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Regulatory network for FOREVER YOUNG FLOWER-like genes in regulating Arabidopsis flower senescence and abscission. Commun Biol 2022; 5:662. [PMID: 35790878 PMCID: PMC9256709 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03629-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
FOREVER YOUNG FLOWER (FYF) has been reported to play an important role in regulating flower senescence/abscission. Here, we functionally analyzed five Arabidopsis FYF-like genes, two in the FYF subgroup (FYL1/AGL71 and FYL2/AGL72) and three in the SOC1 subgroup (SOC1/AGL20, AGL19, and AGL14/XAL2), and showed their involvement in the regulation of flower senescence and/or abscission. We demonstrated that in FYF subgroup, FYF has both functions in suppressing flower senescence and abscission, FYL1 only suppresses flower abscission and FYL2 has been converted as an activator to promote flower senescence. In SOC1 subgroup, AGL19/AGL14/SOC1 have only one function in suppressing flower senescence. We also found that FYF-like proteins can form heterotetrameric complexes with different combinations of A/E functional proteins (such as AGL6 and SEP1) and AGL15/18-like proteins to perform their functions. These findings greatly expand the current knowledge behind the multifunctional evolution of FYF-like genes and uncover their regulatory network in plants.
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Preston JC, Powers B, Kostyun JL, Driscoll H, Zhang F, Zhong J. Implications of region-specific gene expression for development of the partially fused petunia corolla. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:158-175. [PMID: 31183889 PMCID: PMC6763366 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperm petal fusion (sympetaly) has evolved multiple times independently and is associated with increased specificity between plants and their pollinators. To uncover developmental genetic changes that might have led to the evolution of sympetaly in the asterid core eudicot genus Petunia (Solanaceae), we carried out global and fine-scale gene expression analyses in different regions of the corolla. We found that, despite several similarities with the choripetalous model species Arabidopsis thaliana in the proximal-distal transcriptome, the Petunia axillaris fused and proximal corolla tube expresses several genes that in A. thaliana are associated with the distal petal region. This difference aligns with variation in petal shape and fusion across ontogeny of the two species. Moreover, differential gene expression between the unfused lobes and fused tube of P. axillaris petals revealed three strong candidate genes for sympetaly based on functional annotation in organ boundary specification. Partial silencing of one of these, the HANABA TARANU (HAN)-like gene PhGATA19, resulted in reduced fusion of Petunia hybrida petals, with silencing of both PhGATA19 and its close paralog causing premature plant senescence. Finally, detailed expression analyses for the previously characterized organ boundary gene candidate NO APICAL MERISTEM (NAM) supports the hypothesis that it establishes boundaries between most P. axillaris floral organs, with the exception of boundaries between petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill C. Preston
- Department of Plant Biology, The University of Vermont, 63 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Beck Powers
- Department of Plant Biology, The University of Vermont, 63 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Jamie L. Kostyun
- Department of Plant Biology, The University of Vermont, 63 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Heather Driscoll
- Bioinformatics Core, Vermont Genetics Network, Department of Biology, Norwich University, 158 Harmon Drive, Northfield, VT 05663, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Biology, The University of Vermont, 33 Marsh Life Science, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Jinshun Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, The University of Vermont, 63 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Current address: Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
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Jaudal M, Zhang L, Che C, Li G, Tang Y, Wen J, Mysore KS, Putterill J. A SOC1-like gene MtSOC1a promotes flowering and primary stem elongation in Medicago. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4867-4880. [PMID: 30295903 PMCID: PMC6137972 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Medicago flowering, like that of Arabidopsis, is promoted by vernalization and long days, but alternative mechanisms are predicted because Medicago lacks the key regulators CO and FLC. Three Medicago SOC1-like genes, including MtSOC1a, were previously implicated in flowering control, but no legume soc1 mutants with altered flowering were reported. Here, reverse transciption-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) indicated that the timing and magnitude of MtSOC1a expression was regulated by the flowering promoter FTa1, while in situ hybridization indicated that MtSOC1a expression increased in the shoot apical meristem during the floral transition. A Mtsoc1a mutant showed delayed flowering and short primary stems. Overexpression of MtSOC1a partially rescued the flowering of Mtsoc1a, but caused a dramatic increase in primary stem height, well before the transition to flowering. Internode cell length correlated with stem height, indicating that MtSOC1a promotes cell elongation in the primary stem. However, application of gibberellin (GA3) caused stem elongation in both the wild type and Mtsoc1a, indicating that the mutant was not defective in gibberellin responsiveness. These results indicate that MtSOC1a may function as a floral integrator gene and promotes primary stem elongation. Overall, this study suggests that apart from some conservation with the Arabidopsis flowering network, MtSOC1a has a novel role in regulating aspects of shoot architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauren Jaudal
- Flowering Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Flowering Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chong Che
- Flowering Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Guifen Li
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, USA
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, USA
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, USA
| | | | - Joanna Putterill
- Flowering Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Tyagi S, Sri T, Singh A, Mayee P, Shivaraj SM, Sharma P, Singh A. SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 influences flowering time, lateral branching, oil quality, and seed yield in Brassica juncea cv. Varuna. Funct Integr Genomics 2018; 19:43-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-018-0626-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Zhong J, Powell S, Preston JC. Organ boundary NAC-domain transcription factors are implicated in the evolution of petal fusion. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:893-902. [PMID: 27500862 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Research rationale: Evolution of fused petals (sympetaly) is considered to be an important innovation that has repeatedly led to increased pollination efficiency, resulting in accelerated rates of plant diversification. Although little is known about the underlying regulation of sympetaly, genetic pathways ancestrally involved in organ boundary establishment (e.g. CUP SHAPED COTYLEDON [CUC] 1-3 genes) are strong candidates. In sympetalous petunia, mutations in the CUC1/2-like orthologue NO APICAL MERISTEM (NAM) inhibit shoot apical meristem formation. Despite this, occasional 'escape shoots' develop flowers with extra petals and fused inter-floral whorl organs. Central methods: To To determine if petunia CUC-like genes regulate additional floral patterning, we used virus-induced silencing (VIGS) following establishment of healthy shoot apices to re-examine the role of NAM in petunia petal development, and uniquely characterise the CUC3 orthologue NH16. KEY RESULTS Confirming previous results, we found that reduced floral NAM/NH16 expression caused increased petal-stamen and stamen-carpel fusion, and often produced extra petals. However, further to previous results, all VIGS plants infected with NAM or NH16 constructs exhibited reduced fusion in the petal whorl compared to control plants. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Together with previous data, our results demonstrate conservation of petunia CUC-like genes in establishing inter-floral whorl organ boundaries, as well as functional evolution to affect the fusion of petunia petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - S Powell
- Department of Plant Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - J C Preston
- Department of Plant Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Tsukamoto A, Hirai T, Chin DP, Mii M, Mizoguchi T, Mizuta D, Yoshida H, Olsen JE, Ezura H, Fukuda N. The FT-like gene PehFT in petunia responds to photoperiod and light quality but is not the main gene promoting light quality-associated flowering. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2016; 33:297-307. [PMID: 31274991 PMCID: PMC6565942 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.16.0620a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, flowering is delayed under red light and induced under far red light and blue light. Studies suggest that the florigen, FLOWERING LOCUS T, is involved in the control of light quality-associated flowering in Arabidopsis. In petunia, similar to Arabidopsis, flowering is delayed under red light and induced under blue light, however its mechanism still remains unknown. Here we isolated a gene which has 75% amino acid sequence similarity with Arabidopsis FT (AtFT), named PehFT. By overexpressing PehFT in Arbidopsis and petunia, we tested its ability to induce flowering. Also, by conducting expression analyses of PehFT under different light quality treatments, we tested its response to light quality. We concluded that PehFT, like AtFT, is a gene which responds to photoperiod and light quality, but unlike AtFT, is not the main gene controlling the light quality-associated flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Hirai
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Dong Poh Chin
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, 6-2-1, Kashiwanoha Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Masahiro Mii
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, 6-2-1, Kashiwanoha Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mizoguchi
- Department of Natural Science, International Christian University (ICU), 10-2-3, Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8585, Japan
| | - Daiki Mizuta
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hideo Yoshida
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Jorunn E. Olsen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Naoya Fukuda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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Preston JC, Jorgensen SA, Orozco R, Hileman LC. Paralogous SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) genes differentially regulate leaf initiation and reproductive phase change in petunia. PLANTA 2016; 243:429-40. [PMID: 26445769 PMCID: PMC4722060 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Duplicated petunia clade-VI SPL genes differentially promote the timing of inflorescence and flower development, and leaf initiation rate. The timing of plant reproduction relative to favorable environmental conditions is a critical component of plant fitness, and is often associated with variation in plant architecture and habit. Recent studies have shown that overexpression of the microRNA miR156 in distantly related annual species results in plants with perennial characteristics, including late flowering, weak apical dominance, and abundant leaf production. These phenotypes are largely mediated through the negative regulation of a subset of genes belonging to the SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) family of transcription factors. In order to determine how and to what extent paralogous SPL genes have partitioned their roles in plant growth and development, we functionally characterized petunia clade-VI SPL genes under different environmental conditions. Our results demonstrate that PhSBP1and PhSBP2 differentially promote discrete stages of the reproductive transition, and that PhSBP1, and possibly PhCNR, accelerates leaf initiation rate. In contrast to the closest homologs in annual Arabidopsis thaliana and Mimulus guttatus, PhSBP1 and PhSBP2 transcription is not mediated by the gibberellic acid pathway, but is positively correlated with photoperiod and developmental age. The developmental functions of clade-VI SPL genes have, thus, evolved following both gene duplication and speciation within the core eudicots, likely through differential regulation and incomplete sub-functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill C Preston
- Department of Plant Biology, The University of Vermont, 111 Jeffords Hall, 63 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| | - Stacy A Jorgensen
- Department of Plant Biology, The University of Vermont, 111 Jeffords Hall, 63 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Rebecca Orozco
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Kansas, 8009 Haworth Hall, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Lena C Hileman
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Kansas, 8009 Haworth Hall, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
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Franks SJ, Perez-Sweeney B, Strahl M, Nowogrodzki A, Weber JJ, Lalchan R, Jordan KP, Litt A. Variation in the flowering time orthologs BrFLC and BrSOC1 in a natural population of Brassica rapa. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1339. [PMID: 26644966 PMCID: PMC4671188 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genetic basis of natural phenotypic variation is of great importance, particularly since selection can act on this variation to cause evolution. We examined expression and allelic variation in candidate flowering time loci in Brassica rapa plants derived from a natural population and showing a broad range in the timing of first flowering. The loci of interest were orthologs of the Arabidopsis genes FLC and SOC1 (BrFLC and BrSOC1, respectively), which in Arabidopsis play a central role in the flowering time regulatory network, with FLC repressing and SOC1 promoting flowering. In B. rapa, there are four copies of FLC and three of SOC1. Plants were grown in controlled conditions in the lab. Comparisons were made between plants that flowered the earliest and latest, with the difference in average flowering time between these groups ∼30 days. As expected, we found that total expression of BrSOC1 paralogs was significantly greater in early than in late flowering plants. Paralog-specific primers showed that expression was greater in early flowering plants in the BrSOC1 paralogs Br004928, Br00393 and Br009324, although the difference was not significant in Br009324. Thus expression of at least 2 of the 3 BrSOC1 orthologs is consistent with their predicted role in flowering time in this natural population. Sequences of the promoter regions of the BrSOC1 orthologs were variable, but there was no association between allelic variation at these loci and flowering time variation. For the BrFLC orthologs, expression varied over time, but did not differ between the early and late flowering plants. The coding regions, promoter regions and introns of these genes were generally invariant. Thus the BrFLC orthologs do not appear to influence flowering time in this population. Overall, the results suggest that even for a trait like flowering time that is controlled by a very well described genetic regulatory network, understanding the underlying genetic basis of natural variation in such a quantitative trait is challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Franks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University , Bronx, NY , United States of America ; Pfizer Laboratory, The New York Botanical Garden , Bronx, NY , United States of America
| | - Beatriz Perez-Sweeney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University , Bronx, NY , United States of America ; Center for Education Outreach, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX , United States of America
| | - Maya Strahl
- Pfizer Laboratory, The New York Botanical Garden , Bronx, NY , United States of America ; Department of Genetics and Genomics, Mt. Sinai Hospital , New York, NY , United States of America
| | - Anna Nowogrodzki
- Pfizer Laboratory, The New York Botanical Garden , Bronx, NY , United States of America ; Comparative Media Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA , United States of America
| | - Jennifer J Weber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University , Bronx, NY , United States of America ; Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale , Carbondale, IL , United States of America
| | - Rebecca Lalchan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University , Bronx, NY , United States of America
| | - Kevin P Jordan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University , Bronx, NY , United States of America
| | - Amy Litt
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, The University of California , Riverside, CA , United States of America
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Voogd C, Wang T, Varkonyi-Gasic E. Functional and expression analyses of kiwifruit SOC1-like genes suggest that they may not have a role in the transition to flowering but may affect the duration of dormancy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4699-710. [PMID: 25979999 PMCID: PMC4507769 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The MADS-domain transcription factor SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1) is one of the key integrators of endogenous and environmental signals that promote flowering in the annual species Arabidopsis thaliana. In the deciduous woody perennial vine kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.), environmental signals are integrated to regulate annual cycles of growth and dormancy. Accumulation of chilling during winter is required for dormancy break and flowering in spring. In order to understand the regulation of dormancy and flowering in kiwifruit, nine kiwifruit SOC1-like genes were identified and characterized. All genes affected flowering time of A. thaliana Col-0 and were able to rescue the late flowering phenotype of the soc1-2 mutant when ectopically expressed. A differential capacity for homodimerization was observed, but all proteins were capable of strong interactions with SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) MADS-domain proteins. Largely overlapping spatial domains but distinct expression profiles in buds were identified between the SOC1-like gene family members. Ectopic expression of AcSOC1e, AcSOC1i, and AcSOC1f in Actinidia chinensis had no impact on establishment of winter dormancy and failed to induce precocious flowering, but AcSOC1i reduced the duration of dormancy in the absence of winter chilling. These findings add to our understanding of the SOC1-like gene family and the potential diversification of SOC1 function in woody perennials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Voogd
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Mt Albert, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Tianchi Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Mt Albert, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Erika Varkonyi-Gasic
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Mt Albert, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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