotein is a major determinant of virus infectivity. Herein, we show that the transient expression of the SARS CoV-2 S glycoprotein in Vero cells caused extensive cell fusion (formation of syncytia) in comparison to limited cell fusion caused by the SARS S glycoprotein. Both S glycoproteins were detected intracellularly and on transfected Vero cell surfaces. These results are in agreement with published pathology observations of extensive syncytia formation in lung tissues of patients with COVID-19. These results suggest that SARS CoV-2 is able to spread from cell-to-cell much more efficiently than SARS effectively avoiding extracellular neutralizing antibodies. A systematic screening of several drugs including cardiac glycosides and kinase inhibitors and inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry revealed that only the FDA-approved HIV protease inhibitor, nelfinavir mesylate (Viracept) drastically inhibited S-n- and S-o-mediated cell fusion with complete inhibition at a 10-μM concentration. In-silico docking experiments suggested the possibility that nelfinavir may bind inside the S trimer structure, proximal to the S2 amino terminus directly inhibiting S-n- and S-o-mediated membrane fusion. Also, it is possible that nelfinavir may act to inhibit S proteolytic processing within cells. These results warrant further investigations of the potential of nelfinavir mesylate to inhibit virus spread at early times after SARS CoV-2 symptoms appear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Musarrat
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular MedicineLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisiana
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisiana
| | - Vladimir Chouljenko
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular MedicineLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisiana
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisiana
| | - Achyut Dahal
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of PharmacyUniversity of Louisiana MonroeMonroeLouisiana
| | - Rafiq Nabi
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular MedicineLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisiana
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisiana
| | - Tamara Chouljenko
- Louisiana State University Agricultural CenterAgricultural Biotechnology LaboratoryBaton RougeLouisiana
| | - Seetharama D. Jois
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of PharmacyUniversity of Louisiana MonroeMonroeLouisiana
| | - Konstantin G. Kousoulas
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular MedicineLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisiana
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisiana
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14
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Georgi F, Andriasyan V, Witte R, Murer L, Hemmi S, Yu L, Grove M, Meili N, Kuttler F, Yakimovich A, Turcatti G, Greber UF. The FDA-Approved Drug Nelfinavir Inhibits Lytic Cell-Free but Not Cell-Associated Nonlytic Transmission of Human Adenovirus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:e01002-20. [PMID: 32601166 PMCID: PMC7449217 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01002-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses (AdVs) are prevalent and give rise to chronic and recurrent disease. Human AdV (HAdV) species B and C, such as HAdV-C2, -C5, and -B14, cause respiratory disease and constitute a health threat for immunocompromised individuals. HAdV-Cs are well known for lysing cells owing to the E3 CR1-β-encoded adenovirus death protein (ADP). We previously reported a high-throughput image-based screening framework and identified an inhibitor of HAdV-C2 multiround infection, nelfinavir mesylate. Nelfinavir is the active ingredient of Viracept, an FDA-approved inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) aspartyl protease that is used to treat AIDS. It is not effective against single-round HAdV infections. Here, we show that nelfinavir inhibits lytic cell-free transmission of HAdV, indicated by the suppression of comet-shaped infection foci in cell culture. Comet-shaped foci occur upon convection-based transmission of cell-free viral particles from an infected cell to neighboring uninfected cells. HAdV lacking ADP was insensitive to nelfinavir but gave rise to comet-shaped foci, indicating that ADP enhances but is not required for cell lysis. This was supported by the notion that HAdV-B14 and -B14p1 lacking ADP were highly sensitive to nelfinavir, although HAdV-A31, -B3, -B7, -B11, -B16, -B21, -D8, -D30, and -D37 were less sensitive. Conspicuously, nelfinavir uncovered slow-growing round HAdV-C2 foci, independent of neutralizing antibodies in the medium, indicative of nonlytic cell-to-cell transmission. Our study demonstrates the repurposing potential of nelfinavir with postexposure efficacy against different HAdVs and describes an alternative nonlytic cell-to-cell transmission mode of HAdV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Georgi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vardan Andriasyan
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Witte
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Murer
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Hemmi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Yu
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Grove
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Meili
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Kuttler
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Artur Yakimovich
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Artificial Intelligence for Life Sciences CIC, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerardo Turcatti
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Georgi F, Kuttler F, Murer L, Andriasyan V, Witte R, Yakimovich A, Turcatti G, Greber UF. A high-content image-based drug screen of clinical compounds against cell transmission of adenovirus. Sci Data 2020; 7:265. [PMID: 32788590 PMCID: PMC7423605 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are fatal to immuno-suppressed individuals, but no effective anti-HAdV therapy is available. Here, we present a novel image-based high-throughput screening (HTS) platform, which scores the full viral replication cycle from virus entry to dissemination of progeny and second-round infections. We analysed 1,280 small molecular weight compounds of the Prestwick Chemical Library (PCL) for interference with HAdV-C2 infection in a quadruplicate, blinded format, and performed robust image analyses and hit filtering. We present the entire set of the screening data including all images, image analyses and data processing pipelines. The data are made available at the Image Data Resource (IDR, idr0081). Our screen identified Nelfinavir mesylate as an inhibitor of HAdV-C2 multi-round plaque formation, but not single round infection. Nelfinavir has been FDA-approved for anti-retroviral therapy in humans. Our results underscore the power of image-based full cycle infection assays in identifying viral inhibitors with clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Georgi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich (UZH), Winterthurerstrasse, 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Kuttler
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 15, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Luca Murer
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich (UZH), Winterthurerstrasse, 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vardan Andriasyan
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich (UZH), Winterthurerstrasse, 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Witte
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich (UZH), Winterthurerstrasse, 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Artur Yakimovich
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Artificial Intelligence for Life Sciences CIC, 40 Gowers walk, London, E1 8BH, United Kingdom
| | - Gerardo Turcatti
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 15, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich (UZH), Winterthurerstrasse, 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Castiello L, Zevini A, Vulpis E, Muscolini M, Ferrari M, Palermo E, Peruzzi G, Krapp C, Jakobsen M, Olagnier D, Zingoni A, Santoni A, Hiscott J. An optimized retinoic acid-inducible gene I agonist M8 induces immunogenic cell death markers in human cancer cells and dendritic cell activation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:1479-1492. [PMID: 31463653 PMCID: PMC11028197 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RIG-I is a cytosolic RNA sensor that recognizes short 5' triphosphate RNA, commonly generated during virus infection. Upon activation, RIG-I initiates antiviral immunity, and in some circumstances, induces cell death. Because of this dual capacity, RIG-I has emerged as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy. Previously, a sequence-optimized RIG-I agonist (termed M8) was generated and shown to stimulate a robust immune response capable of blocking viral infection and to function as an adjuvant in vaccination strategies. Here, we investigated the potential of M8 as an anti-cancer agent by analyzing its ability to induce cell death and activate the immune response. In multiple cancer cell lines, M8 treatment strongly activated caspase 3-dependent apoptosis, that relied on an intrinsic NOXA and PUMA-driven pathway that was dependent on IFN-I signaling. Additionally, cell death induced by M8 was characterized by the expression of markers of immunogenic cell death-related damage-associated molecular patterns (ICD-DAMP)-calreticulin, HMGB1 and ATP-and high levels of ICD-related cytokines CXCL10, IFNβ, CCL2 and CXCL1. Moreover, M8 increased the levels of HLA-ABC expression on the tumor cell surface, as well as up-regulation of genes involved in antigen processing and presentation. M8 induction of the RIG-I pathway in cancer cells favored dendritic cell phagocytosis and induction of co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, together with increased expression of IL12 and CXCL10. Altogether, these results highlight the potential of M8 in cancer immunotherapy, with the capacity to induce ICD-DAMP on tumor cells and activate immunostimulatory signals that synergize with current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Castiello
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy.
- FaBioCell, Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Zevini
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Michela Muscolini
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Ferrari
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Palermo
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Peruzzi
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Krapp
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David Olagnier
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Angela Santoni
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - John Hiscott
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Hitz F, Kraus M, Pabst T, Hess D, Besse L, Silzle T, Novak U, Seipel K, Rondeau S, Stüdeli S, Vilei SB, Samaras P, Mey U, Driessen C. Nelfinavir and lenalidomide/dexamethasone in patients with lenalidomide-refractory multiple myeloma. A phase I/II Trial (SAKK 39/10). Blood Cancer J 2019; 9:70. [PMID: 31455773 PMCID: PMC6711992 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-019-0228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The antiretroviral agent nelfinavir has antimyeloma activity and can overcome resistance to bortezomib. Our phase I/II trial investigated whether adding nelfinavir to lenalidomide-dexamethasone can overcome lenalidomide resistance in lenalidomide-refractory multiple myeloma (MM). Twenty-nine patients were included (high-risk cytogenetic aberrations 31%; ≥2 prior therapy lines 93%; lenalidomide-bortezomib double-refractory 34%). Twenty-four patients (83%) had prior bortezomib and 10 (34%) were lenalidomide-bortezomib double-refractory. They received four cycles of nelfinavir 2500 mg/day with standard-dose lenalidomide (25 mg days 1-21) and dexamethasone (40/20 mg days 1, 8, 15, 22). Minor response or better was achieved in 16 patients (55%; 95% CI 36-74%), including 40% of those who were lenalidomide-bortezomib double-refractory, and partial response or better in nine patients (31%; 95% CI 15-51%). Median progression-free survival was 3.4 (95% CI 2.0-4.9) months and median overall survival 21.6 (13.0-50.1) months. Lenalidomide-related pneumonitis, pneumonia, and neutropenic fever occurred, but there were no unexpected adverse events. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed a 45% (95% CI 40-51%) reduction in total proteasome activity from baseline and significant induction of unfolded protein response and autophagy. Thus, nelfinavir-lenalidomide-dexamethasone is an active oral combination in lenalidomide-refractory MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hitz
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - M Kraus
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - T Pabst
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Universitätsspital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - D Hess
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - L Besse
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - T Silzle
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - U Novak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Universitätsspital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - K Seipel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Universitätsspital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - S Rondeau
- SAKK Coordinating Center, Bern, Switzerland
| | - S Stüdeli
- SAKK Coordinating Center, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - U Mey
- Department of Oncology, Kantonsspital Graubünden, Chur, Switzerland
| | - C Driessen
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
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Paredes R, Tzou PL, van Zyl G, Barrow G, Camacho R, Carmona S, Grant PM, Gupta RK, Hamers RL, Harrigan PR, Jordan MR, Kantor R, Katzenstein DA, Kuritzkes DR, Maldarelli F, Otelea D, Wallis CL, Schapiro JM, Shafer RW. Collaborative update of a rule-based expert system for HIV-1 genotypic resistance test interpretation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181357. [PMID: 28753637 PMCID: PMC5533429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV-1 genotypic resistance test (GRT) interpretation systems (IS) require updates as new studies on HIV-1 drug resistance are published and as treatment guidelines evolve. METHODS An expert panel was created to provide recommendations for the update of the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database (HIVDB) GRT-IS. The panel was polled on the ARVs to be included in a GRT report, and the drug-resistance interpretations associated with 160 drug-resistance mutation (DRM) pattern-ARV combinations. The DRM pattern-ARV combinations included 52 nucleoside RT inhibitor (NRTI) DRM pattern-ARV combinations (13 patterns x 4 NRTIs), 27 nonnucleoside RT inhibitor (NNRTI) DRM pattern-ARV combinations (9 patterns x 3 NNRTIs), 39 protease inhibitor (PI) DRM pattern-ARV combinations (13 patterns x 3 PIs) and 42 integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) DRM pattern-ARV combinations (14 patterns x 3 INSTIs). RESULTS There was universal agreement that a GRT report should include the NRTIs lamivudine, abacavir, zidovudine, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; the NNRTIs efavirenz, etravirine, nevirapine, and rilpivirine; the PIs atazanavir/r, darunavir/r, and lopinavir/r (with "/r" indicating pharmacological boosting with ritonavir or cobicistat); and the INSTIs dolutegravir, elvitegravir, and raltegravir. There was a range of opinion as to whether the NRTIs stavudine and didanosine and the PIs nelfinavir, indinavir/r, saquinavir/r, fosamprenavir/r, and tipranavir/r should be included. The expert panel members provided highly concordant DRM pattern-ARV interpretations with only 6% of NRTI, 6% of NNRTI, 5% of PI, and 3% of INSTI individual expert interpretations differing from the expert panel median by more than one resistance level. The expert panel median differed from the HIVDB 7.0 GRT-IS for 20 (12.5%) of the 160 DRM pattern-ARV combinations including 12 NRTI, two NNRTI, and six INSTI pattern-ARV combinations. Eighteen of these differences were updated in HIVDB 8.1 GRT-IS to reflect the expert panel median. Additionally, HIVDB users are now provided with the option to exclude those ARVs not considered to be universally required. CONCLUSIONS The HIVDB GRT-IS was updated through a collaborative process to reflect changes in HIV drug resistance knowledge, treatment guidelines, and expert opinion. Such a process broadens consensus among experts and identifies areas requiring further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip L. Tzou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Gert van Zyl
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University and NHLS Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Geoff Barrow
- Centre for HIV/AIDS Research, Education and Services (CHARES), Department of Medicine, University of the West Indies, Kingston Jamaica
| | - Ricardo Camacho
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sergio Carmona
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Philip M. Grant
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Raph L. Hamers
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michael R. Jordan
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Rami Kantor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - David A. Katzenstein
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Kuritzkes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Frank Maldarelli
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, CCR, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Translational Research Unit, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Dan Otelea
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Robert W. Shafer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
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Jensen K, Bikas A, Patel A, Kushchayeva Y, Costello J, McDaniel D, Burman K, Vasko V. Nelfinavir inhibits proliferation and induces DNA damage in thyroid cancer cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:147-156. [PMID: 28137980 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The HIV protease inhibitor Nelfinavir (NFV) inhibits PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways, emerging targets in thyroid cancers. We examined the effects of NFV on cancer cells that derived from follicular (FTC), papillary (PTC) and anaplastic (ATC) thyroid cancers. NFV (1-20 µM) was tested in FTC133, BCPAP and SW1736 cell lines. The effects of NFV on cell proliferation were determined in vitro using real-time microscopy and by flow cytometry. DNA damage, apoptotic cell death and expression of molecular markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were determined by Western blot and real-time PCR. Real-time imaging demonstrated that NFV (10 µM) increased the time required for the cell passage through the phases of cell cycle and induced DNA fragmentation. Growth inhibitory effects of NFV were associated with the accumulation of cells in G0/G1 phase, downregulation of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). NFV also induced the expression of γH2AX and p53BP1 indicating DNA damage. Treatment with NFV (20 µM) resulted in caspase-3 cleavage in all examined cells. NFV (20 µM) decreased the levels of total and p-AKT in PTEN-deficient FTC133 cells. NFV had no significant effects on total ERK and p-ERK in BRAF-positive BCPAP and SW1736 cells. NFV had no effects on the expression of EMT markers (Twist, Vimentin, E- and N-Cadherin), but inhibited the migration and decreased the abilities of thyroid cancer cells to survive in non-adherent conditions. We conclude that NFV inhibits proliferation and induces DNA damage in thyroid cancer cell lines. Our in vitro data suggest that NFV has a potential to become a new thyroid cancer therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Jensen
- Department of PediatricsUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Athanasios Bikas
- Department of Internal MedicineGeorgetown University Hospital MedStar, Washington Hospital Center Internal Medicine Residency Program, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Aneeta Patel
- Department of PediatricsUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - John Costello
- Department of PediatricsUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dennis McDaniel
- Uniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBiomedical Instrumentation Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth Burman
- MedStar Washington Hospital CenterEndocrinology, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Vasyl Vasko
- Department of PediatricsUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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20
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Al-Assar O, Bittner MI, Lunardi S, Stratford MR, McKenna WG, Brunner TB. The radiosensitizing effects of Nelfinavir on pancreatic cancer with and without pancreatic stellate cells. Radiother Oncol 2016; 119:300-5. [PMID: 27247056 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We have previously shown in a phase I trial that nelfinavir (NFV) is safe with chemoradiation in PDAC with good signs for efficacy. Reverse translationally, we aimed to test the influence of PSCs on nelfinavir mediated radiosensitization to PDAC preclinically, because PDAC is very rich in desmoplasia and PSCs are known to mediate radioresistance. METHODS In a direct co-culture model of several PDAC cell lines with PSC we performed clonogenic assays +/- nelfinavir. This was repeated exposing cells to hypoxic conditions. In xenograft PDAC tumors we tested radiation +/- nelfinavir +/- PSC. RESULTS NFV sensitized both, PDAC only and PDAC cocultured with PSC (PDAC: Panc-1, MiaPaCa-2, PSN-1). In Panc-1 and PSN-1 this effect was larger +PSC compared to -PSC. Human pancreatic stellate cells (hPSC) were also sensitized by NFV which reduced p-FAK levels in hPSC, an effect that we previously found to sensitize specifically PDAC/PSC coculture. Contrarily, LY294002 reduced p-Akt in PSC (hPSC and LTC-14) but had no impact on PSC radiation survival. In vitro, nelfinavir sensitized Panc-1 and PSN-1 under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In PSN-1 xenografts, +PSC led to faster tumor regrowth after radiation vs -PSC. The regrowth delay effect of nelfinavir after radiation was dramatically larger +PSC vs -PSC (time to reach 250mm(3) 183% vs 22%). CONCLUSION NFV mediated radiosensitization in PDAC with stroma is partly mediated by p-FAK inhibition (Chen et al., 2013). In vitro, NFV sensitizes both normoxic and hypoxic PDAC +/- PSC to a roughly similar extent. The dramatic increased effect of xenograft regrowth inhibition by nelfinavir in tumors with PSC is attributed to vascular normalization (Brunner et al., 2014) rather than direct modification of hypoxia as shown by the tumor regrowth after gemcitabine with NFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Al-Assar
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg, Partner Site Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin-Immanuel Bittner
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg, Partner Site Freiburg, Germany; Dept. of Radiation Oncology Freiburg, Heidelberg, Partner Site Freiburg, Germany
| | - Serena Lunardi
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg, Partner Site Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael R Stratford
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg, Partner Site Freiburg, Germany
| | - W Gillies McKenna
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg, Partner Site Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas B Brunner
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg, Partner Site Freiburg, Germany; Dept. of Radiation Oncology Freiburg, Heidelberg, Partner Site Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Partner Site Freiburg, Germany.
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21
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Smith MP, Brunton H, Rowling EJ, Ferguson J, Arozarena I, Miskolczi Z, Lee JL, Girotti MR, Marais R, Levesque MP, Dummer R, Frederick DT, Flaherty KT, Cooper ZA, Wargo JA, Wellbrock C. Inhibiting Drivers of Non-mutational Drug Tolerance Is a Salvage Strategy for Targeted Melanoma Therapy. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:270-284. [PMID: 26977879 PMCID: PMC4796027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Once melanomas have progressed with acquired resistance to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-targeted therapy, mutational heterogeneity presents a major challenge. We therefore examined the therapy phase before acquired resistance had developed and discovered the melanoma survival oncogene MITF as a driver of an early non-mutational and reversible drug-tolerance state, which is induced by PAX3-mediated upregulation of MITF. A drug-repositioning screen identified the HIV1-protease inhibitor nelfinavir as potent suppressor of PAX3 and MITF expression. Nelfinavir profoundly sensitizes BRAF and NRAS mutant melanoma cells to MAPK-pathway inhibitors. Moreover, nelfinavir is effective in BRAF and NRAS mutant melanoma cells isolated from patients progressed on MAPK inhibitor (MAPKi) therapy and in BRAF/NRAS/PTEN mutant tumors. We demonstrate that inhibiting a driver of MAPKi-induced drug tolerance could improve current approaches of targeted melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Smith
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Holly Brunton
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Emily J Rowling
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jennifer Ferguson
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Imanol Arozarena
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Zsofia Miskolczi
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jessica L Lee
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Maria R Girotti
- Molecular Oncology Group, CRUK Manchester Institute for Cancer Research, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Richard Marais
- Molecular Oncology Group, CRUK Manchester Institute for Cancer Research, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, University of Zürich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, University of Zürich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dennie T Frederick
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114-2696, USA
| | - Keith T Flaherty
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114-2696, USA
| | - Zachary A Cooper
- Divison of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer A Wargo
- Divison of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Claudia Wellbrock
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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22
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Mathur A, Abd Elmageed ZY, Liu X, Kostochka ML, Zhang H, Abdel-Mageed AB, Mondal D. Subverting ER-stress towards apoptosis by nelfinavir and curcumin coexposure augments docetaxel efficacy in castration resistant prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103109. [PMID: 25121735 PMCID: PMC4133210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its side-effects, docetaxel (DTX) remains a first-line treatment against castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Therefore, strategies to increase its anti-tumor efficacy and decrease its side effects are critically needed. Targeting of the constitutive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in cancer cells is being investigated as a chemosensitization approach. We hypothesized that the simultaneous induction of ER-stress and suppression of PI3K/AKT survival pathway will be a more effective approach. In a CRPC cell line, C4-2B, we observed significant (p<0.005) enhancement of DTX-induced cytotoxicity following coexposure to thapsigargin and an AKT-inhibitor. However, since these two agents are not clinically approved, we investigated whether a combination of nelfinavir (NFR) and curcumin (CUR), known to target both these metabolic pathways, can similarly increase DTX cytotoxicity in CRPC cells. Within 24 hrs post-exposure to physiologic concentrations of NFR (5 µM) and CUR (5 µM) a significantly (p<0.005) enhanced cytotoxicity was evident with low concentration of DTX (10 nM). This 3-drug combination rapidly increased apoptosis in aggressive C4-2B cells, but not in RWPE-1 cells or in primary prostate epithelial cells (PrEC). Comparative molecular studies revealed that this 3-drug combination caused a more pronounced suppression of phosphorylated-AKT and higher induction in phosphorylated-eIF2α in C4-2B cells, as compared to RWPE-1 cells. Acute exposure (3–9 hrs) to this 3-drug combination intensified ER-stress induced pro-apoptotic markers, i.e. ATF4, CHOP, and TRIB3. At much lower concentrations, chronic (3 wks) exposures to these three agents drastically reduced colony forming units (CFU) by C4-2B cells. In vivo studies using mice containing C4-2B tumor xenografts showed significant (p<0.05) enhancement of DTX’s (10 mg/kg) anti-tumor efficacy following coexposure to NFR (20 mg/kg) & CUR (100 mg/kg). Immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses of tumor sections indicated decreased Ki-67 staining and increased TUNEL intensity in mice exposed to the 3-drug combination. Therefore, subverting ER-stress towards apoptosis using adjuvant therapy with NFR and CUR can chemosensitize the CRPC cells to DTX therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Mathur
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Zakaria Y. Abd Elmageed
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Xichun Liu
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Mikhail L. Kostochka
- Peptide Research Laboratories, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Asim B. Abdel-Mageed
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Debasis Mondal
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kushchayeva Y, Jensen K, Recupero A, Costello J, Patel A, Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J, Boyle L, Burman K, Vasko V. The HIV protease inhibitor nelfinavir down-regulates RET signaling and induces apoptosis in medullary thyroid cancer cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E734-45. [PMID: 24483157 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mutations of RET tyrosine kinase are associated with the development of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). The heat shock protein (HSP) 90 chaperone is required for folding and stability of RET mutants. HSP90 is a molecular target for the HIV protease inhibitor nelfinavir (NFV). OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that treatment with NFV may lead to the inhibition of RET signaling and induction of apoptosis in MTC cells. DESIGN Two human MTC cell lines, TT and MZ-CRC-1, which harbor endogenous C634W or M918T RET mutations, respectively, were exposed to clinically achievable concentrations of NFV. JC-1 staining and caspase-3 cleavage assays were performed to measure mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis. Activation of RET signaling was examined by Western blot. Autophagy was monitored by the detection of the light-chain 3BII. Expression of HSP90 and LC3B were examined in 36 human MTCs. RESULTS At a therapeutic serum concentration (10 μM), NFV inhibited the viability of TT and MZ-CRC-1 cells by 55% and 10%, respectively. In a dose-dependent manner, NFV inhibited cyclin D1 and caused caspase-3 cleavage. NFV decreased the level of RET protein and blocked the activation of RET downstream targets (phosphorylated ERK, phosphorylated AKT, and p70S6K/pS6). NFV induced metabolic stress, activated AMP-activated protein kinase and increased autophagic flux. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy (chloroquine) augmented NFV-inducible cytotoxicity, suggesting that autophagy was protective in NFV-treated cells. NFV led to mitochondrial membrane depolarization and induced both oxidative stress and DNA damage. An antioxidant (n-acetylcysteine) attenuated DNA damage and prevented NFV-inducible apoptosis. HSP90 overexpression was found in 17 of 36 human MTCs and correlated with metastases and RET mutations. LC3B was detected in 20 of 36 human MTCs. CONCLUSIONS NFV has a wide spectrum of activity against MTC cells, and its cytotoxicity can be augmented by inhibiting autophagy. Expression of NFV molecular targets in metastatic MTC suggests that NFV has a potential to become a thyroid cancer therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniya Kushchayeva
- Department of Pediatrics (K.J., A.R., J.C., A.P., V.V.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814; Department of Medicine (Y.K., J.K.-G., K.B.), Division of Endocrinology, Washington Hospital Center, and Department of Surgery (L.B.), Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20010
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Abstract
Drug repositioning (also referred to as drug repurposing), the process of finding new uses of existing drugs, has been gaining popularity in recent years. The availability of several established clinical drug libraries and rapid advances in disease biology, genomics and bioinformatics has accelerated the pace of both activity-based and in silico drug repositioning. Drug repositioning has attracted particular attention from the communities engaged in anticancer drug discovery due to the combination of great demand for new anticancer drugs and the availability of a wide variety of cell- and target-based screening assays. With the successful clinical introduction of a number of non-cancer drugs for cancer treatment, drug repositioning now became a powerful alternative strategy to discover and develop novel anticancer drug candidates from the existing drug space. In this review, recent successful examples of drug repositioning for anticancer drug discovery from non-cancer drugs will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong Sup Shim
- 1. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Tomas Pereira, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
- ✉ Corresponding author: Joong Sup Shim, Ph.D. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Tomas Pereira, Taipa, Macau SAR, China. Tel: +853-8397-8445 ; or Jun O. Liu, Ph.D, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205. Tel: +1-410-955-4619
| | - Jun O. Liu
- 2. Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- ✉ Corresponding author: Joong Sup Shim, Ph.D. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Tomas Pereira, Taipa, Macau SAR, China. Tel: +853-8397-8445 ; or Jun O. Liu, Ph.D, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205. Tel: +1-410-955-4619
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25
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Kapoor S. Re: selective inhibition of Her2-positive breast cancer cells by the HIV protease inhibitor nelfinavir. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013; 105:1515. [PMID: 24052619 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Escalante AM, McGrath RT, Karolak MR, Dorr RT, Lynch RM, Landowski TH. Preventing the autophagic survival response by inhibition of calpain enhances the cytotoxic activity of bortezomib in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 71:1567-76. [PMID: 23572175 PMCID: PMC3669633 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2156-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bortezomib, a first-generation proteasome inhibitor, induces an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, which ultimately leads to dysregulation of intracellular Ca(2+) and apoptotic cell death. This study investigated the role of the Ca(2+)-dependent enzyme, calpain, in bortezomib cytotoxicity. A novel therapeutic combination was evaluated in which HIV protease inhibitors were used to block calpain activity and enhance bortezomib cytotoxicity in myeloma cells in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Bortezomib-mediated cell death was examined using assays for apoptosis (Annexin V staining), total cell death (trypan blue exclusion), and growth inhibition (MTT). The effects of calpain on bortezomib-induced cytotoxicity were investigated using siRNA knockdown or pharmaceutical inhibitors. Enzyme activity assays and immunofluorescence analysis were used to identify mechanistic effects. RESULTS Inhibition of the Ca(2+)-dependent cysteine protease calpain, either by pharmacologic or genetic means, enhances or accelerates bortezomib-induced myeloma cell death. The increase in cell death is not associated with an increase in caspase activity, nor is there evidence of greater inhibition of proteasome activity, suggesting an alternate, calpain-regulated mechanism of bortezomib-induced cell death. Bortezomib initiates an autophagic response in myeloma cells associated with cell survival. Inhibition of calpain subverts the cytoprotective function of autophagy leading to increased bortezomib-mediated cell death. Combination therapy with bortezomib and the calpain-blocking HIV protease inhibitor, nelfinavir, reversed bortezomib resistance and induced near-complete tumor regressions in an SCID mouse xenograft model of myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aluvia M Escalante
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Room 4963B, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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27
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Utkina-Sosunova IV, Niatsetskaya ZV, Sosunov SA, Ratner VI, Matsiukevich D, Ten VS. Nelfinavir inhibits intra-mitochondrial calcium influx and protects brain against hypoxic-ischemic injury in neonatal mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62448. [PMID: 23614049 PMCID: PMC3632564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nelfinavir (NLF), an antiretroviral agent, preserves mitochondrial membranes integrity and protects mature brain against ischemic injury in rodents. Our study demonstrates that in neonatal mice NLF significantly limits mitochondrial calcium influx, the event associated with protection of the brain against hypoxic-ischemic insult (HI). Compared to the vehicle-treated mice, cerebral mitochondria from NLF-treated mice exhibited a significantly greater tolerance to the Ca2+-induced membrane permeabilization, greater ADP-phosphorylating activity and reduced cytochrome C release during reperfusion. Pre-treatment with NLF or Ruthenium red (RuR) significantly improved viability of murine hippocampal HT-22 cells, reduced Ca2+ content and preserved membrane potential (Ψm) in mitochondria following oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Following histamine-stimulated Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum, in contrast to the vehicle-treated cells, the cells treated with NLF or RuR also demonstrated reduced Ca2+ content in their mitochondria, the event associated with preserved Ψm. Because RuR inhibits mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter, we tested whether the NLF acts via the mechanism similar to the RuR. However, in contrast to the RuR, in the experiment with direct interaction of these agents with mitochondria isolated from naïve mice, the NLF did not alter mitochondrial Ca2+ influx, and did not prevent Ca2+ induced collapse of the Ψm. These data strongly argues against interaction of NLF and mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter. Although the exact mechanism remains unclear, our study is the first to show that NLF inhibits intramitochondrial Ca2+ flux and protects developing brain against HI-reperfusion injury. This novel action of NLF has important clinical implication, because it targets a fundamental mechanism of post-ischemic cell death: intramitochondrial Ca2+ overload → mitochondrial membrane permeabilization → secondary energy failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoya V. Niatsetskaya
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sergey A. Sosunov
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Veniamin I. Ratner
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dzmitry Matsiukevich
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Vadim S. Ten
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Brüning A, Matsingou C, Brem GJ, Rahmeh M, Mylonas I. Inhibin beta E is upregulated by drug-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress as a transcriptional target gene of ATF4. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 264:300-4. [PMID: 22935518 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Inhibins and activins are gonadal peptide hormones of the transforming growth factor-β super family with important functions in the reproductive system. By contrast, the recently identified inhibin βE subunit, primarily expressed in liver cells, appears to exert functions unrelated to the reproductive system. Previously shown downregulation of inhibin βE in hepatoma cells and anti-proliferative effects of ectopic inhibin βE overexpression indicated growth-regulatory effects of inhibin βE. We observed a selective re-expression of the inhibin βE subunit in HepG2 hepatoblastoma cells, MCF7 breast cancer cells, and HeLa cervical cancer cells under endoplasmic reticulum stress conditions induced by tunicamycin, thapsigargin, and nelfinavir. Analysis of XPB1 splicing and ATF4 activation revealed that inhibin βE re-expression was associated with induction of the endoplasmic reticulum stress reaction by these drugs. Transfection of an ATF4 expression plasmid specifically induced inhibin βE expression in HeLa cells and indicates inhibin βE as a hitherto unidentified target gene of ATF4, a key transcription factor of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Therefore, the inhibin βE subunit defines not only a new player but also a possible new marker for drug-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar Brüning
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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29
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Petrich AM, Leshchenko V, Kuo PY, Xia B, Thirukonda VK, Ulahannan N, Gordon S, Fazzari MJ, Ye BH, Sparano JA, Parekh S. Akt inhibitors MK-2206 and nelfinavir overcome mTOR inhibitor resistance in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:2534-44. [PMID: 22338016 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The mTOR pathway is constitutively activated in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). mTOR inhibitors have activity in DLBCL, although response rates remain low. We evaluated DLBCL cell lines with differential resistance to the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin: (i) to identify gene expression profile(s) (GEP) associated with resistance to rapamycin, (ii) to understand mechanisms of rapamycin resistance, and (iii) to identify compounds likely to synergize with mTOR inhibitor. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We sought to identify a GEP of mTOR inhibitor resistance by stratification of eight DLBCL cell lines with respect to response to rapamycin. Then, using pathway analysis and connectivity mapping, we sought targets likely accounting for this resistance and compounds likely to overcome it. We then evaluated two compounds thus identified for their potential to synergize with rapamycin in DLBCL and confirmed mechanisms of activity with standard immunoassays. RESULTS We identified a GEP capable of reliably distinguishing rapamycin-resistant from rapamycin-sensitive DLBCL cell lines. Pathway analysis identified Akt as central to the differentially expressed gene network. Connectivity mapping identified compounds targeting Akt as having a high likelihood of reversing the GEP associated with mTOR inhibitor resistance. Nelfinavir and MK-2206, chosen for their Akt-inhibitory properties, yielded synergistic inhibition of cell viability in combination with rapamycin in DLBCL cell lines, and potently inhibited phosphorylation of Akt and downstream targets of activated mTOR. CONCLUSIONS GEP identifies DLBCL subsets resistant to mTOR inhibitor therapy. Combined targeting of mTOR and Akt suppresses activation of key components of the Akt/mTOR pathway and results in synergistic cytotoxicity. These findings are readily adaptable to clinical trials.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Flow Cytometry
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Expression Profiling
- HIV Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/pharmacology
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Nelfinavir/pharmacology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Sirolimus/pharmacology
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
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Xie L, Evangelidis T, Xie L, Bourne PE. Drug discovery using chemical systems biology: weak inhibition of multiple kinases may contribute to the anti-cancer effect of nelfinavir. PLoS Comput Biol 2011; 7:e1002037. [PMID: 21552547 PMCID: PMC3084228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nelfinavir is a potent HIV-protease inhibitor with pleiotropic effects in cancer cells. Experimental studies connect its anti-cancer effects to the suppression of the Akt signaling pathway, but the actual molecular targets remain unknown. Using a structural proteome-wide off-target pipeline, which integrates molecular dynamics simulation and MM/GBSA free energy calculations with ligand binding site comparison and biological network analysis, we identified putative human off-targets of Nelfinavir and analyzed the impact on the associated biological processes. Our results suggest that Nelfinavir is able to inhibit multiple members of the protein kinase-like superfamily, which are involved in the regulation of cellular processes vital for carcinogenesis and metastasis. The computational predictions are supported by kinase activity assays and are consistent with existing experimental and clinical evidence. This finding provides a molecular basis to explain the broad-spectrum anti-cancer effect of Nelfinavir and presents opportunities to optimize the drug as a targeted polypharmacology agent. The traditional approach to drug discovery of “one drug – one target – one disease” is insufficient, especially for complex diseases, like cancer. This inadequacy is partially addressed by accepting the notion of polypharmacology – one drug is likely to bind to multiple targets with varying affinity. However, to identify multiple targets for a drug is a complex and challenging task. We have developed a structural proteome-wide off-target determination pipeline by integrating computational methods for high-throughput ligand binding site comparison and binding free energy calculations to predict potential off-targets for known drugs. Here this method is applied to identify human off-targets for Nelfinavir, an antiretroviral drug with anti-cancer behavior. We propose inhibition by Nelfinavir of multiple protein kinase targets. We suggest that broad-spectrum low affinity binding by a drug or drugs to multiple targets may lead to a collective effect important in treating complex diseases such as cancer. The challenge is to understand enough about such processes so as to control them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xie
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas Evangelidis
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Xie
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, Hunter College, the City University of New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (Lei Xie); (PEB)
| | - Philip E. Bourne
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (Lei Xie); (PEB)
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31
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Guan M, Fousek K, Jiang C, Guo S, Synold T, Xi B, Shih CC, Chow WA. Nelfinavir induces liposarcoma apoptosis through inhibition of regulated intramembrane proteolysis of SREBP-1 and ATF6. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:1796-806. [PMID: 21355074 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-3216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously reported that nelfinavir (NFV) induces G(1) cell-cycle block and apoptosis selectively in liposarcoma cell lines due to increased SREBP-1 (sterol regulatory element binding protein-1) expression in the absence of increased transcription. We postulate that NFV interferes with regulated intramembrane proteolysis of SREBP-1 and ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Time-lapse, confocal microscopic studies show that NFV inhibits the nuclear translocation of full-length SREBP-1-EGFP and ATF6-EGFP fusion proteins. siRNA-mediated knockdown of site-1 protease (S1P) and/or site-2 protease (S2P) leads to inhibition of SREBP-1 intracellular trafficking to the nucleus and reduces liposarcoma cell proliferation. Treatment of LiSa-2 liposarcoma cells with 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin, a serine protease inhibitor of S1P, did not affect SREBP-1 processing. In contrast, 1,10-phenanthroline, an S2P-specific inhibitor, reproduces the molecular and biological phenotypes observed in NFV-treated cells, which implicates S2P as a target of NFV. In vivo evaluation of NFV in a murine liposarcoma xenograft model leads to inhibition of tumor growth without significant toxicity. RESULTS NFV-induced upregulation of SREBP-1 and ATF6 results from inhibition of S2P, which together with S1P mediates regulated intramembrane proteolysis from their precursor to their transcriptionally active forms. The resulting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and concurrent inhibition of the unfolded protein response induce caspase-mediated apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS These results provide new insight into the mechanism of NFV-mediated induction of ER stress and cell death in liposarcomas and are the first to report targeting S2P for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Guan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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32
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Gary-Bobo G, Houssaini A, Amsellem V, Rideau D, Pacaud P, Perrin A, Brégeon J, Marcos E, Dubois-Randé JL, Sitbon O, Savale L, Adnot S. Effects of HIV protease inhibitors on progression of monocrotaline- and hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. Circulation 2010; 122:1937-47. [PMID: 20974998 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.973750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is among the complications of HIV infection. Combination antiretroviral therapy may influence the progression of HIV-related PH. Because Akt signaling is a potential molecular target of HIV protease inhibitors (HPIs), we hypothesized that these drugs altered monocrotaline- and hypoxia-induced PH in rats by downregulating the Akt pathway, thereby inhibiting pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation. METHODS AND RESULTS Daily treatment with each of 3 first-generation HPIs (ritonavir 30 mg/kg, amprenavir 100 mg/kg, and nelfinavir 500 mg/kg) started 3 weeks after a subcutaneous monocrotaline injection (60 mg/kg) substantially diminished pulmonary artery pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy, number of muscularized pulmonary vessels, pulmonary arterial wall thickness, and proliferating pulmonary vascular Ki67-labeled cells without affecting vessel caspase 3 staining. HPI treatment partially prevented the development of hypoxia- and monocrotaline-induced PH. Monocrotaline-induced PH was associated with marked activation of Akt signaling in the lungs and proximal pulmonary arteries, with increases in phosphorylated Akt, phosphorylated glycogen-synthase-kinase-3β (GSK3), and phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase, all of which decreased markedly after treatment with each HPI. In contrast, PH-associated increases in phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 and myosin light-chain phosphatase were unaltered by the HPIs. The 3 HPIs and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 inhibited platelet-derived growth factor-induced phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3 in cultured pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells and blocked cell proliferation; this last effect was abolished by the GSK3 inhibitor SB216763. CONCLUSION These results support an effect of HPIs on pulmonary vascular remodeling mediated by inhibition of Akt phosphorylation and consequently of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Gary-Bobo
- INSERM U955 and Département de Physiologie Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
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Kumar P, Lodge R, Trudel N, Ouellet M, Ouellette M, Tremblay MJ. Nelfinavir, an HIV-1 protease inhibitor, induces oxidative stress-mediated, caspase-independent apoptosis in Leishmania amastigotes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e642. [PMID: 20361030 PMCID: PMC2846936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis has now emerged as an important opportunistic disease in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). Although the effectiveness of HIV-1 protease inhibitors, such as nelfinavir, in antiretroviral therapies is well documented, little is known of the impact of these drugs on Leishmania in coinfected individuals. Methodology and Principal Findings Here, we show that nelfinavir generates oxidative stress in the parasite, leading to altered physiological parameters such as an increase in the sub-G1 DNA content, nuclear DNA fragmentation and loss of mitochondrial potential, which are all characteristics of apoptosis. Pretreatment of axenic amastigotes with the caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk did not inhibit the increase in sub-G1 DNA content in nelfinavir-treated parasites, suggesting therefore that this antiviral agent does not kill Leishmania amastigotes in a caspase-dependent manner. Furthermore, we observed that the mitochondrial resident protein endonuclease G is involved. We also demonstrate that parasites overexpressing GSH1 (the rate limiting enzyme of glutathione biosynthesis) were more resistant to nelfinavir when compared to untransfected controls. Conclusions and Significance These data suggest that nelfinavir induces oxidative stress in Leishmania amastigotes, culminating in caspase-independent apoptosis, in which DNA is degraded by endonuclease G. This study provides a rationale for future, long-term design of new therapeutic strategies to test nelfinavir as a potential antileishmanial agent as well as for possible future use in Leishmania/HIV-1 coinfections. Visceral leishmaniasis is the most severe form of disease caused by the parasite Leishmania. It is a major concern in South America, Africa, India and the Middle East. Additionally, it has now emerged as an important opportunistic disease in patients coinfected with HIV-1. This is due, in part, to the increasing overlap between urban centers and rural areas endemic for Leishmania. Although more efficient combinatorial antiviral drug regimens for treating HIV-1 infection have been developed, the impact of such therapies on HIV-1/Leishmania coinfection is yet to be explored. In this study, we investigated the effect of nelfinavir, a well-characterized anti-HIV-1 drug, on Leishmania. Treating the parasite with nelfinavir activates events that are hallmarks of programmed cell death (also called apoptosis). Among these are oxidative stress, changes in DNA replication and fragmentation, and release of mitochondrial enzymes. Furthermore, these events occur without the participation of caspases, which are classically linked to apoptosis; however, this atypical apoptosis requires the translocation of endonuclease G from mitochondria to the cytoplasm. These findings provide insights for the design of new anti-parasitic therapies, particularly in the case of Leishmania/HIV-1 coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Kumar
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert Lodge
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Trudel
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Ouellet
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Ouellette
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel J. Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Moody DE, Fang WB, Lin SN, Weyant DM, Strom SC, Omiecinski CJ. Effect of rifampin and nelfinavir on the metabolism of methadone and buprenorphine in primary cultures of human hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:2323-9. [PMID: 19773542 PMCID: PMC2784702 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.028605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that primary cultures of human hepatocytes could predict potential drug interactions with methadone and buprenorphine. Hepatocytes (five donors) were preincubated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (vehicle), rifampin, or nelfinavir before incubation with methadone or buprenorphine. Culture media (0-60 min) was analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for R- and S-methadone and R- and S-2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) or for buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, and their glucuronides [buprenorphine-3-glucuronide (B-3-G) and norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide (N-3-G)]. R- and S-EDDP were detected in three of five, four of five, and five of five media from cells pretreated with DMSO, nelfinavir, and rifampin. R-EDDP increased 3.1- and 26.5-fold, and S-EDDP increased 2.5- and 21.3-fold after nelfinavir and rifampin. The rifampin effect was significant. B-3-G production was detected in media of all cells incubated with buprenorphine and accounted for most of the buprenorphine loss from culture media; it was not significantly affected by either pretreatment. Norbuprenorphine and N-3-G together were detected in three of five, four of five, and five of five donors pretreated with DMSO, nelfinavir and rifampin, and norbuprenorphine in one of five, one of five, and two of five donors. Although there was a trend for norbuprenorphine (2.8- and 4.9-fold) and N-3-G (1.7- and 1.9-fold) to increase after nelfinavir and rifampin, none of the changes were significant. To investigate low norbuprenorphine production, buprenorphine was incubated with human liver and small intestine microsomes fortified to support both N-dealkylation and glucuronidation; N-dealkylation predominated in small intestine and glucuronidation in liver microsomes. These studies support the hypothesis that methadone metabolism and its potential for drug interactions can be predicted with cultured human hepatocytes, but for buprenorphine the combined effects of hepatic and small intestinal metabolism are probably involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Moody
- Center for Human Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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Kachko I, Maissel A, Mazor L, Ben-Romano R, Watson RT, Hou JC, Pessin JE, Bashan N, Rudich A. Postreceptoral adipocyte insulin resistance induced by nelfinavir is caused by insensitivity of PKB/Akt to phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate. Endocrinology 2009; 150:2618-26. [PMID: 19179444 PMCID: PMC2689810 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Adipocyte insulin resistance can be caused by proximal insulin signaling defects but also from postreceptor mechanisms, which in large are poorly characterized. Adipocytes exposed for 18 h to the HIV protease inhibitor nelfinavir manifest insulin resistance characterized by normal insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate proteins, preserved in vitro phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) assay activity but impaired activation of PKB/Akt and stimulation of glucose uptake. Here we aimed to assess whether impaired PKB/Akt activation is indeed rate limiting for insulin signaling propagation in response to nelfinavir and the mechanism for defective PKB/Akt activation. Nelfinavir treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes impaired the insulin-stimulated translocation and membrane fusion of myc-glucose transporter (GLUT)-4-green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter. Phosphorylation of PKB/Akt substrates including glycogen synthase kinase-3 and AS160 decreased in response to nelfinavir, and this remained true, even in cells with forced generation of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphohphate (PIP(3)) by a membrane-targeted active PI 3-kinase, confirming that impaired PKB/Akt activation was rate limiting for insulin signal propagation. Cells expressing a GFP-tagged pleckstrin homology domain of general receptors for phosphoinositides 1, which binds PIP(3), revealed intact PIP(3)-mediated plasma membrane translocation of this reporter in nelfinavir-treated cells. However, expression of a membrane-targeted catalytic subunit of PI 3-kinase failed to induce myc-GLUT4-GFP translocation in the absence of insulin, as it did in control cells. Conversely, a membrane-targeted and constitutively active PKB/Akt mutant was normally phosphorylated on S473 and T308, confirming intact PKB/Akt kinases activity, and induced myc-GLUT4-GFP translocation. Collectively, nelfinavir uncovers a postreceptor mechanism for insulin resistance, caused by interference with the sensing of PIP(3) by PKB/Akt, leading to impaired GLUT4 translocation and membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Kachko
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Singh VP, Bren GD, Algeciras-Schimnich A, Schnepple D, Navina S, Rizza SA, Dawra RK, Saluja AK, Chari ST, Vege SS, Badley AD. Nelfinavir/ritonavir reduces acinar injury but not inflammation during mouse caerulein pancreatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G1040-6. [PMID: 19282375 PMCID: PMC2696210 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90642.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
There is no clinical treatment that reduces acinar injury during pancreatitis. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (PI), including nelfinavir (NFV) and ritonavir (RTV), may reduce the rate of pancreatitis in HIV-infected patients. Since permeability transition pore (PTPC)-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction occurs during pancreatitis, and we have shown that PI prevents PTPC opening, we studied its effects in a model of pancreatitis. The effect of NFV plus RTV (NFV/RTV) or vehicle on caerulein-induced pancreatitis in mice was compared by measuring changes in mitochondrial membrane potential in vitro and cytochrome c leakage in vivo. Histological and inflammatory makers were also compared. NFV/RTV improved DiOC6 retention in acini exposed to caerulein in vitro. In vivo NFV prevented cytosolic leakage of cytochrome c and reduced pancreatic acinar injury, active caspase-3 staining, TUNEL-positive acinar cells, and serum amylase (P < 0.05). Conversely, trypsin activity, serum cytokine levels, and pancreatic and lung inflammation were unaffected. NFV/RTV reduces pancreatic injury and acinar cell death in experimental mouse caerulein-induced pancreatitis but does not impact inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay P Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Santos LO, Marinho FA, Altoé EF, Vitório BS, Alves CR, Britto C, Motta MCM, Branquinha MH, Santos ALS, d'Avila-Levy CM. HIV aspartyl peptidase inhibitors interfere with cellular proliferation, ultrastructure and macrophage infection of Leishmania amazonensis. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4918. [PMID: 19325703 PMCID: PMC2656615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania is the etiologic agent of leishmanisais, a protozoan disease whose pathogenic events are not well understood. Current therapy is suboptimal due to toxicity of the available therapeutic agents and the emergence of drug resistance. Compounding these problems is the increase in the number of cases of Leishmania-HIV coinfection, due to the overlap between the AIDS epidemic and leishmaniasis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In the present report, we have investigated the effect of HIV aspartyl peptidase inhibitors (PIs) on the Leishmania amazonensis proliferation, ultrastructure, interaction with macrophage cells and expression of classical peptidases which are directly involved in the Leishmania pathogenesis. All the HIV PIs impaired parasite growth in a dose-dependent fashion, especially nelfinavir and lopinavir. HIV PIs treatment caused profound changes in the leishmania ultrastructure as shown by transmission electron microscopy, including cytoplasm shrinking, increase in the number of lipid inclusions and some cells presenting the nucleus closely wrapped by endoplasmic reticulum resembling an autophagic process, as well as chromatin condensation which is suggestive of apoptotic death. The hydrolysis of HIV peptidase substrate by L. amazonensis extract was inhibited by pepstatin and HIV PIs, suggesting that an aspartyl peptidase may be the intracellular target of the inhibitors. The treatment with HIV PIs of either the promastigote forms preceding the interaction with macrophage cells or the amastigote forms inside macrophages drastically reduced the association indexes. Despite all these beneficial effects, the HIV PIs induced an increase in the expression of cysteine peptidase b (cpb) and the metallopeptidase gp63, two well-known virulence factors expressed by Leishmania spp. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In the face of leishmaniasis/HIV overlap, it is critical to further comprehend the sophisticated interplays among Leishmania, HIV and macrophages. In addition, there are many unresolved questions related to the management of Leishmania-HIV-coinfected patients. For instance, the efficacy of therapy aimed at controlling each pathogen in coinfected individuals remains largely undefined. The results presented herein add new in vitro insight into the wide spectrum efficacy of HIV PIs and suggest that additional studies about the synergistic effects of classical antileishmanial compounds and HIV PIs in macrophages coinfected with Leishmania and HIV-1 should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia O. Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda A. Marinho
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Bloco I, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ellen F. Altoé
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca S. Vitório
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos R. Alves
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Constança Britto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina M. Motta
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, (UFRJ), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Bloco K, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marta H. Branquinha
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Bloco I, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André L. S. Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Bloco I, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia M. d'Avila-Levy
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Machado ES, Afonso AO, Nissley DV, Lemey P, Cunha SM, Oliveira RH, Soares MA. Emergence of primary NNRTI resistance mutations without antiretroviral selective pressure in a HAART-treated child. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4806. [PMID: 19277127 PMCID: PMC2652103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The use of antiretrovirals (ARV) during pregnancy has drastically reduced the rate of the human immunodeficiency virus perinatal transmission (MTCT). As a consequence of widespread ARV use, transmission of drug resistant strains from mothers to their babies is increasing. Ultra-sensitive PCR techniques have permitted the quantification of minority viral populations, but little is known about the transmission of drug-resistant HIV-1 minority population in the setting of MTCT. Methodology/Principal Findings We describe the case of a female child born to an HIV-infected mother, which had not taken any ARV during the pregnancy. The child's first genotype demonstrated a minor non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (K101E), and during her treatment with reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors full resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) emerged (G190A). Phenotypic/genotypic analysis of variant quasispecies through yeast TyHRT assay was conducted to characterize minority resistant viral strains circulating in both mother and child. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian MCMC phylogenetic analyses were performed with samples from the pair to assess genetic relatedness among minor viral strains. The analysis showed that the child received a minor NNRTI resistant variant, containing the mutation K101E that was present in less than 1% of the mother's quasispecies. Phylogenetic analyses have suggested common ancestry between the mother's virus strain carrying K101E with the viral sequences from the child. Conclusion This is the first documentation of MTCT of a minority resistant strain of HIV-1. The transmission of minor resistant variants carries the threat of emergence of multi-drug primary mutations without identified specific selective pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S. Machado
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana O. Afonso
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dwight V. Nissley
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, NCI-Fredrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Fredrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia M. Cunha
- Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo H. Oliveira
- Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A. Soares
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Divisão de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Kovsan J, Osnis A, Maissel A, Mazor L, Tarnovscki T, Hollander L, Ovadia S, Meier B, Klein J, Bashan N, Rudich A. Depot-specific adipocyte cell lines reveal differential drug-induced responses of white adipocytes--relevance for partial lipodystrophy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 296:E315-22. [PMID: 19033543 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90486.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Intra-abdominal (IA) fat functionally differs from subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissue, likely contributing to its stronger association with obesity-induced morbidity and to differential response to medications. Drug-induced partial lipodystrophy, like in response to antiretroviral agents, is an extreme manifestation of the different response of different fat depots, with loss of SC but not IA. Investigating depot-specific adipocyte differences is limited by the low accessibility to IA fat and by the heterogenous cell population comprising adipose tissue. Here, we aimed at utilizing immortalized preadipocyte cell lines from IA (epididymal) or SC (inguinal) fat to investigate whether they differentially respond to the HIV protease inhibitor nelfinavir. Preadipocytes were readily amenable to adipogenesis, as evidenced by lipid accumulation, expression of adipose-specific genes, measurable lipolysis, and insulin responsiveness. Leptin secretion was higher by the SC line, consistent with known differences between IA and SC fat. As previously reported, nelfinavir inhibited adipogenesis downstream of C/EBPbeta, but similarly in both cell lines. In contrast, nelfinavir's capacity to diminish insulin signaling, decrease leptin secretion, enhance basal lipolysis, and decrease expression of the lipid droplet-associated protein perilipin occurred more robustly and/or at lower nelfinavir concentrations in the SC line. This was despite similar intracellular concentrations of nelfinavir (23.8 +/- 5.6 and 33.6 +/- 12.2 microg/mg protein for inguinal and epididymal adipocytes, respectively, P = 0.46). The cell lines recapitulated depot-differential effects of nelfinavir observed in differentiated primary preadipocytes and with whole tissue explants. Thus, we report the use of fat depot-specific adipocyte cell lines for unraveling depot-differential responses to a drug causing partial lipodystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kovsan
- Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84103, Israel
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Palmeira VF, Kneipp LF, Rozental S, Alviano CS, Santos ALS. Beneficial effects of HIV peptidase inhibitors on Fonsecaea pedrosoi: promising compounds to arrest key fungal biological processes and virulence. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3382. [PMID: 18852883 PMCID: PMC2557140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fonsecaea pedrosoi is the principal etiologic agent of chromoblastomycosis, a fungal disease whose pathogenic events are poorly understood. Current therapy for chromoblastomycosis is suboptimal due to toxicity of the available therapeutic agents and the emergence of drug resistance. Compounding these problems is the fact that endemic countries and regions are economically poor. PURPOSE AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In the present work, we have investigated the effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) peptidase inhibitors (PIs) on the F. pedrosoi conidial secreted peptidase, growth, ultrastructure and interaction with different mammalian cells. All the PIs impaired the acidic conidial-derived peptidase activity in a dose-dependent fashion, in which nelfinavir produced the best inhibitory effect. F. pedrosoi growth was also significantly reduced upon exposure to PIs, especially nelfinavir and saquinavir. PIs treatment caused profound changes in the conidial ultrastructure as shown by transmission electron microscopy, including invaginations in the cytoplasmic membrane, disorder and detachment of the cell wall, enlargement of fungi cytoplasmic vacuoles, and abnormal cell division. The synergistic action on growth ability between nelfinavir and amphotericin B, when both were used at sub-inhibitory concentrations, was also observed. PIs reduced the adhesion and endocytic indexes during the interaction between conidia and epithelial cells (CHO), fibroblasts or macrophages, in a cell type-dependent manner. Moreover, PIs interfered with the conidia into mycelia transformation when in contact with CHO and with the susceptibility killing by macrophage cells. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Overall, by providing the first evidence that HIV PIs directly affects F. pedrosoi development and virulence, these data add new insights on the wide-spectrum efficacy of HIV PIs, further arguing for the potential chemotherapeutic targets for aspartyl-type peptidase produced by this human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanila F. Palmeira
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Bioquímica Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes (IMPPG), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Estrutura de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, tuto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes (IMPPG), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucimar F. Kneipp
- Laboratório de Taxonomia, Bioquímica e Bioprospecção de Fungos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sonia Rozental
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Celuta S. Alviano
- Laboratório de Estrutura de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, tuto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes (IMPPG), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André L. S. Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Bioquímica Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes (IMPPG), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Sriram D, Yogeeswari P, Dinakaran M, Sowmya M. Synthesis, anti-HIV and antitubercular activities of nelfinavir diester derivatives. Biomed Pharmacother 2008; 62:1-5. [PMID: 17890044 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nelfinavir diesters were prepared by reacting nelfinavir with two molar amount of an appropriate substituted aromatic/aliphatic acid in the presence of dicylohexyl carbodiimide as the carboxyl group activator and 4-dimethylamino pyridine as catalyst. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on the replication of HIV-1 (IIIB) in MT-4 cells by MTT assay method and antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by agar dilution method. Compound 3f emerged as the most potent anti-HIV agent with EC(50) of 0.043 microM and CC(50) more than >10 microM and was more potent than parent nelfinavir (EC(50) of 0.060 microM) and also showed antimycobacterial activity (MIC 8.49 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmarajan Sriram
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Pharmacy Group, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India.
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Garriga C, Pérez-Elías MJ, Delgado R, Ruiz L, Nájera R, Pumarola T, Alonso-Socas MDM, García-Bujalance S, Menéndez-Arias L. Mutational patterns and correlated amino acid substitutions in the HIV-1 protease after virological failure to nelfinavir- and lopinavir/ritonavir-based treatments. J Med Virol 2007; 79:1617-28. [PMID: 17854027 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antiviral drug resistance is a major consequence of therapy failure and compromises future therapeutic options. Nelfinavir and lopinavir/ritonavir-based therapies have been widely used in the treatment of HIV-infected patients, in combination with reverse transcriptase inhibitors. The aim of this observational study was the identification and characterization of mutations or combinations of mutations associated with resistance to nelfinavir and lopinavir/ritonavir in treated patients. Nucleotide sequences of 1,515 subtype B HIV-1 isolates from 1,313 persons with different treatment histories (including naïve and treated patients) were collected in 31 Spanish hospitals over the years 2002-2005. Chi-square contingency tests were performed to detect mutations associated with failure to protease inhibitor-based therapies, and correlated mutations were identified using statistical methods. Virological failure to nelfinavir was associated with two different mutational pathways. D30N and N88D appeared mostly in patients without previous exposure to protease inhibitors, while K20T was identified as a secondary resistance mutation in those patients. On the other hand, L90M together with L10I, I54V, A71V, G73S, and V82A were selected in protease inhibitor-experienced patients. A series of correlated mutations including L10I, M46I, I54V, A71V, G73S, and L90M appeared as a common cluster of amino acid substitutions, associated with failure to lopinavir/ritonavir-based treatments. Despite the relatively high genetic barrier of some protease inhibitors, a relatively small cluster of mutations, previously selected under drug pressure, can seriously compromise the efficiency of nelfinavir- and lopinavir/ritonavir-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Garriga
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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Atzori C, Villani P, Regazzi M, Mazza F, Valerio A, Tronconi E, Maruzzi M, Cargnel A. Detection of HIV protease inhibitors in alveolar epithelial lining fluid: relevance for modulation of pneumocystis infection in the course of HAART. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2007; 53 Suppl 1:S140-1. [PMID: 17169034 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2006.00206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Paredes R, Cheng I, Kuritzkes DR, Tuomala RE. High prevalence of primary lamivudine and nelfinavir resistance in HIV-1-infected pregnant women in the United States, 1998-2004. AIDS 2007; 21:2103-6. [PMID: 17885302 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3282ef3822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Using a highly sensitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assay we detected the M184V mutation for lamivudine resistance in plasma from 9.4% of HIV-1-infected pregnant women enrolled in the Women and Infant Transmission Study between 1998 and 2004. The prevalence of nelfinavir resistance (D30N) was 6.3%. These results suggest a high prevalence of primary lamivudine and nelfinavir resistance among HIV-1-infected pregnant women in the United States, and support routine genotypic resistance testing before initiating mother-to-child-transmission prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Paredes
- Section of Retroviral Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Gills JJ, Lopiccolo J, Tsurutani J, Shoemaker RH, Best CJM, Abu-Asab MS, Borojerdi J, Warfel NA, Gardner ER, Danish M, Hollander MC, Kawabata S, Tsokos M, Figg WD, Steeg PS, Dennis PA. Nelfinavir, A lead HIV protease inhibitor, is a broad-spectrum, anticancer agent that induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5183-94. [PMID: 17785575 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The development of new cancer drugs is slow and costly. HIV protease inhibitors are Food and Drug Administration approved for HIV patients. Because these drugs cause toxicities that can be associated with inhibition of Akt, an emerging target in cancer, we assessed the potential of HIV protease inhibitors as anticancer agents. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN HIV protease inhibitors were screened in vitro using assays that measure cellular proliferation, apoptotic and nonapoptotic cell death, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, autophagy, and activation of Akt. Nelfinavir was tested in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) xenografts with biomarker assessment. RESULTS Three of six HIV protease inhibitors, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir, inhibited proliferation of NSCLC cells, as well as every cell line in the NCI60 cell line panel. Nelfinavir was most potent with a mean 50% growth inhibition of 5.2 micromol/L, a concentration achievable in HIV patients. Nelfinavir caused two types of cell death, caspase-dependent apoptosis and caspase-independent death that was characterized by induction of ER stress and autophagy. Autophagy was protective because an inhibitor of autophagy increased nelfinavir-induced death. Akt was variably inhibited by HIV protease inhibitors, but nelfinavir caused the greatest inhibition of endogenous and growth factor-induced Akt activation. Nelfinavir decreased the viability of a panel of drug-resistant breast cancer cell lines and inhibited the growth of NSCLC xenografts that was associated with induction of ER stress, autophagy, and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Nelfinavir is a lead HIV protease inhibitor with pleiotropic effects in cancer cells. Given its wide spectrum of activity, oral availability, and familiarity of administration, nelfinavir is a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug that could be repositioned as a cancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joell J Gills
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20889, USA
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Panhard X, Legrand M, Taburet AM, Diquet B, Goujard C, Mentré F. Population pharmacokinetic analysis of lamivudine, stavudine and zidovudine in controlled HIV-infected patients on HAART. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 63:1019-29. [PMID: 17694300 PMCID: PMC2703659 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-007-0337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This work aimed at building a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model for lamivudine (LMV), stavudine (STV) and zidovudine (ZDV), estimating their inter and intraindividual PK variability and investigating the influence of different covariates. METHODS Population PK of LMV, STV and ZDV was separately evaluated from plasma concentrations obtained in 54, 39 and 27 HIV1-infected patients, respectively, enrolled in the COPHAR1-ANRS102 trial. The primary objective of this trial was to study the pharmacokinetics of indinavir (IDV) and nelfinavir (NFV) in treated patients with a sustained virological response. Concentrations of nucleoside analogs (NA) were measured in plasma as a secondary objective. A one-compartment model with first-order elimination was used, with zero-order absorption for LMV and first-order absorption for STV and ZDV. RESULTS Mean parameters [interpatient variability in coefficient of variation (CV%)] of LMV, STV and ZDV were: oral volume of distribution (V/F) 145 l (52%), 24 l (81%) and 248 l (80%), oral clearance (Cl/F) 32 l/h, 16 l/h (74%) and 124 l/h (51%), respectively. For LMV, absorption duration (Ta) was 1.46 h (64%). For STV and ZDV, ka was 0.46 h(-1) and 2.9 h(-1), respectively. We found a systematic effect of combination with NFV vs. IDV. We found that intrapatient variability was greater than interpatient variability (except for STV) and greater than 55% for the three drugs. CONCLUSION This trial enabled the estimation of the population PK parameters of three NA in patients with a sustained virological response, and the median curves could be used as references for concentration-controlled strategies. We observed, as for the protease inhibitors, a great variability of PK parameters.
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Detsika MG, Chandler B, Khoo SH, Winstanley C, Cane P, Back DJ, Owen A. Detection and quantification of minority HIV isolates harbouring the D30N mutation by real-time PCR amplification. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60:881-4. [PMID: 17650515 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkm281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV drug resistance is a major concern as the emergence of resistant strains of virus results in failure of first-line therapies with an associated increase in the cost of subsequent regimens. Genotypic resistance is currently assessed by direct sequencing and cannot detect resistant species below 20%. Real-time PCR amplification was assessed for its ability to detect the signature mutation for nelfinavir, D30N. METHODS A real-time PCR assay was optimized for detection of low levels of D30N and tested on in vitro-generated nelfinavir-resistant isolates as well as 10 clinical isolates (which were also characterized by sequencing). RESULTS The sensitivity of the assay was 1% and quantification was possible as low as 4% of the total viral population. Furthermore, this methodology enabled quantification of the 30N mutation in two isolates shown to be negative by sequencing. CONCLUSIONS Real-time PCR is a promising tool for the detection of minority species of HIV but further studies are required to determine the specificity of the assay in a larger and thus more diverse set of clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Detsika
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, 70 Pembroke Place, Liverpool L69 3GF, UK
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Kast RE, Foley KF, Focosi D. Doxorubicin cardiomyopathy via TLR-2 stimulation: potential for prevention using current anti-retroviral inhibitors such as ritonavir and nelfinavir. Hematol Oncol 2007; 25:96-7. [PMID: 17351982 DOI: 10.1002/hon.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin remains a useful anti-cancer drug but as lifetime dose approaches 500 mg/m2 and particularly when this dose is exceeded, iatrogenic life-threatening cardiomyopathy becomes progressively more likely. This note reviews evidence indicating that doxorubicin induced cardiomyopathy is partly mediated by stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 which are expressed on cardiomyocytes. Indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir are currently marketed protease inhibitors used to suppress human immunodeficiency virus. They have recently been shown to inhibit signalling at TLR 2 and 4 as well as intracellular events downstream from these receptors. It is possible that these FDA-approved anti-retroviral protease inhibitors could be used off-label to diminish likelihood of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity permitting higher doxorubicin doses. We suggest that currently marketed anti-viral protease inhibitors be investigated in animal models of doxorubicin cardiomyopathy and if such studies do indeed show protection, human studies be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Kast
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA.
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Dixit V, Hariparsad N, Li F, Desai P, Thummel KE, Unadkat JD. Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Transporters Induced by Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitors in Human Hepatocytes: Implications for Predicting Clinical Drug Interactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:1853-9. [PMID: 17639026 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.016089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many of the clinically significant drug interactions of the anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (PIs) can be explained by their propensity to inactivate CYP3A enzymes, paradoxically these drugs cause (or lack) interactions with CYP3A substrates that cannot be explained by this mechanism (e.g., alprazolam). To better understand these paradoxical interactions (or lack thereof), we determined the cytochromes P450 and transporters induced by various concentrations (0-25 microM) of two PIs, ritonavir and nelfinavir, and rifampin (positive control) in primary human hepatocytes. At 10 microM, ritonavir and nelfinavir suppressed CYP3A4 activity but induced its transcripts and protein expression (19- and 12- and 12- and 6-fold, respectively; a >2-fold change over control was interpreted as induction). At 10 microM, rifampin induced CYP3A4 transcripts, CYP3A protein, and activity by 23-, 12-, and 13-fold, respectively. The induction by rifampin of CYP3A activity was significantly correlated with its induction of CYP3A4 transcripts (r = 0.96, p < 0.05) and CYP3A protein (r = 0.89, p < 0.05). All three drugs (10 microM) induced CYP2B6 activity by 2- to 4-fold, CYP2C8 and 2C9 activity by 2- to 4-fold and the transcripts of CYP2B6, 2C8, and 2C9 by >3-, 5-, and 3-fold, respectively. CYP2C19 and 1A2 activity and transcripts were modestly induced (2-fold), whereas, as expected, CYP2D6 was not induced by any of the drugs. Of the transporters studied, protease inhibitors moderately induced multidrug resistance 1 (ABCB1) and multidrug resistance-associated protein (ABCC1) transcripts but had no or minimal effect on the transcripts of breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2), organic anion-transporting peptide (OATP) 1B1 (SLCO1B1), or OATP1B3 (SLCO1B3). On the basis of these data, we concluded that many of the paradoxical drug interactions (or lack thereof) with the PIs are metabolismrather than transporter-based and are due to induction of CYP2B6 and 2C enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Dixit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Abstract
Tumor vascular endothelium is rather resistant to the cytotoxic effects of radiation. The HIV protease inhibitors (HPI) amprenavir, nelfinavir, and saquinavir have previously been shown to sensitize tumor cells to the cytotoxic effects of radiation. Additionally, this class of drug has been shown to inhibit angiogenesis and tumor cell migration. Therefore, in the current study, we wanted to determine whether HPIs could enhance the effect of radiation on endothelial function. Our study shows that HPIs, particularly nelfinavir, significantly enhance radiations effect on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and tumor vascular endothelium. We show that pretreatment of HUVEC with nelfinavir results in enhanced cytotoxicity, including increased apoptosis, when combined with radiation. Moreover, using several functional assays, we show that combination treatment effectively blocks endothelial cell migration and organization. These findings were accompanied by attenuation of Akt phosphorylation, a known pathway for radioresistance. Last, in vivo analysis of tumor microvasculature destruction showed a more than additive effect for nelfinavir and radiation. This study shows that HPIs can enhance the effect of ionizing radiation on vascular endothelium. Therefore, the Food and Drug Administration-approved drug, nelfinavir, may be an effective radiosensitizer in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C Cuneo
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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