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Safina I, Embree MC. Biomaterials for recruiting and activating endogenous stem cells in situ tissue regeneration. Acta Biomater 2022; 143:26-38. [PMID: 35292413 PMCID: PMC9035107 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades in situ tissue engineering has emerged as a new approach where biomaterials are used to harness the body's own stem/progenitor cells to regenerate diseased or injured tissue. Immunomodulatory biomaterials are designed to promote a regenerative environment, recruit resident stem cells to diseased or injured tissue sites, and direct them towards tissue regeneration. This review explores advances gathered from in vitro and in vivo studies on in situ tissue regenerative therapies. Here we also examine the different ways this approach has been incorporated into biomaterial sciences in order to create customized biomaterial products for therapeutic applications in a broad spectrum of tissues and diseases. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterials can be designed to recruit stem cells and coordinate their behavior and function towards the restoration or replacement of damaged or diseased tissues in a process known as in situ tissue regeneration. Advanced biomaterial constructs with precise structure, composition, mechanical, and physical properties can be transplanted to tissue site and exploit local stem cells and their micro-environment to promote tissue regeneration. In the absence of cells, we explore the critical immunomodulatory, chemical and physical properties to consider in material design and choice. The application of biomaterials for in situ tissue regeneration has the potential to address a broad range of injuries and diseases.
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Peng Y, Li J, Lin H, Tian S, Liu S, Pu F, Zhao L, Ma K, Qing X, Shao Z. Endogenous repair theory enriches construction strategies for orthopaedic biomaterials: a narrative review. BIOMATERIALS TRANSLATIONAL 2021; 2:343-360. [PMID: 35837417 PMCID: PMC9255795 DOI: 10.12336/biomatertransl.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of tissue engineering has led to new strategies for mitigating clinical problems; however, the design of the tissue engineering materials remains a challenge. The limited sources and inadequate function, potential risk of microbial or pathogen contamination, and high cost of cell expansion impair the efficacy and limit the application of exogenous cells in tissue engineering. However, endogenous cells in native tissues have been reported to be capable of spontaneous repair of the damaged tissue. These cells exhibit remarkable plasticity, and thus can differentiate or be reprogrammed to alter their phenotype and function after stimulation. After a comprehensive review, we found that the plasticity of these cells plays a major role in establishing the cell source in the mechanism involved in tissue regeneration. Tissue engineering materials that focus on assisting and promoting the natural self-repair function of endogenous cells may break through the limitations of exogenous seed cells and further expand the applications of tissue engineering materials in tissue repair. This review discusses the effects of endogenous cells, especially stem cells, on injured tissue repairing, and highlights the potential utilisation of endogenous repair in orthopaedic biomaterial constructions for bone, cartilage, and intervertebral disc regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhong Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jinye Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shuo Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Feifei Pu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Kaige Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiangcheng Qing
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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3
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Liu C, Li Y, Zhang Y, Xu H. The experimental study of regeneration of annulus fibrosus using decellularized annulus fibrosus matrix/poly(ether carbonate urethane)urea-blended fibrous scaffolds with varying elastic moduli. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 110:991-1003. [PMID: 34918475 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although tissue engineering has attracted increasing attention for the treatment of degenerative intervertebral disc disease, the biochemical properties, structural organization, and mechanical characteristics of annulus fibrosus tissue have restricted progress. Differentiation of annulus fibrosus-derived stem cells (AFSCs) can be regulated by the elasticity of substrates such as poly(ether carbonate urethane)urea (PECUU). Decellularized annulus fibrosus matrix (DAFM) has good biocompatibility and biodegradability, making it suitable for cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. In this study, we used a coaxial electrospinning method to synthesize DAFM/PECUU-blended fibrous scaffolds with elasticities approximating that of native inner and outer annulus fibrosus tissue. AFSCs cultured on DAFM/PECUU-blended fibrous scaffolds exhibited increased collagen type I gene expression with increasing elasticity of the scaffold material; notably, collagen type II and aggrecan gene expression exhibited the opposite trend. Regarding extracellular matrix secretion, collagen type I content gradually increased with substrate elasticity, while collagen type II and aggrecan contents decreased. In vivo evaluations employing magnetic resonance imaging, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and immunohistochemistry indicated that DAFM/PECUU-blended fibrous scaffolds could effectively repair defects of annulus fibrosus tissue. Our findings provide a theoretical and practical basis for the development of bionic annulus fibrosus tissue that closely mimics the biological properties, mechanical function, and matrix composition of native tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Spine Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China.,Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, Yijishan hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Yu Li
- Spine Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China.,Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Spine Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China.,Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China
| | - Hongguang Xu
- Spine Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China.,Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, Yijishan hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
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4
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McMorran JG, Gregory DE. The Influence of Axial Compression on the Cellular and Mechanical Function of Spinal Tissues; Emphasis on the Nucleus Pulposus and Annulus Fibrosus: A Review. J Biomech Eng 2021; 143:050802. [PMID: 33454730 DOI: 10.1115/1.4049749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In light of the correlation between chronic back pain and intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, this literature review seeks to illustrate the importance of the hydraulic response across the nucleus pulposus (NP)-annulus fibrosus (AF) interface, by synthesizing current information regarding injurious biomechanics of the spine, stemming from axial compression. Damage to vertebrae, endplates (EPs), the NP, and the AF, can all arise from axial compression, depending on the segment's posture, the manner in which it is loaded, and the physiological state of tissue. Therefore, this movement pattern was selected to illustrate the importance of the bracing effect of a pressurized NP on the AF, and how injuries interrupting support to the AF may contribute to IVD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G McMorran
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2 L 3C5
| | - Diane E Gregory
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2 L 3C5; Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2 L 3C5
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Chu G, Zhang W, Zhou P, Yuan Z, Zhu C, Wang H, Li J, Zhou F, Yang Q, Yang H, Li B. Substrate Topography Regulates Differentiation of Annulus Fibrosus-Derived Stem Cells via CAV1-YAP-Mediated Mechanotransduction. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 7:862-871. [PMID: 33715372 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of annulus fibrosus (AF) through tissue engineering techniques shows promise as a treatment for patients with degenerative disc disease (DDD). Yet, it remains challenging because of the intrinsic heterogeneity of AF tissue and shortage of in-depth knowledge of its structure-function correlation. In the current study, we fabricated fibrous poly(ether carbonate urethane)urea (PECUU) scaffolds with various fiber sizes to mimic the microstructural feature of native AF and aimed to regulate the differentiation of AF-derived stem cells (AFSCs) by controlling the topographical cues of the scaffold. We found that the morphology of AFSCs varied significantly on scaffolds with various fiber sizes. Meanwhile, the expression of the phenotypic marker genes of outer AF was up-regulated on scaffolds with large fibers. Meanwhile, enhanced expression of the phenotypic marker genes of inner AF was seen on scaffolds with small fibers. Such topography-dependent gene expression in AFSCs approximated the biochemical profile of AF tissue in various zones. Moreover, cell spreading and nucleus translocation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) were facilitated with increased fiber size. Formation and maturation of focal adhesions of AFSCs were also promoted. We also found that Caveolin-1 (CAV1) positively modulated the mechano-responses of YAP in response to substrate topography. In conclusion, depending on the activation of the CAV1-YAP mechanotransduction axis, tuning the fiber size of scaffolds can effectively induce changes in cell shape, adhesions, and extracellular matrix expression. This work may therefore provide new insights in the design of novel materials toward AF tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genglei Chu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215007, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215007, China
| | - Pinghui Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Zhangqin Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215007, China
| | - Caihong Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215007, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215007, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215007, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215007, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300211, China.,China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215007, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215007, China.,China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
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6
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Zhou P, Chu G, Yuan Z, Wang H, Zhang W, Mao Y, Zhu X, Chen W, Yang H, Li B. Regulation of differentiation of annulus fibrosus-derived stem cells using heterogeneous electrospun fibrous scaffolds. J Orthop Translat 2020; 26:171-180. [PMID: 33437636 PMCID: PMC7773966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tissue engineering of the annulus fibrosus (AF) shows promise as a treatment for patients with degenerative disc disease (DDD). However, it remains challenging due to the intrinsic heterogeneity of AF tissue. Fabrication of scaffolds recapitulating the specific cellular, componential, and microstructural features of AF, therefore, is critical to successful AF tissue regeneration. Methods Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) fibrous scaffolds with various fiber diameters and orientation were prepared to mimic the microstructural characteristics of AF tissue using electrospinning technique. AF-derived stem cells (AFSCs) were cultured on the PLLA fibrous scaffolds for 7 days. Results The morphology of AFSCs significantly varied when cultured on the scaffolds with various fiber diameters and orientation. AFSCs were nearly round on scaffolds with small fibers. However, they became spindle-shaped on scaffolds with large fibers. Meanwhile, upregulated expression of collagen-I gene happened in cells cultured on scaffolds with large fibers, while enhanced expression of collagen-II and aggrecan genes was seen on scaffolds with small fibers. The production of related proteins also showed similar trends. Further, culturing AFSCs on a heterogeneous scaffold by overlaying membranes with different fiber sizes led to the formation of a hierarchical structure approximating native AF tissue. Conclusion Findings from this study demonstrate that fibrous scaffolds with different fiber sizes effectively promoted the differentiation of AFSCs into specific cells similar to the types of cells at various AF zones. It also provides a valuable reference for regulation of cell differentiation and fabrication of engineered tissues with complex hierarchical structures using the physical cues of scaffolds. The translational potential of this article Effective AF repair is an essential need for treating degenerative disc disease. Tissue engineering is a promising approach to achieving tissue regeneration and restoring normal functions of tissues. By mimicking the key structural features of native AF tissue, including fiber size and alignment, this study deciphered the effect of scaffold materials on the cell differentiation and extracellular matrix deposition, which provides a solid basis for designing new strategies toward more effective AF repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinghui Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Genglei Chu
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhangqin Yuan
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingji Mao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Xuesong Zhu
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiguo Chen
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Li
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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7
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Christiani TR, Baroncini E, Stanzione J, Vernengo AJ. In vitro evaluation of 3D printed polycaprolactone scaffolds with angle-ply architecture for annulus fibrosus tissue engineering. Regen Biomater 2019; 6:175-184. [PMID: 31198585 PMCID: PMC6547313 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbz011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering of the annulus fibrosus (AF) is currently being investigated as a treatment for intervertebral disc degeneration, a condition frequently associated with low back pain. The objective of this work was to use 3D printing to generate a novel scaffold for AF repair that mimics the structural and biomechanical properties of the native tissue. Multi-layer scaffolds were fabricated by depositing polycaprolactone struts in opposing angular orientations, replicating the angle-ply arrangement of the native AF tissue. Scaffolds were printed with varied strut diameter and spacing. The constructs were characterized morphologically and by static and dynamic mechanical analyses. Scaffold surfaces were etched with unidirectional grooves and the influence on bovine AF cell metabolic activity, alignment, morphology and protein expression was studied in vitro. Overall, the axial compressive and circumferential tensile properties of the scaffolds were found to be in a similar range to the native AF tissue. Confocal microscopy images indicated that cells were able to attach and spread on the smooth polycaprolactone scaffolds, but the surface texture induced cellular alignment and proliferation. Furthermore, immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated the aligned deposition of collagen type I, aggrecan and the AF-specific protein marker tenomodulin on the etched scaffolds. Overall, results demonstrated the potential for using the scaffolds as a template for AF regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Christiani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - E Baroncini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - J Stanzione
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - A J Vernengo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ, USA
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8
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Chu G, Shi C, Wang H, Zhang W, Yang H, Li B. Strategies for Annulus Fibrosus Regeneration: From Biological Therapies to Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:90. [PMID: 30042942 PMCID: PMC6048238 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) is an avascular tissue which contributes to the weight bearing, motion, and flexibility of spine. However, IVD is susceptible to damage and even failure due to injury, pathology, and aging. Annulus fibrosus (AF), the structural and functional integrity of which is critically essential to confine nucleus pulpous (NP) and maintain physiological intradiscal pressure under mechanical loading, plays a critical role in the biomechanical properties of IVD. AF degeneration commonly results in substantial deterioration of IVD. During this process, the biomechanical properties of AF and the balance between anabolism and catabolism in IVD are progressively disrupted, leading to chronic back pain, and even disability of individuals. Therefore, repairing and regenerating AF are effective treatments to degeneration-associated pains. However, they remain highly challenging due to the complexity of natural AF tissue in the aspects of cell phenotype, biochemical composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties. Tissue engineering (TE), by combining biological science and materials engineering, shed lights on AF regeneration. In this article, we review recent advances in the pro-anabolic approaches in the form of cell delivery, bioactive factors delivery, gene therapy, and TE strategies for achieving AF regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genglei Chu
- Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chen Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huan Wang
- Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bin Li
- Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou, China
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Chu G, Shi C, Lin J, Wang S, Wang H, Liu T, Yang H, Li B. Biomechanics in Annulus Fibrosus Degeneration and Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1078:409-420. [PMID: 30357635 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0950-2_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Degenerative disc degeneration (DDD) is the major cause of low back pain, which seriously affects the life of patients. Current surgical and conservative treatments only relieve the pain temporarily, yet fail to restore the normal biomechanics and functions of healthy spine. Indeed, high recurrence of disc herniation commonly happens after discectomy. Degenerative changes in biomechanical and structural properties of the intervertebral disc (IVD), including fissures in annulus fibrosus (AF) and volume loss of nucleus pulposus (NP), mainly contribute to DDD development. AF plays a critical role in the biomechanical properties of IVD as it structural integrity is essential to confine NP and maintain physiological intradiscal pressure under loading. Maintaining the homeostasis of AF and NP, and thereby IVD, requires regulation of their biomechanics, which is also involved in the onset and subsequent development of AF degeneration. Therefore, it is essential to understand the biomechanical changes of AF during degeneration, which can also provide valuable insights into the repair and regeneration of AF. In this review, we focus on the biomechanical properties of AF tissue associated with its homeostasis and degeneration, and discuss the biomechanical stimulus required for regeneration of AF. We also provide an overview of recent strategies to target and modulate cell mechanics toward AF regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genglei Chu
- Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shenghao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Li
- Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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10
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Tavakoli J. Tissue Engineering of the Intervertebral Disc's Annulus Fibrosus: A Scaffold-Based Review Study. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 14:81-91. [PMID: 30603465 PMCID: PMC6171584 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-017-0024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering as a high technology solution for treating disc's problem has been the focus of some researches recently; however, the upcoming successful results in this area depends on understanding the complexities of biology and engineering interface. Whereas the major responsibility of the nucleus pulposus is to provide a sustainable hydrated environment within the disc, the function of the annulus fibrosus (AF) is more mechanical, facilitating joint mobility and preventing radial bulging by confining of the central part, which makes the AF reconstruction important. Although the body of knowledge regarding the AF tissue engineering has grown rapidly, the opportunities to improve current understanding of how artificial scaffolds are able to mimic the AF concentric structure-including inter-lamellar matrix and cross-bridges-addressed unresolved research questions. The aim of this literature review was to collect and discuss, from the international scientific literature, information about tissue engineering of the AF based on scaffold fabrication and material properties, useful for developing new strategies in disc tissue engineering. The key parameter of this research was understanding if role of cross-bridges and inter-lamellar matrix has been considered on tissue engineering of the AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Tavakoli
- Medical Device Research Institute, School of Computer Science, Engineering and Mathematics, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042 Australia
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11
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Chuah YJ, Peck Y, Lau JEJ, Hee HT, Wang DA. Hydrogel based cartilaginous tissue regeneration: recent insights and technologies. Biomater Sci 2017; 5:613-631. [DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00863a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel based technologies has been extensively employed in both exploratory research and clinical applications to address numerous existing challenges in the regeneration of articular cartilage and intervertebral disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yon Jin Chuah
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637459
- Singapore
| | - Yvonne Peck
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637459
- Singapore
| | - Jia En Josias Lau
- School of Chemical & Life Sciences
- Singapore Polytechnic
- Singapore 139651
- Singapore
| | - Hwan Tak Hee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 636921
- Singapore
- Pinnacle Spine & Scoliosis Centre
| | - Dong-An Wang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637459
- Singapore
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12
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Kraus P, Lufkin T. Bovine annulus fibrosus cell lines isolated from intervertebral discs. GENOMICS DATA 2016; 10:83-84. [PMID: 27752468 PMCID: PMC5061063 DOI: 10.1016/j.gdata.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The adult bovine (Bos taurus) intervertebral disc is primarily comprised of two major tissue types: The outer annulus fibrosus (AF) and the central nucleus pulposus (NP). We isolated several primary cell lineages of passage (P) 0 cells from the AF tissue omitting typically used enzymatic tissue digestion protocols. The cells grow past p10 without signs of senescence in DMEM + 10% FCS on 0.1% gelatin coated/uncoated surfaces of standard cell culture plates and survive freeze-thawing. Preliminary analysis of the AF derived cells for expression of the two structural genes Col1a1 and Col2a1 was performed by PISH recapitulating the expression observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kraus
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Thomas Lufkin
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
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Bedore J, Quesnel K, Quinonez D, Séguin CA, Leask A. Targeting the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc: Col1a2-Cre(ER)T mice show specific activity of Cre recombinase in the outer annulus fibrosus. J Cell Commun Signal 2016; 10:137-42. [PMID: 27173473 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-016-0329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD) is a major underlying contributor to back pain-the single leading cause of disability worldwide. However, we possess a limited understanding of the etiology underlying IVD degeneration. To date, there are a limited number of mouse models that have been used to target proteins in specific compartments of the IVD to explore their functions in disc development, homeostasis and disease. Furthermore, the majority of reports exploring the composition and function of the outer encapsulating annulus fibrosus (AF) of the IVD have considered it as one tissue, without considering the numerous structural and functional differences existing between the inner and outer AF. In addition, no mouse models have yet been reported that enable specific targeting of genes within the outer AF. In the current report, we discuss these issues and demonstrate the localized activity of Cre recombinase in the IVD of Col1a2-Cre(ER)T;ROSA26mTmG mice possessing a tamoxifen-dependent Cre recombinase driven by a Cola2 promoter and distal enhancer and the mTmG fluorescent reporter. Following tamoxifen injection of 3-week-old Col1a2-Cre(ER)T;ROSA26mTmG mice, we show Cre activity specifically in the outer AF of the IVD, as indicated by expression of the GFP reporter. Thus, Col1a2-Cre(ER)T;ROSA26mTmG mice may prove to be a valuable tool in delineating the function of proteins in this unique compartment of the IVD, and in further exploring the compositional differences between the inner and outer AF in disc homeostasis, aging and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Bedore
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Katherine Quesnel
- Department of Dentistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Diana Quinonez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Cheryle A Séguin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Andrew Leask
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
- Department of Dentistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
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Abstract
The intervertebral disc is a complex structure responsible for flexibility, multi-axial motion, and load transmission throughout the spine. Importantly, degeneration of the intervertebral disc is thought to be an initiating factor for back pain. Due to a lack of understanding of the pathways that govern disc degeneration, there are currently no disease-modifying treatments to delay or prevent degenerative disc disease. This review presents an overview of our current understanding of the developmental processes that regulate intervertebral disc formation, with particular emphasis on the role of the notochord and notochord-derived cells in disc homeostasis and how their loss can result in degeneration. We then describe the role of small animal models in understanding the development of the disc and their use to interrogate disc degeneration and associated pathologies. Finally, we highlight essential development pathways that are associated with disc degeneration and/or implicated in the reparative response of the tissue that might serve as targets for future therapeutic approaches.
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Zhu C, Li J, Liu C, Zhou P, Yang H, Li B. Modulation of the gene expression of annulus fibrosus-derived stem cells using poly(ether carbonate urethane)urea scaffolds of tunable elasticity. Acta Biomater 2016; 29:228-238. [PMID: 26432437 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Annulus fibrosus (AF) injuries commonly lead to substantial deterioration of the intervertebral disc (IVD). While tissue engineering has recently evolved into a promising approach for AF regeneration, it remains challenging due to the cellular, biochemical, and mechanical heterogeneity of AF tissue. In this study, we explored the use of AF-derived stem cells (AFSCs) to achieve diversified differentiation of cells for AF tissue engineering. Since the differentiation of stem cells relies significantly on the elasticity of the substrate, we synthesized a series of biodegradable poly(ether carbonate urethane)urea (PECUU) materials whose elasticity approximated that of native AF tissue. When AFSCs were cultured on electrospun PECUU fibrous scaffolds, the gene expression of collagen-I in the cells increased with the elasticity of scaffold material, whereas the expression of collagen-II and aggrecan genes showed an opposite trend. At the protein level, the content of collagen-I gradually increased with substrate elasticity, while collagen-II and GAG contents decreased. In addition, the cell traction forces (CTFs) of AFSCs gradually decreased with scaffold elasticity. Such substrate elasticity-dependent changes of AFSCs were similar to the gradual transition in the genetic, biochemical, and biomechanical characteristics of cells from inner to outer regions of native AF tissue. Together, findings from this study indicate that AFSCs, depending on the substrate elasticity, have strong tendencies to differentiate into various types of AF-like cells, thereby providing a solid foundation for the tissue engineering applications of AFSCs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Repairing the annulus fibrosus (AF) of intervertebral disc (IVD) is critical for the treatment of disc degeneration disease, but remains challenging due to the significant heterogeneity of AF tissue. Previously, we have identified rabbit AF-derived stem cells (AFSCs), which are AF tissue-specific and hold promise for AF regeneration. In this study, we synthesized a series of poly(ether carbonate urethane)ureas of various elasticity (or stiffness) and explored the potential of induced differentiation of AFSCs using electrospun PECUU scaffolds. This work has, for the first time, found that AFSCs are able to present different gene expression patterns simply as a result of the elasticity of scaffold material. Therefore, our findings will help supplement current knowledge of AF tissue regeneration and may benefit a diversified readership from scientific, engineering, and clinical settings whose work involves the biology and tissue engineering of IVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, 188 Shizi St, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, 188 Shizi St, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, 188 Shizi St, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Pinghui Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, 188 Shizi St, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, 188 Shizi St, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, 188 Shizi St, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China.
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Han F, Zhu C, Guo Q, Yang H, Li B. Cellular modulation by the elasticity of biomaterials. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:9-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb02077h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The elasticity of the extracellular matrix has been increasingly recognized as a dominating factor of cell fate and activities. This review provides an overview of the general principles and recent advances in the field of matrix elasticity-dependent regulation of a variety of cellular activities and functions, the underlying biomechanical and molecular mechanisms, as well as the pathophysiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxuan Han
- Department of Orthopaedics
- The First Affiliated Hospital
- Orthopaedic Institute
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Caihong Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics
- The First Affiliated Hospital
- Orthopaedic Institute
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Qianping Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics
- The First Affiliated Hospital
- Orthopaedic Institute
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics
- The First Affiliated Hospital
- Orthopaedic Institute
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Orthopaedics
- The First Affiliated Hospital
- Orthopaedic Institute
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
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17
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Zhu C, Li J, Liu C, Zhou P, Yang H, Li B. Effect of scaffold elasticity on the gene expression of annulus fibrosus-derived stem cells. Data Brief 2015; 5:1007-14. [PMID: 26793744 PMCID: PMC4689116 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides more experimental details and findings of the study as to how the elasticity of scaffold material modulates the gene expression of annulus fibrosus-derived stem cells (AFSCs) (Zhu et al., 2015 [1]). The detailed synthetic route and characterizations of four kinds of biodegradable poly(ether carbonate urethane)ureas (PECUUs) are described. After AFSCs were cultured on electrospun PECUU fibrous scaffolds, the cell proliferation and gene expression analyses were performed to explore the effect of substrate elasticity on the growth and differentiation characteristics of AFSCs.
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18
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The effect of the fibre orientation of electrospun scaffolds on the matrix production of rabbit annulus fibrosus-derived stem cells. Bone Res 2015; 3:15012. [PMID: 26273539 PMCID: PMC4472148 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2015.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Annulus fibrosus (AF) tissue engineering has recently received increasing attention as a treatment for intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration; however, such engineering remains challenging because of the remarkable complexity of AF tissue. In order to engineer a functional AF replacement, the fabrication of cell-scaffold constructs that mimic the cellular, biochemical and structural features of native AF tissue is critical. In this study, we fabricated aligned fibrous polyurethane scaffolds using an electrospinning technique and used them for culturing AF-derived stem/progenitor cells (AFSCs). Random fibrous scaffolds, also prepared via electrospinning, were used as a control. We compared the morphology, proliferation, gene expression and matrix production of AFSCs on aligned scaffolds and random scaffolds. There was no apparent difference in the attachment or proliferation of cells cultured on aligned scaffolds and random scaffolds. However, compared to cells on random scaffolds, the AFSCs on aligned scaffolds were more elongated and better aligned, and they exhibited higher gene expression and matrix production of collagen-I and aggrecan. The gene expression and protein production of collagen-II did not appear to differ between the two groups. Together, these findings indicate that aligned fibrous scaffolds may provide a favourable microenvironment for the differentiation of AFSCs into cells similar to outer AF cells, which predominantly produce collagen-I matrix.
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Guo Q, Liu C, Li J, Zhu C, Yang H, Li B. Gene expression modulation in TGF-β3-mediated rabbit bone marrow stem cells using electrospun scaffolds of various stiffness. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1582-92. [PMID: 25752910 PMCID: PMC4511356 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering has recently evolved into a promising approach for annulus fibrosus (AF) regeneration. However, selection of an ideal cell source, which can be readily differentiated into AF cells of various regions, remains challenging because of the heterogeneity of AF tissue. In this study, we set out to explore the feasibility of using transforming growth factor-β3-mediated bone marrow stem cells (tBMSCs) for AF tissue engineering. Since the differentiation of stem cells significantly relies on the stiffness of substrate, we fabricated nanofibrous scaffolds from a series of biodegradable poly(ether carbonate urethane)-urea (PECUU) materials whose elastic modulus approximated that of native AF tissue. We cultured tBMSCs on PECUU scaffolds and compared their gene expression profile to AF-derived stem cells (AFSCs), the newly identified AF tissue-specific stem cells. As predicted, the expression of collagen-I in both tBMSCs and AFSCs increased with scaffold stiffness, whereas the expression of collagen-II and aggrecan genes showed an opposite trend. Interestingly, the expression of collagen-I, collagen-II and aggrecan genes in tBMSCs on PECUU scaffolds were consistently higher than those in AFSCs regardless of scaffold stiffness. In addition, the cell traction forces (CTFs) of both tBMSCs and AFSCs gradually decreased with scaffold stiffness, which is similar to the CTF change of cells from inner to outer regions of native AF tissue. Together, findings from this study indicate that tBMSCs had strong tendency to differentiate into various types of AF cells and presented gene expression profiles similar to AFSCs, thereby establishing a rationale for the use of tBMSCs in AF tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianping Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Caihong Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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20
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Xu B, Du L, Zhang J, Zhu M, Ji S, Zhang Y, Kong D, Ma X, Yang Q, Wang L. Circumferentially oriented microfiber scaffold prepared by wet-spinning for tissue engineering of annulus fibrosus. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03347k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Repairing damaged annulus fibrosus (AF) is one of the most challenging topics for treating intervertebral disc (IVD) disease.
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21
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Liu C, Guo Q, Li J, Wang S, Wang Y, Li B, Yang H. Identification of rabbit annulus fibrosus-derived stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108239. [PMID: 25259600 PMCID: PMC4178129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Annulus fibrosus (AF) injuries can lead to substantial deterioration of intervertebral disc (IVD) which characterizes degenerative disc disease (DDD). However, treatments for AF repair/regeneration remain challenging due to the intrinsic heterogeneity of AF tissue at cellular, biochemical, and biomechanical levels. In this study, we isolated and characterized a sub-population of cells from rabbit AF tissue which formed colonies in vitro and could self-renew. These cells showed gene expression of typical surface antigen molecules characterizing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), including CD29, CD44, and CD166. Meanwhile, they did not express negative markers of MSCs such as CD4, CD8, and CD14. They also expressed Oct-4, nucleostemin, and SSEA-4 proteins. Upon induced differentiation they showed typical osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, and adipogenesis potential. Together, these AF-derived colony-forming cells possessed clonogenicity, self-renewal, and multi-potential differentiation capability, the three criteria characterizing MSCs. Such AF-derived stem cells may potentially be an ideal candidate for DDD treatments using cell therapies or tissue engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianping Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shenghao Wang
- Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yibin Wang
- Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (BL); (HY)
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (BL); (HY)
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