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Ursolic Acid and Related Analogues: Triterpenoids with Broad Health Benefits. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081161. [PMID: 34439409 PMCID: PMC8388988 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) is a well-studied natural pentacyclic triterpenoid found in herbs, fruit and a number of traditional Chinese medicinal plants. UA has a broad range of biological activities and numerous potential health benefits. In this review, we summarize the current data on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of UA and review the literature on the biological activities of UA and its closest analogues in the context of inflammation, metabolic diseases, including liver and kidney diseases, obesity and diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and neurological disorders. We end with a brief overview of UA’s main analogues with a special focus on a newly discovered naturally occurring analogue with intriguing biological properties and potential health benefits, 23-hydroxy ursolic acid.
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Huska B, Niccoli S, Phenix CP, Lees SJ. Leucine Potentiates Glucose-mediated 18F-FDG Uptake in Brown Adipose Tissue via β-Adrenergic Activation. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8060159. [PMID: 32545834 PMCID: PMC7345234 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8060159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant depots of brown adipose tissue (BAT) have been identified in many adult humans through positron emission tomography (PET), with the amount of BAT being inversely correlated with obesity. As dietary activation of BAT has implications for whole body glucose metabolism, leucine was used in the present study to determine its ability to promote BAT activation resulting in increased glucose uptake. In order to assess this, 2-deoxy-2-(fluorine-18)fluoro-d-glucose (18F-FDG) uptake was measured in C57BL/6 mice using microPET after treatment with leucine, glucose, or both in interscapular BAT (IBAT). Pretreatment with propranolol (PRP) was used to determine the role of β-adrenergic activation in glucose and leucine-mediated 18F-FDG uptake. Analysis of maximum standardized uptake values (SUVMAX) determined that glucose administration increased 18F-FDG uptake in IBAT by 25.3%. While leucine did not promote 18F-FDG uptake alone, it did potentiate glucose-mediated 18F-FDG uptake, increasing 18F-FDG uptake in IBAT by 22.5%, compared to glucose alone. Pretreatment with PRP prevented the increase in IBAT 18F-FDG uptake following the combination of glucose and leucine administration. These data suggest that leucine is effective in promoting BAT 18F-FDG uptake through β-adrenergic activation in combination with glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Huska
- Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada;
| | - Sarah Niccoli
- Medical Sciences, Lakehead University Faculty of Medicine, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada;
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Division, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Christopher P. Phenix
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Division, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
- Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON P7A 7T1, Canada
- Correspondence: (C.P.P.); (S.J.L.); Tel.: +1-(306)-966-4193 (C.P.P.); +1-(807)-766-7435 (S.J.L.); Fax: +1-(306)-966-4730 (C.P.P.); +1-(807)-766-7362 (S.J.L.)
| | - Simon J. Lees
- Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada;
- Medical Sciences, Lakehead University Faculty of Medicine, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada;
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Division, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
- Correspondence: (C.P.P.); (S.J.L.); Tel.: +1-(306)-966-4193 (C.P.P.); +1-(807)-766-7435 (S.J.L.); Fax: +1-(306)-966-4730 (C.P.P.); +1-(807)-766-7362 (S.J.L.)
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Wang CY, Lin CS, Hua CH, Jou YJ, Liao CR, Chang YS, Wan L, Huang SH, Hour MJ, Lin CW. Cis-3-O-p-hydroxycinnamoyl Ursolic Acid Induced ROS-Dependent p53-Mediated Mitochondrial Apoptosis in Oral Cancer Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2019; 27:54-62. [PMID: 30261716 PMCID: PMC6319548 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cis-3-O-p-hydroxycinnamoyl ursolic acid (HCUA), a triterpenoid compound, was purified from Elaeagnus oldhamii Maxim. This traditional medicinal plant has been used for treating rheumatoid arthritis and lung disorders as well as for its anti-inflammation and anticancer activities. This study aimed to investigate the anti-proliferative and apoptotic-inducing activities of HCUA in oral cancer cells. HCUA exhibited anti-proliferative activity in oral cancer cell lines (Ca9-22 and SAS cells), but not in normal oral fibroblasts. The inhibitory concentration of HCUA that resulted in 50% viability was 24.0 µM and 17.8 µM for Ca9-22 and SAS cells, respectively. Moreover, HCUA increased the number of cells in the sub-G1 arrest phase and apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner in both oral cancer cell lines, but not in normal oral fibroblasts. Importantly, HCUA induced p53-mediated transcriptional regulation of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, Bak, Bim, Noxa, and PUMA), which are associated with mitochondrial apoptosis in oral cancer cells via the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. HCUA triggered the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) that was ascertained to be involved in HCUA-induced apoptosis by the ROS inhibitors YCG063 and N-acetyl-L-cysteine. As a result, HCUA had potential antitumor activity to oral cancer cells through eliciting ROS-dependent and p53-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis. Overall, HCUA could be applicable for the development of anticancer agents against human oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ying Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402,Division of Gastroenterology, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung 43303, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Sheng Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung 43303, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Hua
- Department of Otolaryngology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Jou
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402,Division of Gastroenterology, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung 43303, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ren Liao
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Shiun Chang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Lei Wan
- Department of Medical Genetics and Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Su-Hua Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung 41357, Taiwan
| | - Mann-Jen Hour
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402,Division of Gastroenterology, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung 43303, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung 41357, Taiwan
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Wang EM, Fan QL, Yue Y, Xu L. Ursolic Acid Attenuates High Glucose-Mediated Mesangial Cell Injury by Inhibiting the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) Signaling Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:846-854. [PMID: 29428962 PMCID: PMC5817901 DOI: 10.12659/msm.907814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the protective effect of ursolic acid (UA) on high glucose (HG)-induced human glomerular mesangial cell injury and to determine whether UA inhibits cell proliferation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by suppressing PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human mesangial cells were cultured with normal glucose (NG group), high glucose (HG group), mannitol (mannitol hypertonic control group), or high glucose with different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mmol/L) of UA (HG+UA groups). Cell proliferation and intracellular ROS levels were assessed by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) flow cytometry assays, respectively. Western blotting was used to detect mesangial cell expression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway components, including Akt, p-Akt, mTOR, and p-mTOR, and proteins related to cell injury, including TGF-β1 and fibronectin (FN). mRNA expression of TGF-β1 and FN were evaluated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Abnormal proliferation was observed in human glomerular mesangial cells at 48 h after treatment with HG, and UA suppressed the HG-induced proliferation of mesangial cells in a dose-dependent manner. UA inhibited ROS generation and oxidative stress in mesangial cells and mitigated mesangial cell injury. Treatment with UA reduced Akt and mTOR phosphorylation levels in mesangial cells exposed to HG (p<0.05 vs. HG) and downregulated protein and mRNA expression of TGF-β1 and FN in these cells (p<0.05 vs. HG). CONCLUSIONS UA attenuated mesangial cell proliferation and ROS generation by inhibiting HG-mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activation, thereby ameliorating mesangial cell damage.
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Deane CS, Wilkinson DJ, Phillips BE, Smith K, Etheridge T, Atherton PJ. "Nutraceuticals" in relation to human skeletal muscle and exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 312:E282-E299. [PMID: 28143855 PMCID: PMC5406990 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00230.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles have a fundamental role in locomotion and whole body metabolism, with muscle mass and quality being linked to improved health and even lifespan. Optimizing nutrition in combination with exercise is considered an established, effective ergogenic practice for athletic performance. Importantly, exercise and nutritional approaches also remain arguably the most effective countermeasure for muscle dysfunction associated with aging and numerous clinical conditions, e.g., cancer cachexia, COPD, and organ failure, via engendering favorable adaptations such as increased muscle mass and oxidative capacity. Therefore, it is important to consider the effects of established and novel effectors of muscle mass, function, and metabolism in relation to nutrition and exercise. To address this gap, in this review, we detail existing evidence surrounding the efficacy of a nonexhaustive list of macronutrient, micronutrient, and "nutraceutical" compounds alone and in combination with exercise in relation to skeletal muscle mass, metabolism (protein and fuel), and exercise performance (i.e., strength and endurance capacity). It has long been established that macronutrients have specific roles and impact upon protein metabolism and exercise performance, (i.e., protein positively influences muscle mass and protein metabolism), whereas carbohydrate and fat intakes can influence fuel metabolism and exercise performance. Regarding novel nutraceuticals, we show that the following ones in particular may have effects in relation to 1) muscle mass/protein metabolism: leucine, hydroxyl β-methylbutyrate, creatine, vitamin-D, ursolic acid, and phosphatidic acid; and 2) exercise performance: (i.e., strength or endurance capacity): hydroxyl β-methylbutyrate, carnitine, creatine, nitrates, and β-alanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen S Deane
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health and Social Science, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; and
- Department of Sport and Health Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Etheridge
- Department of Sport and Health Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Atherton
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom;
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Cai Q, Lin J, Zhang L, Lin J, Wang L, Chen D, Peng J. Comparative proteomics-network analysis of proteins responsible for ursolic acid-induced cytotoxicity in colorectal cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317695015. [PMID: 28347227 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317695015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ursolic acid is a key active compound present in many medicinal herbs that have been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the clinical treatment of various cancers. However, the precise mechanisms of its antitumor activity have been poorly understood. To identify the cellular targets of ursolic acid, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry was performed in this study, which identified 15 proteins with significantly altered levels in protein expression. This demonstrated that ursolic acid-induced cytotoxicity in colorectal cancer cells involves dysregulation in protein folding, signal transduction, cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Corresponding protein regulation was also confirmed by Western blotting. Furthermore, the study of functional association between these 15 proteins revealed that 10 were closely related in a protein-protein interaction network, whereby the proteins either had a direct interaction with each other or were associated via only one intermediary protein. In this instance, the ATP5B/CALR/HSP90B1/HSPB1/HSPD1-signaling network was revealed as the predominant target which was associated with the majority of the observed protein-protein interactions. As a result, the identified targets may be useful in explaining the anticancer mechanisms of ursolic acid and as potential targets for colorectal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyan Cai
- 1 Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- 2 Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jing Lin
- 1 Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- 2 Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- 1 Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- 2 Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiumao Lin
- 1 Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- 2 Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lili Wang
- 1 Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- 2 Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Daxin Chen
- 1 Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- 2 Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun Peng
- 1 Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- 2 Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
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Yang LJ, Tang Q, Wu J, Chen Y, Zheng F, Dai Z, Hann SS. Inter-regulation of IGFBP1 and FOXO3a unveils novel mechanism in ursolic acid-inhibited growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35:59. [PMID: 27036874 PMCID: PMC4815122 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ursolic acid (UA), a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, exerts anti-tumor effects in various cancer types including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this remain largely unknown. METHODS Cell viability and cell cycle were examined by MTT and Flow cytometry assays. Western blot analysis was performed to measure the phosphorylation and protein expression of p38 MAPK, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) and forkhead box O3A (FOXO3a). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to examine the mRNA levels of IGFBP1 gene. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) method was used to knockdown IGFBP1 gene. Exogenous expressions of IGFBP1 and FOXO3a were carried out by transient transfection assays. IGFBP1 promoter activity was measured by Secrete-Pair™ Dual Luminescence Assay Kit . In vivo nude mice xenograft model and bioluminescent imaging system were used to confirm the findings in vitro. RESULTS We showed that UA stimulated phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. In addition, UA increased the protein, mRNA levels, and promoter activity of IGFBP1, which was abrogated by the specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK (SB203580). Intriguingly, we showed that UA increased the expression of FOXO3a and that overexpressed FOXO3a enhanced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, all of which were not observed in cells silencing of endogenous IGFBP1 gene. Moreover, exogenous expressed IGFBP1 strengthened UA-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and FOXO3a protein expression, and more importantly, restored the effect of UA-inhibited growth in cells silencing of endogenous IGFBP1 gene. Consistent with these, UA suppressed tumor growth and increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, protein expressions of IGFBP1 and FOXO3a in vivo. CONCLUSION Collectively, our results show that UA inhibits growth of HCC cells through p38 MAPK-mediated induction of IGFBP1 and FOXO3a expression. The interactions between IGFBP1 and FOXO3a, and feedback regulatory loop of p38 MAPK by IGFBP1 and FOXO3a resulting in reciprocal pathways, contribute to the overall effects of UA. This in vitro and in vivo study corroborates a potential novel mechanism by which UA controls HCC growth and implies that the rational targeting IGFBP1 and FOXO3a can be potential for the therapeutic strategy against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jun Yang
- />Laboratory of Tumor Biology and Target Therapy, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, University of Guangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120 China
| | - Qing Tang
- />Laboratory of Tumor Biology and Target Therapy, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, University of Guangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120 China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- />Laboratory of Tumor Biology and Target Therapy, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, University of Guangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120 China
| | - Yuqing Chen
- />Laboratory of Tumor Biology and Target Therapy, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, University of Guangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120 China
| | - Fang Zheng
- />Laboratory of Tumor Biology and Target Therapy, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, University of Guangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120 China
| | - Zhenhui Dai
- />Department of Radiation Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, University of Guangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120 China
| | - Swei Sunny Hann
- />Laboratory of Tumor Biology and Target Therapy, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, University of Guangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120 China
- />No. 55, Neihuan West Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006 P. R. China
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Lee SY, Kim YJ, Chung SO, Park SU. Recent studies on ursolic acid and its biological and pharmacological activity. EXCLI JOURNAL 2016; 15:221-8. [PMID: 27231476 PMCID: PMC4874314 DOI: 10.17179/excli2016-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sook Young Lee
- Regional Innovation Center for Dental Science and Engineering, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-759, Korea
| | - Yong Joo Kim
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
| | - Sun Ok Chung
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
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Novel cancer chemotherapy hits by molecular topology: dual Akt and Beta-catenin inhibitors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124244. [PMID: 25910265 PMCID: PMC4409212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Colorectal and prostate cancers are two of the most common types and cause of a high rate of deaths worldwide. Therefore, any strategy to stop or at least slacken the development and progression of malignant cells is an important therapeutic choice. The aim of the present work is the identification of novel cancer chemotherapy agents. Nowadays, many different drug discovery approaches are available, but this paper focuses on Molecular Topology, which has already demonstrated its extraordinary efficacy in this field, particularly in the identification of new hit and lead compounds against cancer. This methodology uses the graph theoretical formalism to numerically characterize molecular structures through the so called topological indices. Once obtained a specific framework, it allows the construction of complex mathematical models that can be used to predict physical, chemical or biological properties of compounds. In addition, Molecular Topology is highly efficient in selecting and designing new hit and lead drugs. According to the aforementioned, Molecular Topology has been applied here for the construction of specific Akt/mTOR and β-catenin inhibition mathematical models in order to identify and select novel antitumor agents. Experimental Approach Based on the results obtained by the selected mathematical models, six novel potential inhibitors of the Akt/mTOR and β-catenin pathways were identified. These compounds were then tested in vitro to confirm their biological activity. Conclusion and Implications Five of the selected compounds, CAS n° 256378-54-8 (Inhibitor n°1), 663203-38-1 (Inhibitor n°2), 247079-73-8 (Inhibitor n°3), 689769-86-6 (Inhibitor n°4) and 431925-096 (Inhibitor n°6) gave positive responses and resulted to be active for Akt/mTOR and/or β-catenin inhibition. This study confirms once again the Molecular Topology’s reliability and efficacy to find out novel drugs in the field of cancer.
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Jang SE, Jeong JJ, Hyam SR, Han MJ, Kim DH. Ursolic acid isolated from the seed of Cornus officinalis ameliorates colitis in mice by inhibiting the binding of lipopolysaccharide to Toll-like receptor 4 on macrophages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:9711-21. [PMID: 25213465 DOI: 10.1021/jf501487v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Ursolic acid, which was isolated from an ethanol extract of Cornus officinalis seed, potently inhibited nuclear factor κ light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peritoneal macrophages. Therefore, we investigated the anti-inflammatory mechanism of ursolic acid in LPS-stimulated macrophages and colitic mice. Ursolic acid inhibited phosphorylation of interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)1, TAK1, inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase subunit β (IKKβ), and IκBα as well as activation of NF-κB and MAPKs in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Ursolic acid suppressed LPS-stimulated interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and inducible NO synthetase (iNOS) expression as well as PGE2 and NO levels. Ursolic acid not only inhibited the Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated LPS-mediated shift of macrophages but also reduced the intensity of fluorescent LPS bound to the macrophages transiently transfected with or without MyD88 siRNA. However, ursolic acid did not suppress NF-κB activation in peptidoglycan-stimulated macrophages. Oral administration of ursolic acid significantly inhibited 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colon shortening and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in mice. Ursolic acid also suppressed TNBS-induced COX-2 and iNOS expression as well as NF-κB activation in colon tissues. Ursolic acid (20 mg/kg) also inhibited TNBS-induced IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α by 93, 86, and 85%, respectively (p < 0.05). However, ursolic acid reversed TNBS-mediated downregulation of IL-10 expression to 79% of the normal control group (p < 0.05). On the basis of these findings, ursolic acid may ameliorate colitis by regulating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways via the inhibition of LPS binding to TLR4 on immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Eun Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Food and Nutrition, and §Department of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Korea
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