1
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Ostermeier M, Garibay-Hernández A, Holzer VJC, Schroda M, Nickelsen J. Structure, biogenesis, and evolution of thylakoid membranes. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:4014-4035. [PMID: 38567528 PMCID: PMC11448915 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria and chloroplasts of algae and plants harbor specialized thylakoid membranes (TMs) that convert sunlight into chemical energy. These membranes house PSII and I, the vital protein-pigment complexes that drive oxygenic photosynthesis. In the course of their evolution, TMs have diversified in structure. However, the core machinery for photosynthetic electron transport remained largely unchanged, with adaptations occurring primarily in the light-harvesting antenna systems. Whereas TMs in cyanobacteria are relatively simple, they become more complex in algae and plants. The chloroplasts of vascular plants contain intricate networks of stacked grana and unstacked stroma thylakoids. This review provides an in-depth view of TM architectures in phototrophs and the determinants that shape their forms, as well as presenting recent insights into the spatial organization of their biogenesis and maintenance. Its overall goal is to define the underlying principles that have guided the evolution of these bioenergetic membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael Schroda
- Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jörg Nickelsen
- Molecular Plant Science, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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2
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Wood PL. Metabolic and Lipid Biomarkers for Pathogenic Algae, Fungi, Cyanobacteria, Mycobacteria, Gram-Positive Bacteria, and Gram-Negative Bacteria. Metabolites 2024; 14:378. [PMID: 39057701 PMCID: PMC11278827 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14070378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The utilization of metabolomics and lipidomics analytical platforms in the study of pathogenic microbes is slowly expanding. These research approaches will significantly contribute to the establishment of microbial metabolite and lipid databases of significant value to all researchers in microbiology. In this review, we present a high-level overview of some examples of biomarkers that can be used to detect the presence of microbes, monitor the expansion/decline of a microbe population, and add to our understanding of microbe biofilms and pathogenicity. In addition, increased knowledge of the metabolic functions of pathogenic microbes can contribute to our understanding of microbes that are utilized in diverse industrial applications. Our review focuses on lipids, secondary metabolites, and non-ribosomal peptides that can be monitored using electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HRMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Wood
- Metabolomics Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
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3
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Kobayashi K, Jimbo H, Nakamura Y, Wada H. Biosynthesis of phosphatidylglycerol in photosynthetic organisms. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 93:101266. [PMID: 38040200 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is a unique phospholipid class with its indispensable role in photosynthesis and growth in land plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. PG is the only major phospholipid in the thylakoid membrane of cyanobacteria and plant chloroplasts and a main lipid component in photosynthetic protein-cofactor complexes such as photosystem I and photosystem II. In plants and algae, PG is also essential as a substrate for the biosynthesis of cardiolipin, which is a unique lipid present only in mitochondrial membranes and crucial for the functions of mitochondria. PG biosynthesis pathways in plants include three membranous organelles, plastids, mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum in a complex manner. While the molecular biology underlying the role of PG in photosynthetic functions is well established, many enzymes responsible for the PG biosynthesis are only recently cloned and functionally characterized in the model plant species including Arabidopsis thaliana and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria such as Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The characterization of those enzymes helps understand not only the metabolic flow for PG production but also the crosstalk of biosynthesis pathways between PG and other lipids. This review aims to summarize recent advances in the understanding of the PG biosynthesis pathway and functions of involved enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Japan.
| | - Haruhiko Jimbo
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Wada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Zhang L, Yuan Q, Hu C, Sun X, Gong Y, Xu N. Characterization of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthases in Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis and their potential roles in the fading of the thallus. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023; 59:1258-1271. [PMID: 37688517 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Membrane lipids play essential roles in regulating physiological properties in higher plants and algae. Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) is a major thylakoid membrane lipid, and it is an important source of polyunsaturated fatty acids for cells, plays a key role in the biogenesis of plastids, and maintains the function of the photosynthetic machinery. Several studies have indicated that the knockdown of MGDG synthase results in membrane lipid remodeling, albino seedlings, and changes in photosynthetic performance. However, the effects of MGDG synthase (MGD) inhibitors on lipids in macroalgae have not yet been clarified. Here, we characterized the effects of MGD inhibitors (ortho-phenanthroline and N-ethylmaleimide) on the composition of the fatty acids observed in MGDG and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) in Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis using electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. The most abundant MGDG species contained 16:0/18:1 (sn-1/sn-2) fatty acids, and the most dominant DGDG species contained 20:5/16:0 (sn-1/sn-2) fatty acids. Measurements of photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic parameters revealed that photosynthesis of G. lemaneiformis was impaired. Principal component analysis and Spearman's correlation analysis revealed interactions between specific MGDG structural composition patterns and key metabolites involved in photosynthesis, indicating that 20:4/16:0 (sn-1/sn-2) MGDG and 16:0/18:1 (sn-1/sn-2) MGDG affect the structure and function of phycobilisomes and thus the color of G. lemaneiformis. Three genes (GlMGD1, GlMGD2, and GlMGD3) were cloned and identified. The addition of N-ethylmaleimide to G. lemaneiformis did not affect the abundance of GlMGD mRNA, and the abundance of transcripts was significantly decreased by ortho-phenanthroline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chaoyang Hu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue Sun
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yifu Gong
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nianjun Xu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
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5
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Kobayashi K, Yoshihara A, Kubota-Kawai H. Evolutionary implications from lipids in membrane bilayers and photosynthetic complexes in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. J Biochem 2023; 174:399-408. [PMID: 37500078 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvad058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In biomembranes, lipids form bilayer structures that serve as the fluid matrix for membrane proteins and other hydrophobic compounds. Additionally, lipid molecules associate with membrane proteins and impact their structures and functions. In both cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of plants and algae, the lipid bilayer of the thylakoid membrane consists of four distinct glycerolipid classes: monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, and phosphatidylglycerol. These lipids are also integral components of photosynthetic complexes such as photosystem II and photosystem I. The lipid-binding sites within the photosystems, as well as the lipid composition in the thylakoid membrane, are highly conserved between cyanobacteria and photosynthetic eukaryotes, and each lipid class has specific roles in oxygenic photosynthesis. This review aims to shed light on the potential evolutionary implications of lipid utilization in membrane lipid bilayers and photosynthetic complexes in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
- Faculty of Liberal Arts, Science and Global Education, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Akiko Yoshihara
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hisako Kubota-Kawai
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata-shi 990-8560, Japan
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6
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Guéguen N, Maréchal E. Origin of cyanobacterial thylakoids via a non-vesicular glycolipid phase transition and their impact on the Great Oxygenation Event. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2721-2734. [PMID: 35560194 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The appearance of oxygenic photosynthesis in cyanobacteria is a major event in evolution. It had an irreversible impact on the Earth, promoting the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE) ~2.4 billion years ago. Ancient cyanobacteria predating the GOE were Gloeobacter-type cells lacking thylakoids, which hosted photosystems in their cytoplasmic membrane. The driver of the GOE was proposed to be the transition from unicellular to filamentous cyanobacteria. However, the appearance of thylakoids expanded the photosynthetic surface to such an extent that it introduced a multiplier effect, which would be more coherent with an impact on the atmosphere. Primitive thylakoids self-organize as concentric parietal uninterrupted multilayers. There is no robust evidence for an origin of thylakoids via a vesicular-based scenario. This review reports studies supporting that hexagonal II-forming glucolipids and galactolipids at the periphery of the cytosolic membrane could be turned, within nanoseconds and without any external source of energy, into membrane multilayers. Comparison of lipid biosynthetic pathways shows that ancient cyanobacteria contained only one anionic lamellar-forming lipid, phosphatidylglycerol. The acquisition of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol biosynthesis correlates with thylakoid emergence, possibly enabling sufficient provision of anionic lipids to trigger a hexagonal II-to-lamellar phase transition. With this non-vesicular lipid-phase transition, a framework is also available to re-examine the role of companion proteins in thylakoid biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn Guéguen
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale; INRAE, CNRS, CEA, Université Grenoble Alpes; IRIG; CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale; INRAE, CNRS, CEA, Université Grenoble Alpes; IRIG; CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
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7
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Jimbo H, Izuhara T, Hirashima T, Endo K, Nakamura Y, Wada H. Membrane lipid remodeling is required for photosystem II function under low CO 2. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:245-253. [PMID: 33119921 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Membrane lipid remodeling in plants and microalgae has a crucial role in their survival under nutrient-deficient conditions. Aquatic microalgae have low access to CO2 , an essential carbon source for photosynthetic assimilates; however, 70-90 mol% of their membrane lipids are sugar-derived lipids (glycolipids) such as monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG). In this study, we discovered a new system of membrane lipid remodeling responding to CO2 in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, a unicellular, freshwater cyanobacterium. As compared with higher CO2 (HC; 1% CO2 ), under ambient air (lower CO2 : LC), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) content was increased at the expense of MGDG content. To explore the biological significance of this alteration in content, we generated a transformant of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 overexpressing sll0545 gene encoding a putative phosphatidic acid phosphate (oxPAP), which produces diacylglycerol that is used for the synthesis of glycolipids, and examined the effect on membrane lipid remodeling and phototrophic growth responding to LC. Photosystem II (PSII) activity and growth rate were inhibited under LC in oxPAP cells. PG content was substantially reduced, and MGDG and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol contents were increased in oxPAP cells as compared with control cells. These phenotypes in oxPAP cells were recovered under the HC condition or PG supplementation. Increased PG content may be required for proper functioning of PSII under LC conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Jimbo
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Taichi Izuhara
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirashima
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Kaichiro Endo
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hajime Wada
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
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8
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Glyceroglycolipid Metabolism Regulations under Phosphate Starvation Revealed by Transcriptome Analysis in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18070360. [PMID: 32668657 PMCID: PMC7401256 DOI: 10.3390/md18070360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyceroglycolipids, abundant in cyanobacteria's photosynthetic membranes, present bioactivities and pharmacological activities, and can be widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. Environmental factors could alter the contents and compositions of cyanobacteria glyceroglycolipids, but the regulation mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, the glyceroglycolipids contents and the transcriptome in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 were analyzed under phosphate starvation. Under phosphate starvation, the decrease of monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG) and increases of digalactosyl diacylglycerol (DGDG) and sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG) led to a decrease in the MGDG/DGDG ratio, from 4:1 to 5:3, after 12 days of cultivation. However, UDP-sulfoquinovose synthase gene sqdB, and the SQDG synthase gene sqdX, were down-regulated, and the decreased MGDG/DGDG ratio was later increased back to 2:1 after 15 days of cultivation, suggesting the regulation of glyceroglycolipids on day 12 was based on the MGDG/DGDG ratio maintaining glyceroglycolipid homeostasis. There are 12 differentially expressed transcriptional regulators that could be potential candidates related to glyceroglycolipid regulation, according to the transcriptome analysis. The transcriptome analysis also suggested post-transcriptional or post-translational regulations in glyceroglycolipid synthesis. This study provides further insights into glyceroglycolipid metabolism, as well as the scientific basis for glyceroglycolipid synthesis optimization and cyanobacteria glyceroglycolipids utilization via metabolic engineering.
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9
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Heidrich J, Thurotte A, Schneider D. Specific interaction of IM30/Vipp1 with cyanobacterial and chloroplast membranes results in membrane remodeling and eventually in membrane fusion. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1859:537-549. [PMID: 27693914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The photosynthetic light reaction takes place within the thylakoid membrane system in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. Besides its global importance, the biogenesis, maintenance and dynamics of this membrane system are still a mystery. In the last two decades, strong evidence supported the idea that these processes involve IM30, the inner membrane-associated protein of 30kDa, a protein also known as the vesicle-inducing protein in plastids 1 (Vipp1). Even though we just only begin to understand the precise physiological function of this protein, it is clear that interaction of IM30 with membranes is crucial for biogenesis of thylakoid membranes. Here we summarize and discuss forces guiding IM30-membrane interactions, as the membrane properties as well as the oligomeric state of IM30 appear to affect proper interaction of IM30 with membrane surfaces. Interaction of IM30 with membranes results in an altered membrane structure and can finally trigger fusion of adjacent membranes, when Mg2+ is present. Based on recent results, we finally present a model summarizing individual steps involved in IM30-mediated membrane fusion. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipid order/lipid defects and lipid-control of protein activity edited by Dirk Schneider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Heidrich
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 30, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Adrien Thurotte
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 30, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dirk Schneider
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 30, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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10
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Synthesis and transfer of galactolipids in the chloroplast envelope membranes of Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:10714-9. [PMID: 27601658 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609184113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactolipids [monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG)] are the hallmark lipids of photosynthetic membranes. The galactolipid synthases MGD1 and DGD1 catalyze consecutive galactosyltransfer reactions but localize to the inner and outer chloroplast envelopes, respectively, necessitating intermembrane lipid transfer. Here we show that the N-terminal sequence of DGD1 (NDGD1) is required for galactolipid transfer between the envelopes. Different diglycosyllipid synthases (DGD1, DGD2, and Chloroflexus glucosyltransferase) were introduced into the dgd1-1 mutant of Arabidopsis in fusion with N-terminal extensions (NDGD1 and NDGD2) targeting to the outer envelope. Reconstruction of DGDG synthesis in the outer envelope membrane was observed only with diglycosyllipid synthase fusion proteins carrying NDGD1, indicating that NDGD1 enables galactolipid translocation between envelopes. NDGD1 binds to phosphatidic acid (PA) in membranes and mediates PA-dependent membrane fusion in vitro. These findings provide a mechanism for the sorting and selective channeling of lipid precursors between the galactolipid pools of the two envelope membranes.
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11
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Chen Q, van der Steen JB, Dekker HL, Ganapathy S, de Grip WJ, Hellingwerf KJ. Expression of holo-proteorhodopsin in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Metab Eng 2016; 35:83-94. [PMID: 26869136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Retinal-based photosynthesis may contribute to the free energy conversion needed for growth of an organism carrying out oxygenic photosynthesis, like a cyanobacterium. After optimization, this may even enhance the overall efficiency of phototrophic growth of such organisms in sustainability applications. As a first step towards this, we here report on functional expression of the archetype proteorhodopsin in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Upon use of the moderate-strength psbA2 promoter, holo-proteorhodopsin is expressed in this cyanobacterium, at a level of up to 10(5) molecules per cell, presumably in a hexameric quaternary structure, and with approximately equal distribution (on a protein-content basis) over the thylakoid and the cytoplasmic membrane fraction. These results also demonstrate that Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 has the capacity to synthesize all-trans-retinal. Expressing a substantial amount of a heterologous opsin membrane protein causes a substantial growth retardation Synechocystis, as is clear from a strain expressing PROPS, a non-pumping mutant derivative of proteorhodopsin. Relative to this latter strain, proteorhodopsin expression, however, measurably stimulates its growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Que Chen
- Molecular Microbial Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen B van der Steen
- Molecular Microbial Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk L Dekker
- Mass Spectrometry of Biomacromolecules, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Srividya Ganapathy
- Biophysical Organic Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J de Grip
- Biophysical Organic Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas J Hellingwerf
- Molecular Microbial Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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Abstract
Cyanobacteria carry out oxygenic photosynthesis and share many features with chloroplasts, including thylakoid membranes, which are mainly composed of membrane lipids and protein complexes that mediate photosynthetic electron transport. Although the functions of the various thylakoid protein complexes have been well characterized, the details underlying the biogenesis of thylakoid membranes remain unclear. Galactolipids are the major constituents of the thylakoid membrane system, and all the genes involved in galactolipid biosynthesis were recently identified. In this chapter, I summarize recent advances in our understanding of the factors involved in thylakoid development, including regulatory proteins and enzymes that mediate lipid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Awai
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
- Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8011, Japan.
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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13
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Selão TT, Zhang L, Knoppová J, Komenda J, Norling B. Photosystem II Assembly Steps Take Place in the Thylakoid Membrane of the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:95-104. [PMID: 26578692 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Thylakoid biogenesis is an intricate process requiring accurate and timely assembly of proteins, pigments and other cofactors into functional, photosynthetically competent membranes. PSII assembly is studied in particular as its core protein, D1, is very susceptible to photodamage and has a high turnover rate, particularly in high light. PSII assembly is a modular process, with assembly steps proceeding in a specific order. Using aqueous two-phase partitioning to separate plasma membranes (PM) and thylakoid membranes (TM), we studied the subcellular localization of the early assembly steps for PSII biogenesis in a Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 cyanobacterium strain lacking the CP47 antenna. This strain accumulates the early D1-D2 assembly complex which was localized in TM along with associated PSII assembly factors. We also followed insertion and processing of the D1 precursor (pD1) by radioactive pulse-chase labeling. D1 is inserted into the membrane with a C-terminal extension which requires cleavage by a specific protease, the C-terminal processing protease (CtpA), to allow subsequent assembly of the oxygen-evolving complex. pD1 insertion as well as its conversion to mature D1 under various light conditions was seen only in the TM. Epitope-tagged CtpA was also localized in the same membrane, providing further support for the thylakoid location of pD1 processing. However, Vipp1 and PratA, two proteins suggested to be part of the so-called 'thylakoid centers', were found to associate with the PM. Together, these results suggest that early PSII assembly steps occur in TM or specific areas derived from them, with interaction with PM needed for efficient PSII and thylakoid biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago T Selão
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
| | - Lifang Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
| | - Jana Knoppová
- Institute of Microbiology, Center Algatech, Opatovický mlýn, Novohradská 237, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Komenda
- Institute of Microbiology, Center Algatech, Opatovický mlýn, Novohradská 237, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Birgitta Norling
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
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14
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Subcellular Localization of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130904. [PMID: 26083372 PMCID: PMC4470828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis pathway of carotenoids in cyanobacteria is partly described. However, the subcellular localization of individual steps is so far unknown. Carotenoid analysis of different membrane subfractions in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 shows that “light” plasma membranes have a high carotenoid/protein ratio, when compared to “heavier” plasma membranes or thylakoids. The localization of CrtQ and CrtO, two well-defined carotenoid synthesis pathway enzymes in Synechocystis, was studied by epitope tagging and western blots. Both enzymes are locally more abundant in plasma membranes than in thylakoids, implying that the plasma membrane has higher synthesis rates of β-carotene precursor molecules and echinenone.
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Rast A, Heinz S, Nickelsen J. Biogenesis of thylakoid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:821-30. [PMID: 25615584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thylakoids mediate photosynthetic electron transfer and represent one of the most elaborate energy-transducing membrane systems. Despite our detailed knowledge of its structure and function, much remains to be learned about how the machinery is put together. The concerted synthesis and assembly of lipids, proteins and low-molecular-weight cofactors like pigments and transition metal ions require a high level of spatiotemporal coordination. While increasing numbers of assembly factors are being functionally characterized, the principles that govern how thylakoid membrane maturation is organized in space are just starting to emerge. In both cyanobacteria and chloroplasts, distinct production lines for the fabrication of photosynthetic complexes, in particular photosystem II, have been identified. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chloroplast Biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rast
- Molekulare Pflanzenwissenschaften, Biozentrum LMU München, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Steffen Heinz
- Molekulare Pflanzenwissenschaften, Biozentrum LMU München, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jörg Nickelsen
- Molekulare Pflanzenwissenschaften, Biozentrum LMU München, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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