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Facey COB, Hunsu VO, Zhang C, Osmond B, Opdenaker LM, Boman BM. CYP26A1 Links WNT and Retinoic Acid Signaling: A Target to Differentiate ALDH+ Stem Cells in APC-Mutant CRC. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:264. [PMID: 38254755 PMCID: PMC10813786 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
APC mutation is the main driving mechanism of CRC development and leads to constitutively activated WNT signaling, overpopulation of ALDH+ stem cells (SCs), and incomplete differentiation. We previously reported that retinoic acid (RA) receptors are selectively expressed in ALDH+ SCs, which provides a way to target cancer SCs with retinoids to induce differentiation. Hypotheses: A functional link exists between the WNT and RA pathways, and APC mutation generates a WNT:RA imbalance that decreases retinoid-induced differentiation and increases ALDH+ SCs. Accordingly, to restore parity in WNT:RA signaling, we induce wt-APC expression in APC-mutant CRC cells, and we assess the ability of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) to induce differentiation. We found that ATRA increased expression of the WNT target gene, CYP26A1, and inducing wt-APC reduced this expression by 50%. Thus, the RA and WNT pathways crosstalk to modulate CYP26A1, which metabolizes retinoids. Moreover, inducing wt-APC augments ATRA-induced cell differentiation by: (i) decreasing cell proliferation; (ii) suppressing ALDH1A1 expression; (iii) decreasing ALDH+ SCs; and (iv) increasing neuroendocrine cell differentiation. A novel CYP26A1-based network that links WNT and RA signaling was also identified by NanoString profiling/bioinformatics analysis. Furthermore, CYP26A1 inhibitors sensitized CRC cells to the anti-proliferative effect of drugs that downregulate WNT signaling. Notably, in wt-APC-CRCs, decreased CYP26A1 improved patient survival. These findings have strong potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline O. B. Facey
- Cawley Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE 19713, USA; (C.O.B.F.); (V.O.H.); (C.Z.); (B.O.); (L.M.O.)
| | - Victoria O. Hunsu
- Cawley Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE 19713, USA; (C.O.B.F.); (V.O.H.); (C.Z.); (B.O.); (L.M.O.)
- Department Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Cawley Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE 19713, USA; (C.O.B.F.); (V.O.H.); (C.Z.); (B.O.); (L.M.O.)
- Department Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Brian Osmond
- Cawley Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE 19713, USA; (C.O.B.F.); (V.O.H.); (C.Z.); (B.O.); (L.M.O.)
- Department Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Lynn M. Opdenaker
- Cawley Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE 19713, USA; (C.O.B.F.); (V.O.H.); (C.Z.); (B.O.); (L.M.O.)
| | - Bruce M. Boman
- Cawley Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE 19713, USA; (C.O.B.F.); (V.O.H.); (C.Z.); (B.O.); (L.M.O.)
- Department Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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2
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Villéger R, Chulkina M, Mifflin RC, Powell DW, Pinchuk IV. Disruption of retinol-mediated IL-6 expression in colon cancer-associated fibroblasts: new perspectives on the role of vitamin A metabolism. Oncotarget 2023; 14:377-381. [PMID: 37185128 PMCID: PMC10132993 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal myo-/fibroblasts (MFs) account for up to 30% of lamina propria cells in the normal human colon and their number is dramatically increased in colon cancer (CRC). Fibroblasts from cancers, also known as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), differ from normal colonic MF (N-MFs) and support tumor-promoting inflammation, in part due to increased IL-6 secretion. In this editorial, we highlight recent data obtained regarding IL-6 regulation in colorectal cancer CAFs through vitamin A (retinol) metabolism, discuss current limitations in our understanding of the mechanisms leading to the CAF pro-inflammatory phenotype, and discuss potential approaches to target CAF retinoid metabolism during CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Villéger
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, France
| | - Marina Chulkina
- Department of Medicine at PennState Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Randy C Mifflin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Don W Powell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Translational Sciences, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- Department of Medicine at PennState Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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3
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Wang AJ, Song D, Hong YM, Liu NN. Multi-omics insights into the interplay between gut microbiota and colorectal cancer in the "microworld" age. Mol Omics 2023; 19:283-296. [PMID: 36916422 DOI: 10.1039/d2mo00288d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multifactorial heterogeneous disease largely due to both genetic predisposition and environmental factors including the gut microbiota, a dynamic microbial ecosystem inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms by which the gut microbiota interacts with the host may contribute to the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and promotion of CRC. However, deciphering the influence of genetic variants and interactions with the gut microbial ecosystem is rather challenging. Despite recent advancements in single omics analysis, the application of multi-omics approaches to integrate multiple layers of information in the microbiome and host to introduce effective prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies is still in its infancy. Here, we integrate host- and microbe-based multi-omics studies, respectively, to provide a strategy to explore potential causal relationships between gut microbiota and colorectal cancer. Specifically, we summarize the recent multi-omics studies such as metagenomics combined with metabolomics and metagenomics combined with genomics. Meanwhile, the sample size and sample types commonly used in multi-omics research, as well as the methods of data analysis, were also generalized. We highlight multiple layers of information from multi-omics that need to be verified by different types of models. Together, this review provides new insights into the clinical diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China.
| | - Dingka Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China.
| | - Yue-Mei Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China.
| | - Ning-Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China.
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4
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Sanders K, Kooistra HS, van den Heuvel M, Mokry M, Grinwis GCM, van den Dungen NAM, van Steenbeek FG, Galac S. Transcriptome sequencing reveals two subtypes of cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumours in dogs and identifies CYP26B1 as a potential new therapeutic target. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:100-110. [PMID: 36582114 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a serious endocrine disorder that is relatively common in dogs, but rare in humans. In ~15%-20% of cases, CS is caused by a cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumour (csACT). To identify differentially expressed genes that can improve prognostic predictions after surgery and represent novel treatment targets, we performed RNA sequencing on csACTs (n = 48) and normal adrenal cortices (NACs; n = 10) of dogs. A gene was declared differentially expressed when the adjusted p-value was <.05 and the log2 fold change was >2 or < -2. Between NACs and csACTs, 98 genes were differentially expressed. Based on the principal component analysis (PCA) the csACTs were separated in two groups, of which Group 1 had significantly better survival after adrenalectomy (p = .002) than Group 2. Between csACT Group G1 and Group 2, 77 genes were differentially expressed. One of these, cytochrome P450 26B1 (CYP26B1), was significantly associated with survival in both our canine csACTs and in a publicly available data set of 33 human cortisol-secreting adrenocortical carcinomas. In the validation cohort, CYP26B1 was also expressed significantly higher (p = .012) in canine csACTs compared with NACs. In future studies it would be interesting to determine whether CYP26B1 inhibitors could inhibit csACT growth in both dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Sanders
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans S Kooistra
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke van den Heuvel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michal Mokry
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guy C M Grinwis
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Noortje A M van den Dungen
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Frank G van Steenbeek
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sara Galac
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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5
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Barata IS, Gomes BC, Rodrigues AS, Rueff J, Kranendonk M, Esteves F. The Complex Dynamic of Phase I Drug Metabolism in the Early Stages of Doxorubicin Resistance in Breast Cancer Cells. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1977. [PMID: 36360213 PMCID: PMC9689592 DOI: 10.3390/genes13111977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The altered activity of drug metabolism enzymes (DMEs) is a hallmark of chemotherapy resistance. Cytochrome P450s (CYPs), mainly CYP3A4, and several oxidoreductases are responsible for Phase I metabolism of doxorubicin (DOX), an anthracycline widely used in breast cancer (BC) treatment. This study aimed to investigate the role of Phase I DMEs involved in the first stages of acquisition of DOX-resistance in BC cells. For this purpose, the expression of 92 DME genes and specific CYP-complex enzymes activities were assessed in either sensitive (MCF-7 parental cells; MCF-7/DOXS) or DOX-resistant (MCF-7/DOXR) cells. The DMEs genes detected to be significantly differentially expressed in MCF-7/DOXR cells (12 CYPs and eight oxidoreductases) were indicated previously to be involved in tumor progression and/or chemotherapy response. The analysis of CYP-mediated activities suggests a putative enhanced CYP3A4-dependent metabolism in MCF-7/DOXR cells. A discrepancy was observed between CYP-enzyme activities and their corresponding levels of mRNA transcripts. This is indicative that the phenotype of DMEs is not linearly correlated with transcription induction responses, confirming the multifactorial complexity of this mechanism. Our results pinpoint the potential role of specific CYPs and oxidoreductases involved in the metabolism of drugs, retinoic and arachidonic acids, in the mechanisms of chemo-resistance to DOX and carcinogenesis of BC.
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6
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Wu Q, Wang L, Tsui SKW. Mutational signatures representative transcriptomic perturbations in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:970907. [PMID: 36081995 PMCID: PMC9445436 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.970907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary malignancy with increasing incidence and poor prognosis. Heterogeneity originating from genomic instability is one of the critical reasons of poor outcomes. However, the studies of underlying mechanisms and pathways affected by mutations are still not intelligible. Currently, integrative molecular-level studies using multiomics approaches enable comprehensive analysis for cancers, which is pivotal for personalized therapy and mortality reduction. In this study, genomic and transcriptomic data of HCC are obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to investigate the affected coding and non-coding RNAs, as well as their regulatory network due to certain mutational signatures of HCC. Different types of RNAs have their specific enriched biological functions in mutational signature-specific HCCs, upregulated coding RNAs are predominantly associated with lipid metabolism-related pathways, and downregulated coding RNAs are enriched in axonogenesis for tumor microenvironment generation. Additionally, differentially expressed miRNAs are inclined to concentrate in cancer-related signaling pathways. Some of these RNAs also serve as prognostic factors that help predict the survival outcome of HCCs with certain mutational signatures. Furthermore, deregulation of competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network is identified, which suggests a potential therapy via interference of miRNA activity for mutational signature-specific HCC. This study proposes a projection approach to reduce therapeutic complexity from genomic mutations to transcriptomic alterations. Through this method, we identify genes and pathways critical for mutational signature-specific HCC and further discover a series of prognostic markers indicating patient survival outcome.
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7
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Alnabulsi A, Wang T, Pang W, Ionescu M, Craig SG, Humphries MP, McCombe K, Salto Tellez M, Alnabulsi A, Murray GI. Identification of a prognostic signature in colorectal cancer using combinatorial algorithm-driven analysis. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2022; 8:245-256. [PMID: 35043584 PMCID: PMC8977276 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma is one of the most common types of malignancy and a leading cause of cancer‐related death. Although clinicopathological parameters provide invaluable prognostic information, the accuracy of prognosis can be improved by using molecular biomarker signatures. Using a large dataset of immunohistochemistry‐based biomarkers (n = 66), this study has developed an effective methodology for identifying optimal biomarker combinations as a prognostic tool. Biomarkers were screened and assigned to related subsets before being analysed using an iterative algorithm customised for evaluating combinatorial interactions between biomarkers based on their combined statistical power. A signature consisting of six biomarkers was identified as the best combination in terms of prognostic power. The combination of biomarkers (STAT1, UCP1, p‐cofilin, LIMK2, FOXP3, and ICOS) was significantly associated with overall survival when computed as a linear variable (χ2 = 53.183, p < 0.001) and as a cluster variable (χ2 = 67.625, p < 0.001). This signature was also significantly independent of age, extramural vascular invasion, tumour stage, and lymph node metastasis (Wald = 32.898, p < 0.001). Assessment of the results in an external cohort showed that the signature was significantly associated with prognosis (χ2 = 14.217, p = 0.007). This study developed and optimised an innovative discovery approach which could be adapted for the discovery of biomarkers and molecular interactions in a range of biological and clinical studies. Furthermore, this study identified a protein signature that can be utilised as an independent prognostic method and for potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdo Alnabulsi
- Pathology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.,AiBIOLOGICS, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tiehui Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Wei Pang
- School of Mathematical & Computer Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Stephanie G Craig
- Precision Medicine Centre, Patrick G Johnson Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Matthew P Humphries
- Precision Medicine Centre, Patrick G Johnson Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Kris McCombe
- Precision Medicine Centre, Patrick G Johnson Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Manuel Salto Tellez
- Precision Medicine Centre, Patrick G Johnson Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ayham Alnabulsi
- AiBIOLOGICS, Dublin, Ireland.,Vertebrate Antibodies Ltd, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Graeme I Murray
- Pathology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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8
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Redox state changes of mitochondrial cytochromes in brain and breast cancers by Raman spectroscopy and imaging. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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9
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Wu H, Zhao D, Wang C, Zhang D, Tang M, Qian S, Xu L, Xia T, Zhou J, Wang G, He Y, Gao L, Chen W, Li L, Yang W, Zhao Q, Hu C, Hu A. All-Trans Retinoic Acid Prevents the Progression of Gastric Precancerous Lesions by Regulating Disordered Retinoic Acid Metabolism. Nutr Cancer 2022; 74:3351-3362. [PMID: 35225106 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2022.2044062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanhan Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Didi Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Daoming Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lujiang County People’s Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Shiqing Qian
- Department of Pathology, Lujiang County People’s Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Lina Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lujiang County People’s Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Tao Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lujiang County People’s Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Juanyan Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Guangjun Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yue He
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Wanshui Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Qihong Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Chuanlai Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Anla Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
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10
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Luo Y, Sun F, Peng X, Dong D, Ou W, Xie Y, Luo Y. Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis to Identify Abnormal Methylated Differentially Expressed Genes for Predicting Prognosis of Human Colon Cancer. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:4745-4756. [PMID: 34466019 PMCID: PMC8403012 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s324483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To identify the value of key differentially expressed genes (DEGs) regulated by differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in predicting the prognosis of human colon cancer. Materials and Methods RNA sequencing data and DNA methylation data of 455 colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) cases and 41 normal controls were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed by the DAVID database. To identify the hub genes regulated by methylation, univariate Cox and multivariate Cox regression analyses were carried out. A nomogram based on the risk score was built to identify the power of the hub genes to predict prognosis in patients with colon cancer. Results A total of 133 DEGs regulated by DMRs were identified through analyzing RNA sequencing data and DNA methylation data from TCGA. GO functional enrichment and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed the genes involved in the initiation and progression of colon cancer. Univariate Cox regression analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis focused on the seven hub genes (CDH4, CR2, KRT85, LGI4, NPAS4, RUVBL1 and SP140) associated with overall survival, the expression of which negatively correlated with their methylation level. The risk score and nomogram model showed that the hub genes served as potential biomarkers for the prognosis prediction of patients with colon cancer. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the DEGs regulated by DMRs are involved in the carcinogenesis and development of colon cancer, and the aberrantly methylated DEGs associated with overall survival of patients may be potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, 518110, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenglin Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, 518110, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nansha Hospital, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511457, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Nansha Hospital, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511457, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Ou
- Department of General Surgery, Nansha Hospital, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511457, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongke Xie
- Department of General Surgery, Nansha Hospital, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511457, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, 518110, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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11
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Li J, Han T, Wang X, Wang Y, Yang Q. Identification of novel survival-related lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA competing endogenous RNA network associated with immune infiltration in colorectal cancer. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:5815-5834. [PMID: 34306328 PMCID: PMC8290742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing studies have reported that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in the initiation and progression of carcinogenesis. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of lncRNA-related competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network in colorectal cancer (CRC) are not fully understood. In the present study, we systematically analyzed the expression levels and prognostic values of dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) in human CRC to identify novel survival-related lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA regulatory network. As a result, 28 dysregulated miRNAs were obtained, and hsa-miR-195-5p was identified as a key oncogene in human CRC based on analyses of expression levels and prognostic values. By means of stepwise prediction and validation, two upstream lncRNAs (NEAT1, XIST) and eight downstream mRNAs (ACOX1, CYP26B1, IRF4, ITPR1, LITAF, PHLPP2, RECK, and TPM2) were identified as key genes that interact with hsa-miR-195-5p. A ceRNA regulatory network consisted of these key genes was constructed, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) indicated the possible association of key mRNAs with CRC onset and progression. Importantly, immune infiltration analysis revealed that the ceRNA network was remarkably associated with infiltration abundance of multiple immune cells and expression levels of immune checkpoints. These findings indicate that NEAT1 and XIST are potential prognostic factors that affect CRC onset and progression by targeting miR-195-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Ting Han
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yinchun Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Qingqiang Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, P. R. China
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12
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Everts HB, Akuailou EN. Retinoids in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Nutrients 2021; 13:E153. [PMID: 33466372 PMCID: PMC7824907 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal studies as early as the 1920s suggested that vitamin A deficiency leads to squamous cell metaplasia in numerous epithelial tissues including the skin. However, humans usually die from vitamin A deficiency before cancers have time to develop. A recent long-term cohort study found that high dietary vitamin A reduced the risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). cSCC is a form of nonmelanoma skin cancer that primarily occurs from excess exposure to ultraviolet light B (UVB). These cancers are expensive to treat and can lead to metastasis and death. Oral synthetic retinoids prevent the reoccurrence of cSCC, but side effects limit their use in chemoprevention. Several proteins involved in vitamin A metabolism and signaling are altered in cSCC, which may lead to retinoid resistance. The expression of vitamin A metabolism proteins may also have prognostic value. This article reviews what is known about natural and synthetic retinoids and their metabolism in cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen B Everts
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX 76209, USA
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13
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Chen PH, Chung CM, Wang YY, Huang HW, Huang B, Lee KW, Yuan SS, Wu CW, Lin LS, Chan LP. CYP26A1 Is a Novel Biomarker for Betel Quid-Related Oral and Pharyngeal Cancers. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10110982. [PMID: 33233443 PMCID: PMC7700252 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10110982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Betel quid (BQ) has been classified as a Group I human carcinogen in light of evidence demonstrating an association with an elevated risk of oral and pharyngeal cancers. To date, the incidence rate of oral and pharynx cancers among Taiwanese men ranks the highest worldwide. However, no study has yet confirmed variants of CYP26A1 was associated with the risks of oral and pharyngeal cancers. A case-control study was conducted (n = 339). CYP26A1 polymorphism was performed using SNP assay. Real-time qRT-PCR and Western blotting were used to determine the levels of CYP26A1 expression. The cancer cell model involved treatment with arecoline. Our findings showed that the downregulation of CYP26A1 mRNA and protein expression are more frequently observed in cancerous tissues than adjacent normal tissues in patients with oral and pharynx cancers (p < 0.01). We found that CYP26A1 was downregulated as the arecoline dose increased. We hypothesized that lower levels of CYP26A1 mRNA expression can be utilized a clinically biomarker causes oral and pharynx cancers. Arecoline appears to modulate CYP26A1 expression through specific pathways. Carriers of CYP26A1 SNP, rs2068888 (G/G)/rs4418728 (G/G) and who have lower levels of CYP26A1 expression are associated with an increased risk of oral and pharyngeal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ho Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (P.-H.C.); (Y.-Y.W.)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70 Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Cohort Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Min Chung
- Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yun Wang
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (P.-H.C.); (Y.-Y.W.)
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Hurng-Wern Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70 Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ka-Wo Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Shyng-Shiou Yuan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Wu
- Cohort Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Shuan Lin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan;
| | - Leong-Perng Chan
- Cohort Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-312-1101; Fax: +886-7-315-7024
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14
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Arruabarrena-Aristorena A, Maag JLV, Kittane S, Cai Y, Karthaus WR, Ladewig E, Park J, Kannan S, Ferrando L, Cocco E, Ho SY, Tan DS, Sallaku M, Wu F, Acevedo B, Selenica P, Ross DS, Witkin M, Sawyers CL, Reis-Filho JS, Verma CS, Jauch R, Koche R, Baselga J, Razavi P, Toska E, Scaltriti M. FOXA1 Mutations Reveal Distinct Chromatin Profiles and Influence Therapeutic Response in Breast Cancer. Cancer Cell 2020; 38:534-550.e9. [PMID: 32888433 PMCID: PMC8311901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the pioneer transcription factor FOXA1 are a hallmark of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancers. Examining FOXA1 in ∼5,000 breast cancer patients identifies several hotspot mutations in the Wing2 region and a breast cancer-specific mutation SY242CS, located in the third β strand. Using a clinico-genomically curated cohort, together with breast cancer models, we find that FOXA1 mutations associate with a lower response to aromatase inhibitors. Mechanistically, Wing2 mutations display increased chromatin binding at ER loci upon estrogen stimulation, and an enhanced ER-mediated transcription without changes in chromatin accessibility. In contrast, SY242CS shows neomorphic properties that include the ability to open distinct chromatin regions and activate an alternative cistrome and transcriptome. Structural modeling predicts that SY242CS confers a conformational change that mediates stable binding to a non-canonical DNA motif. Taken together, our results provide insights into how FOXA1 mutations perturb its function to dictate cancer progression and therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesper L V Maag
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Srushti Kittane
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yanyan Cai
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wouter R Karthaus
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Erik Ladewig
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Computational and Systems Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jane Park
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Srinivasaraghavan Kannan
- Bioinformatics Institute (A(∗)STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, 07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Lorenzo Ferrando
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Emiliano Cocco
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sik Y Ho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Daisylyn S Tan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mirna Sallaku
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Fan Wu
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Barbara Acevedo
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Pier Selenica
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dara S Ross
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Matthew Witkin
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Charles L Sawyers
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jorge S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chandra S Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute (A(∗)STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, 07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive, Singapore 117543, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Ralf Jauch
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Richard Koche
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - José Baselga
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Research & Development Oncology, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Pedram Razavi
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eneda Toska
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Maurizio Scaltriti
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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15
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Porter RJ, Murray GI, Brice DP, Petty RD, McLean MH. Novel biomarkers for risk stratification of Barrett's oesophagus associated neoplastic progression-epithelial HMGB1 expression and stromal lymphocytic phenotype. Br J Cancer 2019; 122:545-554. [PMID: 31831860 PMCID: PMC7028982 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0685-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma is increasing globally. Barrett's oesophagus (BO) is a pre-malignant condition with no biomarker to risk stratify those at highest risk of dysplasia and malignant transformation. METHODS Subcellular epithelial protein (HMGB1, p53, RUNX3) expression, alongside expression of CD20, CD4, CD8 and Foxp3 to characterise stromal B lymphocyte, and helper, cytotoxic and regulatory T-lymphocyte cell infiltrate, respectively, was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 218 human tissue samples including normal oesophageal/gastric biopsies (n = 39), BO (non-dysplasia, dysplasia, non-dysplastic background from progressors to dysplasia or cancer, n = 121) and oesophageal adenocarcinoma (n = 58). RESULTS There is a dynamic subcellular epithelial expression of HMGB1 (loss of nuclear, emergence of cytoplasmic), associated with epithelial p53 expression and differential immune cell phenotype in oesophageal neoplastic progression. We identify a protein signature and lymphocyte infiltrate in non-dysplastic BO when progressive disease (dysplasia or adenocarcinoma) is present but not histologically represented in the biopsied field. There is a dynamic stromal lymphocytic infiltrate in oesophageal neoplastic progression. CONCLUSIONS This data reveals novel insights into the microenvironment of BO and progression towards cancer and identifies a novel high-risk biomarker of disease progression to aid surveillance strategies to identify early progression and impact future incidence of oesophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross J Porter
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Graeme I Murray
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Daniel P Brice
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Russell D Petty
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 1GZ, UK
| | - Mairi H McLean
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
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16
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Rendic SP, Peter Guengerich F. Human cytochrome P450 enzymes 5-51 as targets of drugs and natural and environmental compounds: mechanisms, induction, and inhibition - toxic effects and benefits. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 50:256-342. [PMID: 30717606 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1483401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes have long been of interest due to their roles in the metabolism of drugs, pesticides, pro-carcinogens, and other xenobiotic chemicals. They have also been of interest due to their very critical roles in the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroids, vitamins, and certain eicosanoids. This review covers the 22 (of the total of 57) human P450s in Families 5-51 and their substrate selectivity. Furthermore, included is information and references regarding inducibility, inhibition, and (in some cases) stimulation by chemicals. We update and discuss important aspects of each of these 22 P450s and questions that remain open.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- b Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA
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17
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The expression of brown fat‐associated proteins in colorectal cancer and the relationship of uncoupling protein 1 with prognosis. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:1138-1147. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Bazewicz CG, Dinavahi SS, Schell TD, Robertson GP. Aldehyde dehydrogenase in regulatory T-cell development, immunity and cancer. Immunology 2018; 156:47-55. [PMID: 30387499 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in carcinogenesis and resistance to cancer therapies is well known. Mounting evidence also suggests a potentially important role for ALDH in the induction and function of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Treg cells are important cells of the immune system involved in promoting immune tolerance and preventing aberrant immune responses to beneficial or non-harmful antigens. However, Treg cells also impair tumor immunity, leading to the progression of various carcinomas. ALDH expression and the subsequent production of retinoic acid by numerous cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, eosinophils and epithelial cells, seems important in Treg induction and function in multiple organ systems. This is particularly evident in the gastrointestinal tract, pulmonary tract and skin, which are exposed to a myriad of environmental antigens and represent interfaces between the human body and the outside world. Expression of ALDH in Treg cells themselves may also be involved in the proliferation of these cells and resistance to certain cytotoxic therapies. Hence, inhibition of ALDH expression may be useful to treat cancer. Besides the direct effect of ALDH inhibition on carcinogenesis and resistance to cancer therapies, inhibition of ALDH could potentially augment the immune response to tumor antigens by inhibiting Treg induction, function and ability to promote immune tolerance to tumor cells in multiple cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Bazewicz
- College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,The Penn State Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Saketh S Dinavahi
- The Penn State Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Todd D Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Gavin P Robertson
- The Penn State Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Penn State Melanoma Therapeutics Program, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Foreman Foundation for Melanoma Research, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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19
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Alexandrou C, Al-Aqbi SS, Higgins JA, Boyle W, Karmokar A, Andreadi C, Luo JL, Moore DA, Viskaduraki M, Blades M, Murray GI, Howells LM, Thomas A, Brown K, Cheng PN, Rufini A. Sensitivity of Colorectal Cancer to Arginine Deprivation Therapy is Shaped by Differential Expression of Urea Cycle Enzymes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12096. [PMID: 30108309 PMCID: PMC6092409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors deficient in the urea cycle enzymes argininosuccinate synthase-1 (ASS1) and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) are unable to synthesize arginine and can be targeted using arginine-deprivation therapy. Here, we show that colorectal cancers (CRCs) display negligible expression of OTC and, in subset of cases, ASS1 proteins. CRC cells fail to grow in arginine-free medium and dietary arginine deprivation slows growth of cancer cells implanted into immunocompromised mice. Moreover, we report that clinically-formulated arginine-degrading enzymes are effective anticancer drugs in CRC. Pegylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20), which degrades arginine to citrulline and ammonia, affects growth of ASS1-negative cells, whereas recombinant human arginase-1 (rhArg1peg5000), which degrades arginine into urea and ornithine, is effective against a broad spectrum of OTC-negative CRC cell lines. This reflects the inability of CRC cells to recycle citrulline and ornithine into the urea cycle. Finally, we show that arginase antagonizes chemotherapeutic drugs oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), whereas ADI-PEG20 synergizes with oxaliplatin in ASS1-negative cell lines and appears to interact with 5-fluorouracil independently of ASS1 status. Overall, we conclude that CRC is amenable to arginine-deprivation therapy, but we warrant caution when combining arginine deprivation with standard chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Alexandrou
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Saif Sattar Al-Aqbi
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK.,Department of Pathology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
| | - Jennifer A Higgins
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - William Boyle
- Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - Ankur Karmokar
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Catherine Andreadi
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Jin-Li Luo
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - David A Moore
- Department of Pathology, UCL Cancer Centre, UCL, London, UK
| | - Maria Viskaduraki
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Support Hub, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Matthew Blades
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Support Hub, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Graeme I Murray
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25, 2ZD, UK
| | - Lynne M Howells
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Anne Thomas
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Karen Brown
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Paul N Cheng
- Bio-Cancer Treatment International Limited, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Alessandro Rufini
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK.
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20
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Duffy DJ, Krstic A, Schwarzl T, Halasz M, Iljin K, Fey D, Haley B, Whilde J, Haapa-Paananen S, Fey V, Fischer M, Westermann F, Henrich KO, Bannert S, Higgins DG, Kolch W. Wnt signalling is a bi-directional vulnerability of cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:60310-60331. [PMID: 27531891 PMCID: PMC5312386 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signalling is involved in the formation, metastasis and relapse of a wide array of cancers. However, there is ongoing debate as to whether activation or inhibition of the pathway holds the most promise as a therapeutic treatment for cancer, with conflicting evidence from a variety of tumour types. We show that Wnt/β-catenin signalling is a bi-directional vulnerability of neuroblastoma, malignant melanoma and colorectal cancer, with hyper-activation or repression of the pathway both representing a promising therapeutic strategy, even within the same cancer type. Hyper-activation directs cancer cells to undergo apoptosis, even in cells oncogenically driven by β-catenin. Wnt inhibition blocks proliferation of cancer cells and promotes neuroblastoma differentiation. Wnt and retinoic acid co-treatments synergise, representing a promising combination treatment for MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma. Additionally, we report novel cross-talks between MYCN and β-catenin signalling, which repress normal β-catenin mediated transcriptional regulation. A β-catenin target gene signature could predict patient outcome, as could the expression level of its DNA binding partners, the TCF/LEFs. This β-catenin signature provides a tool to identify neuroblastoma patients likely to benefit from Wnt-directed therapy. Taken together, we show that Wnt/β-catenin signalling is a bi-directional vulnerability of a number of cancer entities, and potentially a more broadly conserved feature of malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Duffy
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,Current address: The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, Florida, USA
| | - Aleksandar Krstic
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas Schwarzl
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,Current address: European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melinda Halasz
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Dirk Fey
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bridget Haley
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jenny Whilde
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Vidal Fey
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | - Matthias Fischer
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frank Westermann
- Division of NB Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai-Oliver Henrich
- Division of NB Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Bannert
- Division of NB Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Desmond G Higgins
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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21
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Characterisation of the oxysterol metabolising enzyme pathway in mismatch repair proficient and deficient colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:46509-46527. [PMID: 27341022 PMCID: PMC5216813 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxidised derivatives of cholesterol, formed by the enzymatic activity of several cytochrome P450 enzymes and tumour-derived oxysterols have been implicated in tumour growth and survival. The aim of this study was to profile the expression of oxysterol metabolising enzymes in primary colorectal cancer and assess the association between expression and prognosis. Immunohistochemistry was performed on a colorectal cancer tissue microarray containing 650 primary colorectal cancers using monoclonal antibodies to CYP2R1, CYP7B1, CYP8B1, CYP27A1, CYP39A1, CYP46A1 and CYP51A1, which we have developed. Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis was used to examine the overall relationship of oxysterol metabolising enzyme expression with outcome and based on this identify an oxysterol metabolising enzyme signature associated with prognosis. Cluster analysis of the whole patient cohort identified a good prognosis group (mean survival=146 months 95% CI 127-165 months) that had a significantly better survival (δ2=12.984, p<0.001, HR=1.983, 95% CI 1.341-2.799) than the poor prognosis group (mean survival=107 months, 95% CI 98-123 months). For the mismatch repair proficient cohort, the good prognosis group had a significantly better survival (δ2=8.985, p=0.003, HR=1.845, 95% CI 1.227-2.774) than the poor prognosis group. Multi-variate analysis showed that cluster group was independently prognostically significant in both the whole patient cohort (p=0.02, HR=1.554, 95% CI 1.072-2.252) and the mismatch repair proficient group (p=0.04, HR=1.530, 95% CI 1.014-2.310). Individual oxysterol metabolising enzymes are overexpressed in colorectal cancer and an oxysterol metabolising enzyme expression profile associated with prognosis has been identified in the whole patient cohort and in mismatch repair proficient colorectal cancers.
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22
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Alnabulsi A, Murray GI. Proteomics for early detection of colorectal cancer: recent updates. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 15:55-63. [PMID: 29064727 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1396893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common type of cancer with a relatively poor survival rate. The survival rate of patients could be improved if CRC is detected early. Biomarkers associated with early stages of tumor development might provide useful tools for the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Areas covered: Online searches using PubMed and Google Scholar were performed using keywords and with a focus on recent proteomic studies. The aim of this review is to highlight the need for biomarkers to improve the detection rate of early CRC and provide an overview of proteomic technologies used for biomarker discovery and validation. This review will also discuss recent proteomic studies which focus on identifying biomarkers associated with the early stages of CRC development. Expert commentary: A large number of CRC biomarkers are increasingly being identified by proteomics using diverse approaches. However, the clinical relevance and introduction of these markers into clinical practice cannot be determined without a robust validation process. The size of validation cohorts remains a major limitation in many biomarker studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdo Alnabulsi
- a Pathology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition , University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK
| | - Graeme I Murray
- a Pathology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition , University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK
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Alnabulsi A, Swan R, Cash B, Alnabulsi A, Murray GI. The differential expression of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid metabolising enzymes in colorectal cancer and its prognostic significance. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:1612-1620. [PMID: 28557975 PMCID: PMC5518862 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer is a common malignancy and one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. The metabolism of omega fatty acids has been implicated in tumour growth and metastasis. Methods: This study has characterised the expression of omega fatty acid metabolising enzymes CYP4A11, CYP4F11, CYP4V2 and CYP4Z1 using monoclonal antibodies we have developed. Immunohistochemistry was performed on a tissue microarray containing 650 primary colorectal cancers, 285 lymph node metastasis and 50 normal colonic mucosa. Results: The differential expression of CYP4A11 and CYP4F11 showed a strong association with survival in both the whole patient cohort (hazard ratio (HR)=1.203, 95% CI=1.092–1.324, χ2=14.968, P=0.001) and in mismatch repair-proficient tumours (HR=1.276, 95% CI=1.095–1.488, χ2=9.988, P=0.007). Multivariate analysis revealed that the differential expression of CYP4A11 and CYP4F11 was independently prognostic in both the whole patient cohort (P=0.019) and in mismatch repair proficient tumours (P=0.046). Conclusions: A significant and independent association has been identified between overall survival and the differential expression of CYP4A11 and CYP4F11 in the whole patient cohort and in mismatch repair-proficient tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdo Alnabulsi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25, 2ZD, UK.,Vertebrate Antibodies, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Rebecca Swan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25, 2ZD, UK
| | - Beatriz Cash
- Vertebrate Antibodies, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Ayham Alnabulsi
- Vertebrate Antibodies, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Graeme I Murray
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25, 2ZD, UK
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Diamantopoulou Z, White G, Fadlullah MZH, Dreger M, Pickering K, Maltas J, Ashton G, MacLeod R, Baillie GS, Kouskoff V, Lacaud G, Murray GI, Sansom OJ, Hurlstone AFL, Malliri A. TIAM1 Antagonizes TAZ/YAP Both in the Destruction Complex in the Cytoplasm and in the Nucleus to Inhibit Invasion of Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Cancer Cell 2017; 31:621-634.e6. [PMID: 28416184 PMCID: PMC5425402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant WNT signaling drives colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we identify TIAM1 as a critical antagonist of CRC progression through inhibiting TAZ and YAP, effectors of WNT signaling. We demonstrate that TIAM1 shuttles between the cytoplasm and nucleus antagonizing TAZ/YAP by distinct mechanisms in the two compartments. In the cytoplasm, TIAM1 localizes to the destruction complex and promotes TAZ degradation by enhancing its interaction with βTrCP. Nuclear TIAM1 suppresses TAZ/YAP interaction with TEADs, inhibiting expression of TAZ/YAP target genes implicated in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell migration, and invasion, and consequently suppresses CRC cell migration and invasion. Importantly, high nuclear TIAM1 in clinical specimens associates with increased CRC patient survival. Together, our findings suggest that in CRC TIAM1 suppresses tumor progression by regulating YAP/TAZ activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Diamantopoulou
- Cell Signalling Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Gavin White
- Cell Signalling Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Muhammad Z H Fadlullah
- Stem Cell Haematopoiesis Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK; Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Marcel Dreger
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Karen Pickering
- Colorectal Cancer and Wnt Signalling, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Joe Maltas
- Cell Signalling Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Garry Ashton
- Histology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Ruth MacLeod
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - George S Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Valerie Kouskoff
- Stem Cell Haematopoiesis Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Georges Lacaud
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Graeme I Murray
- Pathology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Colorectal Cancer and Wnt Signalling, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Adam F L Hurlstone
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Angeliki Malliri
- Cell Signalling Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
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Stevison F, Hogarth C, Tripathy S, Kent T, Isoherranen N. Inhibition of the all-trans Retinoic Acid ( atRA) Hydroxylases CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 Results in Dynamic, Tissue-Specific Changes in Endogenous atRA Signaling. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:846-854. [PMID: 28446509 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.075341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (atRA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, is a ligand for several nuclear receptors and acts as a critical regulator of many physiologic processes. The cytochrome P450 family 26 (CYP26) enzymes are responsible for atRA clearance, and are potential drug targets to increase concentrations of endogenous atRA in a tissue-specific manner. Talarozole is a potent inhibitor of CYP26A1 and CYP26B1, and has shown some success in clinical trials. However, it is not known what magnitude of change is needed in tissue atRA concentrations to promote atRA signaling changes. The aim of this study was to quantify the increase in endogenous atRA concentrations necessary to alter atRA signaling in target organs, and to establish the relationship between CYP26 inhibition and altered atRA concentrations in tissues. Following a single 2.5-mg/kg dose of talarozole to mice, atRA concentrations increased up to 5.7-, 2.7-, and 2.5-fold in serum, liver, and testis, respectively, resulting in induction of Cyp26a1 in the liver and testis and Rar β and Pgc 1β in liver. The increase in atRA concentrations was well predicted from talarozole pharmacokinetics and in vitro data of CYP26 inhibition. After multiple doses of talarozole, a significant increase in atRA concentrations was observed in serum but not in liver or testis. This lack of increase in atRA concentrations correlated with an increase in CYP26A1 expression in the liver. The increased atRA concentrations in serum without a change in liver suggest that CYP26B1 in extrahepatic sites plays a key role in regulating systemic atRA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith Stevison
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (F.S., S.T., N.I.); and School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.H., T.K.)
| | - Cathryn Hogarth
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (F.S., S.T., N.I.); and School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.H., T.K.)
| | - Sasmita Tripathy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (F.S., S.T., N.I.); and School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.H., T.K.)
| | - Travis Kent
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (F.S., S.T., N.I.); and School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.H., T.K.)
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (F.S., S.T., N.I.); and School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.H., T.K.)
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All-Trans Retinoic Acid Modulates TLR4/NF- κB Signaling Pathway Targeting TNF- α and Nitric Oxide Synthase 2 Expression in Colonic Mucosa during Ulcerative Colitis and Colitis Associated Cancer. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:7353252. [PMID: 28408791 PMCID: PMC5376956 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7353252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colitis associated cancer (CAC) is the colorectal cancer (CRC) subtype that is associated with bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis (UC). The data on role of NF-κB signaling in development and progression of CAC were derived from preclinical studies, whereas data from human are rare. The aim of this work was to study the contribution of NF-κB pathway during UC and CAC, as well as the immunomodulatory effect of all-trans retinoic acid (AtRA). We analyzed the expression of NOS2, TNF-α, TLR4, and NF-κB, in colonic mucosa. We also studied NO/TNF-α modulation by LPS in colonic mucosa pretreated with AtRA. A marked increase in TLR4, NF-κB, TNF-α, and NOS2 expression was reported in colonic mucosa. The relationship between LPS/TLR4 and TNF-α/NO production, as well as the role of NF-κB signaling, was confirmed by ex vivo experiments and the role of LPS/TLR4 in NOS2/TNF-α induction through NF-κB pathway was suggested. AtRA downregulates NOS2 and TNF-α expression. Collectively, our study indicates that AtRA modulates in situ LPS/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway targeting NOS2 and TNF-α expression. Therefore, we suggest that AtRA has a potential value in new strategies to improve the current therapy, as well as in the clinical prevention of CAC development and progression.
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27
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Yoon S, Alnabulsi A, Wang TY, Lee PT, Chen TY, Bird S, Zou J, Secombes CJ. Analysis of interferon gamma protein expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 57:79-86. [PMID: 27539703 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
IFN-γ is a major effector cytokine, produced to induce type I immune responses. It has been cloned in several fish species including zebrafish, however to date few studies have looked at IFN-γ protein expression and bioactivity in fish. Hence, the current study focused on developing a monoclonal antibody (moAb) against zfIFN-γ. We show that the zfIFN-γ moAb specifically recognises E. coli produced recombinant IFN-γ protein and zfIFN-γ produced in transfected HEK293 cells, by Western blot analysis. Next we analysed the production of the native protein following expression induced by PHA stimulation of leukocytes in vitro or antigen re-stimulation in vivo. We show the IFN-γ protein is produced as a dimer, and that a good correlation exists between transcript expression levels and protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohye Yoon
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK.
| | | | - Ting Yu Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Po Tsang Lee
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Tzong-Yueh Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Steve Bird
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK; Molecular Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Jun Zou
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK.
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Bhattacharya N, Yuan R, Prestwood TR, Penny HL, DiMaio MA, Reticker-Flynn NE, Krois CR, Kenkel JA, Pham TD, Carmi Y, Tolentino L, Choi O, Hulett R, Wang J, Winer DA, Napoli JL, Engleman EG. Normalizing Microbiota-Induced Retinoic Acid Deficiency Stimulates Protective CD8(+) T Cell-Mediated Immunity in Colorectal Cancer. Immunity 2016; 45:641-655. [PMID: 27590114 PMCID: PMC5132405 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) is a key regulator of intestinal immunity, its role in colorectal cancer (CRC) is unknown. We found that mice with colitis-associated CRC had a marked deficiency in colonic atRA due to alterations in atRA metabolism mediated by microbiota-induced intestinal inflammation. Human ulcerative colitis (UC), UC-associated CRC, and sporadic CRC specimens have similar alterations in atRA metabolic enzymes, consistent with reduced colonic atRA. Inhibition of atRA signaling promoted tumorigenesis, whereas atRA supplementation reduced tumor burden. The benefit of atRA treatment was mediated by cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells, which were activated due to MHCI upregulation on tumor cells. Consistent with these findings, increased colonic expression of the atRA-catabolizing enzyme, CYP26A1, correlated with reduced frequencies of tumoral cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells and with worse disease prognosis in human CRC. These results reveal a mechanism by which microbiota drive colon carcinogenesis and highlight atRA metabolism as a therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), 3373 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Robert Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), 3373 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Tyler R Prestwood
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), 3373 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hweixian Leong Penny
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), 3373 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Michael A DiMaio
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nathan E Reticker-Flynn
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), 3373 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Charles R Krois
- Graduate Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Justin A Kenkel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), 3373 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Tho D Pham
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), 3373 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Yaron Carmi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), 3373 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Lorna Tolentino
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), 3373 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Okmi Choi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), 3373 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Reyna Hulett
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), 3373 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jinshan Wang
- Graduate Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daniel A Winer
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, and Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Joseph L Napoli
- Graduate Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), 3373 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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A gene browser of colorectal cancer with literature evidence and pre-computed regulatory information to identify key tumor suppressors and oncogenes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30624. [PMID: 27477450 PMCID: PMC4967895 DOI: 10.1038/srep30624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a cancer of growing incidence that associates with a high mortality rate worldwide. There is a poor understanding of the heterogeneity of CRC with regard to causative genetic mutations and gene regulatory mechanisms. Previous studies have identified several susceptibility genes in small-scale experiments. However, the information has not been comprehensively and systematically compiled and interpreted. In this study, we constructed the gbCRC, the first literature-based gene resource for investigating CRC-related human genes. The features of our database include: (i) manual curation of experimentally-verified genes reported in the literature; (ii) comprehensive integration of five reliable data sources; and (iii) pre-computed regulatory patterns involving transcription factors, microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs. In total, 2067 genes associating with 2819 PubMed abstracts were compiled. Comprehensive functional annotations associated with all the genes, including gene expression profiles, homologous genes in other model species, protein-protein interactions, somatic mutations, and potential methylation sites. These comprehensive annotations and this pre-computed regulatory information highlighted the importance of the gbCRC with regard to the unexplored regulatory network of CRC. This information is available in a plain text format that is free to download.
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Podolak-Popinigis J, Górnikiewicz B, Ronowicz A, Sachadyn P. Transcriptome profiling reveals distinctive traits of retinol metabolism and neonatal parallels in the MRL/MpJ mouse. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:926. [PMID: 26572684 PMCID: PMC4647819 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The MRL/MpJ mouse is a laboratory inbred strain known for regenerative abilities which are manifested by scarless closure of ear pinna punch holes. Enhanced healing responses have been reported in other organs. A remarkable feature of the strain is that the adult MRL/MpJ mouse retains several embryonic biochemical characteristics, including increased expression of stem cell markers. Results We explored the transcriptome of the MRL/MpJ mouse in the heart, liver, spleen, bone marrow and ears. We used two reference strains, thus increasing the chances to discover the genes responsible for the exceptional properties of the regenerative strain. We revealed several distinctive characteristics of gene expression patterns in the MRL/MpJ mouse, including the repression of immune response genes, the up-regulation of those associated with retinol metabolism and PPAR signalling, as well as differences in expression of the genes engaged in wounding response. Another crucial finding is that the gene expression patterns in the adult MRL/MpJ mouse and murine neonates share a number of parallels, which are also related to immune and wounding response, PPAR pathway, and retinol metabolism. Conclusions Our results indicate the significance of retinol signalling and neonatal transcriptomic relics as the distinguishing features of the MRL/MpJ mouse. The possibility that retinoids could act as key regulatory molecules in this regeneration model brings important implications for regenerative medicine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2075-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Podolak-Popinigis
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bartosz Górnikiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Ronowicz
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Sachadyn
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Mukhopadhya I, Murray GI, Berry S, Thomson J, Frank B, Gwozdz G, Ekeruche-Makinde J, Shattock R, Kelly C, Iannelli F, Pozzi G, El-Omar EM, Hold GL, Hijazi K. Drug transporter gene expression in human colorectal tissue and cell lines: modulation with antiretrovirals for microbicide optimization. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 71:372-86. [PMID: 26514157 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to comprehensively assess mRNA expression of 84 drug transporters in human colorectal biopsies and six representative cell lines, and to investigate the alteration of drug transporter gene expression after exposure to three candidate microbicidal antiretroviral (ARV) drugs (tenofovir, darunavir and dapivirine) in the colorectal epithelium. The outcome of the objectives informs development of optimal ARV-based microbicidal formulations for prevention of HIV-1 infection. METHODS Drug transporter mRNA expression was quantified from colorectal biopsies and cell lines by quantitative real-time PCR. Relative mRNA expression was quantified in Caco-2 cells and colorectal explants after induction with ARVs. Data were analysed using Pearson's product moment correlation (r), hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis (PCA). RESULTS Expression of 58 of the 84 transporters was documented in colorectal biopsies, with genes for CNT2, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and MRP3 showing the highest expression. No difference was noted between individual subjects when analysed by age, gender or anatomical site (rectum or recto-sigmoid) (r = 0.95-0.99). High expression of P-gp and CNT2 proteins was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining. Similarity between colorectal tissue and cell-line drug transporter gene expression was variable (r = 0.64-0.84). PCA showed distinct clustering of human colorectal biopsy samples, with the Caco-2 cells defined as the best surrogate system. Induction of Caco-2 cell lines with ARV drugs suggests that darunavir-based microbicides incorporating tenofovir may result in drug-drug interactions likely to affect distribution of individual drugs to sub-epithelial target cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings will help optimize complex formulations of rectal microbicides to realize their full potential as an effective approach for pre-exposure prophylaxis against HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graeme I Murray
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Susan Berry
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - John Thomson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Julia Ekeruche-Makinde
- Mucosal Infection & Immunity Group, Section of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Robin Shattock
- Mucosal Infection & Immunity Group, Section of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Charles Kelly
- Mucosal & Salivary Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Francesco Iannelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gianni Pozzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emad M El-Omar
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Georgina L Hold
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Karolin Hijazi
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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32
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Talero E, García-Mauriño S, Ávila-Román J, Rodríguez-Luna A, Alcaide A, Motilva V. Bioactive Compounds Isolated from Microalgae in Chronic Inflammation and Cancer. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:6152-209. [PMID: 26437418 PMCID: PMC4626684 DOI: 10.3390/md13106152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of onset of cancer is influenced by poorly controlled chronic inflammatory processes. Inflammatory diseases related to cancer development include inflammatory bowel disease, which can lead to colon cancer, or actinic keratosis, associated with chronic exposure to ultraviolet light, which can progress to squamous cell carcinoma. Chronic inflammatory states expose these patients to a number of signals with tumorigenic effects, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activation, pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins release and ROS production. In addition, the participation of inflammasomes, autophagy and sirtuins has been demonstrated in pathological processes such as inflammation and cancer. Chemoprevention consists in the use of drugs, vitamins, or nutritional supplements to reduce the risk of developing or having a recurrence of cancer. Numerous in vitro and animal studies have established the potential colon and skin cancer chemopreventive properties of substances from marine environment, including microalgae species and their products (carotenoids, fatty acids, glycolipids, polysaccharides and proteins). This review summarizes the main mechanisms of actions of these compounds in the chemoprevention of these cancers. These actions include suppression of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, stimulation of antimetastatic and antiangiogenic responses and increased antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Talero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville 41012, Spain.
| | - Sofía García-Mauriño
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville 41012, Spain.
| | - Javier Ávila-Román
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville 41012, Spain.
| | - Azahara Rodríguez-Luna
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville 41012, Spain.
| | - Antonio Alcaide
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville 41012, Spain.
| | - Virginia Motilva
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville 41012, Spain.
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Brown GT, Cash B, Alnabulsi A, Samuel LM, Murray GI. The expression and prognostic significance of bcl-2-associated transcription factor 1 in rectal cancer following neoadjuvant therapy. Histopathology 2015; 68:556-66. [PMID: 26183150 DOI: 10.1111/his.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS bcl-2-associated transcription factor 1 (BCLAF1) is a nuclear protein that binds to bcl-related proteins and can induce apoptosis and autophagy. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of BCLAF1 in a series of rectal cancers following neoadjuvant therapy. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunohistochemistry was performed on a post-neoadjuvant therapy rectal cancer tissue microarray. It contained rectal cancers (n = 248), lymph node metastases (n = 76), and non-neoplastic rectal mucosal samples (n = 73). A monoclonal antibody against BCLAF1 that we have developed was used. Non-neoplastic rectal epithelium showed nuclear localization of BCLAF1 in both crypt and surface epithelial cells, whereas rectal cancers showed both nuclear and cytoplasmic BCLAF1 expression. Most rectal cancers showed moderate or strong nuclear immunoreactivity, but showed weak cytoplasmic immunoreactivity. Cytoplasmic BCLAF1 expression was increased in primary rectal cancers as compared with non-neoplastic rectal mucosa (P = 0.008). Negative and weak nuclear BCLAF1 expression was associated with a poor prognosis [hazard ratio (HR) 0.502, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.269-0.939, χ(2) = 4.876, P = 0.027]. Nuclear BCLAF1 expression was independently prognostic in a multivariate model (HR 0.431, 95% CI 0.221-0.840, P = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS This study has shown that both cytoplasmic BCLAF1 expression and nuclear BCLAF1 expression are increased in post-neoadjuvant therapy rectal cancer, and that negative and weak nuclear BCLAF1 expression are independently associated with a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon T Brown
- Pathology, Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Beatriz Cash
- Vertebrate Antibodies, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Leslie M Samuel
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Graeme I Murray
- Pathology, Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Sandhu R, Georgiou T, Reznik E, Zhu L, Kolesov I, Senbabaoglu Y, Tannenbaum A. Graph Curvature for Differentiating Cancer Networks. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12323. [PMID: 26169480 PMCID: PMC4500997 DOI: 10.1038/srep12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular interactions can be modeled as complex dynamical systems represented by weighted graphs. The functionality of such networks, including measures of robustness, reliability, performance, and efficiency, are intrinsically tied to the topology and geometry of the underlying graph. Utilizing recently proposed geometric notions of curvature on weighted graphs, we investigate the features of gene co-expression networks derived from large-scale genomic studies of cancer. We find that the curvature of these networks reliably distinguishes between cancer and normal samples, with cancer networks exhibiting higher curvature than their normal counterparts. We establish a quantitative relationship between our findings and prior investigations of network entropy. Furthermore, we demonstrate how our approach yields additional, non-trivial pair-wise (i.e. gene-gene) interactions which may be disrupted in cancer samples. The mathematical formulation of our approach yields an exact solution to calculating pair-wise changes in curvature which was computationally infeasible using prior methods. As such, our findings lay the foundation for an analytical approach to studying complex biological networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeil Sandhu
- Departments of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics/Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Tryphon Georgiou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Ed Reznik
- Computational Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, NY 10065
| | - Liangjia Zhu
- Departments of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics/Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Ivan Kolesov
- Departments of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics/Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | | | - Allen Tannenbaum
- Departments of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics/Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
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Osanai M, Lee GH. The retinoic acid-metabolizing enzyme CYP26A1 upregulates fascin and promotes the malignant behavior of breast carcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:850-8. [PMID: 26058854 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoic acid (RA)-metabolizing enzyme CYP26A1 has been shown to efficiently enhance the oncogenic potential of breast cancer, suggesting a potential oncogenic function. We previously demonstrated that CYP26A1 confers unique cell survival properties by modulating the expression of a variety of genes and identified a number of genes that drive the cells into the oncogenic state. Accumulating evidence suggested that fascin is overexpressed in various types of cancer, primarily leading to increased cell motility. Therefore, in the present study, we examined fascin, an actin-bundling protein, using immunohistochemical and SA-β-gal staining as well as TUNEL and colony forming assays. The results of the present study showed that the expression levels of fascin increased significantly in response to CYP26A1 overexpression and, conversely, treatment with all-trans RA downregulated the expression of fascin. In addition, primary breast carcinoma samples, particularly hormone receptor-negative carcinomas and CYP26A1-overexpressing cancers, expressed elevated levels of fascin. Notably, fascin contributed to the ability of breast carcinoma cells to escape premature senescence and exhibit enhanced cell apoptotic resistance, promoting anchorage-independent growth properties. Fascin also promoted cell motility and the invasiveness of CYP26A1-expressing breast carcinoma cells. These data suggest that fascin expression is modulated by the intracellular RA status regulated by the expression of CYP26A1 and plays a significant role in the malignant behavior of CYP26A1-expressing breast carcinoma cells. CYP26A1 exerts oncogenic functions during breast carcinogenesis. Therefore, CYP26A1-mediated oncogenic characteristics may be partially responsible for the elevated expression of fascin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Osanai
- Department of Pathology, Kochi University School of Medicine, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Gang-Hong Lee
- Department of Pathology, Kochi University School of Medicine, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
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Role of Retinoic Acid-Metabolizing Cytochrome P450s, CYP26, in Inflammation and Cancer. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 74:373-412. [PMID: 26233912 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A (retinol) and its active metabolite, all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA), play critical roles in regulating the differentiation, growth, and migration of immune cells. Similarly, as critical signaling molecules in the regulation of the cell cycle, retinoids are important in cancers. Concentrations of atRA are tightly regulated in tissues, predominantly by the availability of retinol, synthesis of atRA by ALDH1A enzymes and metabolism and clearance of atRA by CYP26 enzymes. The ALDH1A and CYP26 enzymes are expressed in several cell types in the immune system and in cancer cells. In the immune system, the ALDH1A and CYP26 enzymes appear to modulate RA concentrations. Consequently, alterations in the activity of ALDH1A and CYP26 enzymes are expected to change disease outcomes in inflammation. There is increasing evidence from various disease models of intestinal and skin inflammation that treatment with atRA has a positive effect on disease markers. However, whether aberrant atRA concentrations or atRA synthesis and metabolism play a role in inflammatory disease development and progression is not well understood. In cancers, especially in acute promyelocytic leukemia and neuroblastoma, increasing intracellular concentrations of atRA appears to provide clinical benefit. Inhibition of the CYP26 enzymes to increase atRA concentrations and combat therapy resistance has been pursued as a drug target in these cancers. This chapter covers the current knowledge of how atRA and retinol regulate the immune system and inflammation, how retinol and atRA metabolism is altered in inflammation and cancer, and what roles atRA-metabolizing enzymes have in immune responses and cancers.
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Elevated expression of the retinoic acid-metabolizing enzyme CYP26C1 in primary breast carcinomas. Med Mol Morphol 2015; 49:22-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00795-015-0110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Association study between novel CYP26 polymorphisms and the risk of betel quid-related malignant oral disorders. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:160185. [PMID: 25839051 PMCID: PMC4369936 DOI: 10.1155/2015/160185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BQ chewing may produce significant amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in oral mucosa damage, and ROS may be metabolized by CYP26 families. Because the CYP26 polymorphisms associated with malignant oral disorders are not well known, we conducted an association study on the associations between the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of CYP26 families and the risks of malignant oral disorders. BQ chewers with the CYP26A1 rs4411227 C/C+C/G genotype and C allele showed an increased risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.30 and 1.93, respectively). The CYP26B1 rs3768647 G allele may be associated with oral and pharyngeal cancer (aOR = 3.12) and OPMDs (aOR = 2.23). Subjects with the rs9309462 CT genotype and C allele had an increased risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer (aOR = 9.24 and 8.86, respectively) and OPMDs (aOR = 8.17 and 7.87, respectively). The analysis of joint effects between the CYP26A1 rs4411227 and CYP26B1 rs3768647/rs9309462 polymorphisms revealed statistical significance (aOR = 29.91 and 10.03, respectively). Additionally, we observed a significant mRNA expression of CY26A1 and CYP26B1 in cancerous tissues compared with adjacent noncancerous tissues. Our findings suggest that novel CYP26 polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk of malignant oral disorders, particularly among BQ chewers.
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Expression of a splice variant of CYP26B1 in betel quid-related oral cancer. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:810561. [PMID: 25114974 PMCID: PMC4119653 DOI: 10.1155/2014/810561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Betel quid (BQ) is a psychostimulant, an addictive substance, and a group 1 carcinogen that exhibits the potential to induce adverse health effects. Approximately, 600 million users chew a variety of BQ. Areca nut (AN) is a necessary ingredient in BQ products. Arecoline is the primary alkaloid in the AN and can be metabolized through the cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Full-length CYP26B1 is related to the development of oral pharyngeal cancers. We investigated whether a splice variant of CYP26B1 is associated with the occurrence of ROS related oral and pharyngeal cancer. Cytotoxicity assays were used to measure the effects of arecoline on cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to evaluate the expression of the CYP26B1 splice variant. The CYP26B1 splice variant exhibited lower expression than did full-length CYP26B1 in the human gingival fibroblast-1 and Ca9-22 cell models. Increased expression of the CYP26B1 splice variant was observed in human oral cancer tissue compared with adjacent normal tissue, and increased expression was observed in patients at a late tumor stage. Our results suggested that the CYP26B1 splice variant is associated with the occurrence of BQ-related oral cancer.
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