1
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Marek RD. A surrogate forelimb: Evolution, function and development of the avian cervical spine. J Morphol 2023; 284:e21638. [PMID: 37708511 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The neck is a critical portion of the avian spine, one that works in tandem with the beak to act as a surrogate forelimb and allows birds to manipulate their surroundings despite the lack of a grasping capable hand. Birds display an incredible amount of diversity in neck morphology across multiple anatomical scales-from varying cervical counts down to intricate adaptations of individual vertebrae. Despite this morphofunctional disparity, little is known about the drivers of this enormous variation, nor how neck evolution has shaped avian macroevolution. To promote interest in this system, I review the development, function and evolution of the avian cervical spine. The musculoskeletal anatomy, basic kinematics and development of the avian neck are all documented, but focus primarily upon commercially available taxa. In addition, recent work has quantified the drivers of extant morphological variation across the avian neck, as well as patterns of integration between the neck and other skeletal elements. However, the evolutionary history of the avian cervical spine, and its contribution to the diversification and success of modern birds is currently unknown. Future work should aim to broaden our understanding of the cervical anatomy, development and kinematics to include a more diverse selection of extant birds, while also considering the macroevolutionary drivers and consequences of this important section of the avian spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Marek
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centre for Integrative Anatomy, University College London, London, UK
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2
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Navarro-Lorbés P, Ruiz J, Díaz-Martínez I, Isasmendi E, Sáez-Benito P, Viera L, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Torices A. Fast-running theropods tracks from the Early Cretaceous of La Rioja, Spain. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23095. [PMID: 34887437 PMCID: PMC8660891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Theropod behaviour and biodynamics are intriguing questions that paleontology has been trying to resolve for a long time. The lack of extant groups with similar bipedalism has made it hard to answer some of the questions on the matter, yet theoretical biomechanical models have shed some light on the question of how fast theropods could run and what kind of movement they showed. The study of dinosaur tracks can help answer some of these questions due to the very nature of tracks as a product of the interaction of these animals with the environment. Two trackways belonging to fast-running theropods from the Lower Cretaceous Enciso Group of Igea (La Rioja) are presented here and compared with other fast-running theropod trackways published to date. The Lower Cretaceous Iberian fossil record and some features present in these footprints and trackways suggest a basal tetanuran, probably a carcharodontosaurid or spinosaurid, as a plausible trackmaker. Speed analysis shows that these trackways, with speed ranges of 6.5-10.3 and 8.8-12.4 ms-1, testify to some of the top speeds ever calculated for theropod tracks, shedding light on the question of dinosaur biodynamics and how these animals moved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Navarro-Lorbés
- Cátedra Extraordinaria de Paleontología, Departamento de Ciencias Humanas, Universidad de La Rioja (UR), C/Luis de Ulloa, 2, 26004, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
| | - Javier Ruiz
- grid.4795.f0000 0001 2157 7667Departamento de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Díaz-Martínez
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro-IIPG. Av, Roca 1242, 8332 General Roca, Río Negro Argentina ,Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología (IIPG), CONICET. Av. Roca 1242, 8332 General Roca, Río Negro Argentina
| | - Erik Isasmendi
- grid.11480.3c0000000121671098Departamento de Geología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena S/N., 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Patxi Sáez-Benito
- Centro de Interpretación Paleontológica de la Rioja, Calle Mayor, 10, 26525 Igea, La Rioja Spain
| | - Luis Viera
- Centro de Interpretación Paleontológica de la Rioja, Calle Mayor, 10, 26525 Igea, La Rioja Spain
| | - Xabier Pereda-Suberbiola
- grid.11480.3c0000000121671098Departamento de Geología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena S/N., 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Angélica Torices
- grid.119021.a0000 0001 2174 6969Cátedra Extraordinaria de Paleontología, Departamento de Ciencias Humanas, Universidad de La Rioja (UR), C/Luis de Ulloa, 2, 26004 Logroño, La Rioja Spain
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Böhmer C, Plateau O, Cornette R, Abourachid A. Correlated evolution of neck length and leg length in birds. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181588. [PMID: 31218020 PMCID: PMC6549945 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite a diversity of about 10 000 extant species, the sophisticated avian 'body plan' has not much changed once it was achieved around 160 Ma after the origin of powered flight. All birds are bipedal having wings, a rigid trunk, a short and ossified tail, a three-segmented leg and digitigrade feet. The avian neck, however, has always been regarded as a classic example of high variability ranging from short necks in songbirds to extremely long, serpentine necks in herons. Yet, the wide array of small to very large species makes it difficult to evaluate the actual neck length. Here, we investigate the evolution of the vertebral formulae in the neck of birds and the scaling relationships between skeletal dimensions and body size. Cervical count in birds is strongly related to phylogeny, with only some specialists having an exceptional number of vertebrae in the neck. In contrast with mammals, the length of the cervical vertebral column increases as body size increases and, thus, body size does not constrain neck length in birds. Indeed, neck length scales isometrically with total leg length suggesting a correlated evolution between both modules. The strong integration between the cervical and pelvic module in birds is in contrast with the decoupling of the fore- and hindlimb module and may be the result of the loss of a functionally versatile forelimb due to the evolution of powered flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Böhmer
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivia Plateau
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Raphäel Cornette
- UMR 7205 Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, CP 50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anick Abourachid
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
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4
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The mechanical origins of arm-swinging. J Hum Evol 2019; 130:61-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bishop PJ, Hocknull SA, Clemente CJ, Hutchinson JR, Farke AA, Beck BR, Barrett RS, Lloyd DG. Cancellous bone and theropod dinosaur locomotion. Part I-an examination of cancellous bone architecture in the hindlimb bones of theropods. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5778. [PMID: 30402347 PMCID: PMC6215452 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper is the first of a three-part series that investigates the architecture of cancellous ('spongy') bone in the main hindlimb bones of theropod dinosaurs, and uses cancellous bone architectural patterns to infer locomotor biomechanics in extinct non-avian species. Cancellous bone is widely known to be highly sensitive to its mechanical environment, and has previously been used to infer locomotor biomechanics in extinct tetrapod vertebrates, especially primates. Despite great promise, cancellous bone architecture has remained little utilized for investigating locomotion in many other extinct vertebrate groups, such as dinosaurs. Documentation and quantification of architectural patterns across a whole bone, and across multiple bones, can provide much information on cancellous bone architectural patterns and variation across species. Additionally, this also lends itself to analysis of the musculoskeletal biomechanical factors involved in a direct, mechanistic fashion. On this premise, computed tomographic and image analysis techniques were used to describe and analyse the three-dimensional architecture of cancellous bone in the main hindlimb bones of theropod dinosaurs for the first time. A comprehensive survey across many extant and extinct species is produced, identifying several patterns of similarity and contrast between groups. For instance, more stemward non-avian theropods (e.g. ceratosaurs and tyrannosaurids) exhibit cancellous bone architectures more comparable to that present in humans, whereas species more closely related to birds (e.g. paravians) exhibit architectural patterns bearing greater similarity to those of extant birds. Many of the observed patterns may be linked to particular aspects of locomotor biomechanics, such as the degree of hip or knee flexion during stance and gait. A further important observation is the abundance of markedly oblique trabeculae in the diaphyses of the femur and tibia of birds, which in large species produces spiralling patterns along the endosteal surface. Not only do these observations provide new insight into theropod anatomy and behaviour, they also provide the foundation for mechanistic testing of locomotor hypotheses via musculoskeletal biomechanical modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Bishop
- Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Gold Coast Orthopaedic Research, Engineering and Education Alliance, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Current affiliation: Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Scott A. Hocknull
- Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christofer J. Clemente
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John R. Hutchinson
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Andrew A. Farke
- Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology at The Webb Schools, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Belinda R. Beck
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Exercise and Human Performance, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Rod S. Barrett
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Gold Coast Orthopaedic Research, Engineering and Education Alliance, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - David G. Lloyd
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Gold Coast Orthopaedic Research, Engineering and Education Alliance, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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6
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Bishop PJ, Hocknull SA, Clemente CJ, Hutchinson JR, Barrett RS, Lloyd DG. Cancellous bone and theropod dinosaur locomotion. Part II-a new approach to inferring posture and locomotor biomechanics in extinct tetrapod vertebrates. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5779. [PMID: 30402348 PMCID: PMC6215447 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper is the second of a three-part series that investigates the architecture of cancellous bone in the main hindlimb bones of theropod dinosaurs, and uses cancellous bone architectural patterns to infer locomotor biomechanics in extinct non-avian species. Cancellous bone is widely known to be highly sensitive to its mechanical environment, and therefore has the potential to provide insight into locomotor biomechanics in extinct tetrapod vertebrates such as dinosaurs. Here in Part II, a new biomechanical modelling approach is outlined, one which mechanistically links cancellous bone architectural patterns with three-dimensional musculoskeletal and finite element modelling of the hindlimb. In particular, the architecture of cancellous bone is used to derive a single 'characteristic posture' for a given species-one in which bone continuum-level principal stresses best align with cancellous bone fabric-and thereby clarify hindlimb locomotor biomechanics. The quasi-static approach was validated for an extant theropod, the chicken, and is shown to provide a good estimate of limb posture at around mid-stance. It also provides reasonable predictions of bone loading mechanics, especially for the proximal hindlimb, and also provides a broadly accurate assessment of muscle recruitment insofar as limb stabilization is concerned. In addition to being useful for better understanding locomotor biomechanics in extant species, the approach hence provides a new avenue by which to analyse, test and refine palaeobiomechanical hypotheses, not just for extinct theropods, but potentially many other extinct tetrapod groups as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Bishop
- Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Gold Coast Orthopaedic Research, Engineering and Education Alliance, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Current affiliation: Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Scott A. Hocknull
- Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christofer J. Clemente
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John R. Hutchinson
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Rod S. Barrett
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Gold Coast Orthopaedic Research, Engineering and Education Alliance, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - David G. Lloyd
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Gold Coast Orthopaedic Research, Engineering and Education Alliance, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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7
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Bishop PJ, Clemente CJ, Weems RE, Graham DF, Lamas LP, Hutchinson JR, Rubenson J, Wilson RS, Hocknull SA, Barrett RS, Lloyd DG. Using step width to compare locomotor biomechanics between extinct, non-avian theropod dinosaurs and modern obligate bipeds. J R Soc Interface 2018; 14:rsif.2017.0276. [PMID: 28724627 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How extinct, non-avian theropod dinosaurs locomoted is a subject of considerable interest, as is the manner in which it evolved on the line leading to birds. Fossil footprints provide the most direct evidence for answering these questions. In this study, step width-the mediolateral (transverse) distance between successive footfalls-was investigated with respect to speed (stride length) in non-avian theropod trackways of Late Triassic age. Comparable kinematic data were also collected for humans and 11 species of ground-dwelling birds. Permutation tests of the slope on a plot of step width against stride length showed that step width decreased continuously with increasing speed in the extinct theropods (p < 0.001), as well as the five tallest bird species studied (p < 0.01). Humans, by contrast, showed an abrupt decrease in step width at the walk-run transition. In the modern bipeds, these patterns reflect the use of either a discontinuous locomotor repertoire, characterized by distinct gaits (humans), or a continuous locomotor repertoire, where walking smoothly transitions into running (birds). The non-avian theropods are consequently inferred to have had a continuous locomotor repertoire, possibly including grounded running. Thus, features that characterize avian terrestrial locomotion had begun to evolve early in theropod history.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Bishop
- Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Australia .,School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Innovations in Health Technology, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - C J Clemente
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - R E Weems
- Calvert Marine Museum, Solomons, USA.,Paleo Quest, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - D F Graham
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Innovations in Health Technology, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - L P Lamas
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK.,Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J R Hutchinson
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - J Rubenson
- College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - R S Wilson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - S A Hocknull
- Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Innovations in Health Technology, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - R S Barrett
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Innovations in Health Technology, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - D G Lloyd
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Innovations in Health Technology, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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Bishop PJ, Graham DF, Lamas LP, Hutchinson JR, Rubenson J, Hancock JA, Wilson RS, Hocknull SA, Barrett RS, Lloyd DG, Clemente CJ. The influence of speed and size on avian terrestrial locomotor biomechanics: Predicting locomotion in extinct theropod dinosaurs. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192172. [PMID: 29466362 PMCID: PMC5821450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
How extinct, non-avian theropod dinosaurs moved is a subject of considerable interest and controversy. A better understanding of non-avian theropod locomotion can be achieved by better understanding terrestrial locomotor biomechanics in their modern descendants, birds. Despite much research on the subject, avian terrestrial locomotion remains little explored in regards to how kinematic and kinetic factors vary together with speed and body size. Here, terrestrial locomotion was investigated in twelve species of ground-dwelling bird, spanning a 1,780-fold range in body mass, across almost their entire speed range. Particular attention was devoted to the ground reaction force (GRF), the force that the feet exert upon the ground. Comparable data for the only other extant obligate, striding biped, humans, were also collected and studied. In birds, all kinematic and kinetic parameters examined changed continuously with increasing speed, while in humans all but one of those same parameters changed abruptly at the walk-run transition. This result supports previous studies that show birds to have a highly continuous locomotor repertoire compared to humans, where discrete 'walking' and 'running' gaits are not easily distinguished based on kinematic patterns alone. The influences of speed and body size on kinematic and kinetic factors in birds are developed into a set of predictive relationships that may be applied to extinct, non-avian theropods. The resulting predictive model is able to explain 79-93% of the observed variation in kinematics and 69-83% of the observed variation in GRFs, and also performs well in extrapolation tests. However, this study also found that the location of the whole-body centre of mass may exert an important influence on the nature of the GRF, and hence some caution is warranted, in lieu of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Bishop
- Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Innovations in Health Technology, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - D. F. Graham
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Innovations in Health Technology, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - L. P. Lamas
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J. R. Hutchinson
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - J. Rubenson
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - J. A. Hancock
- Murphy Deming College of Health Sciences, Mary Baldwin University, Staunton, Virginia, United States of America
| | - R. S. Wilson
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - S. A. Hocknull
- Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Innovations in Health Technology, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - R. S. Barrett
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Innovations in Health Technology, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - D. G. Lloyd
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Innovations in Health Technology, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - C. J. Clemente
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
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9
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Sylvester AD, Kramer PA. Young's Modulus and Load Complexity: Modeling Their Effects on Proximal Femur Strain. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1189-1202. [PMID: 29451371 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Finite element analysis (FEA) is a powerful tool for evaluating questions of functional morphology, but the application of FEA to extant or extinct creatures is a non-trivial task. Three categories of input data are needed to appropriately implement FEA: geometry, material properties, and boundary conditions. Geometric data are relatively easily obtained from imaging techniques, but often material properties and boundary conditions must be estimated. Here we conduct sensitivity analyses of the effect of the choice of Young's Modulus for elements representing trabecular bone and muscle loading complexity on the proximal femur using a finite element mesh of a modern human femur. We found that finite element meshes that used a Young's Modulus between 500 and 1,500 MPa best matched experimental strains. Loading scenarios that approximated the insertion sites of hip musculature produced strain patterns in the region of the greater trochanter that were different from scenarios that grouped muscle forces to the superior greater trochanter, with changes in strain values of 40% or more for 20% of elements. The femoral head, neck, and proximal shaft were less affected (e.g. approximately 50% of elements changed by 10% or less) by changes in the location of application of muscle forces. From our sensitivity analysis, we recommend the use of a Young's Modulus for the trabecular elements of 1,000 MPa for the proximal femur (range 500-1,500 MPa) and that the muscular loading complexity be dependent on whether or not strains in the greater trochanter are the focus of the analytical question. Anat Rec, 301:1189-1202, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Sylvester
- The John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, 1830 E. Monument Street, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Patricia A Kramer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, 314 Denny Hall, Seattle, Washington
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Clemente CJ, Bishop PJ, Newman N, Hocknull SA. Steady bipedal locomotion with a forward situated whole‐body centre of mass: the potential importance of temporally asymmetric ground reaction forces. J Zool (1987) 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Clemente
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - P. J. Bishop
- Geosciences Program Queensland Museum Brisbane Qld Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences Griffith University Southport Qld Australia
| | - N. Newman
- Queensland X‐ray Greenslopes Private Hospital Greenslopes Qld Australia
| | - S. A. Hocknull
- Geosciences Program Queensland Museum Brisbane Qld Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences Griffith University Southport Qld Australia
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11
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Libby T, Johnson AM, Chang-Siu E, Full RJ, Koditschek DE. Comparative Design, Scaling, and Control of Appendages for Inertial Reorientation. IEEE T ROBOT 2016. [DOI: 10.1109/tro.2016.2597316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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LeBlanc S, Tobalske B, Quinton M, Springthorpe D, Szkotnicki B, Wuerbel H, Harlander-Matauschek A. Physical Health Problems and Environmental Challenges Influence Balancing Behaviour in Laying Hens. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153477. [PMID: 27078835 PMCID: PMC4831827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With rising public concern for animal welfare, many major food chains and restaurants are changing their policies, strictly buying their eggs from non-cage producers. However, with the additional space in these cage-free systems to perform natural behaviours and movements comes the risk of injury. We evaluated the ability to maintain balance in adult laying hens with health problems (footpad dermatitis, keel damage, poor wing feather cover; n = 15) using a series of environmental challenges and compared such abilities with those of healthy birds (n = 5). Environmental challenges consisted of visual and spatial constraints, created using a head mask, perch obstacles, and static and swaying perch states. We hypothesized that perch movement, environmental challenges, and diminished physical health would negatively impact perching performance demonstrated as balance (as measured by time spent on perch and by number of falls of the perch) and would require more exaggerated correctional movements. We measured perching stability whereby each bird underwent eight 30-second trials on a static and swaying perch: with and without disrupted vision (head mask), with and without space limitations (obstacles) and combinations thereof. Video recordings (600 Hz) and a three-axis accelerometer/gyroscope (100 Hz) were used to measure the number of jumps/falls, latencies to leave the perch, as well as magnitude and direction of both linear and rotational balance-correcting movements. Laying hens with and without physical health problems, in both challenged and unchallenged environments, managed to perch and remain off the ground. We attribute this capacity to our training of the birds. Environmental challenges and physical state had an effect on the use of accelerations and rotations to stabilize themselves on a perch. Birds with physical health problems performed a higher frequency of rotational corrections to keep the body centered over the perch, whereas, for both health categories, environmental challenges required more intense and variable movement corrections. Collectively, these results provide novel empirical support for the effectiveness of training, and highlight that overcrowding, visual constraints, and poor physical health all reduce perching performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie LeBlanc
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bret Tobalske
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Margaret Quinton
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dwight Springthorpe
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Bill Szkotnicki
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hanno Wuerbel
- Division of Animal Welfare, VPH Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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