5-HT1A/1B receptors as targets for optimizing pigmentary responses in C57BL/6 mouse skin to stress

Genome-wide identification of candidate copy number polymorphism genes associated with complex traits of Tibetan-sheep

Copy number variation (CNV) is a genetic structural polymorphism important for phenotypic diversity and important economic traits of livestock breeds, and it plays an important role in the desired genetic variation. This study used whole genome sequencing to detect the CNV variation in the genome of 6 local Tibetan sheep groups. We detected 69,166 CNV events and 7230 copy number variable regions (CNVRs) after merging the overlapping CNVs, accounting for 2.72% of the reference genome. The CNVR length detected ranged from 1.1 to 1693.5 Kb, with a total length of 118.69 Mb and an average length of 16.42 Kb per CNVR. Functional GO cluster analysis showed that the CNVR genes were mainly involved in sensory perception systems, response to stimulus, and signal transduction. Through CNVR-based Vst analysis, we found that the CACNA2D3 and CTBP1 genes related to hypoxia adaptation, the HTR1A gene related to coat color, and the TRNAS-GGA and PIK3C3 genes related to body weight were all strongly selected. The findings of our study will contribute novel insights into the genetic structural variation underlying hypoxia adaptation and economically important traits in Tibetan sheep.

Serotonin Receptors and Their Involvement in Melanization of Sensory Cells in Ciona intestinalis

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) is a biogenic monoamine with pleiotropic functions. It exerts its roles by binding to specific 5-HT receptors (5HTRs) classified into different families and subtypes. Homologs of 5HTRs are widely present in invertebrates, but their expression and pharmacological characterization have been scarcely investigated. In particular, 5-HT has been localized in many tunicate species but only a few studies have investigated its physiological functions. Tunicates, including ascidians, are the sister group of vertebrates, and data about the role of 5-HTRs in these organisms are thus important for understanding 5-HT evolution among animals. In the present study, we identified and described 5HTRs in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. During development, they showed broad expression patterns that appeared consistent with those reported in other species. Then, we investigated 5-HT roles in ascidian embryogenesis exposing C. intestinalis embryos to WAY-100635, an antagonist of the 5HT1A receptor, and explored the affected pathways in neural development and melanogenesis. Our results contribute to unraveling the multifaceted functions of 5-HT, revealing its involvement in sensory cell differentiation in ascidians.

A Comprehensive Review of Mammalian Pigmentation: Paving the Way for Innovative Hair Colour-Changing Cosmetics

The natural colour of hair shafts is formed at the bulb of hair follicles, and it is coupled to the hair growth cycle. Three critical processes must happen for efficient pigmentation: (1) melanosome biogenesis in neural crest-derived melanocytes, (2) the biochemical synthesis of melanins (melanogenesis) inside melanosomes, and (3) the transfer of melanin granules to surrounding pre-cortical keratinocytes for their incorporation into nascent hair fibres. All these steps are under complex genetic control. The array of natural hair colour shades are ascribed to polymorphisms in several pigmentary genes. A myriad of factors acting via autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms also contributes for hair colour diversity. Given the enormous social and cosmetic importance attributed to hair colour, hair dyeing is today a common practice. Nonetheless, the adverse effects of the long-term usage of such cosmetic procedures demand the development of new methods for colour change. In this context, case reports of hair lightening, darkening and repigmentation as a side-effect of the therapeutic usage of many drugs substantiate the possibility to tune hair colour by interfering with the biology of follicular pigmentary units. By scrutinizing mammalian pigmentation, this review pinpoints key targetable processes for the development of innovative cosmetics that can safely change the hair colour from the inside out.

Serotonin (5-HT) 2A Receptor Involvement in Melanin Synthesis and Transfer via Activating the PKA/CREB Signaling Pathway

The 5-HT2A serotonin receptor (HTR2A) has been reported to be involved in the serotonin- or serotonin receptor 2A agonist-induced melanogenesis in human melanoma cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying HTR2A in regulating melanogenesis remain poorly understood. In this research, cultured mouse melanoma cell line B16F10, human skin, and zebrafish embryos were used to elucidate the downstream signaling of HTR2A in regulating melanogenesis and to verify the potential application of HTR2A in the treatment of pigment-associated cutaneous diseases. We demonstrated that HTR2A antagonists (AT1015 and ketanserin) attenuated the melanogenesis induction of serotonin in both mouse melanoma cells and zebrafish embryos. The agonists of HTR2A (DOI and TCB-2) increased melanin synthesis and transfer in B16F10 cells, human skin tissue, and zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, the HTR2A agonists increased the expression of proteins related to melanosome organization and melanocyte dendrites to facilitate the melanocyte migration and melanosome transport. HTR2A antagonists and genetic knockout of zebrafish htr2aa (the homologue of mammalian HTR2A gene) were also used to clarify that HTR2A mediates serotonin and DOI in regulating melanogenesis. Finally, through small scale screening of the candidate downstream pathway, we demonstrated that HTR2A mediates the melanogenesis induction of its ligands by activating the PKA/CREB signaling pathway. In this research, we further confirmed that HTR2A is a crucial protein to mediate melanocyte function. Meanwhile, this research supports that HTR2A could be designed as a drug target for the development of chemicals to treat cutaneous diseases with melanocytes or melanogenesis abnormality.

Therapeutic Effect of Seawater Pearl Powder on UV-Induced Photoaging in Mouse Skin

The objective of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of seawater pearl powder (SPP) on ultraviolet (UV) irradiation-induced photoaging in mouse skin. The protein and trace elements in SPP were detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, atomic fluorescence spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. The effect of SPP on treating skin damage resulting from UV-induced photoaging was observed by gross physical appearance and histopathological analysis. Oxidative stress and melanin synthesis were analyzed using biochemical method. Western blotting was applied to analyze the phosphorylation and expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), collagen I, and proteins involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways (p38, ERK, and JNK). The results show that SPP has a significant therapeutic effect on UV-induced photoaging of skin and improves and restores appearance and tissue structure of mouse skin. The major mechanism may be related to reduction of expression level of MMP-1 and enhancement of collagen I production via inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway after scavenging of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the UV-induced photoaged skin of mice. Meanwhile, it may also be involved in reducing melanin content by inhibiting tyrosinase activity after scavenging excess ROS in the UV-induced photoaged skin of mice. Therefore, SPP could be a good substance to treat photoaging skin. Taking cost-effectiveness and efficacy into consideration, the optimal concentration of SPP for treating photoaging skin could be 100 mg/g.

SHP-1/STAT3 Interaction Is Related to Luteolin-Induced Myocardial Ischemia Protection

Prevention and management of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a key step in coronary heart disease surgery. Luteolin is a falconoid compound that has an antioxidant effect, but its mechanism in I/R injury in vivo and in vitro is still under explored. This study attempted to reveal the role of luteolin (Lut) in I/R through mediation of the Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1)/Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway. To establish I/R rat models, the left anterior descending artery (LAD) was ligated for 30 min and re-perfused for 1 h in Lut-pretreated or nude rats. Comparisons between infarct area, cardiac dysfunction, and myocardial cell death and inflammatory reaction were performed in I/R-induced rats. Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) cell models were established by stimulating H9c2 cells with 95% nitrogen and 5% carbon dioxide. Simultaneously, H/R-related cell death and inflammatory reactions were investigated following Lut treatment. The target protein of Lut was identified using western blotting. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were also measured in serum or Lut-pretreated cell culture medium. The results revealed that compared with the I/R group, Lut treatment could significantly decrease myocardial infarction (MI) area, increase left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and decrease cell death and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the serum. Decreased apoptosis and inflammatory cytokines were also observed in H/R cells after Lut treatment. Lut treatment downregulated SHP-1 expression and subsequently upregulated STAT3 phosphorylation in both I/R rat heart tissue and H9c2 cells. The findings of the current study suggest that Lut can protect the heart and reduce MI area, cell apoptosis rate, and inflammatory level in I/R models.

Sumatriptan reduces severity of status epilepticus induced by lithium-pilocarpine through nitrergic transmission and 5-HT1B/D receptors in rats: A pharmacological-based evidence

Status epilepticus (SE) is a life-threatening neurologic disorder that can be as both cause and consequence of neuroinflammation. In addition to previous reports on anti-inflammatory property of the anti-migraine medication sumatriptan, we have recently shown its anticonvulsive effects on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure in mice. In the present study, we investigated further (i) the effects of sumatriptan in the lithium-pilocarpine SE model in rats, and (ii) the possible involvement of nitric oxide (NO), 5-hydroxytryptamin 1B/1D (5-HT_1B/1D ) receptor, and inflammatory pathways in such effects of sumatriptan. Status epilepticus was induced by lithium chloride (127 mg/kg, i.p) and pilocarpine (60 mg/kg, i.p.) in Wistar rats. While SE induction increased SE scores and mortality rate, sumatriptan (0.001-1 mg/kg, i.p.) improved it (P < 0.001). Administration of the selective 5-HT_1B/1D antagonist GR-127935 (0.01 mg/kg, i.p.) reversed the anticonvulsive effects of sumatriptan (0.01 mg/kg, i.p.). Although both tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and NO levels were markedly elevated in the rats' brain tissues post-SE induction, pre-treatment with sumatriptan significantly reduced both TNF-α (P < 0.05) and NO (P < 0.001) levels. Combined GR-127935 and sumatriptan treatment inhibited these anti-inflammatory effects of sumatriptan, whereas combined non-specific NOS (L-NAME) or selective neuronal NOS (7-nitroindazole) inhibitors and sumatriptan further reduced NO levels. In conclusion, sumatriptan exerted a protective effect against the clinical manifestations and mortality rate of SE in rats which is possibly through targeting 5-HT_1B/1D receptors, neuroinflammation, and nitrergic transmission.

IFN-γ inhibits 5-HT-induced melanin biosynthesis via downregulation of 5-HT receptors in vivo/in vitro

Hypopigmentation disorders, such as vitiligo, are difficult for treatment due to complicated pathogenesis, resulting from multiple factors including neural and immune elements. 5-HT and IFN-γ both play crucial roles in these skin diseases. However, the interactions between 5-HT and IFN-γ in regulation of melanogenesis is still unknown. Our study aimed at exploring whether IFN-γ affects 5-HT-induced melanogenesis and searching the mechanism. In our study, IFN-γ attenuated 5-HT-induced pigmentation and green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in zebrafishes. In addition, we found that IFN-γ decreased serum serotonin levels as well as the cutaneous expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), 5-HT1A receptor (5-HT1AR) and 5-HT1B receptor (5-HT1BR) in C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, IFN-γ attenuated 5-HT-induced melanin biosynthesis as well as the expression of 5-HT1AR, 5-HT1BR and 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) in B16F10 cells, which blocked by interferon-γ receptor 1 and interferon-γ receptor 2 (IFNGR1/IFNGR2) antibodies. In summary, IFN-γ not only affects melanogenesis alone, but also inhibits 5-HT response on melanin biosynthesis. Mediated by IFNGR1/IFNGR2, IFN-γ downregulated 5-HT receptors expression, which directly affect 5-HT-induced melanin biosynthesis. Our work may give insights into the drug development of hypopigmentation disorders with neuro-immune derangement.

Selective inhibition of intestinal 5-HT improves neurobehavioral abnormalities caused by high-fat diet mice

Recent literature reported the adverse effects of high-fat diet (HFD) on animal's emotional and cognitive function. An HFD-induced obesity/hyperlipidemia is accompanied by hormonal and neurochemical changes that can lead to depression. The important roles of gut-derived serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) during this processing have been increasingly focused. Hence, to determine the potential role of gut-derived serotonin, HFD model was established in C57BL/6 mice. At the 4th week of feeding, a pharmacologic inhibitor of gut-derived 5-HT synthesis LP533401 (12.5 mg/kg/day), simvastatin (SIM) (5 mg/kg/day) and benzafibrate (BZ) (75 mg/kg/day) were administered for two weeks by oral gavage. Then, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), open field test (OFT), tail suspension test (TST), forced swim test (FST), sucrose preference test (SPT) were used to evaluate metabolic and neurobehavioral performances. Immunohistochemical staining, real-time quantitative PCR and other methods were to explore possible mechanisms. It was found that HFD feeding and drug treatments had some significant effects on neurobehaviors and brain: (1) All administrations reduced the total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) parametric abnormality caused by HFD. LP533401 and SIM could significantly improve the impaired glucose tolerance, while BZ had no significant effect. (2) LP533401, SIM and BZ alleviated depression-like behavior of HFD mice in OFT, TST, FST and SPT. (3) LP533401 and SIM reversed the inhibition of Tryptophan Hydroxylase 2, Tph2 gene expression and the activation of Indoleamine 2,3-dioxy-Genase, IDO expression in HFD-treated brain, whereas BZ did not. (4) LP533401, SIM and BZ restored the inhibitory expression of 5-HT_1A receptor in HFD hippocampus. Conclusions: Selective inhibition of intestinal 5-HT can attenuate depressive-like behavior, reduce 5-HT_1AR impairment in hippocampus and correct abnormal 5-HT pathway in brain while ameliorating HFD-induced glucose intolerance. Further experiments are warranted to define the adequate strategy of targeting peripheral 5-HT for the treatment of such co-morbidity.

The different roles of 5-HT1A/2A receptors in fluoxetine ameliorated pigmentation of C57BL/6 mouse skin in response to stress

BACKGROUND

5-HT1A receptor was participated in fluoxetine induced melanogenesis in melanocytes and in normal C57BL/6 mice, but we know little about whether other 5-HT receptors are involved in regulation of fluoxetine promotes pigmentation.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the role of 5-HT receptors in regulation of fluoxetine ameliorates chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and chronic restraint stress (CRS) induce hypopigmentation in C57BL/6 mice.

METHODS

CUMS and CRS were used to induce depigmentation in mice and evaluate the effect of fluoxetine. Western blot, immunohistochemistry and Q-PCR assay were used to determine the levels of protein and mRNA. Masson Fontana staining was used for melanin staining and FITC-Phalloidin staining was used to detect the expression of F-actin. Zebrafish and B16F10 cells were used for the mechanism research.

RESULTS

Fluoxetine (2.6 mg/kg, ig) ameliorated hypopigmentation induced by CUMS and CRS in mice, significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of 5-HT1 A and 5-HT2 A receptors in mice and B16F10 cells. The effect of fluoxetine on melanogenesis in B16F10 cells and zebrafish were inhibited by WAY100635 (a selective 5-HT1 A receptor antagonist) and ketanserin (a 5-HT2 A receptor antagonist), respectively. Activation of p38 MAPK signaling pathways was contributed to fluoxetine induced melanogenesis and inhibited by WAY100635, but not ketanserin. However, ketanserin selectively weakened the action of fluoxetine promoted migration and up-regulated Rab27a protein expression in B16F10 cells.

CONCLUSIONS

5-HT1 A and 2 A receptors contribute to melanogenesis and migration property of fluoxetine. The newly revealed mechanism indicates that fluoxetine and its analogues may be a potential drug for treatment of depigmentation disorders.

IL-17 induces cellular stress microenvironment of melanocytes to promote autophagic cell apoptosis in vitiligo

Vitiligo is a depigmentary disorder that develops as a result of the progressive disappearance of epidermal melanocytes. Stress can precipitate or exacerbate a skin disease through psychosomatic mechanisms. Stress exposure induces vitiligo-like symptoms in mice, as cellular damage to melanocytes causes synthetic pigment loss. Stress also increases IL-17, IL-1β, and antimelanocyte IgG in model mouse serum. Up-regulation of the IL-1β transcript in patients suggests its possible role in autoimmune pathogenesis of vitiligo. We demonstrate that IL-17 promoted IL-1β secretion from keratinocytes. Mitochondrial dysfunction, which can induce the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is emerging as a mechanism that underlies various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In this study, we demonstrate that IL-17 inhibits melanogenesis of zebrafish, normal human epidermal melanocytes, and B16F10 cells. IL-17 increased mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS accumulation, which was related to autophagy induction. Autophagy is needed for autophagic apoptosis of B16F10 cells induced by IL-17. To inhibit ROS generation, B16F10 cells were pretreated with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), which inhibited autophagy. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) also had an inhibiting effect on autophagy. NAC or 3-MA pretreatments inhibited IL-17-mediated cell apoptosis. In summary, IL-17 induces the cellular stress microenvironment in melanocytes to promote autophagic cell apoptosis in vitiligo.-Zhou, J., An, X., Dong, J., Wang, Y., Zhong, H., Duan, L., Ling, J., Ping, F., Shang, J. IL-17 induces cellular stress microenvironment of melanocytes to promote autophagic cell apoptosis in vitiligo.

NK1R/5-HT1AR interaction is related to the regulation of melanogenesis

Substance P (SP) is a candidate mediator along the brain-skin axis and can mimic the effects of stress to regulate melanogenesis. Previously, we and others have found that the regulation of SP for pigmentary function was mediated by neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R). Emerging evidence has accumulated that psychologic stress can induce dysfunction in the cutaneous serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-5-HT1A/1B receptor system, thereby resulting in skin hypopigmentation. Moreover, NK1R and 5-HTR (except 5-HT3) belong to GPCR. The present study aimed at assessing the possible existence of NK1R-5-HTR interactions and related melanogenic functions. Western blot and PCR detection revealed that SP reduced expression of 5-HT1A receptor via the NK1 receptor. Biochemical analyses showed that NK1R and 5-HT1AR could colocalize and interact in a cell and in the skin. When the N terminus of the NK1R protein was removed NK1R surface targeting was prevented, the interaction between NK1R-5-HT1AR decreased, and the depigmentation caused by SP and WAY100635 could be rescued. Importantly, pharmaceutical coadministration of NK1R agonist (SP) and 5-HT1A antagonist (WAY100635) enhanced the NK1-5-HT1A receptor coimmunoprecipitation along with the depigmentary response. SP and WAY100635 cooperation elicited activation of a signaling cascade (the extracellular, regulated protein kinase p-JNK signaling pathway) and inhibition of p70S6K1 phosphorylation and greatly reduced melanin production in vitro and in vivo in mice and zebrafish. Moreover, the SP-induced depigmentation response did not be occur in 5-htr1aa^+/- zebrafish embryos. Taken together, the results of our systemic study increases our knowledge of the roles of NK1R and 5-HT1AR in melanogenesis and provides possible, novel therapeutic strategies for treatment of skin hypo/hyperpigmentation.-Wu, H., Zhao, Y., Huang, Q., Cai, M., Pan, Q., Fu, M., An, X., Xia, Z., Liu, M., Jin, Y., He, L., Shang, J. NK1R/5-HT1AR interaction is related to the regulation of melanogenesis.

Interferon-γ Attenuates 5-Hydroxytryptamine-Induced Melanogenesis in Primary Melanocyte

Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is an important cytokine which can be secreted by keratinocytes or macrophages induced by UVB irradiation in skin. Mammalian skin cells have the capability to produce and metabolize 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) whose cutaneous effects are mediated by the interactions with 5-HT receptors. Treatment with 5-HT resulted in a dose-dependent increase of tyrosinase (TYR) activity and melanin contents in normal human foreskin-derived epidermal melanocytes (NHEM), while with IFN-γ a decreased effect resulted. These regulatory results were due to changes of the expression levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and its downstream TYR, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1) and dopachrome tautomerase (DCT). We proved here that 5-HTR1A/2A participated in the regulation of melanogenesis. IFN-γ could offset the pro-melanogenesis effect of 5-HT in NHEM and the intensity of this neutralization was unanticipated below the baseline level. IFN-γ neutralized the up-regulation effect of 5-HT on MITF and downstream TYR, TRP-1 and DCT. Though functioning as 5-HT1A/2A receptor during the melanogenesis process, IFN-γ played no role in 5-HT1A/2A receptor expressions. Our results also demonstrated that the inhibition of IFN-γ was reversible after its removal. Confusingly, the effect of cross-talk between 5-HT and IFN-γ on NHEM melanogenesis was irreversible. Whether treated with 5-HT for 5 d or 12 d, the pigmentation level neither recovered after displacing the IFN-γ-containing medium. In addition, IFN-γ was able to inhibit the inductive effect of 5-HT on NHEM migration. Taken together, the suppression of IFN-γ on 5-HT-induced melanogenesis further suggests the negative role of IFN-γ in inflammation-associated pigmentary changes.

Developmental Neurotoxic Effects of Percutaneous Drug Delivery: Behavior and Neurochemical Studies in C57BL/6 Mice

Dermatosis often as a chronic disease requires effective long-term treatment; a comprehensive evaluation of mental health of dermatology drug does not receive enough attention. An interaction between dermatology and psychiatry has been increasingly described. Substantial evidence has accumulated that psychological stress can be associated with pigmentation, endocrine and immune systems in skin to create the optimal responses against pathogens and other physicochemical stressors to maintain or restore internal homeostasis. Additionally, given the common ectodermal origin shared by the brain and skin, we are interested in assessing how disruption of skin systems (pigmentary, endocrine and immune systems) may play a key role in brain functions. Thus, we selected three drugs (hydroquinone, isotretinoin, tacrolimus) with percutaneous excessive delivery to respectively intervene in these systems and then evaluate the potential neurotoxic effects. Firstly, C57BL/6 mice were administrated a dermal dose of hydroquinone cream, isotretinoin gel or tacrolimus ointment (2%, 0.05%, 0.1%, respectively, 5 times of the clinical dose). Behavioral testing was performed and levels of proteins were measured in the hippocampus. It was found that mice treated with isotretinoin or tacrolimus, presented a lower activity in open-field test and obvious depressive-like behavior in tail suspension test. Besides, they damaged cytoarchitecture, reduced the level of 5-HT-5-HT1A/1B system and increased the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in the hippocampus. To enable sensitive monitoring the dose-response characteristics of the consecutive neurobehavioral disorders, mice received gradient concentrations of hydroquinone (2%, 4%, 6%). Subsequently, hydroquinone induced behavioral disorders and hippocampal dysfunction in a dose-dependent response. When doses were high as 6% which was 3 times higher than 2% dose, then 100% of mice exhibited depressive-like behavior. Certainly, 6% hydroquinone exposure elicited the most serious impairment of hippocampal structure and survival. The fact that higher doses of hydroquinone are associated with a greater risk of depression is further indication that hydroquinone is responsible for the development of depression. These above data demonstrated that chronic administration of different dermatology drugs contributed into common mental distress. This surprising discovery of chemical stressors stimulating the hippocampal dysfunction, paves the way for exciting areas of study on the cross-talk between the skin and the brain, as well as is suggesting how to develop effective and safe usage of dermatological drugs in daily practice.

Cross-talk between 5-hydroxytryptamine and substance P in the melanogensis and apoptosis of B16F10 melanoma cells

Skin pigmentation is a complex process controlled by many different factors. Substance P (SP) regulates many biological functions, including melanogenesis and stress. Our previous study indicated that regulation of SP on melanocyte function was mediated by neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1 receptor). Substantial evidence has accumulated that psychological stress can be associated with skin pigmentation, so that the impact of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), one of the important factors participating in stress process, on melanogenesis has also been concerned. It has been reported that 5-HT induces melanin synthesis via 5-HT2A receptor. Furthermore, 5-HT2A receptor and NK1 receptor are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and both expressed on melanocyte, the present study was designed to investigate whether SP has influence on the adjustment function of 5-HT. Our data demonstrated that, SP inhibited 5-HT2A receptor expression to neutralize the pro-melanogenesis effect of 5-HT on B16F10 cells. The up-regulation of NK1 receptor expression was simultaneous with the down-regulation of 5-HT2A receptor treated by SP. This inhibition of 5-HT2A receptor expression by SP could be reversed by NK1 receptor antagonist Spantide I. Our studies indicated that SP could directly induce B16F10 cells apoptosis in vitro. 5-HT and 5-HT2A receptor agonist could mitigate this apoptotic effect of SP. It is the strong evidence of possible cross-talk between GPCRs and giving enlightenments when screening desirable drugs for target receptors.

Exogenous Tryptophan Promotes Cutaneous Wound Healing of Chronically Stressed Mice through Inhibition of TNF-α and IDO Activation

Stress prolongs the inflammatory response compromising the dermal reconstruction and wound closure. Acute stress-induced inflammation increases indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase-stimulated tryptophan catabolism. To investigate the role of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase expression and tryptophan administration in adverse effects of stress on cutaneous wound healing, mice were submitted to chronic restraint stress and treated with tryptophan daily until euthanasia. Excisional lesions were created on each mouse and 5 or 7 days later, the lesions were analyzed. In addition, murine skin fibroblasts were exposed to elevated epinephrine levels plus tryptophan, and fibroblast activity was evaluated. Tryptophan administration reversed the reduction of the plasma tryptophan levels and the increase in the plasma normetanephrine levels induced by stress 5 and 7 days after wounding. Five days after wounding, stress-induced increase in the protein levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase, and this was inhibited by tryptophan. Stress-induced increase in the lipid peroxidation and the amount of the neutrophils, macrophages and T cells number was reversed by tryptophan 5 days after wounding. Tryptophan administration inhibited the reduction of myofibroblast density, collagen deposition, re-epithelialization and wound contraction induced by stress 5 days after wounding. In dermal fibroblast culture, the tryptophan administration increased the cell migration and AKT phosphorylation in cells treated with high epinephrine levels. In conclusion, tryptophan-induced reduction of inflammatory response and indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase expression may have accelerated cutaneous wound healing of chronically stressed mice.

Luteolin inhibits ROS-activated MAPK pathway in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury

AIMS

Luteolin is a falconoid compound that has an antioxidant effect, but its contribution to ROS-activated MAPK pathways in ischemia/reperfusion injury is seldom reported. Here, we have confirmed that it exhibits an antioxidant effect in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI) by inhibiting ROS-activated MAPK pathways.

MAIN METHODS

We exposed rat hearts into the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) ligation for 30min followed by 1h of reperfusion. Observations were carried out using electrocardiography; detection of hemodynamic parameters; and testing levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway was measured by western blot and transmission electron microscopy was applied to observe the myocardial ultrastructure. Rat H9c2 cell in 95% N2 and 5% CO2 stimulated the MIRI. Oxidation system mRNA levels were measured by real-time PCR; mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis were measured by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry; western blot analysis was used to assay caspase-3, -8, and -9 and MAPK pathway protein expression; the MAPK pathway was inhibited using SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor) and SP600125 (c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase inhibitor) before H9c2 cells were exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation injury to show the modulation of the changes in ROS generation, cell viability and apoptosis.

KEY FINDINGS

In vivo, luteolin can ameliorate the impaired mitochondrial morphology, regulating the MAPK pathway to protect MIRI. In vitro, luteolin can affect the oxidation system, mitochondrial membrane potential and MAPK pathway to anti-apoptosis.

SIGNIFICANCE

These results reveal a ROS-MAPK mediated mechanism and mitochondrial pathway through which luteolin can protect myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.