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Falahi F, Akbari-Birgani S, Mortazavi Y, Johari B. Caspase-9 suppresses metastatic behavior of MDA-MB-231 cells in an adaptive organoid model. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15116. [PMID: 38956424 PMCID: PMC11219723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Caspase-9, a cysteine-aspartate protease traditionally associated with intrinsic apoptosis, has recently emerged as having non-apoptotic roles, including influencing cell migration-an aspect that has received limited attention in existing studies. In our investigation, we aimed to explore the impact of caspase-9 on the migration and invasion behaviors of MDA-MB-231, a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line known for its metastatic properties. We established a stable cell line expressing an inducible caspase-9 (iC9) in MDA-MB-231 and assessed their metastatic behavior using both monolayer and the 3D organotypic model in co-culture with human Foreskin fibroblasts (HFF). Our findings revealed that caspase-9 had an inhibitory effect on migration and invasion in both models. In monolayer culture, caspase-9 effectively suppressed the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells, comparable to the anti-metastatic agent panitumumab (Pan). Notably, the combination of caspase-9 and Pan exhibited a significant additional effect in reducing metastatic behavior. Interestingly, caspase-9 demonstrated superior efficacy compared to Pan in the organotypic model. Molecular analysis showed down regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migratory markers, in caspase-9 activated cells. Additionally, flow cytometry analysis indicated a cell cycle arrest. Moreover, pre-treatment with activated caspase-9 sensitized cells to the chemotherapy of doxorubicin, thereby enhancing its effectiveness. In conclusion, the anti-metastatic potential of caspase-9 presents avenues for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for TNBC/metastatic breast cancer. Although more studies need to figure out the exact involving mechanisms behind this behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Falahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Shiva Akbari-Birgani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran.
- Research Center for Basic Sciences and Modern Technologies (RBST), Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran.
| | - Yousef Mortazavi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Behrooz Johari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Understanding the Antilymphoma Activity of Annona macroprophyllata Donn and Its Acyclic Terpenoids: In Vivo, In Vitro, and In Silico Studies. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27207123. [PMID: 36296714 PMCID: PMC9607537 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Annona macroprophyllata Donn (A. macroprophyllata) is used in traditional Mexican medicine for the treatment of cancer, diabetes, inflammation, and pain. In this work, we evaluated the antitumor activity of three acyclic terpenoids obtained from A. macroprophyllata to assess their potential as antilymphoma agents. We identified the terpenoids farnesyl acetate (FA), phytol (PT) and geranylgeraniol (Gg) using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and spectroscopic (1H, and 13C NMR) methods applied to petroleum ether extract of leaves from A. macroprophyllata (PEAm). We investigated antitumor potential in Balb/c mice inoculated with U-937 cells by assessing brine shrimp lethality (BSL), and cytotoxic activity in these cells. In addition, to assess the potential toxicity of PEAm, FA, PT and Gg in humans, we tested their acute oral toxicity in mice. Our results showed that the three terpenoids exhibited considerable antilymphoma and cytotoxic activity. In terms of lethality, we determined a median lethal dose (LD50) for thirteen isolated products of PEAm. Gg, PT and AF all exhibited a higher lethality with values of 1.41 ± 0.42, 3.03 ± 0.33 and 5.82 ± 0.58 µg mL-1, respectively. To assess cytotoxic activity against U-937 cells, we calculated the mean cytotoxic concentration (CC50) and found that FA and PT were closer in respect to the control drug methotrexate (MTX, 0.243 ± 0.007 µM). In terms of antilymphoma activity, we found that FA, PT and Gg considerably inhibited lymph node growth, with median effective doses (ED50) of 5.89 ± 0.39, 6.71 ± 0.31 and 7.22 ± 0.51 mg kg-1 in females and 5.09 ± 0.66, 5.83 ± 0.50 and 6.98 ± 0.57mg kg -1 in males, respectively. Regarding acute oral toxicity, we classified all three terpenoids as category IV, indicating a high safety margin for human administration. Finally, in a molecular docking study of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, we found binding of terpenoids to some amino acids of the catalytic site, suggesting an effect upon activity with a resulting decrease in the synthesis of intermediates involved in the prenylation of proteins involved in cancer progression. Our findings suggest that the acyclic terpenoids FA, PT, and Gg may serve as scaffolds for the development of new treatments for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
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Manaswiyoungkul P, de Araujo ED, Gunning PT. Targeting prenylation inhibition through the mevalonate pathway. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:51-71. [PMID: 33479604 PMCID: PMC7485146 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00442d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein prenylation is a critical mediator in several diseases including cancer and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Therapeutic intervention has focused primarily on directly targeting the prenyltransferase enzymes, FTase and GGTase I and II. To date, several drugs have advanced to clinical trials and while promising, they have yet to gain approval in a medical setting due to off-target effects and compensatory mechanisms activated by the body which results in drug resistance. While the development of dual inhibitors has mitigated undesirable side effects, potency remains sub-optimal for clinical development. An alternative approach involves antagonizing the upstream mevalonate pathway enzymes, FPPS and GGPPS, which mediate prenylation as well as cholesterol synthesis. The development of these inhibitors presents novel opportunities for dual inhibition of cancer-driven prenylation as well as cholesterol accumulation. Herein, we highlight progress towards the development of inhibitors against the prenylation machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimyupa Manaswiyoungkul
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Elvin D de Araujo
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences , University of Toronto Mississauga , 3359 Mississauga Rd N. , Mississauga , Ontario L5L 1C6 , Canada .
| | - Patrick T Gunning
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences , University of Toronto Mississauga , 3359 Mississauga Rd N. , Mississauga , Ontario L5L 1C6 , Canada .
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
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Mohammad G, Duraisamy AJ, Kowluru A, Kowluru RA. Functional Regulation of an Oxidative Stress Mediator, Rac1, in Diabetic Retinopathy. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:8643-8655. [PMID: 31300985 PMCID: PMC6842106 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01696-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Early activation of cytosolic NADPH oxidase-2 (Nox2) in diabetes increases retinal ROS production, damaging their mitochondria. The assembly of Nox2 holoenzyme requires activation of a small molecular weight G protein Rac1. Rac1 activation is regulated by guanine exchange factors and guanine nucleotide-dissociation inhibitors, and post-translational modifications assist in its association with exchange factors and dissociation inhibitors. The goal of this study is to investigate the mechanisms of Rac1 activation in the development of diabetic retinopathy. METHODS The levels of the dissociation inhibitor, prenylating enzyme (farnesyltransferase, FNTA), and exchange factor Vav2 were quantified in human retinal endothelial cells, incubated in normal or high glucose for 96 h. The roles of prenylation and Vav2 in Rac1-Nox2-ROS mitochondrial damage were confirmed in FNTA-siRNA-transfected cells and using the Vav2 inhibitor EHop, respectively. Retinal histopathology and functional changes associated with diabetic retinopathy were analyzed in diabetic mice receiving EHop for 6 months. Key parameters of Rac1 activation were confirmed in the retinal microvasculature from human donors with diabetic retinopathy. RESULTS In HRECs, glucose increased FNTA and Vav2 and decreased the dissociation inhibitor. FNTA-siRNA and EHop inhibited glucose-induced activation of Rac1-Nox2-ROS signaling. In diabetic mice, EHop ameliorated the development of retinopathy and functional/structural abnormalities and attenuated Rac1-Nox2-mitochondrial damage. Similar alterations in Rac1 regulators were observed in retinal microvasculature from human donors with diabetic retinopathy. In diabetes, Rac1 prenylation and its interactions with Vav2 contribute to Nox2-ROS-mitochondrial damage, and the pharmacological inhibitors to attenuate Rac1 interactions with its regulators could have the potential to halt/inhibit the development of diabetic retinopathy. Graphical Abstract Activation of prenylating enzyme farnesyltransferase (FNTA) in diabetes, prenylates Rac1. The binding of Rac1 with guanine nucleotide-dissociation inhibitor (GDI) is decreased, but its association with the guanine exchange factor, Vav2, is increased, resulting in Rac1 activation. Active Rac1 helps in the assembly of Nox2 holoenzyme, and Nox2 activation increases cytosolic ROS production, damaging the mitochondria. Damaged mitochondria accelerate capillary cell apoptosis, and ultimately, results in the development of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Mohammad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, 4717 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Arul J Duraisamy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, 4717 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Anjan Kowluru
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Renu A Kowluru
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, 4717 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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Luo Y, Li L, Cai J, Ma J, Liu L, Wang X, Jin C. Determination of RKI-1447 in rat plasma by UPLC–MS/MS and investigation on its pharmacokinetics, an effective ROCK1 and ROCK2 inhibitor. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2018.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Luo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Liyi Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jinzhang Cai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jianshe Ma
- Analytical and Testing Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Le Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xianqin Wang
- Analytical and Testing Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Chun Jin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
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Poku RA, Salako OO, Amissah F, Nkembo AT, Ntantie E, Lamango NS. Polyisoprenylated cysteinyl amide inhibitors induce caspase 3/7- and 8-mediated apoptosis and inhibit migration and invasion of metastatic prostate cancer cells. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:1515-1527. [PMID: 28744401 PMCID: PMC5523032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is the most aggressive and deadly form of prostate cancer. It is characterized by the overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptors whose signals are mediated by small monomeric G proteins of the Ras superfamily. These require polyisoprenylation for functional activity. Polyisoprenylated cysteinyl amide inhibitors (PCAIs) of polyisoprenylated methylated protein methyl esterase (PMPMEase) were developed as potential targeted therapies to mitigate excessive growth signaling in mCRPC either by inhibiting PMPMEase and/or perturbing the polyisoprenylation-dependent functional interactions. We investigated the effects of PCAIs on the viability of prostate cancer PC 3, DU 145, MDA PCa 2b, LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells, determined the effect of the PCAIs on PC 3 cell proliferation, survival and caspase-mediated apoptotic cell death. Metastatic PC 3 and DU 145 cell migration and invasion in the presence of NSL-BA-040 were determined using the scratch and matrigel invasion assays. We further investigated the effect of NSL-BA-040 on F-actin organization in TagRFP F-actin marker-transfected metastatic PC 3 cells. The PCAIs suppress mCRPC cell viability with EC50 values ranging from 1.3 to 4.0 µM for the most potent of the PCAIs against PC 3, DU 145, MDA PCa 2b, LNCaP and 22Rv cells. PCAIs induced apoptotic cell death in PC 3 and DU 145 cells as determined by annexin V/propidium iodide flow cytometry analysis through the activation of caspases 3 and 8 while also inhibiting migration and invasion through the disruption of F-actin organization. Taken together, our studies show the anti-cancer effects on mCRPC cells through induction of caspase-mediated apoptosis and F-actin-mediated inhibition of cell motility and invasion thereby indicating the anti-tumor and anti-metastatic potential of the PCAIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary A Poku
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M UniversityTallahassee, Florida 32307, USA
| | - Olufisayo O Salako
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M UniversityTallahassee, Florida 32307, USA
| | - Felix Amissah
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M UniversityTallahassee, Florida 32307, USA
| | - Augustine T Nkembo
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M UniversityTallahassee, Florida 32307, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ntantie
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M UniversityTallahassee, Florida 32307, USA
| | - Nazarius S Lamango
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M UniversityTallahassee, Florida 32307, USA
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Wang YC, Distefano MD. Synthetic isoprenoid analogues for the study of prenylated proteins: Fluorescent imaging and proteomic applications. Bioorg Chem 2016; 64:59-65. [PMID: 26709869 PMCID: PMC4731301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Protein prenylation is a posttranslational modification catalyzed by prenyltransferases involving the attachment of farnesyl or geranylgeranyl groups to residues near the C-termini of proteins. This irreversible covalent modification is important for membrane localization and proper signal transduction. Here, the use of isoprenoid analogues for studying prenylated proteins is reviewed. First, experiments with analogues containing small fluorophores that are alternative substrates for prenyltransferases are described. Those analogues have been useful for quantifying binding affinity and for the production of fluorescently labeled proteins. Next, the use of analogues that incorporate biotin, bioorthogonal groups or antigenic moieties is described. Such probes have been particularly useful for identifying proteins that are naturally prenylated within mammalian cells. Overall, the use of isoprenoid analogues has contributed significantly to the understanding of protein prenlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chih Wang
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mark D Distefano
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Corcoran JA, McCormick C. Viral activation of stress-regulated Rho-GTPase signaling pathway disrupts sites of mRNA degradation to influence cellular gene expression. Small GTPases 2015; 6:178-85. [PMID: 26480288 PMCID: PMC4905259 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2015.1093068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are useful tools that often reveal previously unrecognized levels of control within a cell. By studying the oncogenic Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), we discovered a new signaling axis in endothelial cells (ECs) that links actin cytoskeleton dynamics to post-transcriptional control of gene expression. Translational repression and rapid decay of mRNAs containing AU-rich elements (AREs) occurs in cytoplasmic RNA granules known as processing bodies (PBs). Rho-GTPase activity influences PB dynamics but mechanistic details remain obscure. We have previously shown that the KSHV Kaposin B protein blocks the degradation of ARE-mRNAs that encode potent cytokines and angiogenic factors, at least in part by preventing PB formation. Moreover, Kaposin B is sufficient to cause marked alterations in endothelial cell physiology including the formation of long parallel actin stress fibers and accelerated migration and angiogenic phenotypes. All of these phenotypes depend on Kaposin B-mediated activation of a non-canonical signaling pathway comprising the stress-inducible kinase MK2, hsp27, p115RhoGEF and RhoA. Accelerated endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis depends on the subsequent activation of the RhoA-dependent kinase ROCK, but PB disruption is ROCK-independent. In this Commentary, we discuss implications of the activation of this signaling axis, and propose mechanistic links between RhoA activation and PB dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Dalhousie University; Halifax NS, Canada
| | - Craig McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Dalhousie University; Halifax NS, Canada
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Joo JH, Ueda E, Bortner CD, Yang XP, Liao G, Jetten AM. Farnesol activates the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis and the ATF4-ATF3-CHOP cascade of ER stress in human T lymphoblastic leukemia Molt4 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 97:256-68. [PMID: 26275811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate that treatment of T lymphoblastic leukemic Molt4 cells with farnesol activates the apoptosome via the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. This induction was associated with changes in the level of intracellular potassium and calcium, the dissipation of the mitochondrial and plasma membrane potential, release of cytochrome c, activation of several caspases, and PARP cleavage. The induction of apoptosis by farnesol was inhibited by the addition of the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk and by the exogenous expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2. Analysis of the gene expression profiles by microarray analysis revealed that farnesol increased the expression of several genes related to the unfolded protein response (UPR), including CHOP and CHAC1. This induction was associated with the activation of the PERK-eIF2α-ATF3/4 cascade, but not the XBP-1 branch of the UPR. Although farnesol induced activation of the ERK1/2, p38, and JNK pathways, inhibition of these MAPKs had little effect on farnesol-induced apoptosis or the induction of UPR-related genes. Our data indicate that the induction of apoptosis in leukemic cells by farnesol is mediated through a pathway that involves activation of the apoptosome via the intrinsic pathway and induction of the PERK-eIF2α-ATF3/4 cascade in a manner that is independent of the farnesol-induced activation of MAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joung Hyuck Joo
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Eiichiro Ueda
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Carl D Bortner
- Molecular Endocrinology Section, Laboratory of Signal Transduction Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Xiao-Ping Yang
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Grace Liao
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Rising KA, Crenshaw CM, Koo HJ, Subramanian T, Chehade KAH, Starks C, Allen KD, Andres DA, Spielmann HP, Noel JP, Chappell J. Formation of a Novel Macrocyclic Alkaloid from the Unnatural Farnesyl Diphosphate Analogue Anilinogeranyl Diphosphate by 5-Epi-Aristolochene Synthase. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1729-36. [PMID: 25897591 PMCID: PMC4570970 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As part of an effort to identify substrate analogs suitable for helping to resolve structural features important for terpene synthases, the inhibition of 5-epi-aristolochene biosynthesis from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) by the tobacco 5-epi-aristolochene synthase incubated with anilinogeranyl diphosphate (AGPP) was examined. The apparent noncompetitive nature of the inhibition supported further assessment of how AGPP might be bound to crystallographic forms of the enzyme. Surprisingly, the bound form of the inhibitor appeared to have undergone a cyclization event consistent with the native mechanism associated with FPP catalysis. Biocatalytic formation of a novel 13-membered macrocyclic paracyclophane alkaloid was confirmed by high-resolution GC-MS and NMR analysis. This work provides insights into new biosynthetic means for generating novel, functionally diversified, medium-sized terpene alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A. Rising
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Charisse M. Crenshaw
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hyun Jo Koo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Thangaiah Subramanian
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Kareem A. H. Chehade
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Courtney Starks
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Keith D. Allen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Douglas A. Andres
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - H. Peter Spielmann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Joseph P. Noel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Joe Chappell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
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Safdari Y, Khalili M, Ebrahimzadeh MA, Yazdani Y, Farajnia S. Natural inhibitors of PI3K/AKT signaling in breast cancer: emphasis on newly-discovered molecular mechanisms of action. Pharmacol Res 2014; 93:1-10. [PMID: 25533812 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of a variety of human cancers, including breast cancer. An important signaling pathway downstream of EGFR is the PI3K/AKt pathway, which regulates cellular processes as diverse as cell growth, survival, proliferation and migration. Deregulated activity of this pathway may lead to uncontrolled cell growth, survival, migration and invasion, contributing to tumor formation. In this review, we evaluate natural compounds that, in vitro (breast cancer cell lines) and/or in vivo (animal model, clinical) studies, suppress breast cancer cells or tumors mainly by suppressing the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. The effect of these compounds on cell cycle arrest, inhibition of cell migration and invasion, tumor angiogenesis and metastasis in breast cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaghoub Safdari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Masoumeh Khalili
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ali Ebrahimzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Yazdani
- Infectious Diseases Research Center and Laboratory Science Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Safar Farajnia
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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