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Struyf P. To Report or Not to Report? A Systematic Review of Sex Workers' Willingness to Report Violence and Victimization to Police. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:3065-3077. [PMID: 36154751 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221122819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sex workers face high risks of violence both during and after the performance of their job, yet the prevalence and willingness to report victimization to the police is extremely low. International research on the motives of sex workers not to report violent crimes to police is scarce and fragmented. To address this knowledge gap, a systematic review was conducted to answer the following question: What reasons do sex workers articulate to explain their reluctance to report victimization to the police? After searching for peer-reviewed and grey literature in various databases, using systematic search terms, nine studies met the inclusion criteria. After thematic analysis, four main motivations for not reporting victimization emerged: (i) fear of punishment, (ii) fear of maltreatment, (iii) fear of exposure, and (iv) fear of impunity. The impact of intersectional and personal characteristics of sex workers (i.e., gender, migration status, type of sex work, etc.) were explored. The findings show that sex workers experience low levels of trust in the police which results in unwillingness to report victimization. The article argues that decriminalization of the sex industry, and action to improve procedural justice, are likely to increase the inclination of sex workers to report a crime to police.
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Bhattacharjee P, Ma H, Musyoki H, Cheuk E, Isac S, Njiraini M, Gichangi P, Mishra S, Becker M, Pickles M. Prevalence and patterns of gender-based violence across adolescent girls and young women in Mombasa, Kenya. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2020; 20:229. [PMID: 33046045 PMCID: PMC7549220 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-020-01081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background We sought to estimate the prevalence and describe heterogeneity in experiences of gender-based violence (GBV) across subgroups of adolescent girls and young women (AGYW). Methods We used data from a cross-sectional bio-behavioural survey among 1299 AGYW aged 14–24 in Mombasa, Kenya in 2015. Respondents were recruited from hotspots associated with sex work, and self-selected into one of three subgroups: young women engaged in casual sex (YCS), young women engaged in transactional sex (YTS), and young women engaged in sex work (YSW). We compared overall and across subgroups: prevalence of lifetime and recent (within previous year) self-reported experience of physical, sexual, and police violence; patterns and perpetrators of first and most recent episode of physical and sexual violence; and factors associated with physical and sexual violence. Results The prevalences of lifetime and recent physical violence were 18.0 and 10.7% respectively. Lifetime and recent sexual violence respectively were reported by 20.5 and 9.8% of respondents. Prevalence of lifetime and recent experience of police violence were 34.7 and 25.8% respectively. All forms of violence were most frequently reported by YSW, followed by YTS and then YCS. 62%/81% of respondents reported having sex during the first episode of physical/sexual violence, and 48%/62% of those sex acts at first episode of physical/sexual violence were condomless. In the most recent episode of violence when sex took place levels of condom use remained low at 53–61%. The main perpetrators of violence were intimate partners for YCS, and both intimate partners and regular non-client partners for YTS. For YSW, first-time and regular paying clients were the main perpetrators of physical and sexual violence. Alcohol use, ever being pregnant and regular source of income were associated with physical and sexual violence though it differed by subgroup and type of violence. Conclusions AGYW in these settings experience high vulnerability to physical, sexual and police violence. However, AGYW are not a homogeneous group, and there are heterogeneities in prevalence and predictors of violence between subgroups of AGYW that need to be understood to design effective programmes to address violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinita Bhattacharjee
- Institute for Global Public Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Partners for Health and Development in Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Huiting Ma
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Helgar Musyoki
- National AIDS and STI Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eve Cheuk
- Institute for Global Public Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Shajy Isac
- Institute for Global Public Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | - Peter Gichangi
- International Centre for Reproductive Health- Kenya, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Sharmistha Mishra
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marissa Becker
- Institute for Global Public Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Michael Pickles
- Institute for Global Public Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. .,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Epidemiological Findings of Alcohol Misuse and Dependence Symptoms among Adolescent Girls and Young Women Involved in High-Risk Sexual Behavior in Kampala, Uganda. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176129. [PMID: 32846868 PMCID: PMC7504603 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-related harms may be increased among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) involved in sex work, yet data on alcohol misuse among AGYW in sub-Saharan Africa are still scarce. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 15-24-year-old AGYW from January 2013 to December 2018 in Kampala, Uganda and used the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) to study alcohol use patterns and dependence symptoms (dependence score ≥4). Of 1440 participants (median age 21 years), 83.1% had less than secondary education, 79.8% reported ≥10 paying sexual partners in the past month, 46.0% had ever experienced intimate partner violence (IPV), and 20.6% were living with HIV. Overall, 59.9% scored ≥8 and 29.4% scored ≥16 on the AUDIT. Of 277 (15.8%) with dependence symptoms, 69.1% were screened alcohol dependent. An AUDIT score ≥8 was associated with older age, illicit drug use, experiencing IPV, inconsistent condom use with paying partners, and HIV sero-negativity. All factors remained associated with a higher score ≥16 except HIV status. Similarly, illicit drug use, experiencing IPV and inconsistent condom use were associated with dependence symptoms and, in addition, a higher number of paying sexual partners. Alcohol misuse is high in this population, they urgently need harmful substance use reduction interventions.
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Bhattacharjee P, Morales GJ, Kilonzo TM, Dayton RL, Musundi RT, Mbole JM, Malaba SJ, Ogwang BE, Isac SK, Moses S, Musyoki HK. Can a national government implement a violence prevention and response strategy for key populations in a criminalized setting? A case study from Kenya. J Int AIDS Soc 2018; 21 Suppl 5:e25122. [PMID: 30033535 PMCID: PMC6055121 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Key population (KP) members frequently experience violence that violates their human rights, increases their risk of HIV, and acts as a barrier to access and uptake of HIV services. To be effective, HIV programmes for members of KPs need to prevent and respond to violence against them. We describe a violence prevention and response strategy led by the national KP programme in Kenya and examine trends in reports of and responses to violence (provision of support to an individual who reports violence within 24 hours of receiving the report). METHODS Quarterly programme monitoring data on the number of reports of violence and the number of responses to violence from 81 implementing partners between October 2013 and September 2017 were aggregated annually and analysed using simple trend analysis. Reports of violence relative to KP members reached, expressed as a percentage, and the percentage of reports of violence that received a response were also examined. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Between 2013 and 2017, annual reports of violence increased from 4171 to 13,496 cases among female sex workers (FSWs), 910 to 1122 cases among men who have sex with men (MSM) and 121 to 873 cases among people who inject drugs (PWID). Reports of violence relative to KP members reached increased among FSWs (6.2% to 9.7%; p < 0.001) and PWID (2.1% to 6.0%; p < 0.001) and decreased among MSM (10.0% to 4.2%; p < 0.001). During the same period, timely responses to reports of violence increased from 53% to 84% (p < 0.001) among FSWs, 44% to 80% (p < 0.001) among MSM and 37% to 97% (p < 0.001) among PWID. CONCLUSIONS Over the past four years in Kenya, there has been an increase in violence reporting among FSWs and PWID and an increase in violence response among all KPs. This case study demonstrates that violence against KP members can be effectively addressed under the leadership of the national government, even in an environment where KP members' behaviours are criminalized. Creating an enabling environment to promote wellbeing and safety for KP members is a critical enabler for HIV prevention programmes to achieve 95-95-95 goals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Janet M Mbole
- Partners for Health and Development in AfricaNairobiKenya
| | - Serah J Malaba
- Partners for Health and Development in AfricaNairobiKenya
| | | | - Shajy K Isac
- Centre for Global Public HealthUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
| | - Stephen Moses
- Centre for Global Public HealthUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
| | - Helgar K Musyoki
- National AIDS and STI Control ProgrammeMinistry of HealthNairobiKenya
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Heylen E, Shamban E, Steward WT, Krishnan G, Solomon R, Srikrishnan AK, Ekstrand ML. Alcohol Use and Experiences of Partner Violence Among Female Sex Workers in Coastal Andhra Pradesh, India. Violence Against Women 2018; 25:251-273. [PMID: 29953335 DOI: 10.1177/1077801218778384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study describes the prevalence and context of violence by sexual partners against female sex workers (FSWs, N = 589) in Andhra Pradesh and its association with alcohol use by FSWs and abusive partners. In all, 84% of FSWs reported alcohol use; 65% reported lifetime physical abuse by a sexual partner. Most abused women suffered abuse from multiple partners, often triggered by inebriation or FSW's defiance. In multivariate logistic regressions, frequency of FSW's alcohol use was associated with abuse by clients and primary partner, whereas partner's alcohol use was only significant for abuse by primary partner, not clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Heylen
- 1 University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - A K Srikrishnan
- 4 Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Chennai, India
| | - Maria L Ekstrand
- 1 University of California, San Francisco, USA.,5 St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India
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Beattie TS, Isac S, Bhattacharjee P, Javalkar P, Davey C, Raghavendra T, Nair S, Ramanaik S, Kavitha DL, Blanchard JF, Watts C, Collumbien M, Moses S, Heise L. Reducing violence and increasing condom use in the intimate partnerships of female sex workers: study protocol for Samvedana Plus, a cluster randomised controlled trial in Karnataka state, south India. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:660. [PMID: 27473180 PMCID: PMC4966746 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3356-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female sex workers (FSWs) are at increased risk of HIV and STIs compared to women in the general population, and frequently experience violence in their working and domestic lives from a variety of perpetrators, which can enhance this risk. While progress has been made in addressing violence by police and clients, little work has been done to understand and prevent violence by intimate partners (IPs) among FSW populations. METHODS Samvedana Plus is a multi-level intervention programme that works with FSWs, their IPs, the sex worker community, and the general population, and aims to reduce violence and increase consistent condom use within these 'intimate' relationships. The programme involves shifting norms around the acceptability of beating as a form of discipline, challenging gender roles that give men authority over women, and working with men and women to encourage new relationship models based on gender equity and respect. The programme will aim to cover 800 FSWs and their IPs living in 47 villages in Bagalkot district, northern Karnataka. The study is designed to assess two primary outcomes: the proportion of FSWs who report: (i) physical or sexual partner violence; and (ii) consistent condom use in their intimate relationship, within the past 6 months. The evaluation will employ a cluster-randomised controlled trial design, with 50 % of the village clusters (n = 24) randomly selected to receive the intervention for the first 24 months and the remaining 50 % (n = 23) receiving the intervention thereafter. Statisticians will be blinded to treatment arm allocation. The evaluation will use an adjusted, cluster-level intention to treat analysis, comparing outcomes in intervention and control villages at midline (12 months) and endline (24 months). The evaluation design will involve quantitative and qualitative assessments with (i) all FSWs who report an IP (ii) IPs; and process/ implementation monitoring. Baseline data collection was completed in April 2015, and endline data collection is anticipated in May 2017. CONCLUSIONS This is an innovative intervention programme that aims to address violence by IPs as part of HIV prevention programming with FSWs. Reducing violence is expected to reduce vulnerability to HIV acquisition, and help women to work and live without fear of violence. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials NCT02807259 Jun 24 2016 (retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara S. Beattie
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SN UK
| | - Shajy Isac
- Karnataka Health Promotion Trust, Bangalore, India
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Parinita Bhattacharjee
- Karnataka Health Promotion Trust, Bangalore, India
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | - Calum Davey
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SN UK
| | | | - Sapna Nair
- Karnataka Health Promotion Trust, Bangalore, India
| | - Satyanarayana Ramanaik
- Karnataka Health Promotion Trust, Bangalore, India
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | | | - Charlotte Watts
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SN UK
| | - Martine Collumbien
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SN UK
| | | | - Lori Heise
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SN UK
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Prakash R, Manthri S, Tayyaba S, Joy A, Raj SS, Singh D, Agarwal A. Effect of Physical Violence on Sexually Transmitted Infections and Treatment Seeking Behaviour among Female Sex Workers in Thane District, Maharashtra, India. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150347. [PMID: 26933884 PMCID: PMC4774990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Violence against sex workers can heighten their vulnerability to HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Evidence suggests the risk of acquiring STI/HIV infections among female sex workers (FSWs) who have experienced violence to be almost three-times higher than FSWs, who have not experienced violence. Moreover, an experience of physical and sexual violence makes it difficult for them to negotiate safer sex with their partners and often act as a barrier to utilization of prevention services. METHODS This study utilizes data from 2785 FSWs aged 18 years and above who participated in a cross-sectional behavioural study conducted during 2013-14 in Thane district, Maharashtra. A probability-based two-stage cluster sampling method was used for data collection. This study assesses the effect of physical violence on self-reported STI symptoms (any STI and multiple STIs) and treatment seeking for the last STI symptom using propensity score matching method. RESULTS About 18% of sampled FSWs reported physical violence at the time of the survey. The likelihood of experiencing such violence was significantly higher among FSWs who solicited clients at public places, engaged in other economic activities apart from sex work, had savings, and reported high client volume per week. FSWs experiencing violence were also inconsistent condom users while engaging in sex with regular partners and clients. The average adjusted effect of violence clearly depicted an increase in the risk of any STI (11%, p<0.05) and multiple STIs (8%, p<0.10) and reduction in treatment seeking (10%, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a significant effect of physical violence on reporting of any STI symptom and treatment seeking. Findings call for the immediate inclusion of strategies aimed to address violence related challenges in HIV prevention program currently being provided at Thane district. Such strategies would further help in enhancing the access to tailored STI prevention and care services among FSWs in the district.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Prakash
- HIV/AIDS Partnership for Impact through Prevention, Private Sector and Evidence-based Programming (PIPPSE) Project, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: ;
| | - Suneedh Manthri
- HIV/AIDS Partnership for Impact through Prevention, Private Sector and Evidence-based Programming (PIPPSE) Project, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Shaikh Tayyaba
- HIV/AIDS Partnership for Impact through Prevention, Private Sector and Evidence-based Programming (PIPPSE) Project, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Anna Joy
- HIV/AIDS Partnership for Impact through Prevention, Private Sector and Evidence-based Programming (PIPPSE) Project, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunil Saksena Raj
- HIV/AIDS Partnership for Impact through Prevention, Private Sector and Evidence-based Programming (PIPPSE) Project, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Devender Singh
- HIV/AIDS Partnership for Impact through Prevention, Private Sector and Evidence-based Programming (PIPPSE) Project, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Agarwal
- HIV/AIDS Partnership for Impact through Prevention, Private Sector and Evidence-based Programming (PIPPSE) Project, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
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