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Liang Y, Chen L, Huang J, Lan Z, Xia S, Yang H, Bao X, Yu X, Fan Y, Xu Y, Zhu X, Jin J. Neuroprotective effects of Aucubin against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 129:111648. [PMID: 38335656 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To study the role of Aucubin (AU) in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and investigate the potential mechanisms. METHODS For the in vitro experiment, primary microglia were cultured and stimulated by Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and treated with AU. Male C57/BL6J mice were used and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was performed to induce cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. For the short-term effects, mice administrated with AU (40 mg/kg) for 3 days after MCAO were evaluated for the infarct volume and neurological deficits. The neuroinflammatory factors and microglia activation were determined by Real-time PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence staining. For the long-term effects, MCAO mice were injected daily with AU (5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg) for 28 days. Behavior tests were used to assess the neurological deficits of MCAO mice, and white matter integrity was determined by myelin basic protein (MBP) staining and black-gold staining. RESULTS AU suppressed LPS-induced activation of microglia and pro-inflammatory cytokines release, and downregulated the NF-κB and MAPK pathways in primary microglia. In addition, AU attenuated ischemic injury and inhibited the neuro-inflammatory response in MCAO mice. Moreover, AU induced prolonged improvements in sensorimotor function and memory function following MCAO, and preserved white matter integrity in the long-term experiments. CONCLUSIONS AU protected against ischemic injury, which might be correlated with the downregulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Furthermore, AU alleviated cognitive impairment after stroke and restored white matter integrity. Our data indicated that AU might be a potential compound for the treatment of stroke and post-stroke cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Liqiu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhen Lan
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shengnan Xia
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Discipline of Neurology, Nanjing 210008, China; Nanjing Neurology Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Discipline of Neurology, Nanjing 210008, China; Nanjing Neurology Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xinyu Bao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Discipline of Neurology, Nanjing 210008, China; Nanjing Neurology Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yingao Fan
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Discipline of Neurology, Nanjing 210008, China; Nanjing Neurology Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Discipline of Neurology, Nanjing 210008, China; Nanjing Neurology Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Jiali Jin
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Discipline of Neurology, Nanjing 210008, China; Nanjing Neurology Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Hugues N, Pin-Barre C, Brioche T, Pellegrino C, Berton E, Rivera C, Laurin J. High-intensity training with short and long intervals regulate cortical neurotrophic factors, apoptosis markers and chloride homeostasis in rats with stroke. Physiol Behav 2023; 266:114190. [PMID: 37055005 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The optimal endurance exercise parameters remain to be defined to potentiate long-term functional recovery after stroke. We aim to assess the effects of individualized high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with either long or short intervals on neurotrophic factors and their receptors, apoptosis markers and the two-main cation-chloride cotransporters in the ipsi- and contralesional cerebral cortices in rats with cerebral ischemia. Endurance performance and sensorimotor functions were also assessed METHODS: : Rats with a 2-hour transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) performed work-matched HIIT4 (intervals: 4min) or HIIT1 (intervals: 1min) on treadmill for 2 weeks. Incremental exercises and sensorimotor tests were performed at day 1 (D1), D8, and D15 after tMCAO. Molecular analyses were achieved in both the paretic and non-paretic triceps brachii muscles and the ipsi- and contralesional cortices at D17 RESULTS: : Gains in endurance performance are in a time-dependent manner from the first week of training. This enhancement is supported by the upregulation of metabolic markers in both triceps brachii muscles. Both regimens alter the expression of neurotrophic markers and chloride homeostasis in a specific manner in the ipsi- and contralesional cortices. HIIT acts on apoptosis markers by promoting anti-apoptotic proteins in the ipsilesional cortex CONCLUSION: : HIIT regimens seem to be of clinical relevance in the critical period of stroke rehabilitation by strongly improving aerobic performance. Also, the observed cortical changes suggest an influence of HIIT on neuroplasticity in both ipsi- and contralesional hemispheres. Such neurotrophic markers might be considered as biomarkers of functional recovery in individuals with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Hugues
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INMED, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Thomas Brioche
- Université de Montpellier, INRAE, DMEM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Eric Berton
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Jérôme Laurin
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INMED, Marseille, France.
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Hugues N, Pin-Barre C, Pellegrino C, Rivera C, Berton E, Laurin J. Time-Dependent Cortical Plasticity during Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training Versus High-Intensity Interval Training in Rats. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:3829-3847. [PMID: 35029628 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporal pattern of cortical plasticity induced by high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) is required to clarify their relative benefits to prevent neurological disorders. The purpose of this study is to define the time-dependent effects of work-matched HIIT and MICT on cortical plasticity, endurance, and sensorimotor performances over an 8-week training period in healthy rats. Adult healthy rats performed incremental exercise tests and sensorimotor tests before and at 2, 4, and 8 weeks of training. In parallel, cortical markers related to neurotrophic, angiogenic, and metabolic activities were assessed. Results indicate that HIIT induced an early and superior endurance improvement compared to MICT. We found significant enhancement of speed associated with lactate threshold (SLT) and maximal speed (Smax) in HIIT animals. MICT promoted an early increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and angiogenic/metabolic markers but showed less influence at 8 weeks. HIIT upregulated the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) as well as neurotrophic, metabolic/angiogenic markers at 2 and 8 weeks and downregulated the neuronal K-Cl cotransporter KCC2 that regulates GABAA-mediated transmission. HIIT and MICT are effective in a time-dependent manner suggesting a complementary effect that might be useful in physical exercise guidelines for maintaining brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Hugues
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, INMED, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | - Eric Berton
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France
| | - Jérôme Laurin
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, INMED, Marseille, France
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Yawoot N, Sengking J, Wicha P, Govitrapong P, Tocharus C, Tocharus J. Melatonin attenuates reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation following cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury mediated by GSK-3β and RIP1K. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:1818-1832. [PMID: 34825376 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Even though astrocytes have been widely reported to support several brain functions, studies have emerged that they exert deleterious effects on the brain after ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of melatonin on the processes of reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation, as well as axonal regeneration after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham-operated, I/R, I/R treated with melatonin, and I/R treated with edaravone. All drugs were administered via intraperitoneal injection at the onset of reperfusion and were continued until the rats were sacrificed on Day 7 or 14 after the surgery. Melatonin presented long-term benefits on cerebral damage after I/R injury, as demonstrated by a decreased infarct volume, histopathological changes, and reduced neuronal cell death. We also found that melatonin attenuated reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation and, consequently, enhanced axonal regeneration and promoted neurobehavioral recovery. Furthermore, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) and receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein 1 kinase (RIP1K), which had previously been revealed as proteins involved in astrocyte responses, were significantly reduced after melatonin administration. Taken together, melatonin effectively counteracted the deleterious effects due to astrocyte responses and improved axonal regeneration to promote functional recovery during the chronic phase of cerebral I/R injury by inhibiting GSK-3β and RIP1K activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuttapong Yawoot
- Department of Physiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jirakhamon Sengking
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Piyawadee Wicha
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Chainarong Tocharus
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Tocharus
- Department of Physiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Functional Food Research Center for Well-being, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Salidroside-pretreated mesenchymal stem cells contribute to neuroprotection in cerebral ischemic injury in vitro and in vivo. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:1145-1154. [PMID: 34570327 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-10022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered a promising tool for treating cerebral ischemic injury. However, their poor survival after transplantation limits their therapeutic effect and applications. Salidroside has been reported to exert potent cytoprotective and neuroprotective effects. This study aimed to investigate whether salidroside could improve MSC survival under hypoxic-ischemic conditions and, subsequently, alleviate cerebral ischemic injury in a rat model. MSCs were pretreated by salidroside under hypoxic-ischemic conditions. The cell proliferation, migratory capacity, and apoptosis were evaluated by means of Cell Counting Kit-8, transwell assay, and flow cytometry. MSCs pretreated with salidroside were transplanted into the rats subsequent to middle cerebral artery occlusion. The grip strength, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride, and hematoxylin-eosin staining were used to analyze the therapeutic efficiency and pathological changes. The mature neuron marker NeuN and astrocyte marker GFAP in the focal area were detected by immunofluorescence. These results indicated that salidroside promoted the proliferation, migration and reduced apoptosis of MSCs under hypoxic-ischemic conditions. In vivo experiments revealed that transplantation of salidroside-pretreated MSCs strengthened the therapeutic efficiency by enhancing neurogenesis and inhibiting neuroinflammation in the hippocampal CA1 area after ischemia. Our results suggest that pretreatment with salidroside could be an effective strategy to enhance the cell survival rate and the therapeutic effect of MSCs in treating cerebral ischemic injury.
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Hugues N, Pellegrino C, Rivera C, Berton E, Pin-Barre C, Laurin J. Is High-Intensity Interval Training Suitable to Promote Neuroplasticity and Cognitive Functions after Stroke? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3003. [PMID: 33809413 PMCID: PMC7998434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke-induced cognitive impairments affect the long-term quality of life. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is now considered a promising strategy to enhance cognitive functions. This review is designed to examine the role of HIIT in promoting neuroplasticity processes and/or cognitive functions after stroke. The various methodological limitations related to the clinical relevance of studies on the exercise recommendations in individuals with stroke are first discussed. Then, the relevance of HIIT in improving neurotrophic factors expression, neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity is debated in both stroke and healthy individuals (humans and rodents). Moreover, HIIT may have a preventive role on stroke severity, as found in rodents. The potential role of HIIT in stroke rehabilitation is reinforced by findings showing its powerful neurogenic effect that might potentiate cognitive benefits induced by cognitive tasks. In addition, the clinical role of neuroplasticity observed in each hemisphere needs to be clarified by coupling more frequently to cellular/molecular measurements and behavioral testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Hugues
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France; (N.H.); (C.P.); (C.R.)
- CNRS, ISM, Aix-Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France; (E.B.); (C.P.-B.)
| | - Christophe Pellegrino
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France; (N.H.); (C.P.); (C.R.)
| | - Claudio Rivera
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France; (N.H.); (C.P.); (C.R.)
| | - Eric Berton
- CNRS, ISM, Aix-Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France; (E.B.); (C.P.-B.)
| | - Caroline Pin-Barre
- CNRS, ISM, Aix-Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France; (E.B.); (C.P.-B.)
| | - Jérôme Laurin
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France; (N.H.); (C.P.); (C.R.)
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Transplantation of hPSC-derived pericyte-like cells promotes functional recovery in ischemic stroke mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5196. [PMID: 33060592 PMCID: PMC7566513 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes play essential roles in blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity and dysfunction or degeneration of pericytes is implicated in a set of neurological disorders although the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. However, the scarcity of material sources hinders the application of BBB models in vitro for pathophysiological studies. Additionally, whether pericytes can be used to treat neurological disorders remains to be elucidated. Here, we generate pericyte-like cells (PCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) through the intermediate stage of the cranial neural crest (CNC) and reveal that the cranial neural crest-derived pericyte-like cells (hPSC-CNC PCs) express typical pericyte markers including PDGFRβ, CD146, NG2, CD13, Caldesmon, and Vimentin, and display distinct contractile properties, vasculogenic potential and endothelial barrier function. More importantly, when transplanted into a murine model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) with BBB disruption, hPSC-CNC PCs efficiently promote neurological functional recovery in tMCAO mice by reconstructing the BBB integrity and preventing of neuronal apoptosis. Our results indicate that hPSC-CNC PCs may represent an ideal cell source for the treatment of BBB dysfunction-related disorders and help to model the human BBB in vitro for the study of the pathogenesis of such neurological diseases. Pericytes play an essential role in blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Here, the authors generate pericyte-like cells (PCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) which display functional properties and also promote BBB recovery in a mouse model of cerebral artery occlusion.
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Jieyu Anshen Granule, a Chinese Herbal Formulation, Exerts Effects on Poststroke Depression in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:7469068. [PMID: 32184899 PMCID: PMC7060433 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7469068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Jieyu Anshen granule (JY) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula for treating depression and anxiety. The aim of the study was to observe the effects of JY on poststroke depression (PSD) and investigate the underlying mechanism. PSD rat model was developed by middle cerebral artery occlusion following chronic unpredictable mild stress in conjunction with isolation rearing. We performed behavioral tests, Western blot, ELISA, and BrdU/NeuN staining. Treatment with JY showed significant antidepressant effect in open-field and sucrose preference tests, as well as significant improvement in beam-walking, cylinder, grip strength, and water maze tests. In addition, treatment with JY could restore the levels of neurotransmitters and decrease the levels of hormone and inflammation cytokines in serum and brain. Treatment with JY also showed significant regulation in the expression of neurotransmitter receptors and NF-κB/IκB-α signaling in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Moreover, the numbers of newborn neurons in the hippocampus were increased by treatment with JY. Our results suggest that JY could ameliorate PSD and improve the neurological and cognitive functions. The antidepressive effect may be associated with the modulation of JY on monoamine system, neuroendocrine, neuroinflammation, and neurogenesis.
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Remarkable cell recovery from cerebral ischemia in rats using an adaptive escalator-based rehabilitation mechanism. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223820. [PMID: 31603928 PMCID: PMC6788702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, many ischemic stroke patients worldwide suffer from physical and mental impairments, and thus have a low quality of life. However, although rehabilitation is acknowledged as an effective way to recover patients’ health, there does not exist yet an adaptive training platform for animal tests so far. For this sake, this paper aims to develop an adaptive escalator (AE) for rehabilitation of rats with cerebral ischemia. Rats were observed to climb upward spontaneously, and a motor-driven escalator, equipped with a position detection feature and an acceleration/deceleration mechanism, was constructed accordingly as an adaptive training platform. The rehabilitation performance was subsequently rated using an incline test, a rotarod test, the infarction volume, the lesion volume, the number of MAP2 positive cells and the level of cortisol. This paper is presented in 3 parts as follows. Part 1 refers to the escalator mechanism design, part 2 describes the adaptive ladder-climbing rehabilitation mechanism, and part 3 discusses the validation of an ischemic stroke model. As it turned out, a rehabilitated group using this training platform, designated as the AE group, significantly outperformed a control counterpart in terms of a rotarod test. After the sacrifice of the rats, the AE group gave an average infarction volume of (34.36 ± 3.8)%, while the control group gave (66.41 ± 3.1)%, validating the outperformance of the escalator-based rehabilitation platform in a sense. An obvious difference between the presented training platform and conventional counterparts is the platform mechanism, and for the first time in the literature rats can be well and voluntarily rehabilitated at full capacity using an adaptive escalator. Taking into account the physical diversity among rats, the training strength provided was made adaptive as a reliable way to eliminate workout or secondary injury. Accordingly, more convincing arguments can be made using this mental stress-free training platform.
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The diabetes drug semaglutide reduces infarct size, inflammation, and apoptosis, and normalizes neurogenesis in a rat model of stroke. Neuropharmacology 2019; 158:107748. [PMID: 31465784 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a condition with few medical treatments available. Semaglutide, a novel Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue, has been brought to the market as a treatment for diabetes. We tested the protective effects of semaglutide against middle cerebral artery occlusion injury in rats. Animals were treated with 10 nmol/kg bw ip. starting 2 h after surgery and every second day for either 1, 7, 14 or 21 days. Semaglutide-treated animals showed significantly reduced scores of neurological impairments in several motor and grip strength tasks. The cerebral infarction size was also reduced, and the loss of neurons in the hippocampal areas CA1, CA3 and the dentate gyrus was much reduced. Chronic inflammation as seen in levels of activated microglia and in the activity of the p38 MAPK - MKK - c-Jun- NF-κB p65 inflammation signaling pathway was reduced. In addition, improved growth factor signaling as shown in levels of activated ERK1 and IRS-1, and a reduction in the apoptosis signaling pathway C-raf, ERK2, Bcl-2/BAX and Caspase-3 was observed. Neurogenesis had also been normalized by the drug treatment as seen in increased neurogenesis (DCX-positive cells) in the dentate gyrus and a normalization of biomarkers for neurogenesis. In conclusion, semaglutide is a promising candidate for re-purposing as a stroke treatment.
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Pin-Barre C, Pellegrino C, Laurin F, Laurin J. Cerebral Ischemia Changed the Effect of Metabosensitive Muscle Afferents on Somatic Reflex Without Affecting Thalamic Activity. Front Physiol 2018; 9:638. [PMID: 29896119 PMCID: PMC5986926 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the contribution of group III and IV metabosensitive afferents at spinal and supraspinal levels in rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with reperfusion during the acute phase. Animals were randomized in Control (n = 23), SHAM (n = 18), MCAO-D1 (n = 10), and MCAO-D7 (n = 20) groups. Rats performed the Electrical Von Frey and the Adhesive removal tests before the surgery and at day 1 (D1), D3, and D7 after MCAO. Animals were subjected to electrophysiological recordings including the responses of group III/IV metabosensitive afferents to combinations of chemical activators and the triceps brachii somatic reflex activity at D1 or D7. The response of ventral posterolateral (VPL) thalamic nuclei was also recorded after group III/IV afferent activation. Histological measurements were performed to assess the infarct size and to confirm the location of the recording electrodes into the VPL. Behavioral results indicated that MCAO induced disorders of both mechanical sensibility and motor coordination of paretic forepaw during 7 days. Moreover, injured animals exhibited an absence of somatic reflex inhibition from the group III/IV afferents at D1, without affecting the response of both these afferents and the VPL. Finally, the regulation of the central motor drive by group III/IV afferents was modified at spinal level during the acute phase of cerebral ischemia and it might contribute to the observed behavioral disturbances.
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Administration of Huperzine A exerts antidepressant-like activity in a rat model of post-stroke depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 158:32-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Physical Exercise as a Diagnostic, Rehabilitation, and Preventive Tool: Influence on Neuroplasticity and Motor Recovery after Stroke. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:608581. [PMID: 26682073 PMCID: PMC4670869 DOI: 10.1155/2015/608581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains a leading cause of adult motor disabilities in the world and accounts for the greatest number of hospitalizations for neurological disease. Stroke treatments/therapies need to promote neuroplasticity to improve motor function. Physical exercise is considered as a major candidate for ultimately promoting neural plasticity and could be used for different purposes in human and animal experiments. First, acute exercise could be used as a diagnostic tool to understand new neural mechanisms underlying stroke physiopathology. Indeed, better knowledge of stroke mechanisms that affect movements is crucial for enhancing treatment/rehabilitation effectiveness. Secondly, it is well established that physical exercise training is advised as an effective rehabilitation tool. Indeed, it reduces inflammatory processes and apoptotic marker expression, promotes brain angiogenesis and expression of some growth factors, and improves the activation of affected muscles during exercise. Nevertheless, exercise training might also aggravate sensorimotor deficits and brain injury depending on the chosen exercise parameters. For the last few years, physical training has been combined with pharmacological treatments to accentuate and/or accelerate beneficial neural and motor effects. Finally, physical exercise might also be considered as a major nonpharmacological preventive strategy that provides neuroprotective effects reducing adverse effects of brain ischemia. Therefore, prestroke regular physical activity may also decrease the motor outcome severity of stroke.
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Ingberg E, Gudjonsdottir J, Theodorsson E, Theodorsson A, Ström JO. Elevated body swing test after focal cerebral ischemia in rodents: methodological considerations. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:50. [PMID: 26242584 PMCID: PMC4525734 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The elevated body swing test (EBST) is a behavioral test used to evaluate experimental stroke in rodents. The basic idea is that when the animal is suspended vertically by the tail, it will swing its head laterally to the left or right depending on lesion side. In a previous study from our lab using the EBST after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), rats swung contralateral to the infarct day 1 post-MCAo, but ipsilateral day 3 post-MCAo. This shift was unexpected and prompted us to perform the present study. First, the literature was systematically reviewed to elucidate whether a similar shift had been noticed before, and if consensus existed regarding swing direction. Secondly, an experiment was conducted to systematically investigate the suggested behavior. Eighty-three adult male and female Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to MCAo or sham surgery and the EBST was performed up to 7 days after the lesion. Results Both experimentally and through systematic literature review, the present study shows that the direction of biased swing activity in the EBST for rodents after cerebral ischemia can differ and even shift over time in some situations. The EBST curve for females was significantly different from that of males after the same occlusion time (p = 0.023). Conclusions This study highlights the importance of adequate reporting of behavioral tests for lateralization and it is concluded that the EBST cannot be recommended as a test for motor asymmetry after MCAo in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvin Ingberg
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Diagnostics, Linköping University, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Johanna Gudjonsdottir
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Diagnostics, Linköping University, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Diagnostics, Linköping University, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Annette Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Diagnostics, Linköping University, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden. .,Division of Neuroscience, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Linköping University, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Jakob O Ström
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Diagnostics, Linköping University, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden. .,Vårdvetenskapligt Forskningscentrum/Centre for Health Sciences, Örebro University Hospital, County Council of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden. .,School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
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