1
|
Shu Z, Wan J, Read RJ, Carrell RW, Zhou A. Angiotensinogen and the Modulation of Blood Pressure. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:645123. [PMID: 33816576 PMCID: PMC8012498 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.645123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin peptides that control blood pressure are released from the non-inhibitory plasma serpin, angiotensinogen, on cleavage of its extended N-terminal tail by the specific aspartyl-protease, renin. Angiotensinogen had previously been assumed to be a passive substrate, but we describe here how recent studies reveal an inherent conformational mechanism that is critical to the cleavage and release of the angiotensin peptides and consequently to the control of blood pressure. A series of crystallographic structures of angiotensinogen and its derivative forms, together with its complexes with renin show in molecular detail how the interaction with renin triggers a profound shift of the amino-terminal tail of angiotensinogen with modulation occurring at several levels. The tail of angiotensinogen is restrained by a labile disulfide bond, with changes in its redox status affecting angiotensin release, as demonstrably so in the hypertensive complication of pregnancy, pre-eclampsia. The shift of the tail also enhances the binding of renin through a tail-in-mouth allosteric mechanism. The N-terminus is now seen to insert into a pocket equivalent to the hormone-binding site on other serpins, with helix H of angiotensinogen unwinding to form key interactions with renin. The findings explain the precise species specificity of the interaction with renin and with variant carbohydrate linkages. Overall, the studies provide new insights into the physiological regulation of angiotensin release, with an ability to respond to local tissue and temperature changes, and with the opening of strategies for the development of novel agents for the treatment of hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zimei Shu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahui Wan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Randy J Read
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robin W Carrell
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aiwu Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li B, Gou M, Han J, Yuan X, Li Y, Li T, Jiang Q, Xiao R, Li Q. Proteomic analysis of buccal gland secretion from fasting and feeding lampreys ( Lampetra morii). Proteome Sci 2018; 16:9. [PMID: 29796011 PMCID: PMC5964706 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-018-0137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown that lamprey buccal glands contain some regulators related to anticoagulation, nociception, and immune responses due to the blood sucking habit. Regrettably, the protein expression profile in the buccal glands of feeding lampreys has never been reported yet. The present study was performed in order to further identify more proteins which are closely associated with lamprey feeding process. Methods 2D-PAGE, NanoLC–MS/MS with higher resolution, Ensembl lamprey and NCBI protein databases, as well as western blot was used to compare the proteomics of buccal gland secretion from China northeast lampreys (Lampetra morii) which had been fed for 0, 10, and 60 min, respectively. Results In the present study, the number of identified protein species in the buccal glands of feeding groups (60 min) was increased significantly, nearly ten times of that in the fasting group. During the feeding stage, novel proteins emerged in the buccal gland secretion of lampreys. According to gene ontology (GO) analysis and function predictions, these proteins were summarized and discussed based on their potential roles during feeding process. Furthermore, some of the identified proteins were confirmed to express during the feeding time of lampreys. Conclusion When lampreys attack host fishes to suck blood and flesh, their buccal glands could secrete enough proteins to suppress blood coagulation, nociception, oxidative stress, immune response, as well as other adverse effects encountered during their parasitic lives. The present study would provide clues to clarify the feeding mechanism of the bloodsucking lampreys. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12953-018-0137-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- 1School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China.,2Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Gou
- 1School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China.,2Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmei Han
- 1School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China.,2Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Yuan
- 1School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China.,2Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Li
- 1School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China.,2Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China
| | - Tiesong Li
- 1School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China.,2Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Jiang
- 1School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China.,2Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Xiao
- 1School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China.,2Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwei Li
- 1School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China.,2Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Richard B, Swanson R, Izaguirre G, Olson ST. Cooperative Interactions of Three Hotspot Heparin Binding Residues Are Critical for Allosteric Activation of Antithrombin by Heparin. Biochemistry 2018; 57:2211-2226. [PMID: 29561141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heparin allosterically activates the anticoagulant serpin, antithrombin, by binding through a sequence-specific pentasaccharide and inducing activating conformational changes in the protein. Three basic residues of antithrombin, Lys114, Lys125, and Arg129, have been shown to be hotspots for binding the pentasaccharide, but the molecular basis for such hotspot binding has been unclear. To determine whether this results from cooperative interactions, we analyzed the effects of single, double, and triple mutations of the hotspot residues on pentasaccharide binding and activation of antithrombin. Double-mutant cycles revealed that the contribution of each residue to pentasaccharide binding energy was progressively reduced when one or both of the other residues were mutated, indicating strong coupling between each pair of residues that was dependent on the third residue and reflective of the three residues acting as a cooperative unit. Rapid kinetic studies showed that the hotspot residue mutations progressively abrogated the ability of the pentasaccharide to bind productively to native antithrombin and to conformationally activate the serpin by engaging the hotspot residues in an induced-fit interaction. Examination of the antithrombin-pentasaccharide complex structure revealed that the hotspot residues form two adjoining binding pockets for critical sulfates of the pentasaccharide that structurally link these residues. Together, these findings demonstrate that cooperative interactions of Lys114, Lys125, and Arg129 are critical for the productive induced-fit binding of the heparin pentasaccharide to antithrombin that allosterically activates the anticoagulant function of the serpin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Richard
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases and Department of Periodontics , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60612 , United States
| | - Richard Swanson
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases and Department of Periodontics , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60612 , United States
| | - Gonzalo Izaguirre
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases and Department of Periodontics , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60612 , United States
| | - Steven T Olson
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases and Department of Periodontics , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60612 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wong MKS, Takei Y. Molecular and evolutionary perspectives of the renin-angiotensin system from lamprey. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 257:137-142. [PMID: 28161438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The recent advance and revision on the renin-angiotensin system in lamprey were summarized and we emphasized that presence of two types of angiotensins (Angs) in lamprey. Due to the parasitic nature on fish blood, teleost-type Angs were produced in their buccal gland and secreted into the lamphredin to evade the host immunorejection. A native lamprey angiotensinogen (AGT) was identified in genome and it retains serine-protease inhibitor activity for thrombin that regulates the blood coagulation pathway. The native lamprey angiotensin II (Lp-Ang II) is hypotensive instead of hypertensive, suggesting a functional divergence on cardiovascular regulation from the main vertebrate groups. The renin gene was absent from the lamprey genome so far, and the mutation on the renin-recognition site on lamprey AGT suggested that other proteases may have replaced the role of renin. Lp-Ang II was shown to bind to AT1 receptor and internalized, but the downstream signaling was still unknown. Molecular and phylogenetic evidence on invertebrate ACE-like proteins indicated that they were not homologous to those in vertebrates and could be acting on other native peptides. Although it was generally believed that the RAS was a well-conserved hormone system in vertebrates and invertebrates, revision by molecular data indicated that invertebrates lack homologous RAS components while lamprey possess an almost complete RAS. This suggests that the hormone cascade system was first evolved around cyclostome emergence and invertebrates could have taken up the RAS components from vertebrates through horizontal gene transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marty K S Wong
- Laboratory of Physiology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8564, Japan.
| | - Yoshio Takei
- Laboratory of Physiology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8564, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yaron JR, Ambadapadi S, Zhang L, Lucas A. Kinetic Measurement of Serpin Inhibitory Activity by Real-Time Fluorogenic Biochemical Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1826:65-71. [PMID: 30194593 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8645-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical fluorogenic and chromogenic assays facilitate real-time study of enzyme function. Based on the principle of enzymatic inhibition, these kinetic assays can be adapted to measure the function of serpins. Compared to traditional, electrophoretic study of serpin inhibitory complex formation, kinetic assays allow for finer temporal resolution as well as more quantitative comparisons between different conditions. This chapter describes methodology for performing real-time, kinetic measurement of serpin inhibitory activity by fluorogenic substrate conversion assay. Specifically, the methods covered include measurement of alpha-1-antitrypsin inhibitory activity against trypsin and heparin-dependent anti-thrombin III inhibitory activity against thrombin. These methods are scalable to small-volume, high-density format and can be applied for high-throughput screening of serpin activity modulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R Yaron
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Sriram Ambadapadi
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Alexandra Lucas
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Saint Joseph's Hospital, Dignity Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Carrell RW, Read RJ. How serpins transport hormones and regulate their release. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 62:133-141. [PMID: 28027946 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The adaptation of the serpin framework and its mechanism to perform diverse functions is epitomised in the hormone carriers of the blood. Thyroxine and the corticosteroids are transported bound in a 1:1 ratio on almost identical sites in the two homologous binding-globulins, TBG and CBG. Recent structural findings show an equilibrated, rather than on-and-off, release of the hormones from the carriers, reflecting small reversible movements of the hinge region of the reactive loop that modify the conformational flexibility of the underlying hormone-binding site. Consequently, contrary to previous concepts, the binding affinities of TBG and CBG are not fixed but can be allosterically modified to allow differential hormone delivery. Notably, the two carriers function like protein thermocouples with a surge in hormone release as body temperatures rise in fevers, and conversely a large diminution in free hormone levels at hibernation temperatures. By comparison angiotensinogen, the source of the angiotensin peptides that control blood pressure, does not appear to utilise the serpin mechanism. It has instead evolved a 63 residue terminal extension containing the buried angiotensin cleavage site, which on interaction moves into the active cleft of the renin. The conformational shift involved is critically linked by a labile disulphide bridge. The observation of changes in the redox status of this S-S bridge, in the hypertensive complication of pregnancy, pre-eclampsia, has opened an unexpected level of regulation at what is the initial stage in the control of blood pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin W Carrell
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Randy J Read
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wei H, Cai H, Wu J, Wei Z, Zhang F, Huang X, Ma L, Feng L, Zhang R, Wang Y, Ragg H, Zheng Y, Zhou A. Heparin Binds Lamprey Angiotensinogen and Promotes Thrombin Inhibition through a Template Mechanism. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24900-24911. [PMID: 27681598 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.725895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lamprey angiotensinogen (l-ANT) is a hormone carrier in the regulation of blood pressure, but it is also a heparin-dependent thrombin inhibitor in lamprey blood coagulation system. The detailed mechanisms on how angiotensin is carried by l-ANT and how heparin binds l-ANT and mediates thrombin inhibition are unclear. Here we have solved the crystal structure of cleaved l-ANT at 2.7 Å resolution and characterized its properties in heparin binding and protease inhibition. The structure reveals that l-ANT has a conserved serpin fold with a labile N-terminal angiotensin peptide and undergoes a typical stressed-to-relaxed conformational change when the reactive center loop is cleaved. Heparin binds l-ANT tightly with a dissociation constant of ∼10 nm involving ∼8 monosaccharides and ∼6 ionic interactions. The heparin binding site is located in an extensive positively charged surface area around helix D involving residues Lys-148, Lys-151, Arg-155, and Arg-380. Although l-ANT by itself is a poor thrombin inhibitor with a second order rate constant of 500 m-1 s-1, its interaction with thrombin is accelerated 90-fold by high molecular weight heparin following a bell-shaped dose-dependent curve. Short heparin chains of 6-20 monosaccharide units are insufficient to promote thrombin inhibition. Furthermore, an l-ANT mutant with the P1 Ile mutated to Arg inhibits thrombin nearly 1500-fold faster than the wild type, which is further accelerated by high molecular weight heparin. Taken together, these results suggest that heparin binds l-ANT at a conserved heparin binding site around helix D and promotes the interaction between l-ANT and thrombin through a template mechanism conserved in vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hudie Wei
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Haiyan Cai
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Jiawei Wu
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Zhenquan Wei
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Fei Zhang
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Xin Huang
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Lina Ma
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Lingling Feng
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Ruoxi Zhang
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Yunjie Wang
- the Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33613 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hermann Ragg
- the Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33613 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ying Zheng
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Aiwu Zhou
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| |
Collapse
|