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Herold Z, Doleschall M, Somogyi A. Role and function of granin proteins in diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:1081-1092. [PMID: 34326956 PMCID: PMC8311481 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i7.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The granin glycoprotein family consists of nine acidic proteins; chromogranin A (CgA), chromogranin B (CgB), and secretogranin II–VIII. They are produced by a wide range of neuronal, neuroendocrine, and endocrine cells throughout the human body. Their major intracellular function is to sort peptides and proteins into secretory granules, but their cleavage products also take part in the extracellular regulation of diverse biological processes. The contribution of granins to carbohydrate metabolism and diabetes mellitus is a recent research area. CgA is associated with glucose homeostasis and the progression of type 1 diabetes. WE-14, CgA10-19, and CgA43-52 are peptide derivates of CgA, and act as CD4+ or CD8+ autoantigens in type 1 diabetes, whereas pancreastatin (PST) and catestatin have regulatory effects in carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, PST is related to gestational and type 2 diabetes. CgB has a crucial role in physiological insulin secretion. Secretogranins II and III have angiogenic activity in diabetic retinopathy (DR), and are novel targets in recent DR studies. Ongoing studies are beginning to investigate the potential use of granin derivatives as drugs to treat diabetes based on the divergent relationships between granins and different types of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Herold
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1083, Hungary
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1088, Hungary
| | - Marton Doleschall
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Eotvos Lorand Research Network and Semmelweis University, Budapest 1089, Hungary
| | - Aniko Somogyi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1088, Hungary
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Catestatin peptide of chromogranin A as a potential new target for several risk factors management in the course of metabolic syndrome. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 134:111113. [PMID: 33341043 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, lipodystrophy, diabetes, and hypertension collectively constitute the main features of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), together with insulin resistance (IR), which is considered as a defining element. MetS generally leads to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is a determinant cause of mortality and morbidity in humans and animals. Therefore, it is essential to implement and put in place adequate management strategies for the treatment of this disease. Catestatin is a bioactive peptide with 21 amino acids, which is derived through cleaving of the prohormone chromogranin A (CHGA/CgA) that is co-released with catecholamines from secretory vesicles and, which is responsible for hepatic/plasma lipids and insulin levels regulation, improves insulin sensitivity, reduces hypertension and attenuates obesity in murine models. In humans, there were few published studies, which showed that low levels of catestatin are significant risk factors for hypertension in adult patients. These accumulating evidence documents clearly that catestatin peptide (CST) is linked to inflammatory and metabolic syndrome diseases and can be a novel regulator of insulin and lipid levels, blood pressure, and cardiac function. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the CST effects in metabolic syndrome given its role in metabolic regulation and thus, provide new insights into the use of CST as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target.
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Intricacies of the Molecular Machinery of Catecholamine Biosynthesis and Secretion by Chromaffin Cells of the Normal Adrenal Medulla and in Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081121. [PMID: 31390824 PMCID: PMC6721535 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The adrenal medulla is composed predominantly of chromaffin cells producing and secreting the catecholamines dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Catecholamine biosynthesis and secretion is a complex and tightly controlled physiologic process. The pathways involved have been extensively studied, and various elements of the underlying molecular machinery have been identified. In this review, we provide a detailed description of the route from stimulus to secretion of catecholamines by the normal adrenal chromaffin cell compared to chromaffin tumor cells in pheochromocytomas. Pheochromocytomas are adrenomedullary tumors that are characterized by uncontrolled synthesis and secretion of catecholamines. This uncontrolled secretion can be partly explained by perturbations of the molecular catecholamine secretory machinery in pheochromocytoma cells. Chromaffin cell tumors also include sympathetic paragangliomas originating in sympathetic ganglia. Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are usually locally confined tumors, but about 15% do metastasize to distant locations. Histopathological examination currently poorly predicts future biologic behavior, thus long term postoperative follow-up is required. Therefore, there is an unmet need for prognostic biomarkers. Clearer understanding of the cellular mechanisms involved in the secretory characteristics of pheochromocytomas and sympathetic paragangliomas may offer one approach for the discovery of novel prognostic biomarkers for improved therapeutic targeting and monitoring of treatment or disease progression.
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Guillemot J, Guérin M, Cailleux AF, Lopez AG, Kuhn JM, Anouar Y, Yon L. Characterization of the EM66 Biomarker in the Pituitary and Plasma of Healthy Subjects With Different Gonadotroph Status and Patients With Gonadotroph Tumor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:102. [PMID: 30853937 PMCID: PMC6395403 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Granins and their derived-peptides are useful markers of secretion from normal and tumoral neuroendocrine cells. The need to identify new diagnostic markers for neuroendocrine tumors, including pituitary tumors prompted us to determine plasma levels of the secretogranin II-derived peptide EM66 in healthy volunteers with different gonadotroph status and to evaluate its usefulness as a circulating marker for the diagnosis of gonadotroph tumor. Using a radioimmunoassay, we determined plasma EM66 concentrations in healthy men and women volunteers in different physiological conditions in relation with the gonadotroph function. Our results revealed that in men, in women with or without contraception, in pregnant or post-menopausal women, plasma EM66 concentrations are not significantly different, and did not show any correlation with gonadotropin levels. In addition, stimulation or inhibition tests of the gonadotroph axis had no effect on EM66 levels, whatever the group of healthy volunteers investigated while gonadotropin levels showed the expected variations. Immunohistochemical experiments and HPLC analysis showed the occurrence of EM66 in pituitary gonadotroph, lactotroph and corticotroph tumors but not in somatotroph tumor. In patients with gonadotroph or lactotroph tumor, plasma EM66 levels were 1.48 (0.82-4.38) ng/ml and 2.49 (1.19-3.54) ng/ml, respectively. While median value of EM66 was significantly lower in patients with gonadotroph tumor compared to healthy volunteers [2.59 (0.62-4.95) ng/ml], plasma EM66 concentrations were in the same range as normal values and did not show any correlation with gonadotropin levels. These results show that plasma EM66 levels are independent of the activity of the gonadotroph axis in healthy volunteers and, while EM66 levels are reduced in gonadotroph tumors, plasma EM66 does not provide a helpful marker for the diagnosis of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Guillemot
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France
| | - Marlène Guérin
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France
| | - Anne-Françoise Cailleux
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, INSERM CIC-CRB, Rouen, France
| | - Antoine-Guy Lopez
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Marc Kuhn
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, INSERM CIC-CRB, Rouen, France
| | - Youssef Anouar
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France
| | - Laurent Yon
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France
- *Correspondence: Laurent Yon
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Troger J, Theurl M, Kirchmair R, Pasqua T, Tota B, Angelone T, Cerra MC, Nowosielski Y, Mätzler R, Troger J, Gayen JR, Trudeau V, Corti A, Helle KB. Granin-derived peptides. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 154:37-61. [PMID: 28442394 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The granin family comprises altogether 7 different proteins originating from the diffuse neuroendocrine system and elements of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The family is dominated by three uniquely acidic members, namely chromogranin A (CgA), chromogranin B (CgB) and secretogranin II (SgII). Since the late 1980s it has become evident that these proteins are proteolytically processed, intragranularly and/or extracellularly into a range of biologically active peptides; a number of them with regulatory properties of physiological and/or pathophysiological significance. The aim of this comprehensive overview is to provide an up-to-date insight into the distribution and properties of the well established granin-derived peptides and their putative roles in homeostatic regulations. Hence, focus is directed to peptides derived from the three main granins, e.g. to the chromogranin A derived vasostatins, betagranins, pancreastatin and catestatins, the chromogranin B-derived secretolytin and the secretogranin II-derived secretoneurin (SN). In addition, the distribution and properties of the chromogranin A-derived peptides prochromacin, chromofungin, WE14, parastatin, GE-25 and serpinins, the CgB-peptide PE-11 and the SgII-peptides EM66 and manserin will also be commented on. Finally, the opposing effects of the CgA-derived vasostatin-I and catestatin and the SgII-derived peptide SN on the integrity of the vasculature, myocardial contractility, angiogenesis in wound healing, inflammatory conditions and tumors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Troger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Markus Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rudolf Kirchmair
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Teresa Pasqua
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Bruno Tota
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Tommaso Angelone
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Maria C Cerra
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Yvonne Nowosielski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raphaela Mätzler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jasmin Troger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Vance Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angelo Corti
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Karen B Helle
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
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Trebak F, Dubuc I, Arabo A, Alaoui A, Boukhzar L, Maucotel J, Picot M, Cherifi S, Duparc C, Leprince J, Prévost G, Anouar Y, Magoul R, Chartrel N. A potential role for the secretogranin II-derived peptide EM66 in the hypothalamic regulation of feeding behaviour. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29. [PMID: 28166374 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
EM66 is a conserved 66-amino acid peptide derived from secretogranin II (SgII), a member of the granin protein family. EM66 is widely distributed in secretory granules of endocrine and neuroendocrine cells, as well as in hypothalamic neurones. Although EM66 is abundant in the hypothalamus, its physiological function remains to be determined. The present study aimed to investigate a possible involvement of EM66 in the hypothalamic regulation of feeding behaviour. We show that i.c.v. administration of EM66 induces a drastic dose-dependent inhibition of food intake in mice deprived of food for 18 hours, which is associated with an increase of hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and melanocortin-3 receptor mRNA levels and c-Fos immunoreactivity in the POMC neurones of the arcuate nucleus. By contrast, i.c.v. injection of EM66 does not alter the hypothalamic expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY), or that of its Y1 and Y5 receptors. A 3-month high-fat diet (HFD) leads to an important decrease of POMC and SgII mRNA levels in the hypothalamus, whereas NPY gene expression is not affected. Finally, we show that a 48 hours of fasting in HFD mice decreases the expression of POMC and SgII mRNA, which is not observed in mice fed a standard chow. Taken together, the present findings support the view that EM66 is a novel anorexigenic neuropeptide regulating hypothalamic feeding behaviour, at least in part, by activating the POMC neurones of the arcuate nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Trebak
- INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology & Nutritional and Climatic Environment, Faculty of Sciences DM, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
- University of Rouen Normandy, Rouen, France
| | - I Dubuc
- INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- University of Rouen Normandy, Rouen, France
| | - A Arabo
- INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- University of Rouen Normandy, Rouen, France
| | - A Alaoui
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology & Nutritional and Climatic Environment, Faculty of Sciences DM, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | - L Boukhzar
- INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- University of Rouen Normandy, Rouen, France
| | - J Maucotel
- INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- University of Rouen Normandy, Rouen, France
| | - M Picot
- INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- University of Rouen Normandy, Rouen, France
| | - S Cherifi
- INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- University of Rouen Normandy, Rouen, France
| | - C Duparc
- INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- University of Rouen Normandy, Rouen, France
| | - J Leprince
- INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- University of Rouen Normandy, Rouen, France
| | - G Prévost
- INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- University of Rouen Normandy, Rouen, France
| | - Y Anouar
- INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- University of Rouen Normandy, Rouen, France
| | - R Magoul
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology & Nutritional and Climatic Environment, Faculty of Sciences DM, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | - N Chartrel
- INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- University of Rouen Normandy, Rouen, France
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7
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Herold Z, Nagy P, Patócs A, Somogyi A. [The role of chromogranin-A and its derived peptide, WE-14 in the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus]. Orv Hetil 2015; 156:163-70. [PMID: 25618857 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2015.30087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chromogranin-A is a member of the granine protein family. It is produced in neuroendocrine cells via secretory granules. Many cleavage proteins are formed from chromogranin-A, from which some have well known biological activity, while the function of others is not yet fully known. Serum chromogranin-A levels are used in neuroendocrine tumour diagnostics. Recent studies showed that one of its cleavage protein, WE-14 may also play a role in the development of type 1 diabetes. WE-14 may function as an autoantigen for T-cells involved in the destruction of β-cells. This mechanism was previously observed only in non-obese diabetic mice. Novel results show that WE-14 also serves as a target for autoreactive cells in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic patients as well, which reaction can be increased with transglutaminase. In this paper the authors summarize the recent knowledge about chromogranin-A and its potential role in the pathomechanism of type 1 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Herold
- Szent István Egyetem Állatorvos-tudományi Kar Budapest Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar II. Belgyógyászati Klinika Budapest Szentkirályi utca 46. 1088
| | - Péter Nagy
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar I. Patológiai és Kísérleti Rákkutató Intézet Budapest
| | - Attila Patócs
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Laboratóriumi Medicina Intézet Budapest MTA-SE "Lendület" Örökletes Endokrin Daganatok Kutatócsoport Budapest
| | - Anikó Somogyi
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar II. Belgyógyászati Klinika Budapest Szentkirályi utca 46. 1088
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Modlin IM, Drozdov I, Alaimo D, Callahan S, Teixiera N, Bodei L, Kidd M. A multianalyte PCR blood test outperforms single analyte ELISAs (chromogranin A, pancreastatin, neurokinin A) for neuroendocrine tumor detection. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:615-28. [PMID: 25015994 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A critical requirement in neuroendocrine tumor (NET) management is a sensitive, specific and reproducible blood biomarker test. We evaluated a PCR-based 51 transcript signature (NETest) and compared it to chromogranin A (CgA), pancreastatin (PST) and neurokinin A (NKA). The multigene signature was evaluated in two groups: i) a validation set of 40 NETs and controls and ii) a prospectively collected group of NETs (n=41, 61% small intestinal, 50% metastatic, 44% currently treated and 41 age-sex matched controls). Samples were analyzed by a two-step PCR (51 marker genes) protocol and ELISAs for CgA, PST and NKA. Sensitivity comparisons included χ(2), non-parametric measurements, ROC curves and predictive feature importance (PFAI) analyses. NETest identified 38 of 41 NETs. Performance metrics were: sensitivity 92.8%, specificity 92.8%, positive predictive value 92.8% and negative predictive value 92.8%. Single analyte ELISA metrics were: CgA 76, 59, 65, and 71%; PST 63, 56, 59, and 61% and NKA 39, 93, 84, and 60%. The AUCs (ROC analysis) were: NETest: 0.96±0.025, CgA: 0.67±0.06, PST 0.56±0.06, NKA: 0.66±0.06. NETest significantly outperformed single analyte tests (area differences: 0.284-0.403, Z-statistic 4.85-5.9, P<0.0001). PFAI analysis determined NETest had most value (69%) in diagnosis (CgA (13%), PST (9%), and NKA (9%)). Test data were consistent with the validation set (NETest >95% sensitivity and specificity, AUC =0.98 vs single analytes: 59-67% sensitivity, AUCs: 0.58-0.63). The NETest is significantly more sensitive and efficient (>93%) than single analyte assays (CgA, PST or NKA) in NET diagnosis. Blood-based multigene analytic measurement will facilitate early detection of disease recurrence and can predict therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irvin M Modlin
- Wren Laboratories35 NE Industrial Road, Branford, Connecticut 06405, USA
| | - Ignat Drozdov
- Wren Laboratories35 NE Industrial Road, Branford, Connecticut 06405, USA
| | - Daniele Alaimo
- Wren Laboratories35 NE Industrial Road, Branford, Connecticut 06405, USA
| | - Stephen Callahan
- Wren Laboratories35 NE Industrial Road, Branford, Connecticut 06405, USA
| | - Nancy Teixiera
- Wren Laboratories35 NE Industrial Road, Branford, Connecticut 06405, USA
| | - Lisa Bodei
- Wren Laboratories35 NE Industrial Road, Branford, Connecticut 06405, USA
| | - Mark Kidd
- Wren Laboratories35 NE Industrial Road, Branford, Connecticut 06405, USA
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9
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Paladino NC, Lowery A, Guerin C, Taieb D, Sebag F. WITHDRAWN: Bilateral pheochromocytoma importance of multimodality imaging assessment. Int J Surg 2014:S1743-9191(14)00113-7. [PMID: 24862676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia Cinzia Paladino
- Department of General and Endocrine Surgery, Hôpital de la Timone, 13385 Marseille, France.
| | - Aoife Lowery
- Department of General and Endocrine Surgery, Hôpital de la Timone, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Carole Guerin
- Department of General and Endocrine Surgery, Hôpital de la Timone, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - David Taieb
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hôpital de la Timone, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Sebag
- Department of General and Endocrine Surgery, Hôpital de la Timone, 13385 Marseille, France
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