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Kalogeropoulos K, Psarropoulou C. Immature Status Epilepticus Alters the Temporal Relationship between Hippocampal Interictal Epileptiform Discharges and High-frequency Oscillations. Neuroscience 2024; 543:108-120. [PMID: 38401712 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The aim was to investigate the long-term effects of a single episode of immature Status Epilepticus (SE) on the excitability of the septal and temporal hippocampus in vitro, by studying the relationship between interictal-like epileptiform discharges (IEDs) and high-frequency oscillations (HFOs; Ripples, Rs and Fast Ripples, FRs). A pentylenetetrazol-induced Status Epilepticus-(SE)-like generalized seizure was induced at postnatal day 20 in 22 male and female juvenile rats, sacrificed >40 days later to prepare hippocampal slices. Spontaneous IEDs induced by Mg2+-free ACSF were recorded from the CA3 area of temporal (T) or septal (S) slices. Recordings were band-pass filtered off-line revealing Rs and FRs and a series of measurements were conducted, with mean values compared with those obtained from age-matched controls (CTRs). In CTR S (vs T) slices, we recorded longer R & FR durations, a longer HFO-IED temporal overlap, higher FR peak power and more frequent FR initiation preceding IEDs (% events). Post-SE, in T slices all types of events duration (IED, R, FR) and the time lag between their onsets (R-IED, FR-IED, R-FR) increased, while FR/R peak power decreased; in S slices, the IED 1st population spike and the FR amplitudes, the R and FR peak power and the (percent) events where Rs or FRs preceded IEDs all decreased. The CA3 IED-HFO relationship offers insights to the septal-to-temporal synchronization patterns; its post-juvenile-SE changes indicate permanent modifications in the septotemporal excitability gradient. Moreover, these findings are in line to region-specific regulation of various currents post-SE, as reported in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kalogeropoulos
- Laboratory of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biological Applications and Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110, Greece.
| | - Caterina Psarropoulou
- Laboratory of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biological Applications and Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110, Greece.
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2
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Dong L, Zhao L, Tian L, Zhao W, Xiong C, Zheng Y. AsHC 360 Exposure Influence on Epileptiform Discharges in Hippocampus of Infantile Male Rats In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16806. [PMID: 38069126 PMCID: PMC10705907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic-containing hydrocarbons (AsHCs) are typical arsenolipids found in various marine organisms. They can penetrate the blood-brain barrier, specifically affecting synaptic plasticity and the learning and memory ability of hippocampal neurons. Temporal lobe epilepsy often occurs in the hippocampus. Thus, the possible influence of AsHCs exposure to temporal lobe epilepsy garnered attention. The present study investigated the effects of epileptiform discharges (EDs) signals introduced by low-magnesium ACSF in the hippocampus of infantile male rats in vitro, using electrophysiological techniques with multi-electrode arrays under AsHC 360 exposure. In our study of the effects of AsHC 360 on EDs signals, we found that inter-ictal discharges (IIDs) were not significantly impacted. When AsHC 360 was removed, any minor effects observed were reversed. However, when we examined the impact of AsHC 360 on ictal discharges (IDs), distinct patterns emerged based on the concentration levels. For low-concentration groups (5, 20, 60 μg As L-1), both the frequency and duration effects on IDs returned to normal post-elimination of AsHC 360. However, this recovery was not evident for concentrations of 100 μg As L-1 or higher. IDs were only observed in EDs signals during exposures to AsHC 360 concentrations up to 60 μg As L-1. In these conditions, ID frequencies significantly enhanced with the increased of AsHC 360 concentration. At high concentrations of AsHC 360 (≥100 μg As L-1), the transition from IIDs or pre-ictal discharges (PIDs) to IDs was notably inhibited. Additional study on co-exposure of AsHC 360 (100 μg As L-1) and agonist (10 nM (S)-(-)-Bay-K-8644) indicated that the regulation of EDs signals under AsHC 360 exposure could be due to directly interference with the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) expression which influences the binding of excitatory glutamate neurotransmitter to AMPAR. The results suggest that EDs activities in the hippocampus of infantile Sprague Dawley rats are concentration-dependent on AsHC 360 exposure. Thus, it provides a basis for the seafood intake with AsHCs for epileptic patients and those with potential seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (L.D.); (L.Z.); (L.T.); (W.Z.)
| | - Ling Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (L.D.); (L.Z.); (L.T.); (W.Z.)
| | - Lei Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (L.D.); (L.Z.); (L.T.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wenjun Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (L.D.); (L.Z.); (L.T.); (W.Z.)
| | - Chan Xiong
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Yu Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (L.D.); (L.Z.); (L.T.); (W.Z.)
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3
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Mueller JS, Tescarollo FC, Huynh T, Brenner DA, Valdivia DJ, Olagbegi K, Sangappa S, Chen SC, Sun H. Ictogenesis proceeds through discrete phases in hippocampal CA1 seizures in mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6010. [PMID: 37752179 PMCID: PMC10522592 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41711-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterized by spontaneous non-provoked seizures, yet the mechanisms that trigger a seizure and allow its evolution remain underexplored. To dissect out phases of ictogenesis, we evoked hypersynchronous activity with optogenetic stimulation. Focal optogenetic activation of putative excitatory neurons in the mouse hippocampal CA1 reliably evoked convulsive seizures in awake mice. A time-vs-time pulsogram plot characterized the evolution of the EEG pulse response from a light evoked response to induced seizure activity. Our results depict ictogenesis as a stepwise process comprised of three distinctive phases demarcated by two transition points. The induction phase undergoes the first transition to reverberant phase activity, followed by the second transition into the paroxysmal phase or a seizure. Non-seizure responses are confined to either induction or reverberant phases. The pulsogram was then constructed in seizures recorded from a murine model of temporal lobe epilepsy and it depicted a similar reverberance preceding spontaneous seizures. The discovery of these distinct phases of ictogenesis may offer means to abort a seizure before it develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Sebastian Mueller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Fabio C Tescarollo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Trong Huynh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Daniel A Brenner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Daniel J Valdivia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Kanyin Olagbegi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Sahana Sangappa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Spencer C Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Hai Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA.
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4
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Manna I, Fortunato F, De Benedittis S, Sammarra I, Bertoli G, Labate A, Gambardella A. Non-Coding RNAs: New Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063063. [PMID: 35328484 PMCID: PMC8954985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy; it is considered a network disorder associated with structural changes. Incomplete knowledge of the pathological changes in TLE complicates a therapeutic approach; indeed, 30 to 50% of patients with TLE are refractory to drug treatment. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), acting as epigenetic factors, participate in the regulation of the pathophysiological processes of epilepsy and are dysregulated during epileptogenesis. Abnormal expression of ncRNA is observed in patients with epilepsy and in animal models of epilepsy. Furthermore, ncRNAs could also be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of treatment response in epilepsy. In summary, ncRNAs can represent important mechanisms and targets for the modulation of brain excitability and can provide information on pathomechanisms, biomarkers and novel therapies for epilepsy. In this review, we summarize the latest research advances concerning mainly molecular mechanisms, regulated by ncRNA, such as synaptic plasticity, inflammation and apoptosis, already associated with the pathogenesis of TLE. Moreover, we discuss the role of ncRNAs, such as microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs, in the pathophysiology of epilepsy, highlighting their use as potential biomarkers for future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Manna
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Section of Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Francesco Fortunato
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University “Magna Graecia”, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.F.); (S.D.B.); (I.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Selene De Benedittis
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University “Magna Graecia”, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.F.); (S.D.B.); (I.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Ilaria Sammarra
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University “Magna Graecia”, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.F.); (S.D.B.); (I.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Gloria Bertoli
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), 20090 Milan, Italy;
| | - Angelo Labate
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University “Magna Graecia”, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.F.); (S.D.B.); (I.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Antonio Gambardella
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Section of Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University “Magna Graecia”, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.F.); (S.D.B.); (I.S.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (A.G.)
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5
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Sun Y, Ren G, Ren J, Wang Q. Intrinsic Brain Activity in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy With and Without Depression: Insights From EEG Microstates. Front Neurol 2022; 12:753113. [PMID: 35058871 PMCID: PMC8764160 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.753113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Depression is the most common psychiatric comorbidity of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). In the recent years, studies have focused on the common pathogenesis of TLE and depression. However, few of the studies focused on the dynamic characteristics of TLE with depression. We tested the hypotheses that there exist abnormalities in microstates in patients with TLE with depression. Methods: Participants were classified into patients with TLE with depression (PDS) (n = 19) and patients with TLE without depression (nPDS) (n = 19) based upon the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V). Microstate analysis was applied based on 256-channel electroencephalography (EEG) to detect the dynamic changes in whole brain. The coverage (proportion of time spent in each state), frequency of occurrence, and duration (average time of each state) were calculated. Results: Patients with PDS showed a shorter mean microstate duration with higher mean occurrence per second compared to patients with nPDS. There was no difference between the two groups in the coverage of microstate A–D. Conclusion: This is the first study to present the temporal fluctuations of EEG topography in comorbid depression in TLE using EEG microstate analysis. The temporal characteristics of the four canonical EEG microstates were significantly altered in patients with TLE suffer from comorbid depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqian Sun
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoping Ren
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Center for Clinical Medicine of Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jiechuan Ren
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Center for Clinical Medicine of Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Center for Clinical Medicine of Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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6
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Wijdenes P, Haider K, Gavrilovici C, Gunning B, Wolff MD, Lijnse T, Armstrong R, Teskey GC, Rho JM, Dalton C, Syed NI. Three dimensional microelectrodes enable high signal and spatial resolution for neural seizure recordings in brain slices and freely behaving animals. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21952. [PMID: 34754055 PMCID: PMC8578611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01528-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural recordings made to date through various approaches—both in-vitro or in-vivo—lack high spatial resolution and a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) required for detailed understanding of brain function, synaptic plasticity, and dysfunction. These shortcomings in turn deter the ability to further design diagnostic, therapeutic strategies and the fabrication of neuro-modulatory devices with various feedback loop systems. We report here on the simulation and fabrication of fully configurable neural micro-electrodes that can be used for both in vitro and in vivo applications, with three-dimensional semi-insulated structures patterned onto custom, fine-pitch, high density arrays. These microelectrodes were interfaced with isolated brain slices as well as implanted in brains of freely behaving rats to demonstrate their ability to maintain a high SNR. Moreover, the electrodes enabled the detection of epileptiform events and high frequency oscillations in an epilepsy model thus offering a diagnostic potential for neurological disorders such as epilepsy. These microelectrodes provide unique opportunities to study brain activity under normal and various pathological conditions, both in-vivo and in in-vitro, thus furthering the ability to develop drug screening and neuromodulation systems that could accurately record and map the activity of large neural networks over an extended time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wijdenes
- Faculty of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - K Haider
- Faculty of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - C Gavrilovici
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - B Gunning
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - M D Wolff
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - T Lijnse
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - R Armstrong
- Faculty of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - G C Teskey
- Faculty of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - J M Rho
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.,Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - C Dalton
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Naweed I Syed
- Faculty of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada. .,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada. .,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada. .,Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330-Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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7
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Lo AC, Rajan N, Gastaldo D, Telley L, Hilal ML, Buzzi A, Simonato M, Achsel T, Bagni C. Absence of RNA-binding protein FXR2P prevents prolonged phase of kainate-induced seizures. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51404. [PMID: 33779029 PMCID: PMC8024897 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a condition in which seizures are not self-terminating and thereby pose a serious threat to the patient's life. The molecular mechanisms underlying SE are likely heterogeneous and not well understood. Here, we reveal a role for the RNA-binding protein Fragile X-Related Protein 2 (FXR2P) in SE. Fxr2 KO mice display reduced sensitivity specifically to kainic acid-induced SE. Immunoprecipitation of FXR2P coupled to next-generation sequencing of associated mRNAs shows that FXR2P targets are enriched in genes that encode glutamatergic post-synaptic components. Of note, the FXR2P target transcriptome has a significant overlap with epilepsy and SE risk genes. In addition, Fxr2 KO mice fail to show sustained ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by KA and present reduced burst activity in the hippocampus. Taken together, our findings show that the absence of FXR2P decreases the expression of glutamatergic proteins, and this decrease might prevent self-sustained seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Lo
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas Rajan
- Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Denise Gastaldo
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Telley
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Muna L Hilal
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Buzzi
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Simonato
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Tilmann Achsel
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Bagni
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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8
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Jin J, Shen X, Tian L, He G, Zhang Y. Pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine-4-one (PP-4-one) Exhibits Anti-Epileptogenic Effect in Rat Model of Traumatic Epilepsy by Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Signaling Pathway Downregulation. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e923919. [PMID: 32687486 PMCID: PMC7392056 DOI: 10.12659/msm.923919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a common type of acquired epilepsies secondary to traumatic brain injury (TBI), accounting for approximately 10–25% of patients. The present study evaluated activity of PP-4-one against mTOR signaling activation in a rat model of FeCl2-induced post-traumatic epilepsy. Material/Methods Epilepsy in rats was induced by injecting 10 μl FeCl2 (concentration 100 mM) at a uniform rate of 1 μl/minute. The iNOS expression was detected using a Leica microscope connected to a digital camera system. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used for determination of NR1 mRNA expression. Results The post-traumatic epilepsy induced neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of the rats. Treatment with PP-4-one prevented neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus and frontal cortex in rats with post-traumatic epilepsy. The data revealed markedly higher levels of p-mTOR and p-P70S6K in rat hippocampal tissues after induction of traumatic epilepsy. Treatment of post-traumatic epilepsy rats with PP-4-one significantly suppressed p-mTOR and p-P70S6K expression, and PP-4-one treatment reduced epileptic brain injury in the rats with post-traumatic epilepsy. Conclusions PP-4-one exhibits an anti-epileptogenic effect in the rat model of PTE by inhibiting behavioral seizures through suppression of iNOS and astrocytic proliferation. Moreover, PP-4-one treatment suppressed NR1 expression and targeted the mTOR pathway in PTE-induced rats. Thus, PP-4-one shows promise as a novel and effective therapeutic agent for treatment of epilepsy induced by PTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungong Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Xi Shen
- Clinical Experimental Center, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Lu Tian
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Guoyishi He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
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9
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Gong L, Yang P, Hu L, Zhang C. MiR-181b suppresses the progression of epilepsy by regulation of lncRNA ZNF883. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:2769-2780. [PMID: 32655808 PMCID: PMC7344086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy (EP) is a very dangerous neurological disease. MiR-181b was reported to play a regulatory role during the progression of EP. However, the mechanism by which miR-181b regulates the process of EP remains unclear. METHODS Hippocampal neurons were extracted from rats, which were treated with magnesium-free to mimic EP in vitro. CCK-8 assay was performed to test the cell viability. Gene and protein expressions in hippocampal neurons were detected by qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence and western blot, respectively. In addition, TUNEL staining was performed to test the cell apoptosis. Finally, dual luciferase report assay was used to verify the relation between miR-181b, ZNF883 and RASSF1A. RESULTS Magnesium-free significantly inhibited the proliferation of hippocampal neurons, which was reversed by miR-181b mimics. In consistent, magnesium-free induced apoptosis of cells was notably inhibited by miR-181b mimics. In addition, miR-181b suppressed the progression of EP via directly targeting RASSF1A and activating PI3K/Akt signaling. Finally, upregulation of miR-181b notably suppressed the progression of EP via regulation of ZNF883. CONCLUSION MiR-181b suppressed the progression of epilepsy via regulation of RASSF1A and lncRNA ZNF883. Thus, miR-181b might serve as a new target for treatment of EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Gong
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Pu Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
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10
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LncRNA CASC2 inhibits astrocytic activation and adenosine metabolism by regulating PTEN in pentylenetetrazol-induced epilepsy model. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 105:101749. [PMID: 31958564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence has indicated that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are closely implicated in the progress of epilepsy. However, the expression profile and potential function of long noncoding RNAs cancer susceptibility candidate 2 (lncRNA CASC2) in epilepsy are poorly studied. The aim of this study was to testify the influence of lncRNA CASC2 on epilepsy in rat and cell models of epileptic seizure. We adopted qRT-PCR on the hippocampus of rats following pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-stimulated epilepsy. To further examine the correlation between lncRNA CASC2 and Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), we detected the effects of lncRNA CASC2 on PTEN expression. We found that lncRNA CASC2 and PTEN expression were positively correlated in PTZ-induced epileptic rat. Overexpression of lncRNA CASC2 prolonged the latency and reduced the frequency of epileptic seizure, suppressed the activation of astrocytes and the release of adenosine in epileptic rat, whereas downregulation of lncRNA CASC2 exhibited the opposite effects. Meanwhile, lncRNA CASC2 decreased the adenosine metabolism related proteins expression of p38, Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) and Adenosine Kinase (ADK). In PTZ-treated astrocytes, PTEN was found to be a direct target of lncRNA CASC2. Additionally, downregulation of PTEN attenuated the protective effect of lncRNA CASC2 overexpression in epileptic seizure. Our findings manifested the key role of lncRNA CASC2 in the occurrence of epilepsy by targeting PTEN, which provided a novel target for epilepsy therapy.
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11
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Long Non-Coding RNAs and Related Molecular Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194898. [PMID: 31581735 PMCID: PMC6801574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy represents one of the most common neurological disorders characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the central nervous system (CNS). Recurrent seizures are the cardinal clinical manifestation. Although it has been reported that the underlying pathological processes include inflammation, changes in synaptic strength, apoptosis, and ion channels dysfunction, currently the pathogenesis of epilepsy is not yet completely understood. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of long transcripts without protein-coding capacity, have emerged as regulatory molecules that are involved in a wide variety of biological processes. A growing number of studies reported that lncRNAs participate in the regulation of pathological processes of epilepsy and they are dysregulated during epileptogenesis. Moreover, an aberrant expression of lncRNAs linked to epilepsy has been observed both in patients and in animal models. In this review, we summarize latest advances concerning the mechanisms of action and the involvement of the most dysregulated lncRNAs in epilepsy. However, the functional roles of lncRNAs in the disease pathogenesis are still to be explored and we are only at the beginning. Additional studies are needed for the complete understanding of the underlying mechanisms and they would result in the use of lncRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets.
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Geng JF, Liu X, Zhao HB, Fan WF, Geng JJ, Liu XZ. LncRNA UCA1 inhibits epilepsy and seizure-induced brain injury by regulating miR-495/Nrf2-ARE signal pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 99:133-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wang F, Chen F, Wang G, Wei S, Fang F, Kang D, Lin Y. Rapamycin provides anti-epileptogenic effect in a rat model of post-traumatic epilepsy via deactivation of mTOR signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:4763-4770. [PMID: 29904395 PMCID: PMC5996717 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway has attracted much attention in recent years. However, the contribution of mTOR activation to the development of post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) remains largely unknown. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the activation of mTOR signaling in a rat model of FeCl2-induced PTE, and to explore the potential effect of its specific inhibitor rapamycin. The results indicated that the expression levels of p-mTOR and p-P70S6K, the overactivation biomarkers of mTOR signaling, increased significantly in hippocampal and perilesional cortex following PTE induction. Notably, they were significantly decreased in the aformementioned brain regions following rapamycin treatment. Furthermore, the frequency and number of behavioral seizures and epileptic brain injury were also greatly reduced. These results suggest that hyperactivation of the mTOR signaling pathway is a crucial mechanism of PTE development, and it may be considered a novel therapeutic target for PTE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Fuxiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Genbo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Shushan Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Fu Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Dezhi Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Yuanxiang Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
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Wrosch JK, Einem VV, Breininger K, Dahlmanns M, Maier A, Kornhuber J, Groemer TW. Rewiring of neuronal networks during synaptic silencing. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11724. [PMID: 28916806 PMCID: PMC5601899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11729-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyzing the connectivity of neuronal networks, based on functional brain imaging data, has yielded new insight into brain circuitry, bringing functional and effective networks into the focus of interest for understanding complex neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, the analysis of network changes, based on the activity of individual neurons, is hindered by the lack of suitable meaningful and reproducible methodologies. Here, we used calcium imaging, statistical spike time analysis and a powerful classification model to reconstruct effective networks of primary rat hippocampal neurons in vitro. This method enables the calculation of network parameters, such as propagation probability, path length, and clustering behavior through the measurement of synaptic activity at the single-cell level, thus providing a fuller understanding of how changes at single synapses translate to an entire population of neurons. We demonstrate that our methodology can detect the known effects of drug-induced neuronal inactivity and can be used to investigate the extensive rewiring processes affecting population-wide connectivity patterns after periods of induced neuronal inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Katharina Wrosch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Vicky von Einem
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.,Pattern Recognition Lab, Department of Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Breininger
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Department of Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marc Dahlmanns
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Maier
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Department of Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Teja Wolfgang Groemer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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Interaction between Thalamus and Hippocampus in Termination of Amygdala-Kindled Seizures in Mice. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2016; 2016:9580724. [PMID: 27829869 PMCID: PMC5086540 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9580724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The thalamus and hippocampus have been found both involved in the initiation, propagation, and termination of temporal lobe epilepsy. However, the interaction of these regions during seizures is not clear. The present study is to explore whether some regular patterns exist in their interaction during the termination of seizures. Multichannel in vivo recording techniques were used to record the neural activities from the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) of hippocampus and mediodorsal thalamus (MDT) in mice. The mice were kindled by electrically stimulating basolateral amygdala neurons, and Racine's rank standard was employed to classify the stage of behavioral responses (stage 1~5). The coupling index and directionality index were used to investigate the synchronization and information flow direction between CA1 and MDT. Two main results were found in this study. (1) High levels of synchronization between the thalamus and hippocampus were observed before the termination of seizures at stage 4~5 but after the termination of seizures at stage 1~2. (2) In the end of seizures at stage 4~5, the information tended to flow from MDT to CA1. Those results indicate that the synchronization and information flow direction between the thalamus and the hippocampus may participate in the termination of seizures.
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Li JJ, Li YH, Gong HQ, Liang PJ, Zhang PM, Lu QC. The Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Phase Synchronization during Epileptogenesis in Amygdala-Kindling Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153897. [PMID: 27100891 PMCID: PMC4839716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The synchronization among the activities of neural populations in functional regions is one of the most important electrophysiological phenomena in epileptic brains. The spatiotemporal dynamics of phase synchronization was investigated to reveal the reciprocal interaction between different functional regions during epileptogenesis. Local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded simultaneously from the basolateral amygdala (BLA), the cornu ammonis 1 of hippocampus (CA1) and the mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus (MDT) in the mouse amygdala-kindling models during the development of epileptic seizures. The synchronization of LFPs was quantified between BLA, CA1 and MDT using phase-locking value (PLV). During amygdala kindling, behavioral changes (from stage 0 to stage 5) of mice were accompanied by after-discharges (ADs) of similar waveforms appearing almost simultaneously in CA1, MDT, as well as BLA. AD durations were positively related to the intensity of seizures. During seizures at stages 1~2, PLVs remained relatively low and increased dramatically shortly after the termination of the seizures; by contrast, for stages 3~5, PLVs remained a relatively low level during the initial period but increased dramatically before the seizure termination. And in the theta band, the degree of PLV enhancement was positively associated with seizure intensity. The results suggested that during epileptogenesis, the functional regions were kept desynchronized rather than hyper-synchronized during either the initial or the entire period of the seizures; so different dynamic patterns of phase synchronization may be involved in different periods of the epileptogenesis, and this might also reflect that during seizures at different stages, the mechanisms underlying the dynamics of phase synchronization were different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Li
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yong-Hua Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hai-Qing Gong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Pei-Ji Liang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Pu-Ming Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- * E-mail: (Q-CL); (P-MZ)
| | - Qin-Chi Lu
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
- * E-mail: (Q-CL); (P-MZ)
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Pittau F, Mégevand P, Sheybani L, Abela E, Grouiller F, Spinelli L, Michel CM, Seeck M, Vulliemoz S. Mapping epileptic activity: sources or networks for the clinicians? Front Neurol 2014; 5:218. [PMID: 25414692 PMCID: PMC4220689 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epileptic seizures of focal origin are classically considered to arise from a focal epileptogenic zone and then spread to other brain regions. This is a key concept for semiological electro-clinical correlations, localization of relevant structural lesions, and selection of patients for epilepsy surgery. Recent development in neuro-imaging and electro-physiology and combinations, thereof, have been validated as contributory tools for focus localization. In parallel, these techniques have revealed that widespread networks of brain regions, rather than a single epileptogenic region, are implicated in focal epileptic activity. Sophisticated multimodal imaging and analysis strategies of brain connectivity patterns have been developed to characterize the spatio-temporal relationships within these networks by combining the strength of both techniques to optimize spatial and temporal resolution with whole-brain coverage and directional connectivity. In this paper, we review the potential clinical contribution of these functional mapping techniques as well as invasive electrophysiology in human beings and animal models for characterizing network connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pittau
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Pierre Mégevand
- Laboratory for Multimodal Human Brain Mapping, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine , Manhasset, NY , USA
| | - Laurent Sheybani
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Eugenio Abela
- Support Center of Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Inselspital , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Grouiller
- Radiology Department, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Laurent Spinelli
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Christoph M Michel
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Margitta Seeck
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Serge Vulliemoz
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
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Bertti P, Tejada J, Martins APP, Dal-Cól MLC, Terra VC, de Oliveira JAC, Velasco TR, Sakamoto AC, Garcia-Cairasco N. Looking for complexity in quantitative semiology of frontal and temporal lobe seizures using neuroethology and graph theory. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 38:81-93. [PMID: 25216767 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Epileptic syndromes and seizures are the expression of complex brain systems. Because no analysis of complexity has been applied to epileptic seizure semiology, our goal was to apply neuroethology and graph analysis to the study of the complexity of behavioral manifestations of epileptic seizures in human frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) and temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). We analyzed the video recordings of 120 seizures of 18 patients with FLE and 28 seizures of 28 patients with TLE. All patients were seizure-free >1 year after surgery (Engel Class I). All patients' behavioral sequences were analyzed by means of a glossary containing all behaviors and analyzed for neuroethology (Ethomatic software). The same series were used for graph analysis (CYTOSCAPE). Behaviors, displayed as nodes, were connected by edges to other nodes according to their temporal sequence of appearance. Using neuroethology analysis, we confirmed data in the literature such as in FLE: brief/frequent seizures, complex motor behaviors, head and eye version, unilateral/bilateral tonic posturing, speech arrest, vocalization, and rapid postictal recovery and in the case of TLE: presence of epigastric aura, lateralized dystonias, impairment of consciousness/speech during ictal and postictal periods, and development of secondary generalization. Using graph analysis metrics of FLE and TLE confirmed data from flowcharts. However, because of the algorithms we used, they highlighted more powerfully the connectivity and complex associations among behaviors in a quite selective manner, depending on the origin of the seizures. The algorithms we used are commonly employed to track brain connectivity from EEG and MRI sources, which makes our study very promising for future studies of complexity in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poliana Bertti
- Neurophysiology and Experimental Neuroethology Laboratory, Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Epilepsy Surgery Center, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Julian Tejada
- Neurophysiology and Experimental Neuroethology Laboratory, Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Physics Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Philosophy, Science and Letters, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Pinheiro Martins
- Epilepsy Surgery Center, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Cleto Dal-Cól
- Neurophysiology and Experimental Neuroethology Laboratory, Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Epilepsy Surgery Center, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vera Cristina Terra
- Epilepsy Surgery Center, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - José Antônio Cortes de Oliveira
- Neurophysiology and Experimental Neuroethology Laboratory, Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Tonicarlo Rodrigues Velasco
- Epilepsy Surgery Center, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Américo Ceiki Sakamoto
- Epilepsy Surgery Center, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Neurophysiology and Experimental Neuroethology Laboratory, Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Epilepsy Surgery Center, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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