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Maggioni F, Stenger PL, Letourneur Y, Jourand P, Majorel C. Metallic trace elements in marine sponges living in a semi-enclosed tropical lagoon. Biometals 2024; 37:157-169. [PMID: 37725248 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00536-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The ability of marine filter feeders to accumulate metals could help monitor the health of the marine environment. This study examined the concentration of metallic trace elements (MTE) in two marine sponges, Rhabdastrella globostellata and Hyrtios erectus, from three sampling zones of the semi-enclosed Bouraké Lagoon (New Caledonia, South West Pacific). MTE in sponge tissues, seawater, and surrounding sediments was measured using inductively coupled plasma with optical emission spectroscopy. The variability in sponge MTE concentrations between species and sampling zones was visually discriminated using a principal component analysis (PCA). Sponges showed Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, and Zn concentrations 2 to 10 times higher than in the surrounding sediments and seawater. Hyrtios erectus accumulated 3 to 20 times more MTE than R. globostellata, except for Zn. Average bioconcentration factors in sponge tissues were (in decreasing order) Zn > Ni > Mn > Fe > Cr relate to sediments and Fe > Ni > Mn > Cr > Zn relate to seawater. The PCA confirmed higher MTE concentrations in H. erectus compared to R. globostellata. Our results confirm that marine sponges can accumulate MTE to some extent and could be used as a tool for assessing metals contamination in lagoon ecosystems, particularly in New Caledonia, where 40% of the lagoon is classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Maggioni
- University of New Caledonia, UMR ENTROPIE, Ave James Cook, 98800, Nouméa, New Caledonia, France
- IRD, UMR ENTROPIE, 101 Promenade Roger Laroque, 98848, Nouméa, New Caledonia, France
| | - Pierre-Louis Stenger
- IAC, Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien (IAC), Équipe Sol & Végétation (SolVeg), 101 Promenade Roger Laroque, 98848, Nouméa, New Caledonia, France
| | - Yves Letourneur
- University of New Caledonia, UMR ENTROPIE, Ave James Cook, 98800, Nouméa, New Caledonia, France
| | - Philippe Jourand
- IRD, UMR ENTROPIE, Université de La Réunion, 15, Avenue René Cassin - CS 92003, 97744, Saint Denis Cédex 9, La Réunion, France
| | - Clarisse Majorel
- IRD, UMR ENTROPIE, 101 Promenade Roger Laroque, 98848, Nouméa, New Caledonia, France.
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2
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Aljahdali MO, Alhassan AB. The use of marine sponge species as a bioindicator to monitor metal pollution in Red Sea, Saudi Arabia. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 197:115618. [PMID: 37890318 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The existing data on trace elements of benthic sea organisms is scarce. Yet, the pressing issue of environmental contamination has spurred a surge in the use of organisms as biomonitors. In this study, sediment cores were sampled with the sponges, and metal concentrations were determined in both samples using ICP-MS. The mean concentrations of metals in benthic sediments and sponge species analyzed in this study differed significantly (Sediment > Phorbas species > Negombata magnifica > Callyspongia species > Amphimedon chloros). This could be due to the varying capacity of each sponge species to accumulate a particular metal by different means. Negombata magnifica and Phorbas species appear to be indicators, accumulators, or hyper-accumulators of Cu and Mn, while Callyspongia species is an indicator, accumulator, or hyper-accumulator of Cu only due to bioconcentration factor > 1 for the aforementioned metals. Concentrations of Cu and As in sediment were below the Effects Range Median but above the Effects Range Low threshold, hence the need to give more attention to these metals. This research provides a baseline dataset for designing monitoring strategies on this ecosystem and using sponge species for biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Othman Aljahdali
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullahi Bala Alhassan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810001, Nigeria.
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3
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Yakhnenko A, Zinicovscaia I, Yushin N, Chaligava O, Nebesnykh I, Grozdov D, Khanaev I, Duliu OG, Maikova O, Kravchenko E. Endemic sponge Lubomirskia baikalensis as a bioindicator of chemical elements pollution in Lake Baikal. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 182:114025. [PMID: 35963229 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the prospects of using Baikal endemic sponges as bioindicators of chemical elements pollution, the elemental composition of sponges, water and substrate samples, collected in two areas with different levels of anthropogenic loading of the Baikal Lake, was determined using two analytical techniques. The content of Cl, Ca, V, Zn, As, Se, Ba, Cd, and Cu in the sponges collected in Listvennichny Bay was significantly higher than in Bolshye Koty Bay. The values of the pollution indices point at the slight to moderate pollution of the substrates. According to the bioaccumulation factor values, sponges accumulate mainly Cd, Cu and Br from the substrate, and the main part of the elements from water. The distribution of elements longwise the sponges and their intraspecific variation were evaluated. It was shown that Lubomirskia baikalensis sponges were suitable bioindicators to assess the pollution of Lake Baikal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Yakhnenko
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, 141980 Dubna, Russia; Limnological Institute SB RAS, 3 Ulan-Batorskaya Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Inga Zinicovscaia
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, 141980 Dubna, Russia; Horia Hulubei National Institute for R&D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului Str., MG-6, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania; Institute of Chemistry, Academiei Str. 2, 2002 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.
| | - Nikita Yushin
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, 141980 Dubna, Russia
| | - Omari Chaligava
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, 141980 Dubna, Russia; Georgian Technical University, 77, Merab Kostava Street, Tbilisi 0175, Georgia
| | - Ivan Nebesnykh
- Limnological Institute SB RAS, 3 Ulan-Batorskaya Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Dmitrii Grozdov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, 141980 Dubna, Russia
| | - Igor Khanaev
- Limnological Institute SB RAS, 3 Ulan-Batorskaya Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Octavian G Duliu
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, 141980 Dubna, Russia; University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics, Department of Structure of Matter, Earth and Atmospheric Physics and Astrophysics, 405, Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania; Geological Institute of Romania, 1, Caransebes str. 012271 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Olga Maikova
- Limnological Institute SB RAS, 3 Ulan-Batorskaya Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Elena Kravchenko
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, 141980 Dubna, Russia
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4
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Krikech I, Ranjbar Jafarabadi A, Leermakers M, Le Pennec G, Cappello T, Ezziyyani M. Insights into bioaccumulation and bioconcentration of potentially toxic elements in marine sponges from the Northwestern Mediterranean coast of Morocco. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 180:113770. [PMID: 35635883 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present research aimed to investigate the concentrations and patterns of six potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in three common sponge species collected along the Moroccan Mediterranean coast, as well as their levels in ambient seawater and sediments. Distinct inter-species variability in PTEs bioaccumulation was observed among the three species, suggesting that sponges have distinct selectivity for assimilating PTEs from the surrounding environment. C. crambe had a higher enrichment capacity for Cu, As, Cr and Ni, while P. ficiformis and C. reniformis exhibited the highest concentration of Cd and Pb, respectively. Interestingly, a similar spatial distribution patterns of PTEs was observed in the three media, with high values occurring in Tangier and Al-Hoceima locations. Overall, our results confirm that sponges reliably reflect the bioavailability of PTEs in their immediate environment, especially C. crambe, whose PTE tissue contents were highly and positively correlated with the contents of all PTEs in the sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Krikech
- Department of Life Sciences, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Larache, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, 745 BP, 92004 Larache, Morocco; Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et de Chimie Marines, Université de Bretagne Sud, EA 3884-IUEM, BP 92116, 56321 CS, Lorient, Brittany, France; Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Ali Ranjbar Jafarabadi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Martine Leermakers
- Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gaël Le Pennec
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et de Chimie Marines, Université de Bretagne Sud, EA 3884-IUEM, BP 92116, 56321 CS, Lorient, Brittany, France
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Mohammed Ezziyyani
- Department of Life Sciences, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Larache, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, 745 BP, 92004 Larache, Morocco.
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5
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Cai C, Devassy RP, El-Sherbiny MM, Agusti S. Cement and oil refining industries as the predominant sources of trace metal pollution in the Red Sea: A systematic study of element concentrations in the Red Sea zooplankton. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 174:113221. [PMID: 34915420 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Red Sea is exposed to metals from a large variety of natural and anthropogenic sources. In this study, we analyzed 19 common element concentrations in 14 Red Sea zooplankton samples using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The average metal or metalloid concentrations of the Red Sea zooplankton were: Ca > Sr > Fe > Al > Zn > As > Cu > Mn > Cr > Mo > Ni > Pb > Cd. The As, Ca, and Cu concentrations significantly increased with increasing latitude, while Cd concentrations decreased (p < 0.01). Our study indicated that anthropogenic activities (i.e., cement factories and oil refining industries) might be the predominant sources of significantly high Cr (1718 mg/kg), Fe (11,274 mg/kg), Mn (57.3 mg/kg), Mo (286 mg/kg), Ni (226 mg/kg), Pb (332 mg/kg), and Zn (17,046 mg/kg) concentrations that recorded in the Central to North Red Sea zooplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhi Cai
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Red Sea Research Center, The Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Reny P Devassy
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Red Sea Research Center, The Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohsen M El-Sherbiny
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Department of Marine Biology, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Suez Canal University, Faculty of Science, Department of Marine Sciences, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Susana Agusti
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Red Sea Research Center, The Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Burgsdorf I, Sizikov S, Squatrito V, Britstein M, Slaby BM, Cerrano C, Handley KM, Steindler L. Lineage-specific energy and carbon metabolism of sponge symbionts and contributions to the host carbon pool. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 16:1163-1175. [PMID: 34876682 PMCID: PMC8941161 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Marine sponges host a wide diversity of microorganisms, which have versatile modes of carbon and energy metabolism. In this study we describe the major lithoheterotrophic and autotrophic processes in 21 microbial sponge-associated phyla using novel and existing genomic and transcriptomic datasets. We show that the main microbial carbon fixation pathways in sponges are the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle (energized by light in Cyanobacteria, by sulfur compounds in two orders of Gammaproteobacteria, and by a wide range of compounds in filamentous Tectomicrobia), the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle (used by Nitrospirota), and the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle (active in Thaumarchaeota). Further, we observed that some sponge symbionts, in particular Acidobacteria, are capable of assimilating carbon through anaplerotic processes. The lithoheterotrophic lifestyle was widespread and CO oxidation is the main energy source for sponge lithoheterotrophs. We also suggest that the molybdenum-binding subunit of dehydrogenase (encoded by coxL) likely evolved to benefit also organoheterotrophs that utilize various organic substrates. Genomic potential does not necessarily inform on actual contribution of autotrophs to light and dark carbon budgets. Radioisotope assays highlight variability in the relative contributions of photo- and chemoautotrophs to the total carbon pool across different sponge species, emphasizing the importance of validating genomic potential with physiology experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Burgsdorf
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - S Sizikov
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - V Squatrito
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - M Britstein
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - B M Slaby
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, RD3 Marine Ecology, RU Marine Symbioses, Kiel, Germany
| | - C Cerrano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - K M Handley
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - L Steindler
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
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7
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Orani AM, Vassileva E, Azemard S, Thomas OP. Comparative study on Hg bioaccumulation and biotransformation in Mediterranean and Atlantic sponge species. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127515. [PMID: 32682130 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work we present an assessment of mercury (Hg) and methyl mercury (MeHg) bioaccumulation in different species of marine sponges collected off the Northwestern Mediterranean and Northeastern Atlantic coasts. Overall the results showed significant accumulation of Hg in sponges, with the Mediterranean sponge Chondrilla nucula exhibiting the highest total Hg content (up to 0.5 mg kg-1) and bio-concentration factor (BCF) up to 23. A significant inter-species variability of Hg bioaccumulation was observed among species collected at the same site. The sponges, collected in marine environment contaminated with Hg show consistently higher Hg accumulation, meaning that the bioaccumulation is proportional to the Hg availability in the surrounding environment. Different extraction protocols were tested for MeHg analysis and, generally, a low MeHg ratio in Hg species (4% and 17% average for Mediterranean and Irish sponges respectively) was detected suggesting a possible demethylation process and therefore a promising role of sponges for Hg bioremediation Additionally, the Hg isotopic composition in these organisms was determined and it showed that MDF (mass dependent fractionation) is the main process in sponges, with the absence of significant MIF. This result suggests a dominant role of associated microbial population in the methylation and/or demethylation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Orani
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | - Emilia Vassileva
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Principality of Monaco.
| | - Sabine Azemard
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | - Olivier P Thomas
- Marine Biodiscovery, School of Chemistry and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, (NUI Galway), University Road, H91 TK33, Galway, Ireland
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8
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Panyushkina A, Matyushkina D, Pobeguts O. Understanding Stress Response to High-Arsenic Gold-Bearing Sulfide Concentrate in Extremely Metal-Resistant Acidophile Sulfobacillus thermotolerans. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1076. [PMID: 32707712 PMCID: PMC7409299 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biooxidation of gold-bearing arsenopyrite concentrates, using acidophilic microbial communities, is among the largest commercial biohydrometallurgical processes. However, molecular mechanisms of microbial responses to sulfide raw materials have not been widely studied. The goal of this research was to gain insight into the defense strategies of the acidophilic bacterium Sulfobacillus thermotolerans, which dominates microbial communities functioning in industrial biooxidation processes at >35 °C, against the toxic effect of the high-arsenic gold-bearing sulfide concentrate. In addition to extreme metal resistance, this acidophile proved to be one of the most As-tolerant microorganisms. Comparative proteomic analysis indicated that 30 out of 33 differentially expressed proteins were upregulated in response to the ore concentrate, while the synthesis level of the functional proteins required for cell survival was not negatively affected. Despite a high level of cellular metal(loid) accumulation, no specific metal(loid)-resistant systems were regulated. Instead, several proteins involved in the metabolic pathways and stress response, including MBL fold metallo-hydrolase, sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase, and GroEL chaperonin, may play crucial roles in resistance to the sulfide ore concentrate and arsenic, in particular. This study provides the first data on the microbial responses to sulfide ore concentrates and advances our understanding of defense mechanisms against toxic compounds in acidophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Panyushkina
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Centre of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave., 33, bld. 2, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Daria Matyushkina
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, Moscow 119435, Russia; (D.M.); (O.P.)
| | - Olga Pobeguts
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, Moscow 119435, Russia; (D.M.); (O.P.)
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9
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The Structural and Functional Diversity of Intrinsically Disordered Regions in Transmembrane Proteins. J Membr Biol 2019; 252:273-292. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-019-00069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Wooster MK, Voigt O, Erpenbeck D, Wörheide G, Berumen ML. Sponges of the Red Sea. CORAL REEFS OF THE RED SEA 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-05802-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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11
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Orani AM, Barats A, Zitte W, Morrow C, Thomas OP. Comparative study on the bioaccumulation and biotransformation of arsenic by some northeastern Atlantic and northwestern Mediterranean sponges. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 201:826-839. [PMID: 29554629 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccumulation and biotransformation of arsenic (As) were studied in six representative marine sponges from the French Mediterranean and Irish Atlantic coasts. Methodologies were carefully optimized in one of the species on Haliclona fulva sponges for two critical steps: the sample mineralization for total As analysis by ICP-MS and the extraction of As species for HPLC-ICP-MS analysis. During the optimization, extractions performed with 0.6 mol L-1 H3PO4 were shown to be the most efficient. Extraction recovery of 81% was obtained which represents the best results obtained until now in sponge samples. Total As analyses and As speciation were performed on certified reference materials and allow confirming the measurement quality both during the sample preparation and analysis. Additionally, this study represents an environmental survey demonstrating a high variability of total As concentrations among the different species, probably related to different physiological or microbial features. As speciation results showed the predominance of arsenobetaine (AsB) regardless of the sponge species, as well as the occurrence of low amounts of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), arsenate (As(+V)), and unknown As species in some samples. The process responsible for As transformation in sponges is most likely related to sponges metabolism itself or the action of symbiont organisms. AsB is supposed to be implied in the protection against osmolytic stress. This study demonstrates the ability of sponges to accumulate and bio-transform As, proving that sponges are relevant bio-monitors for As contamination in the marine environment, and potential tools in environmental bio-remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Orani
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, IRD, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Géoazur, UMR 7329, 250 rue Albert Einstein, Sophia Antipolis 06560 Valbonne, France; International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, MC 9800, Monaco.
| | - Aurélie Barats
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, IRD, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Géoazur, UMR 7329, 250 rue Albert Einstein, Sophia Antipolis 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Wendy Zitte
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, IRD, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Géoazur, UMR 7329, 250 rue Albert Einstein, Sophia Antipolis 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Christine Morrow
- National University of Ireland Galway, Marine Biodiscovery, School of Chemistry, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Olivier P Thomas
- National University of Ireland Galway, Marine Biodiscovery, School of Chemistry, University Road, Galway, Ireland
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12
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Orani AM, Barats A, Vassileva E, Thomas OP. Marine sponges as a powerful tool for trace elements biomonitoring studies in coastal environment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 131:633-645. [PMID: 29886991 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we performed a comparative study on six marine sponge species collected along the French Mediterranean and Irish coasts for their TEs accumulation. Intra and inter-species variabilities were examined. Among the Mediterranean species, Cymbaxinella damicornis accumulates significantly more As and Cu than others sponge species; Chondrilla nucula more Ni and Mo and Acanthella acuta more Ag. Among Irish samples, Hymeniacidon perlevis showed higher accumulation properties for most of TEs in comparison to Halichondria panicea. Bioconcentration Factors were > 1 in all species for most of TEs. This study suggests that TEs bioaccumulation is most likely associated to differences in morphological features and/or to specific bacterial communities associated to different species. The determination of Pb isotope ratios revealed mainly natural Pb sources for Mediterranean and Kilkieran Bay's samples, and rather anthropogenic influence for Belfast samples. This study confirms that sponges represent a powerful tool for biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Orani
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, IRD, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Géoazur, UMR 7329, 250 rue Albert Einstein, Sophia Antipolis, 06560, Valbonne, France; International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Principality of Monaco.
| | - Aurélie Barats
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, IRD, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Géoazur, UMR 7329, 250 rue Albert Einstein, Sophia Antipolis, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Emilia Vassileva
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | - Olivier P Thomas
- Marine Biodiscovery, School of Chemistry and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
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Jackson SA, Crossman L, Almeida EL, Margassery LM, Kennedy J, Dobson ADW. Diverse and Abundant Secondary Metabolism Biosynthetic Gene Clusters in the Genomes of Marine Sponge Derived Streptomyces spp. Isolates. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E67. [PMID: 29461500 PMCID: PMC5852495 DOI: 10.3390/md16020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Streptomyces produces secondary metabolic compounds that are rich in biological activity. Many of these compounds are genetically encoded by large secondary metabolism biosynthetic gene clusters (smBGCs) such as polyketide synthases (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) which are modular and can be highly repetitive. Due to the repeats, these gene clusters can be difficult to resolve using short read next generation datasets and are often quite poorly predicted using standard approaches. We have sequenced the genomes of 13 Streptomyces spp. strains isolated from shallow water and deep-sea sponges that display antimicrobial activities against a number of clinically relevant bacterial and yeast species. Draft genomes have been assembled and smBGCs have been identified using the antiSMASH (antibiotics and Secondary Metabolite Analysis Shell) web platform. We have compared the smBGCs amongst strains in the search for novel sequences conferring the potential to produce novel bioactive secondary metabolites. The strains in this study recruit to four distinct clades within the genus Streptomyces. The marine strains host abundant smBGCs which encode polyketides, NRPS, siderophores, bacteriocins and lantipeptides. The deep-sea strains appear to be enriched with gene clusters encoding NRPS. Marine adaptations are evident in the sponge-derived strains which are enriched for genes involved in the biosynthesis and transport of compatible solutes and for heat-shock proteins. Streptomyces spp. from marine environments are a promising source of novel bioactive secondary metabolites as the abundance and diversity of smBGCs show high degrees of novelty. Sponge derived Streptomyces spp. isolates appear to display genomic adaptations to marine living when compared to terrestrial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Jackson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland.
| | - Lisa Crossman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
- SequenceAnalysis.co.uk, NRP Innovation Centre, Norwich NR4 7UG, UK.
| | - Eduardo L Almeida
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland.
| | - Lekha Menon Margassery
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland.
| | - Jonathan Kennedy
- Invista Performance Technologies, The Wilton Centre, Wilton, Redcar, Cleveland TS10 4RF, UK.
| | - Alan D W Dobson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland.
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Lee Road, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland.
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14
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Keren R, Mayzel B, Lavy A, Polishchuk I, Levy D, Fakra SC, Pokroy B, Ilan M. Sponge-associated bacteria mineralize arsenic and barium on intracellular vesicles. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14393. [PMID: 28233852 PMCID: PMC5333131 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic and barium are ubiquitous environmental toxins that accumulate in higher trophic-level organisms. Whereas metazoans have detoxifying organs to cope with toxic metals, sponges lack organs but harbour a symbiotic microbiome performing various functions. Here we examine the potential roles of microorganisms in arsenic and barium cycles in the sponge Theonella swinhoei, known to accumulate high levels of these metals. We show that a single sponge symbiotic bacterium, Entotheonella sp., constitutes the arsenic- and barium-accumulating entity within the host. These bacteria mineralize both arsenic and barium on intracellular vesicles. Our results indicate that Entotheonella sp. may act as a detoxifying organ for its host. The marine sponge Theonella swinhoei accumulates toxic arsenic and barium. Here the authors show that these toxic elements are actually accumulated and mineralized within vesicles inside bacteria that live within the sponge tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Keren
- Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Boaz Mayzel
- Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Adi Lavy
- Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Iryna Polishchuk
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Davide Levy
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Sirine C Fakra
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Boaz Pokroy
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Micha Ilan
- Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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15
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Illuminati S, Annibaldi A, Truzzi C, Scarponi G. Heavy metal distribution in organic and siliceous marine sponge tissues measured by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 111:476-482. [PMID: 27389453 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
May sponge spicules represent a "tank" to accumulate heavy metals? In this study we test this hypothesis determining the distribution of Cd, Pb and Cu concentrations between organic and siliceous tissues in Antarctic Demospongia (Sphaerotylus antarcticus, Kirkpatrikia coulmani and Haliclona sp.) and in the Mediterranean species Petrosia ficiformis. Results show that although, in these sponges, spicules represent about 80% of the mass content, the accumulation of pollutant is lower in the spicules than in the corresponding organic fraction. The contribution of tissues to the total sponge content of Cd, Pb and Cu is respectively 99%, 82% and 97% for Antarctic sponges and 96%, 95% and 96% for P. ficiformis, similar in polar and temperate organisms. These results pave the way to a better understanding of the role of marine sponges in uptaking heavy metals and to their possible use as monitor of marine ecosystems, recommend by the Water Framework Directive.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Illuminati
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - A Annibaldi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - C Truzzi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - G Scarponi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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16
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Keren R, Lavy A, Ilan M. Increasing the Richness of Culturable Arsenic-Tolerant Bacteria from Theonella swinhoei by Addition of Sponge Skeleton to the Growth Medium. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2016; 71:873-886. [PMID: 26809776 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0726-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Theonella swinhoei is an arsenic hyper-accumulator sponge, harboring a multitude of associated bacteria. These bacteria reside in the mesohyl, the dense extracellular matrix of the sponge. Previous elemental analysis of separated cell fractions from the sponge had determined that arsenic is localized to the associated bacteria. Subsequently, sponge-associated arsenic-tolerant bacteria were isolated here and grouped into 15 operational taxonomic units (OTUs, 97% similarity). Both culture-dependent and culture-independent work had revealed that T. swinhoei harbors a highly diverse bacterial community. It was thus hypothesized the acclimation of bacteria in the presence of a sponge skeleton, better mimicking its natural environment, would increase the yield of isolation of sponge-associated bacteria. Using seven modularly designed media, 380 bacteria isolates were grown and grouped into 22 OTUs. Inclusion of sponge skeleton in the growth medium promoted bacterial growth in all seven media, accounting for 20 of the 22 identified OTUs (the other two in a medium without skeleton). Diversity and richness indices were calculated for each treatment or combination of treatments with shared growth parameters. Integrating data inherent in the modularly designed media with the ecological indices led to the formation of new hypotheses regarding the aeration conditions and expected arsenic form in situ. Both aerobic and anoxic conditions are expected to occur in the sponge (temporally and/or spatially). Arsenate is expected to be the dominant (or even the only) arsenic form in the sponge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Keren
- Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
| | - Adi Lavy
- Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Micha Ilan
- Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
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17
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Use of handheld X-ray fluorescence as a non-invasive method to distinguish between Asian and African elephant tusks. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24845. [PMID: 27097717 PMCID: PMC4838944 DOI: 10.1038/srep24845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the use of handheld X-ray fluorescence, for elephant tusk species identification. Asian (n = 72) and African (n = 85) elephant tusks were scanned and we utilized the species differences in elemental composition to develop a functional model differentiating between species with high precision. Spatially, the majority of measured elements (n = 26) exhibited a homogeneous distribution in cross-section, but a more heterologous pattern in the longitudinal direction. Twenty-one of twenty four elements differed between Asian and African samples. Data were subjected to hierarchical cluster analysis followed by a stepwise discriminant analysis, which identified elements for the functional equation. The best equation consisted of ratios of Si, S, Cl, Ti, Mn, Ag, Sb and W, with Zr as the denominator. Next, Bayesian binary regression model analysis was conducted to predict the probability that a tusk would be of African origin. A cut-off value was established to improve discrimination. This Bayesian hybrid classification model was then validated by scanning an additional 30 Asian and 41 African tusks, which showed high accuracy (94%) and precision (95%) rates. We conclude that handheld XRF is an accurate, non-invasive method to discriminate origin of elephant tusks provides rapid results applicable to use in the field.
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18
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Gentric C, Rehel K, Dufour A, Sauleau P. Bioaccumulation of metallic trace elements and organic pollutants in marine sponges from the South Brittany Coast, France. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2015; 51:213-219. [PMID: 26634290 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2015.1094327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the accumulation of metallic and organic pollutants in marine sponges with the oyster Crassostrea gigas used as sentinel species. The concentrations of 12 Metallic Trace Elements (MTEs), 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), 7 PolyChlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), and 3 organotin derivatives were measured in 7 marine sponges collected in the Etel River (South Brittany, France). Results indicated Al, Co, Cr, Fe, Pb, and Ti particularly accumulated in marine sponges such as Hymeniacidon perlevis and Raspailia ramosa at higher levels compared to oysters. At the opposite, Cu and Zn accumulated significantly at higher concentrations in oysters. Among PAHs analyzed, benzo(a)pyrene bioaccumulated in H. perlevis at levels up to 17-fold higher than in oysters. In contrast, PCBs bioaccumulated preferentially in oysters. Significant differences exist in the abilities of marine phyla and sponge species to accumulate organic and metallic pollutants however, among the few sponge species studied, H. perlevis showed impressive bioaccumulation properties. The use of this species as bioindicator and/or bioremediator near shellfish farming areas is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Gentric
- a University of South Brittany, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Marine Chemistry, European University Institute of the Sea , Lorient , France
| | - Karine Rehel
- a University of South Brittany, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Marine Chemistry, European University Institute of the Sea , Lorient , France
| | - Alain Dufour
- a University of South Brittany, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Marine Chemistry, European University Institute of the Sea , Lorient , France
| | - Pierre Sauleau
- a University of South Brittany, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Marine Chemistry, European University Institute of the Sea , Lorient , France
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Bauvais C, Zirah S, Piette L, Chaspoul F, Domart-Coulon I, Chapon V, Gallice P, Rebuffat S, Pérez T, Bourguet-Kondracki ML. Sponging up metals: bacteria associated with the marine sponge Spongia officinalis. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 104:20-30. [PMID: 25575352 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study explored the bacteria of the sponge Spongia officinalis in a metal-polluted environment, using PCR-DGGE fingerprinting, culture-dependent approaches and in situ hybridization. The sponge samples collected over three consecutive years in the Western Mediterranean Sea contained high concentrations of zinc, nickel, lead and copper determined by ICP-MS. DGGE signatures indicated a sponge specific bacterial association and suggested spatial and temporal variations. The bacterial culturable fraction associated with S. officinalis and tolerant to heavy metals was isolated using metal-enriched microbiological media. The obtained 63 aerobic strains were phylogenetically affiliated to the phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes. All isolates showed high tolerances to the selected heavy metals. The predominant genus Pseudovibrio was localized via CARD-FISH in the sponge surface tissue and validated as a sponge-associated epibiont. This study is the first step in understanding the potential involvement of the associated bacteria in sponge's tolerance to heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cléa Bauvais
- Laboratoire Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, CNRS/MNHN UMR 7245, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier (CP 54), 75005 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Séverine Zirah
- Laboratoire Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, CNRS/MNHN UMR 7245, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier (CP 54), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laurie Piette
- Laboratoire des Interactions Protéines Métal, CEA, DSV, IBEB, SBVME, Bât 185, CEA de Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France; CNRS, UMR 7265, Bât 185, CEA de Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France; Université d'Aix-Marseille, Bât 185, CEA de Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Florence Chaspoul
- Laboratoire de Physique Chimie Prévention des risques, Faculté de Pharmacie, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR CNRS 7263, IRD 237, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Isabelle Domart-Coulon
- Laboratoire Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, CNRS/MNHN UMR 7245, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier (CP 54), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Virginie Chapon
- Laboratoire des Interactions Protéines Métal, CEA, DSV, IBEB, SBVME, Bât 185, CEA de Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France; CNRS, UMR 7265, Bât 185, CEA de Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France; Université d'Aix-Marseille, Bât 185, CEA de Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Philippe Gallice
- Laboratoire de Physique Chimie Prévention des risques, Faculté de Pharmacie, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR CNRS 7263, IRD 237, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Sylvie Rebuffat
- Laboratoire Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, CNRS/MNHN UMR 7245, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier (CP 54), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thierry Pérez
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7263 CNRS 7263, IRD 237, Station Marine d'Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Lise Bourguet-Kondracki
- Laboratoire Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, CNRS/MNHN UMR 7245, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier (CP 54), 75005 Paris, France.
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Keren R, Lavy A, Mayzel B, Ilan M. Culturable associated-bacteria of the sponge Theonella swinhoei show tolerance to high arsenic concentrations. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:154. [PMID: 25762993 PMCID: PMC4340220 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponges are potent filter feeders and as such are exposed to high fluxes of toxic trace elements, which can accumulate in their body over time. Such is the case of the Red Sea sponge Theonella swinhoei, which has been shown to accumulate up to 8500 mg/Kg of the highly toxicelement arsenic. T. swinhoei is known to harbor a multitude of sponge-associated bacteria, so it is hypothesized that the associated-bacteria will be tolerant to high arsenic concentration. This study also investigates the fate of the arsenic accumulated in the sponge to test if the associated-bacteria have an important role in the arsenic accumulation process of their host, since bacteria are key players in the natural arsenic cycle. Separation of the sponge to sponge cells and bacteria enriched fractions showed that arsenic is accumulated by the bacteria. Sponge-associated, arsenic-tolerant bacteria were cultured in the presence of 5 mM of either arsenate or arsenite (equivalent to 6150 mg/Kg arsenic, dry weight). The 54 isolated bacteria were grouped to 15 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and isolates belonging to 12 OTUs were assessed for tolerance to arsenate at increased concentrations up to 100 mM. Eight of the 12 OTUs tolerated an order of magnitude increase in the concentration of arsenate, and some exhibited external biomineralization of arsenic-magnesium salts. The biomineralization of this unique mineral was directly observed in bacteria for the first time. These results may provide an explanation for the ability of the sponge to accumulate considerable amounts of arsenic. Furthermore arsenic-mineralizing bacteria can potentially be used for the study of bioremediation, as arsenic toxicity affects millions of people worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Keren
- Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
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