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Efficacy and Safety of Qiwei Tongbi Oral Liquid in Patients with Stable Long-Standing Rheumatoid Arthritis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:3930800. [PMID: 34725638 PMCID: PMC8557082 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3930800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Our study is aimed at investigating the efficacy and safety of Qiwei Tongbi oral liquid in patients with stable long-standing rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Method 140 patients with stable long-standing RA were recruited into the Qiwei Tongbi oral liquid group or the control group. At study recruitment and after 12 weeks of treatment, their C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), visual analogue scale (VAS), and Disease Activity Score (DAS) 28 were compared in two groups. Results Patients in the Qiwei Tongbi oral liquid group had a lower level of CRP, IL-6, VAS scale, and HAQ score compared to patients in the control group (CRP: 3.51 ± 1.57 vs.5.47 ± 1.72 mg/L, P < 0.001; IL-6: 1.62 ± 0.8 vs. 2.19 ± 0.88 pg/mL, P < 0.001; VAS scale: 1.59 ± 0.69 vs. 2.66 ± 1.02, P < 0.001; and HAQ score: 1.19 ± 0.46 vs. 1.41 ± 0.50, P = 0.005). The ESR and DAS28 did not reach statistical difference. No damage to liver and kidney functions was observed in both groups. Conclusion Qiwei Tongbi oral liquid has the tendency to decrease the inflammation levels and pain score and improve patients' outcomes in patients with stable long-standing RA.
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Szewczyk K, Bogucka-Kocka A, Vorobets N, Grzywa-Celińska A, Granica S. Phenolic Composition of the Leaves of Pyrola rotundifolia L. and Their Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071749. [PMID: 32290223 PMCID: PMC7180938 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The leaves of Pyrola rotundifolia L. were extracted in the mixed solvent of methanol/acetone/water (2:2:1, v/v/v) and investigated for their phytochemical analysis and biological activity. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined spectrophotometrically. A high content of phenols (208.35 mg GAE/g of dry extract), flavonoids (38.90 mg QE/g of dry extract) and gallotannins (722.91 GAE/g of dry extract) was obtained. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography diode array detector tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-MS) allowed for the detection of 23 major peaks at 254 nm. The extract was analyzed for its antioxidant capacity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2'-azinobis[3-ethylbenzthiazoline]-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+) radical scavenging, metal chelating power and β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assays. The examined extract showed moderate radical scavenging and chelating activity, and good inhibiting ability of linoleic acid oxidation (EC50 = 0.05 mg/mL) in comparison to standards. The cytotoxic effect in increasing concentration on five types of leukemic cell lines was also investigated using trypan blue vital staining. It was found that the analyzed extract induced the apoptosis of all the tested cell lines. Our findings suggest that the leaves of P. rotundifolia are a source of valuable compounds providing protection against oxidative damage, hence their use in traditional medicine is justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Szewczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +4-881-448-7064
| | - Anna Bogucka-Kocka
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Natalia Vorobets
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, 69 Pekarska Str., 79010 Lviv, Ukraine;
| | - Anna Grzywa-Celińska
- Chair and Departament of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
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Chen B, Li X, Liu J, Qin W, Liang M, Liu Q, Chen D. Antioxidant and Cytoprotective effects of Pyrola decorata H. Andres and its five phenolic components. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:275. [PMID: 31638966 PMCID: PMC6805648 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2698-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Pyrola decorata H. Andres, is exclusively distributed in China and a source of traditional Chinese herbal medicine Luxiancao for more than 2000 years. Here, we evaluated the antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of P. decorata and its five phenolic components (protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, hyperoside, 2′′-O-galloylhyperin, and quercetin), and discussed their antioxidant chemistry. Methods A lyophilized aqueous extract of P. decorata (LAEP) was prepared and analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). LAEP and its five phenolic components were comparatively investigated using five antioxidant assays, including ferric-reducing antioxidant power, cupric ion-reducing antioxidant capacity, 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide radical (PTIO•)-scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazl radical (DPPH•)-scavenging, and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical (ABTS+•)-scavenging activities. The reaction products of the five phenolic components with 4-methoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (4-methoxy-TEMPO•) were determined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS) analysis. LAEP and its five phenolic components were incubated with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (bmMSCs) subjected to oxidative stress to demonstrate their cytoprotective effects with a flow cytometry assay. Results In the five antioxidant assays, LAEP and its five phenolic components dose-dependently increased the radical-scavenging (or reducing power) activities. However, the IC50 values of hyperoside were consistently higher than those of 2′′-O-galloylhyperin. UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis results indicated that the five phenolics could yield dimer products in the presence of 4-methoxy-TEMPO• via the radical adduct formation (RAF) pathway. Flow cytometry assay results confirmed the cytoprotective activity of LAEP and its five phenolic components toward stressed bmMSCs. In particular, 2′′-O-galloylhyperin could more effectively reduce the percentage of damaged bmMSCs than hyperoside. Conclusion LAEP and its five phenolic components may undergo redox-based pathways (such as electron transfer and H+ transfer) and covalent-based pathway (i.e., RAF) to exhibit antioxidant activity. One consequence of RAF is the generation of phenolic-phenolic dimer. In both organic and aqueous media, 2′′-O-galloylhyperin exhibited higher redox-based antioxidant levels (or cytoprotective levels) than those with hyperoside. The differences could be attributed to 2′′-O-galloylation reaction.
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Figura T, Tylová E, Šoch J, Selosse MA, Ponert J. In vitro axenic germination and cultivation of mixotrophic Pyroloideae (Ericaceae) and their post-germination ontogenetic development. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:625-639. [PMID: 30403767 PMCID: PMC6417480 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pyroloids, forest sub-shrubs of the Ericaceae family, are an important model for their mixotrophic nutrition, which mixes carbon from photosynthesis and from their mycorrhizal fungi. They have medical uses but are difficult to cultivate ex situ; in particular, their dust seeds contain undifferentiated, few-celled embryos, whose germination is normally fully supported by fungal partners. Their germination and early ontogenesis thus remain elusive. METHODS An optimized in vitro cultivation system of five representatives from the subfamily Pyroloideae was developed to study the strength of seed dormancy and the effect of different media and conditions (including light, gibberellins and soluble saccharides) on germination. The obtained plants were analysed for morphological, anatomical and histochemical development. KEY RESULTS Thanks to this novel cultivation method, which breaks dormancy and achieved up to 100 % germination, leafy shoots were obtained in vitro for representatives of all pyroloid genera (Moneses, Orthilia, Pyrola and Chimaphila). In all cases, the first post-germination stage is an undifferentiated structure, from which a root meristem later emerges, well before formation of an adventive shoot. CONCLUSIONS This cultivation method can be used for further research or for ex situ conservation of pyroloid species. After strong seed dormancy is broken, the tiny globular embryo of pyroloids germinates into an intermediary zone, which is functionally convergent with the protocorm of other plants with dust seeds such as orchids. Like the orchid protocorm, this intermediary zone produces a single meristem: however, unlike orchids, which produce a shoot meristem, pyroloids first generate a root meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Figura
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Edita Tylová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šoch
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Paris, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jan Ponert
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
- Prague Botanical Garden, Trojská, Prague, Czech Republic
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Li Y, Kong D, Bai M, He H, Wang H, Wu H. Correlation of the temporal and spatial expression patterns of HQT with the biosynthesis and accumulation of chlorogenic acid in Lonicera japonica flowers. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:73. [PMID: 31231531 PMCID: PMC6544646 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA quinate transferase (HQT) is one of the key enzymes in the biosynthesis of chlorogenic acid (CGA) in the flowers of Lonicera japonica. However, the spatiotemporal expression patterns of HQT and its relationship to the dynamics of CGA biosynthesis, transport, and storage remain largely unknown. In this study, we collected L. japonica flower samples at different growth stages (S1-S6) and examined the spatiotemporal expression pattern of HQT and the dynamic accumulation patterns of CGA using a combination of molecular and cytological techniques. Our results suggest that the spatiotemporal expression pattern of HQT is directly correlated with dynamic changes in CGA accumulation and distribution in L. japonica flowers. We further show that CGA is synthesized primarily in the cytoplasm and chloroplasts. CGA synthesized in the cytoplasm first accumulates in specialized vesicles and is then transferred to large central vacuoles for storage by fusion of CGA-containing vesicles with vacuoles. Furthermore, CGA synthesized in the chloroplasts appears to be transferred into the vacuoles for storage by direct membrane fusion between the tonoplast and the disrupted chloroplast membranes. Collectively, our results suggest that CGA is synthesized in chloroplasts and cytoplasm and finally transferred to the vacuole for long-term storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Dexin Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Mei Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Hanjun He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Hong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
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Wang X, Yu J, Li W, Wang C, Li H, Ju W, Chen J, Sun J. Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Lignans in Schisandra chinensis and Schisandra sphenanthera from Different Locations. Chem Biodivers 2018; 15:e1800030. [PMID: 29706012 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Twenty Schisandra samples were collected from different locations. Contents of 7 lignans in the samples were determined and analyzed by HPLC method coupled with hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), and the antioxidant capacity of Schisandra from the different locations was evaluated by reducing power, ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the content of lignans between Schisandra chinensis and Schisandra sphenanthera. The Schisandra sphenanthera samples in the southwest of China were significantly different from those from the other locations. The antioxidant capacity of Schisandra chinensis was significantly superior to that of Schisandra sphenanthera, and the main antioxidant components were schisandrol A, schisandrol B and schisandrin B based on the result of discrimination analyses. The differences in the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of lignans in Schisandra chinensis and Schisandra sphenanthera from the different locations were investigated in this study, which may provide an experimental basis for the quality control of Schisandra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinting Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, 132013, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, 132013, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, 132013, P. R. China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, 132013, P. R. China
| | - He Li
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, 132013, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Ju
- College of Basic Medical, Beihua University, Jilin, 132013, P. R. China
| | - Jianguang Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, 132013, P. R. China
| | - Jinghui Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, 132013, P. R. China
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Liu L, Yang D, Xing B, Zhang H, Liang Z. Salvia castanea Hairy Roots are More Tolerant to Phosphate Deficiency than Salvia miltiorrhiza Hairy Roots Based on the Secondary Metabolism and Antioxidant Defenses. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051132. [PMID: 29747474 PMCID: PMC6099837 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza is a well-known traditional Chinese herb which is used to treat heart disease. Salvia castanea is a substitute product for S. miltiorrhiza in the medicinal field. Previous study has shown that phosphate (Pi) deficiency could promote the accumulation of secondary metabolism in herbs, and it has also developed a strategy for saving Pi resources and increasing the yield of active substances in herbs. In the present study, the hairy roots of S. miltiorrhiza and S. castanea were used to identify the Pi deficiency response mechanisms of these two Salvia species. The results showed that Pi deficiency increased the accumulation of specifically secondary metabolites, such as phenolic acids and tanshinones, which were caused by promoting the expression levels of key enzyme genes. In addition, Pi deficiency promoted the antioxidant activity in these two Salvia species. The data demonstrated that Pi deficiency increased the quality of the medicinal material in the plant. The hairy roots of S. castanea were more adaptive to Pi deficiency than those of S. miltiorrhiza in terms of biomass, secondary metabolism, and antioxidant activity. The results of this study provide insights into breeding herbs that are better adapted to Pi deficiency, which could increase the yield of active ingredients in herbs and save Pi resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Dongfeng Yang
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Bingcong Xing
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS & MWR, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Haihua Zhang
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS & MWR, Yangling 712100, China.
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Yang X, Peng Q, Liu Q, Hu J, Tang Z, Cui L, Lin Z, Xu B, Lu K, Yang F, Sheng Z, Yuan Q, Liu S, Zhang J, Zhou X. Antioxidant activity against H 2O 2-induced cytotoxicity of the ethanol extract and compounds from Pyrola decorate leaves. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:1843-1848. [PMID: 28571528 PMCID: PMC6130655 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1333126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The leaves of Pyrola decorate H. Andr (Pyrolaceae), known as Luxiancao, have long been used for treating kidney deficiency, gastric haemorrhage and rheumatic arthritic diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. OBJECTIVE The phytochemicals and antioxidant capacities in vitro of P. decorate leaves were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethanol, petroleum ether, acetidin, n-butyl alcohol and aqueous extracts of Pyrola decorate leaves were prepared by solvent sequential process, and then isolated and purified to obtain phytochemicals. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. PC12 cells were pretreated for 24 h with different extractions of P. decorate leaves at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 mg/mL, then H2O2 of 0.4 mM was added in all samples for an additional 2 h. The antioxidant capacities of betulin, ursolic acid and monotropein were determined in PC12 cells against H2O2 induced cytotoxicity in vitro as well. RESULTS Nine compounds (1-9) were isolated and structurally determined by spectroscopic methods, especially 2D NMR analyses. Ethanol extract treated groups showed inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 10.83 mg/mL. Betulin, ursolic acid and monotropein were isolated from P. decorate, and demonstrated with IC50 values of 6.88, 6.15 and 6.13 μg/mL, respectively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, Pyrola decorate is a potential antioxidative natural plant and worth testing for further pharmacological investigation in the treatment of oxidative stress related neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiliang Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingyun Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhipeng Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lianjie Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zonghao Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kuojian Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhizheng Sheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiong Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiuliang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Carneiro FB, Lopes PQ, Ramalho RC, Scotti MT, Santos SG, Soares LAL. Characterization of Leaf Extracts of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi by GC-MS and Chemometric Analysis. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:S672-S675. [PMID: 29142431 PMCID: PMC5669114 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_555_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi belongs to Anacardiacea family and is widely known as “aroeira.” This species originates from South America, and its extracts are used in folk medicine due to its therapeutic properties, which include antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects. The complexity and variability of the chemical constitution of the herbal raw material establishes the quality of the respective herbal medicine products. Objective: Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the variability of the volatile compounds from leaves of S. terebinthifolius. Materials and Methods: The samples were collected from different states of the Northeast region of Brazil and analyzed with a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The collected data were analyzed using multivariate data analysis. Results: The samples’ chromatograms, obtained by GC-MS, showed similar chemical profiles in a number of peaks, but some differences were observed in the intensity of these analytical markers. The chromatographic fingerprints obtained by GC-MS were suitable for discrimination of the samples; these results along with a statistical treatment (principal component analysis [PCA]) were used as a tool for comparative analysis between the different samples of S. terebinthifolius. Conclusion: The experimental data show that the PCA used in this study clustered the samples into groups with similar chemical profiles, which builds an appropriate approach to evaluate the similarity in the phytochemical pattern found in the different leaf samples. SUMMARY The leave extracts of Schinus terebinthifolius were obtained by turbo-extraction The extracts were partitioned with hexane and analyzed by GC-MS The chromatographic data were analyzed using the principal component analysis (PCA) The PCA plots showed the main compounds (phellandrene, limonene, and carene), which were used to group the samples from a different geographical location in accordance to their chemical similarity.
Abbreviations used: AL: Alagoas, BA: Bahia, CE: Ceará, CPETEC: Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies, GC-MS: Gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer, MA: Maranhão, MVA: Multivariate data analysis, PB: Paraíba, PC1: Direction that describes the maximum variance of the original data, PC2: Maximum direction variance of the data in the subspace orthogonal to PC1, PCA: Principal component analysis, PE: Pernambuco, PI: Piauí, RN: Rio Grande do Norte, SE: Sergipe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabíola B Carneiro
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Pablo Q Lopes
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Ricardo C Ramalho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Marcus T Scotti
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Sócrates G Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Luiz A L Soares
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Uribe-Beltrán MDJ, Ahumada-Santos YP, Díaz-Camacho SP, Eslava-Campos CA, Reyes-Valenzuela JE, Báez-Flores ME, Osuna-Ramírez I, Delgado-Vargas F. High prevalence of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from children with and without diarrhoea and their susceptibility to the antibacterial activity of extracts/fractions of fruits native to Mexico. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:972-980. [PMID: 28742000 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper aims to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance of Esherichia coli isolates from children under 5 years old, with and without diarrhoea, who were hospital outpatients in Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico. It also looks at the antimicrobial activity of fruit extracts against selected multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli strains. METHODOLOGY A total of 205 E. coli isolates from stool samples were collected from 94 children under 5 years old who were outpatients from two hospitals in the city of Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico, during the autumn/winter of 2003/04; their resistance profiles to 19 commercial antimicrobials were investigated using the Kirby-Bauer method. The antibacterial activities of extracts/fractions of fruits (i.e. uvalama, Vitex mollis; ayale, Crescentia alata; and arrayan, Psidium sartorianum) were evaluated using the broth microdilution method. RESULTS All E. coli isolates were susceptible to amikacin, nitrofurantoin and meropenem, and approximately 96 % were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, especially carbenicillin (93.2 %), cefuroxime sodium (53.7 %), ampicillin (40 %) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (35.1 %). Likewise, the frequency of MDR strains (44.9 %) was high, and no significant association with diarrhoea symptoms was found. Remarkably, all fruit extracts/fractions showed antibacterial activity against some, but not all, MDR isolates. The lowest minimal inhibitory concentration values were for the hexane fraction of arrayan (0.25 mg ml-1). CONCLUSION A high number of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli (especially to β-lactams and sulfonamides) and MDR isolates were detected in children under 5 years old, irrespective of diarrhoea symptoms; this is novel information for Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico. Moreover, our results showed that the studied fruit extracts/fractions are potential alternative or complementary treatments for MDR E. coli strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yesmi Patricia Ahumada-Santos
- School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Sylvia Páz Díaz-Camacho
- School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alberto Eslava-Campos
- School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, 04510 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.,Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Hemato Oncology and Research Unit, Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez, 06720 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jesús Ernesto Reyes-Valenzuela
- School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - María Elena Báez-Flores
- School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Osuna-Ramírez
- School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Francisco Delgado-Vargas
- School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
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11
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Liu Z, Wang D, Li D, Zhang S. Quality Evaluation of Juniperus rigida Sieb. et Zucc. Based on Phenolic Profiles, Bioactivity, and HPLC Fingerprint Combined with Chemometrics. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:198. [PMID: 28469573 PMCID: PMC5395569 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Juniperus rigida (J. rigida) which is endemic to East Asia, has traditionally been used as an ethnomedicinal plant in China. This study was undertaken to evaluate the quality of J. rigida samples derived from 11 primary regions in China. Ten phenolic compounds were simultaneously quantified using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), and chlorogenic acid, catechin, podophyllotoxin, and amentoflavone were found to be the main compounds in J. rigida needles, with the highest contents detected for catechin and podophyllotoxin. J. rigida from Jilin (S9, S10) and Liaoning (S11) exhibited the highest contents of phenolic profiles (total phenolics, total flavonoids and 10 phenolic compounds) and the strongest antioxidant and antibacterial activities, followed by Shaanxi (S2, S3). A similarity analysis (SA) demonstrated substantial similarities in fingerprint chromatograms, from which 14 common peaks were selected. The similarity values varied from 0.85 to 0.98. Chemometrics techniques, including hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and discriminant analysis (DA), were further applied to facilitate accurate classification and quantification of the J. rigida samples derived from the 11 regions. The results supported HPLC data showing that all J. rigida samples exhibit considerable variations in phenolic profiles, and the samples were further clustered into three major groups coincident with their geographical regions of origin. In addition, two discriminant functions with a 100% discrimination ratio were constructed to further distinguish and classify samples with unknown membership on the basis of eigenvalues to allow optimal discrimination among the groups. Our comprehensive findings on matching phenolic profiles and bioactivities along with data from fingerprint chromatograms with chemometrics provide an effective tool for screening and quality evaluation of J. rigida and related medicinal preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Liu
- Department of Forestry Engineering, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Department of Forestry Engineering, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Dengwu Li
- Department of Forestry Engineering, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Forestry Engineering, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
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12
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Influence of Environmental Factors on the Active Substance Production and Antioxidant Activity in Potentilla fruticosa L. and Its Quality Assessment. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28591. [PMID: 27373366 PMCID: PMC4931507 DOI: 10.1038/srep28591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors may influence types and contents of active substances. This study investigated the influence of environmental factors on the active substance contents and antioxidant activity of Potentilla fruticosa L. from different regions of China. Also, HPLC fingerprint similarity analysis (SA) coupled with hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and discriminant analysis (DA) were further introduced for the accurate classification and quality assessment of P. fruticosa. The results showed that altitude was significantly and negatively correlated to the content of tannin (P < 0.05). Annual sunshine duration and altitude were significantly and positively correlated to the flavonoids content, rutin content and antioxidant activity (P < 0.05). Annual mean temperature was significantly and negatively correlated to the content of total phenolics, while altitude was significantly and positively correlated to the content of total phenolics (P < 0.05). Eight samples were unambiguously separated into three groups. Two types of discriminant functions with a 100% discrimination ratio were constructed. All data consistently supported the conclusion that P. fruticosa produced from Kangding, Sichuan Province had high quality among all samples, therefore, Kangding in Sichuan Province with favorable environmental conditions is recommended as a preferable production location.
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13
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Liu W, Wang D, Liu J, Li D, Yin D. Quality Evaluation of Potentilla fruticosa L. by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Fingerprinting Associated with Chemometric Methods. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149197. [PMID: 26890416 PMCID: PMC4758616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to assess the quality of Potentilla fruticosa L. sampled from distinct regions of China using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprinting coupled with a suite of chemometric methods. For this quantitative analysis, the main active phytochemical compositions and the antioxidant activity in P. fruticosa were also investigated. Considering the high percentages and antioxidant activities of phytochemicals, P. fruticosa samples from Kangding, Sichuan were selected as the most valuable raw materials. Similarity analysis (SA) of HPLC fingerprints, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principle component analysis (PCA), and discriminant analysis (DA) were further employed to provide accurate classification and quality estimates of P. fruticosa. Two principal components (PCs) were collected by PCA. PC1 separated samples from Kangding, Sichuan, capturing 57.64% of the variance, whereas PC2 contributed to further separation, capturing 18.97% of the variance. Two kinds of discriminant functions with a 100% discrimination ratio were constructed. The results strongly supported the conclusion that the eight samples from different regions were clustered into three major groups, corresponding with their morphological classification, for which HPLC analysis confirmed the considerable variation in phytochemical compositions and that P. fruticosa samples from Kangding, Sichuan were of high quality. The results of SA, HCA, PCA, and DA were in agreement and performed well for the quality assessment of P. fruticosa. Consequently, HPLC fingerprinting coupled with chemometric techniques provides a highly flexible and reliable method for the quality evaluation of traditional Chinese medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Agricultural College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dengwu Li
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dongxue Yin
- College of Agricultural Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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14
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Verma AK, Dhawan SS, Singh S, Bharati KA, Jyotsana. Genetic and Chemical Profiling of Gymnema sylvestre Accessions from Central India: Its Implication for Quality Control and Therapeutic Potential of Plant. Pharmacogn Mag 2016; 12:S407-S413. [PMID: 27761067 PMCID: PMC5068116 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.191443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gymnema sylvestre, a vulnerable plant species, is mentioned in Indian Pharmacopeia as an antidiabetic drug. OBJECTIVE Study of genetic and chemical diversity and its implications in accessions of G. sylvestre. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fourteen accessions of G. sylvestre collected from Central India and assessment of their genetic and chemical diversity were carried out using ISSR (inter simple sequence repeat) and HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) fingerprinting methods. RESULTS Among the screened 40 ISSR primers, 15 were found polymorphic and collectively produced nine unique accession-specific bands. The maximum and minimum numbers of amplicones were noted for ISSR-15 and ISSR-11, respectively. The ISSR -11 and ISSR-13 revealed 100% polymorphism. HPLC chromatograms showed that accessions possess the secondary metabolites of mid-polarity with considerable variability. Unknown peaks with retention time 2.63, 3.41, 23.83, 24.50, and 44.67 were found universal type. Comparative hierarchical clustering analysis based on foresaid fingerprints indicates that both techniques have equal potential to discriminate accessions according to percentage gymnemic acid in their leaf tissue. Second approach was noted more efficiently for separation of accessions according to their agro-climatic/collection site. CONCLUSION Highly polymorphic ISSRs could be utilized as molecular probes for further selection of high gymnemic acid yielding accessions. Observed accession specific bands may be used as a descriptor for plant accessions protection and converted into sequence tagged sites markers. Identified five universal type peaks could be helpful in identification of G. sylvestre-based various herbal preparations. SUMMARY Nine accession specific unique bandsFive marker peaks for G. sylvestre.Suitability of genetic and chemical fingerprinting Abbreviations used: HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography, ISSR: Inter Simple Sequence Repeats, CTAB: Cetyl Trimethylammonium Bromide, DNTP: Deoxynucleotide Triphosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar Verma
- Central Botanical Laboratory, Botanical Survey of India, AJC Bose Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Sunita Singh Dhawan
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Seema Singh
- Plant Genetics Unit, Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kumar Avinash Bharati
- Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, AJC Bose Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Jyotsana
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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15
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Zhang H, Lu J, Zhou L, Jiang L, Zhou M. Antioxidant and antitumor effects of ferula sinkiangensis K. M. Shen. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:20845-20852. [PMID: 26885009 PMCID: PMC4723854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study is to investigate the antioxidant and antitumor effects of the extract fractions of the Ferula sinkiangensis K. M. Shen. METHODS Four different fractions of the Ferula sinkiangensis K. M. Shen were obtained by the extraction with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and methanol, respectively, which were used to treat the HCT116, Caco-2, HepG2, and MFC cells. Free radical scavenging effects of the ferula fractions were deteced with the DPPH assay. Effects of the ferula fractions on the peroliferatoin of the tumor cells were assessed with the SRB assay. Apoptosis was detected with flow cytometry. RESULTS The DPPH assay showed that the petroleum ether fraction hardly showed any antioxidant activity, while the ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and methanol fractions exhibited free radical-scavenging capacities, in a dose dependent manner. The SRB assay showed that, the proliferation of the tumor cells could be inhibited by the ferula fractions, in a dose dependent manner. However, differential effects were observed for the different fractions in different model cells. Particularly, the ethyl acetate fraction exerted the most efficient inhibiting effects on the tumor cell proliferation. In addition, the flow cytometry showed that, all the ferula fractions significantly enhanced the apoptotic process in the tumor cells, with differential enhancing capacities in different model cells. CONCLUSION Extract fractions of the Ferula sinkiangensis K. M. Shen could exert antioxidant, proliferation-inhibiting, and apoptosis-enhancing effects in tumor cells. Particularly, the ethyl acetate fraction exhibits the most potent antioxidant and antitumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Longlong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Mingxin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
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