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Yan J, Wang M, Li X, Fan J, Yu R, Kang M, Zhang Y, Xu J, Zhang X, Zhang S. Construction of an infectious clone for enterovirus A89 and mutagenesis analysis of viral infection and cell binding. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0333223. [PMID: 38441464 PMCID: PMC10986554 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03332-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A89 (EV-A89) is an unconventional strain belonging to the Enterovirus A species. Limited research has been conducted on EV-A89, leaving its biological and pathogenic properties unclear. Developing reverse genetic tools for EV-A89 would help to unravel its infection mechanisms and aid in the development of vaccines and anti-viral drugs. In this study, an infectious clone for EV-A89 was successfully constructed and recombinant enterovirus A89 (rEV-A89) was generated. The rEV-A89 exhibited similar characteristics such as growth curve, plaque morphology, and dsRNA expression with parental strain. Four amino acid substitutions were identified in the EV-A89 capsid, which were found to enhance viral infection. Mechanistic studies revealed that these substitutions increased the virus's cell-binding ability. Establishing reverse genetic tools for EV-A89 will significantly contribute to understanding viral infection and developing anti-viral strategies.IMPORTANCEEnterovirus A species contain many human pathogens and have been classified into conventional cluster and unconventional cluster. Most of the research focuses on various conventional members, while understanding of the life cycle and infection characteristics of unconventional viruses is still very limited. In our study, we constructed the infectious cDNA clone and single-round infectious particles for the unconventional EV-A89, allowing us to investigate the biological properties of recombinant viruses. Moreover, we identified key amino acids residues that facilitate EV-A89 infection and elucidate their roles in enhancing viral binding to host cells. The establishment of the reverse genetics system will greatly facilitate future study on the life cycle of EV-A89 and contribute to the development of prophylactic vaccines and anti-viral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miaomiao Kang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuye Zhang
- Clinical Center for Biotherapy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Adaptation and Virulence of Enterovirus-A71. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081661. [PMID: 34452525 PMCID: PMC8402912 DOI: 10.3390/v13081661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enterovirus-A71 (EV-A71) can result in many deaths, due to central nervous system complications. Outbreaks with many fatalities have occurred sporadically in the Asia-Pacific region and have become a serious public health concern. It is hypothesized that virulent mutations in the EV-A71 genome cause these occasional outbreaks. Analysis of EV-A71 neurovirulence determinants is important, but there are no virulence determinants that are widely accepted among researchers. This is because most studies have been done in artificially infected mouse models and because EV-A71 mutates very quickly to adapt to the artificial host environment. Although EV-A71 uses multiple receptors for infection, it is clear that adaptation-related mutations alter the binding specificity of the receptors and allow the virus to adopt the best entry route for each environment. Such mutations have confused interpretations of virulence in animal models. This article will discuss how environment-adapted mutations in EV-A71 occur, how they affect virulence, and how such mutations can be avoided. We also discuss future perspectives for EV-A71 virulence research.
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3
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Sun L, Tijsma A, Mirabelli C, Baggen J, Wahedi M, Franco D, De Palma A, Leyssen P, Verbeken E, van Kuppeveld FJM, Neyts J, Thibaut HJ. Intra-host emergence of an enterovirus A71 variant with enhanced PSGL1 usage and neurovirulence. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:1076-1085. [PMID: 31339457 PMCID: PMC6711088 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1644142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the main causative agents of hand-foot-and-mouth disease and is occasionally associated with severe neurological complications. EV-A71 pathophysiology is poorly understood due to the lack of small animal models that robustly support viral replication in relevant organs/tissues. Here, we show that adult severe combined immune-deficient (SCID) mice can serve as an EV-A71 infection model to study neurotropic determinants and viral tropism. Mice inoculated intraperitoneally with an EV-A71 clinical isolate had an initial infection of the lung compartment, followed by neuroinvasion and infection of (motor)neurons, resulting in slowly progressing paralysis of the limbs. We identified a substitution (V135I) in the capsid protein VP2 as a key requirement for neurotropism. This substitution was also present in a mouse-adapted variant, obtained by passaging the clinical isolate in the brain of one-day-old mice, and induced exclusive neuropathology and rapid paralysis, confirming its role in neurotropism. Finally, we showed that this residue enhances the capacity of EV-A71 to use mouse PSGL1 for viral entry. Our data reveal that EV-A71 initially disseminates to the lung and identify viral and host determinants that define the neurotropic character of EV-A71, pointing to a hitherto understudied role of PSGL1 in EV-A71 tropism and neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Sun
- a KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Aloys Tijsma
- a KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Carmen Mirabelli
- a KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Jim Baggen
- b Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Maryam Wahedi
- b Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - David Franco
- a KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Armando De Palma
- a KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- a KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Erik Verbeken
- c Department of Imaging & Pathology, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- b Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Johan Neyts
- a KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Hendrik Jan Thibaut
- a KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , Leuven , Belgium.,b Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University , Utrecht , the Netherlands
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4
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Reverse Genetic Analysis of Adaptive Mutations within the Capsid Proteins of Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) Strains Necessary for Infection of CHO-K1 Cells. Virol Sin 2019; 35:110-114. [PMID: 31637630 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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5
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Puenpa J, Wanlapakorn N, Vongpunsawad S, Poovorawan Y. The History of Enterovirus A71 Outbreaks and Molecular Epidemiology in the Asia-Pacific Region. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:75. [PMID: 31627753 PMCID: PMC6798416 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the common causative pathogens for hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) affecting young children. HFMD outbreak can result in a substantial pediatric hospitalization and burden the healthcare services, especially in less-developed countries. Since the initial epidemic of predominantly EV-A71 in California in 1969, the high prevalence of HFMD in the Asia-pacific region and elsewhere around the world represents a significant morbidity in this age group. With the advent of rapid and accurate diagnostic tools, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of laboratory-confirmed EV-A71 infection over the past two decades. The population, cultural, and socioeconomic diversity among countries in the Asia-Pacific region all influence the transmission and morbidity associated with HFMD. This review summarizes the current state of epidemiology of EV-A71 in Asia-Pacific countries based on the most recent epidemiological data and available information on the prevalence and disease burden. This knowledge is important in guiding the prevention, control and future research on vaccine development of this highly contagious disease of significant socioeconomic implications in public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiratchaya Puenpa
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nasamon Wanlapakorn
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Division of Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sompong Vongpunsawad
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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6
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Immunocompetent and Immunodeficient Mouse Models for Enterovirus 71 Pathogenesis and Therapy. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120674. [PMID: 30487421 PMCID: PMC6316343 DOI: 10.3390/v10120674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a global health threat. Children infected with EV71 could develop hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), encephalitis, paralysis, pulmonary edema, and death. At present, no effective treatment for EV71 is available. We reviewed here various mouse models for EV71 pathogenesis and therapy. Earlier studies relied on the use of mouse-adapted EV71 strains. To avoid artificial mutations arising de novo during the serial passages, recent studies used EV71 clinical isolates without adaptation. Several human receptors for EV71 were shown to facilitate viral entry in cell culture. However, in vivo infection with human SCARB2 receptor transgenic mice appeared to be more limited to certain strains and genotypes of EV71. Efficacy of oral infection in these transgenic models is extremely low. Intriguingly, despite the lack of human receptors, immunodeficient neonatal mouse models can still be infected with EV71 clinical isolates via oral or intraperitoneal routes. Crossbreeding between SCARB2 transgenic and stat1 knockout mice generated a more sensitive and user-friendly hybrid mouse model. Infected hybrid mice developed a higher incidence and earlier onset of CNS disease and death. Different pathogenesis profiles were observed in models deficient in various arms of innate or humoral immunity. These models are being actively used for antiviral research.
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7
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Too IHK, Yeo H, Sessions OM, Yan B, Libau EA, Howe JLC, Lim ZQ, Suku-Maran S, Ong WY, Chua KB, Wong BS, Chow VTK, Alonso S. Enterovirus 71 infection of motor neuron-like NSC-34 cells undergoes a non-lytic exit pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36983. [PMID: 27849036 PMCID: PMC5111112 DOI: 10.1038/srep36983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causing Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease, is regarded as the most important neurotropic virus worldwide. EV71 is believed to replicate in muscles and infect motor neurons to reach the central nervous system (CNS). To further investigate the mechanisms involved, we have employed the motor neuron cell line NSC-34. NSC-34 cells were permissive to EV71 and virus production yields were strain-dependent with differential efficacy at the entry, replication and egress steps. Furthermore, unlike all the other cell lines previously reported, EV71-infected NSC-34 cells neither displayed cytopathic effect nor underwent apoptosis. Instead, autophagy was markedly up-regulated and virus-containing autophagic vacuoles were isolated from the culture supernatant, providing the first experimental evidence that EV71 can adopt a non-lytic exit pathway. Finally, the ability of EV71 to infect productively NSC-34 cells correlated with its ability to invade the CNS in vivo, supporting the relevance of NSC-34 cells to study the intrinsic neurovirulence of EV71 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issac Horng Khit Too
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Huimin Yeo
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - October Michael Sessions
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - Benedict Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, National University Hospital, 119074, Singapore
| | - Eshele Anak Libau
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Josephine L C Howe
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Ze Qin Lim
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Shalini Suku-Maran
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Wei-Yi Ong
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Kaw Bing Chua
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 5 A Engineering Drive 1, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Boon Seng Wong
- Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Vincent T K Chow
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
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8
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Yang L, Liu Y, Li S, Zhao H, Lin Q, Yu H, Huang X, Zheng Q, Cheng T, Xia N. A novel inactivated enterovirus 71 vaccine can elicit cross-protective immunity against coxsackievirus A16 in mice. Vaccine 2016; 34:5938-5945. [PMID: 27771182 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a highly contagious disease that mainly affects infants and children. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) are the major pathogens of HFMD. Two EV71 vaccines were recently licensed in China and the administration of the EV71 vaccines is believed to significantly reduce the number of HFMD-related severe or fatal cases. However, a monovalent EV71 vaccine cannot cross-protect against CA16 infection, this may result in that it cannot effectively control the overall HFMD epidemic. In this study, a chimeric EV71, whose VP1/210-225 epitope was replaced by that of CA16, was constructed using a reverse genetics technique to produce a candidate EV71/CA16 bivalent vaccine strain. The chimeric EV71 was infectious and showed similar growth characteristics as its parental strain. The replacement of the VP1/210-225 epitope did not significantly affect the antigenicity and immunogenicity of EV71. More importantly, the chimeric EV71 could induce protective immunity against both EV71 and CA16, and protect neonatal mice against either EV71 or CA16 lethal infections, the chimeric EV71 constructed in this study was shown to be a feasible and promising candidate bivalent vaccine against both EV71 and CA16. The construction of a chimeric enterovirus also provides an alternative platform for broad-spectrum HFMD vaccines development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yajing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shuxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiaona Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiumin Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qingbing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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9
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A clinically authentic mouse model of enterovirus 71 (EV-A71)-induced neurogenic pulmonary oedema. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28876. [PMID: 27357918 PMCID: PMC4928123 DOI: 10.1038/srep28876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is a neurotropic virus that sporadically causes fatal neurologic illness among infected children. Animal models of EV-A71 infection exist, but they do not recapitulate in animals the spectrum of disease and pathology observed in fatal human cases. Specifically, neurogenic pulmonary oedema (NPE)—the main cause of EV-A71 infection-related mortality—is not observed in any of these models. This limits their utility in understanding viral pathogenesis of neurologic infections. We report the development of a mouse model of EV-A71 infection displaying NPE in severely affected animals. We inoculated one-week-old BALB/c mice with an adapted EV-A71 strain and identified clinical signs consistent with observations in human cases and other animal models. We also observed respiratory distress in some mice. At necropsy, we found their lungs to be heavier and incompletely collapsed compared to other mice. Serum levels of catecholamines and histopathology of lung and brain tissues of these mice strongly indicated onset of NPE. The localization of virally-induced brain lesions also suggested a potential pathogenic mechanism for EV-A71-induced NPE. This novel mouse model of virally-induced NPE represents a valuable resource for studying viral mechanisms of neuro-pathogenesis and pre-clinical testing of potential therapeutics and prophylactics against EV-A71-related neurologic complications.
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Victorio CBL, Xu Y, Ng Q, Meng T, Chow VTK, Chua KB. Cooperative effect of the VP1 amino acids 98E, 145A and 169F in the productive infection of mouse cell lines by enterovirus 71 (BS strain). Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e60. [PMID: 27329847 PMCID: PMC4932649 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a neurotrophic virus that causes hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and occasional neurological infection among children. It infects primate cells but not rodent cells, primarily due to the incompatibility between the virus and the expressed form of its receptor, scavenger receptor class B member 2 (SCARB2) protein, on rodent cells (mSCARB2). We previously generated adapted strains (EV71:TLLm and EV71:TLLmv) that were shown to productively infect primate and rodent cell lines and whose genomes exhibited a multitude of non-synonymous mutations compared with the EV71:BS parental virus. In this study, we aimed to identify mutations that are necessary for productive infection of murine cells by EV71:BS. Using reverse genetics and site-directed mutagenesis, we constructed EV71 infectious clones with specific mutations that generated amino acid substitutions in the capsid VP1 and VP2 proteins. We subsequently assessed the infection induced by clone-derived viruses (CDVs) in mouse embryonic fibroblast NIH/3T3 and murine neuroblastoma Neuro-2a cell lines. We found that the CDV:BS-VP1(K98E,E145A,L169F) with three substitutions in the VP1 protein-K98E, E145A and L169F-productively infected both mouse cell lines for at least three passages of the virus in murine cells. Moreover, the virus gained the ability to utilize the mSCARB2 protein to infect murine cell lines. These results demonstrate that the three VP1 residues cooperate to effectively interact with the mSCARB2 protein on murine cells and permit the virus to infect murine cells. Gain-of-function studies similar to the present work provide valuable insight into the mutational trajectory required for EV71 to infect new host cells previously non-susceptible to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bianca Luena Victorio
- Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Yishi Xu
- Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Qimei Ng
- Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Tao Meng
- Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Vincent TK Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Kaw Bing Chua
- Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
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