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Sun JX, Liu CQ, Xu JZ, An Y, Xu MY, Zhong XY, Zeng N, Ma SY, He HD, Zhang ZB, Wang SG, Xia QD. A Four-Cell-Senescence-Regulator-Gene Prognostic Index Verified by Genome-Wide CRISPR Can Depict the Tumor Microenvironment and Guide Clinical Treatment of Bladder Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:908068. [PMID: 35898492 PMCID: PMC9312376 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.908068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BCa) is the 10th most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide, and cellular senescence is defined as a state of permanent cell cycle arrest and considered to play important roles in the development and progression of tumor. However, the comprehensive effect of senescence in BCa has not ever been systematically evaluated. Using the genome-wide CRISPR screening data acquired from DepMap (Cancer Dependency Map), senescence genes from the CellAge database, and gene expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we screened out 12 senescence genes which might play critical roles in BCa. A four-cell-senescence-regulator-gene prognostic index was constructed using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and multivariate COX regression model. The transcriptomic data and clinical information of BCa patients were downloaded from TCGA and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). We randomly divided the patients in TCGA cohort into training and testing cohorts and calculated the risk score according to the expression of the four senescence genes. The validity of this risk score was validated in the testing cohort (TCGA) and validation cohort (GSE13507). The Kaplan–Meier curves revealed a significant difference in the survival outcome between the high- and low-risk score groups. A nomogram including the risk score and other clinical factors (age, gender, stage, and grade) was established with better predictive capacity of OS in 1, 3, and 5 years. Besides, we found that patients in the high-risk group had higher tumor mutation burden (TMB); lower immune, stroma, and ESTIMATE scores; higher tumor purity; aberrant immune functions; and lower expression of immune checkpoints. We also performed gene set variation analysis (GSVA) and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to investigate the interaction between risk score and hallmark pathways and found that a high risk score was connected with activation of senescence-related pathways. Furthermore, we found that a high risk score was related to better response to immunotherapy and chemotherapy. In conclusion, we identified a four-cell-senescence-regulator-gene prognostic index in BCa and investigated its relationship with TMB, the immune landscape of tumor microenvironment (TME), and response to immunotherapy and chemotherapy, and we also established a nomogram to predict the prognosis of patients with BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zong-Biao Zhang
- *Correspondence: Zong-Biao Zhang, ; Shao-Gang Wang, ; Qi-Dong Xia,
| | - Shao-Gang Wang
- *Correspondence: Zong-Biao Zhang, ; Shao-Gang Wang, ; Qi-Dong Xia,
| | - Qi-Dong Xia
- *Correspondence: Zong-Biao Zhang, ; Shao-Gang Wang, ; Qi-Dong Xia,
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Santin Y, Lluel P, Rischmann P, Gamé X, Mialet-Perez J, Parini A. Cellular Senescence in Renal and Urinary Tract Disorders. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112420. [PMID: 33167349 PMCID: PMC7694377 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a state of cell cycle arrest induced by repetitive cell mitoses or different stresses, which is implicated in various physiological or pathological processes. The beneficial or adverse effects of senescent cells depend on their transitory or persistent state. Transient senescence has major beneficial roles promoting successful post-injury repair and inhibiting malignant transformation. On the other hand, persistent accumulation of senescent cells has been associated with chronic diseases and age-related illnesses like renal/urinary tract disorders. The deleterious effects of persistent senescent cells have been related, in part, to their senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) characterized by the release of a variety of factors responsible for chronic inflammation, extracellular matrix adverse remodeling, and fibrosis. Recently, an increase in senescent cell burden has been reported in renal, prostate, and bladder disorders. In this review, we will summarize the molecular mechanisms of senescence and their implication in renal and urinary tract diseases. We will also discuss the differential impacts of transient versus persistent status of cellular senescence, as well as the therapeutic potential of senescent cell targeting in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Santin
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1048—I2MC, 31432 Toulouse, France; (Y.S.); (J.M.-P.)
| | - Philippe Lluel
- Urosphere SAS, Rue des Satellites, 31400 Toulouse, France;
| | - Pascal Rischmann
- Department of Urology, Kidney Transplantation and Andrology, Toulouse Rangueil University Hospital, 31432 Toulouse, France; (P.R.); (X.G.)
| | - Xavier Gamé
- Department of Urology, Kidney Transplantation and Andrology, Toulouse Rangueil University Hospital, 31432 Toulouse, France; (P.R.); (X.G.)
| | - Jeanne Mialet-Perez
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1048—I2MC, 31432 Toulouse, France; (Y.S.); (J.M.-P.)
| | - Angelo Parini
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1048—I2MC, 31432 Toulouse, France; (Y.S.); (J.M.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-561325601
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Wang J, Tao Q, Pan Y, Wanyan Z, Zhu F, Xu X, Wang H, Yi L, Zhou M, Zhai Z. Stress-induced premature senescence activated by the SENEX gene mediates apoptosis resistance of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma via promoting immunosuppressive cells and cytokines. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2020; 8:672-683. [PMID: 33015970 PMCID: PMC7654415 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background The underlying cause of relapsed and refractory (r/r) diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is usually related to apoptosis resistance to antitumor drugs. The recent years have provided lots of evidence that tumor cells may undergo stress‐induced premature senescence (SIPS) in response to chemotherapy, but how SIPS affects lymphoma cells remains inconclusive. Methods Fifty‐two DLBCL patients, including 6 newly diagnosed (ND), 17 complete remissions (CR), and 29 (r/r), were enrolled in this study. We used a senescence‐associated‐β‐galactosidase (SA‐β‐Gal) staining kit for senescence staining. Suppressive immune cells including regulatory T cells (Treg) and myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSC) were detected by flow cytometry (FCM). Secreted cytokines were measured by ELISA Kit and SENEX gene expression was detected by a quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. We used 40 nM doxorubicin to induce the SIPS model of DLBCL in vitro. Apoptosis and proliferation activity of senescent LY8 cells were respectively detected by FCM and CCK8. SENEX gene was silenced by RNA interference. Results The proportion of senescent lymphoma cells was significantly increased in r/r DLBCL patients, concomitant with increased Treg, MDSC, and various secreted cytokines with proinflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. The SENEX gene was significantly elevated in the SIPS model. Senescent DLBCL cells had good antiapoptotic ability and proliferative activity accompanied by increased immunosuppressive cytokines. Interestingly, when we silenced the SENEX gene in the DLBCL cell line, the results were the opposite to the above. Conclusion SIPS activated by the SENEX gene mediates apoptosis resistance of r/r DLBCL via promoting immunosuppressive cells and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyu Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qianshan Tao
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Pan
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhixiang Wanyan
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fengfeng Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xuanxuan Xu
- Department of Hematology, Jingzhou Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huiping Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liuying Yi
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhimin Zhai
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Wang J, Wang Z, Wang H, Wanyan Z, Pan Y, Zhu F, Tao Q, Zhai Z. Stress-Induced Premature Senescence Promotes Proliferation by Activating the SENEX and p16 INK4a/Retinoblastoma (Rb) Pathway in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Turk J Haematol 2019; 36:247-254. [PMID: 31327185 PMCID: PMC6863019 DOI: 10.4274/tjh.galenos.2019.2019.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cellular senescence has been thought to be an important barrier to tumor formation. Recent studies have shown that stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) can promote partial tumor invasion, but how SIPS affects diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remains inconclusive. This study aimed to address that issue. Materials and Methods The immunophenotype of the LY8 cell line was measured with flow cytometry. SIPS induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) was detected by senescence β-galactosidase staining. Cell proliferation was analyzed with CCK8 and expression levels of ARHGAP18 (SENEX gene-encoding protein), p16/p21, and
Rb/pRb were measured with western blot. LY8 cells were transfected with SENEX-SiRNA/NC and verified by western blot. Results Our results suggested that the immunophenotype of the LY8 cell line is CD19-, CD20-, and CD10-positive and the immunoglobulin light chain is the kappa type. The cellular senescence model of DLBCL could be successfully induced by 30 μM tBHP. ARHGAP18, p21, p16, and Rb protein levels were significantly increased but the level of pRb expression was decreased in the SIPS group compared with other groups. Meanwhile, the proliferation rate was increased in the SIPS group more than other tBHP groups. Furthermore, the expressions of p21 and p16 were significantly decreased in the SENEX-SiRNA group compared with the negative control group. Conclusion SIPS formation activates ARHGAP18 and the p16/Rb pathway and promotes DLBCL cell proliferation. Furthermore, SENEX activates the p16 pathway in DLBCL. SIPS promotes proliferation by activating SENEX and the p16/Rb pathway in DLBCL. SENEX-related SIPS may serve as an important target for relapsed/refractory DLBCL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyu Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Department of Hematology, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Zhitao Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Department of Hematology, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Huiping Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Department of Hematology, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Zhixiang Wanyan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Department of Hematology, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Ying Pan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Department of Hematology, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Fengfeng Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Department of Hematology, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Qianshan Tao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Department of Hematology, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Zhai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Department of Hematology, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
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Jóźwicki W, Brożyna AA, Siekiera J, Slominski AT. Expression of RCAS1 correlates with urothelial bladder cancer malignancy. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:3783-803. [PMID: 25674852 PMCID: PMC4346926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16023783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
RCAS1 is a protein that participates in regulation of the tumor microenvironment and its immune responses, all in order to evade the immune system. The aim of this study was to analyze RCAS1 expression in urothelial bladder cancer cells (and in fibroblasts and macrophages of the tumor stroma) and its relationship with the histological pattern of malignancy. Eighty-three postcystectomy patients were enrolled. We analyzed the histological maturity (grade), progress (pT stage), tissue invasion type (TIT), nonclassic differentiation number (NDN), and the ability to metastasize (pN). The expression of RCAS1 protein was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Indicators of histological malignancy were observed solely in association with the RCAS1 expression in cells in the border parts (BPs) of the tumor. Histological malignancy of the tumor, indicated by the pT and pN, and metastasis-free survival time, correlated significantly with RCAS1 expression in tumor neoplastic cells, whereas malignancy determined by grade, TIT, and NDN correlated with RCAS1 expression in fibroblasts and macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. These findings suggest that the increased RCAS1 expression depends on its cellular source and that RCAS1 expression itself is a component of various signaling pathways. The immune escape occurs within the tumor BPs, where the increase in the RCAS1 expression occurs within tumor cells and stromal cells in its microenvironment. We conclude that the histological pattern of tumor malignancy, indicated by grade, TIT, NDN, pT, and pN is a morphological indicator of immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Jóźwicki
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, the Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Romanowska Street 2, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland.
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, the Franciszek Łukaszczyk Oncology Centre, Romanowska Street 2, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland.
| | - Anna A Brożyna
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, the Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Romanowska Street 2, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland.
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, the Franciszek Łukaszczyk Oncology Centre, Romanowska Street 2, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Siekiera
- Department of Urology, the Franciszek Łukaszczyk Oncology Centre, Romanowska Street 2, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland.
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, 930 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Thompson DB, Siref LE, Feloney MP, Hauke RJ, Agrawal DK. Immunological basis in the pathogenesis and treatment of bladder cancer. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:265-79. [PMID: 25391391 PMCID: PMC4637163 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.983082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis and transition of normal urothelium into bladder carcinoma are multifactorial processes. Chronic inflammation causes initiation and progression of the underlying pathophysiology of invasive and metastatic cancer. A dichotomy is observed in the role of immune cells in bladder cancer. While the immune response defends the host by suppressing neoplastic growth, several immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages and T-lymphocytes, promote tumor development and progression. The levels of human neutrophil peptide-1, -2 and -3, produced by neutrophils, increase in bladder cancer and might promote tumor angiogenesis and growth. The effect of macrophages is primarily mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-α. In addition, the underlying immunological mechanisms of two treatments, BCG and cytokine gene-modified tumor vaccines, and future directions are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Thompson
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, CRISS II Room 510, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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