1
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The Role of Resveratrol in Human Male Fertility. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092495. [PMID: 33923359 PMCID: PMC8123193 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV) (3,4′,5 trihydroxystilbene) is a natural non-flavonoid polyphenol widely present in the Mediterranean diet. In particular, RSV is found in grapes, peanuts, berries, and red wine. Many beneficial effects of this molecule on human health have been reported. In fact, it improves some clinical aspects of various diseases, such as obesity, tumors, hypertension, Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes mellitus. However, little is known about the relationship between this compound and male fertility and the few available results are often controversial. Therefore, this review evaluated the effects of RSV on human male fertility and the mechanisms through which this polyphenol could act on human spermatozoa.
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2
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Maitland NJ. Resistance to Antiandrogens in Prostate Cancer: Is It Inevitable, Intrinsic or Induced? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:327. [PMID: 33477370 PMCID: PMC7829888 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly sophisticated therapies for chemical castration dominate first-line treatments for locally advanced prostate cancer. However, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) offers little prospect of a cure, as resistant tumors emerge rather rapidly, normally within 30 months. Cells have multiple mechanisms of resistance to even the most sophisticated drug regimes, and both tumor cell heterogeneity in prostate cancer and the multiple salvage pathways result in castration-resistant disease related genetically to the original hormone-naive cancer. The timing and mechanisms of cell death after ADT for prostate cancer are not well understood, and off-target effects after long-term ADT due to functional extra-prostatic expression of the androgen receptor protein are now increasingly being recorded. Our knowledge of how these widely used treatments fail at a biological level in patients is deficient. In this review, I will discuss whether there are pre-existing drug-resistant cells in a tumor mass, or whether resistance is induced/selected by the ADT. Equally, what is the cell of origin of this resistance, and does it differ from the treatment-naïve tumor cells by differentiation or dedifferentiation? Conflicting evidence also emerges from studies in the range of biological systems and species employed to answer this key question. It is only by improving our understanding of this aspect of treatment and not simply devising another new means of androgen inhibition that we can improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman J Maitland
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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3
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Thelen P, Taubert H, Duensing S, Kristiansen G, Merseburger AS, Cronauer MV. [The impact of the androgen receptor splice variant AR-V7 on the prognosis and treatment of advanced prostate cancer]. Aktuelle Urol 2020; 51:582-592. [PMID: 29370587 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-115426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A recently discovered mechanism enabling prostate cancer cells to escape the effects of endocrine therapies consists in the synthesis of C-terminally truncated, constitutively active androgen receptor (AR) splice variants (AR-V). Devoid of a functional C-terminal hormone/ligand binding domain, various AR-Vs are insensitive to therapies targeting the androgen/AR signalling axis. Preliminary studies suggest that AR-V7, the most common AR-V, is a promising predictive tumour marker and a relevant selection marker for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. This review critically outlines recent advances in AR-V7 diagnostics and presents an overview of current AR-V7 targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Thelen
- Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen
| | - H. Taubert
- Urologische und Kinderurologische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen
| | - S. Duensing
- Urologische Klinik, Sektion für Molekulare Uro-Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg
| | - G. Kristiansen
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, 53127 Bonn
| | - A. S. Merseburger
- Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein – Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck
| | - M. V. Cronauer
- Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein – Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck
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4
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Kido LA, Hahm ER, Kim SH, Baseggio AM, Cagnon VHA, Singh SV, Maróstica MR. Prevention of Prostate Cancer in Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate Mice by Yellow Passion Fruit Extract and Antiproliferative Effects of Its Bioactive Compound Piceatannol. J Cancer Prev 2020; 25:87-99. [PMID: 32647650 PMCID: PMC7337005 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2020.25.2.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Piceatannol (PIC), a polyphenol presents in many vegetables and fruits including yellow passion fruit extract (PFE; Passiflora edulis), has anti-cancer activity, but its molecular targets are still poorly understood. The aims of this study were to investigate the molecular mechanistic actions of PIC in prostate cancer cell lines and to test if the extract from PFE rich in PIC can affect the growth of prostate cancer cells in the Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) model. The PC-3, 22Rv1, LNCaP, and VCaP prostate cancer cells were exposed to PIC (10-40 μM), and cell viability, lactate measurement, Western blot, and flow cytometric analyses were performed. For an in vivo experiments, eight-week-old TRAMP mice (n = 10 per group each) received an aqueous extract of PFE containing 20 mg of PIC/kg or water (control group) by gavage for 4 or 10 weeks for further analyses. PIC treatment concentration- and time-dependently reduced viability of all cell lines tested. 22Rv1 and LNCaP cells treated with PIC did not exhibit any significant alteration in the intracellular accumulation of lactate. PIC treatment caused G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis in both LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells. PIC-treated cells exhibited altered protein levels of p53, p21, cyclin D1, and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (cdk4). The short and long-term PFE treatments also affected p21, cyclin D1 and cdk4 and delayed disease progression in TRAMP, with a decreased incidence of preneoplastic lesions. In conclusion, PIC apparently does not alter glucose metabolism in prostate cancer cells, while cell cycle arrest and p53 modulation are likely important in anti-cancer effects of PIC alone or as a food matrix byproduct in prostate cancer cells, especially those with an androgen-dependent phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Akemi Kido
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Su-Hyeong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, PA, USA
| | - Andressa Mara Baseggio
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Valeria Helena Alves Cagnon
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Shivendra V Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, PA, USA.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mário Roberto Maróstica
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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5
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Yu J, Zhou P, Du W, Xu R, Yan G, Deng Y, Li X, Chen Y. Metabolically stable diphenylamine derivatives suppress androgen receptor and BET protein in prostate cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113946. [PMID: 32247852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is a crucial driver of prostate cancer (PC). AR-relevant resistance remains a major challenge in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) family are critical AR coregulators. Here, we developed several diphenylamine derivatives and identified compound 7d that disrupted the functions of AR and BET family in prostate cancer and exhibited favorable metabolic stability in vitro and high drug exposure in vivo. We showed 7d not only bound to AR, suppressed transactivation of wild-type AR (wt-AR) and the mutant that mediates Enzalutamide resistance, but also reduced c-Myc protein expression through BET inhibition. In addition, 7d inhibited the proliferation of AR-positive PC cells with favorable selectivity and suppressed AR-V7-expressing VCaP and 22Rv1 xenografts growth in vivo. Collectively, these results indicate the potential of lead compound 7d as an orally available AR and BET inhibitor to treat CRPC and overcome antiandrogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Peiting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wu Du
- Hinova Pharmaceuticals Inc., 4th Floor, Building RongYao A, No. 5, Keyuan South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ruixue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guoyi Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Yufang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinghai Li
- Hinova Pharmaceuticals Inc., 4th Floor, Building RongYao A, No. 5, Keyuan South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuanwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; Hinova Pharmaceuticals Inc., 4th Floor, Building RongYao A, No. 5, Keyuan South Road, Chengdu 610041, China.
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6
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Downer MK, Kenfield SA, Stampfer MJ, Wilson KM, Dickerman BA, Giovannucci EL, Rimm EB, Wang M, Mucci LA, Willett WC, Chan JM, Van Blarigan EL. Alcohol Intake and Risk of Lethal Prostate Cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37:1499-1511. [PMID: 31026211 PMCID: PMC6599404 DOI: 10.1200/jco.18.02462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE It is unknown whether alcohol intake is associated with the risk of lethal (metastatic or fatal) prostate cancer. We examine (1) whether alcohol intake among men at risk of prostate cancer is associated with diagnosis of lethal prostate cancer and (2) whether intake among men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer is associated with metastasis or death. METHODS This prospective cohort study uses the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986 to 2012). Our analysis of alcohol intake among men at risk of prostate cancer included 47,568 cancer-free men. Our analysis of alcohol intake among men with prostate cancer was restricted to 5,182 men diagnosed with nonmetastatic prostate cancer during follow-up. We examine the association of total alcohol, red and white wine, beer, and liquor with lethal prostate cancer and death. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs. RESULTS Alcohol drinkers had a lower risk of lethal prostate cancer (any v none: HR, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.71 to 0.99]) without a dose-response relationship. Total alcohol intake among patients with prostate cancer was not associated with progression to lethal prostate cancer (any v none: HR, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.57 to 1.72]), whereas moderate red wine intake was associated with a lower risk (any v none: HR, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.29 to 0.86]; P trend = .05). Compared with none, 15 to 30 g/d of total alcohol after prostate cancer diagnosis was associated with a lower risk of death (HR, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.50 to 1.00]), as was red wine (any v none: HR, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.57 to 0.97]; P trend = .007). CONCLUSION Cancer-free men who consumed alcohol had a slightly lower risk of lethal prostate cancer compared with abstainers. Among men with prostate cancer, red wine was associated with a lower risk of progression to lethal disease. These observed associations merit additional study but provide assurance that moderate alcohol consumption is safe for patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K. Downer
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Stacey A. Kenfield
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Meir J. Stampfer
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kathryn M. Wilson
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Edward L. Giovannucci
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Eric B. Rimm
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Molin Wang
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Lorelei A. Mucci
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Walter C. Willett
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - June M. Chan
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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7
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Veras Ribeiro Filho H, Tambones IL, Mariano Gonçalves Dias M, Bernardi Videira N, Bruder M, Amorim Amato A, Migliorini Figueira AC. Modulation of nuclear receptor function: Targeting the protein-DNA interface. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 484:1-14. [PMID: 30703486 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors that modulate several biological processes. Traditionally, modulation of NRs has been focused on the development of ligands that recognize and bind to the ligand binding domain (LBD), resulting in activation or repression of transcription through the recruitment of coregulators. However, for more severe diseases, such as breast and prostate cancer, the conventional treatment addressing LBD modulation is not always successful, due to tumor resistance. To overcome these challenges and aiming to modulate NR activity by inhibiting the NR-DNA interaction, new studies focus on the development of molecules targeting alternative sites and domains on NRs. Here, we discuss two different approaches for this alternative NR modulation: one targeting the NR DNA binding domain (DBD); and the other targeting the DNA sites recognized by NRs. Our aim is to present the challenges and perspectives for developing specific inhibitors for each purpose, alongside with already reported examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helder Veras Ribeiro Filho
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biosciences and Technology of Bioactive Products, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Izabella Luisa Tambones
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biosciences and Technology of Bioactive Products, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marieli Mariano Gonçalves Dias
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil; Graduate Program in Molecular and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Natalia Bernardi Videira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marjorie Bruder
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Angélica Amorim Amato
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Migliorini Figueira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.
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8
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Del Re M, Crucitta S, Restante G, Rofi E, Arrigoni E, Biasco E, Sbrana A, Coppi E, Galli L, Bracarda S, Santini D, Danesi R. Pharmacogenetics of androgen signaling in prostate cancer: Focus on castration resistance and predictive biomarkers of response to treatment. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 125:51-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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9
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Kampa M, Notas G, Castanas E. Natural extranuclear androgen receptor ligands as endocrine disruptors of cancer cell growth. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 457:43-48. [PMID: 28212843 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Even though the term endocrine disruption primarily designates environmental chemicals that can interfere with the action of hormones, in recent years it has been extended to include also plant derived compounds that can reach the human body, naturally, or have been identified and studied as alternative pharmaceutical agents. In fact, for a large number of them, their antihormonal action was appreciated by different traditional herbal medicines. In the present review we report the majority of the plant derived compounds that exhibit an antiandrogenic effect and the known mechanisms of action. These include a disruption at testosterone production level and at the classical androgen receptor triggered pathways, including membrane initiated ones. Finally, for the first time we describe the possible involvement of alternative cell membrane androgen receptor systems and the lipid signaling disruption by natural androgen, providing hints about a novel class of therapeutic involvement of androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Kampa
- Department of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - George Notas
- Department of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Elias Castanas
- Department of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece
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10
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Lundqvist J, Tringali C, Oskarsson A. Resveratrol, piceatannol and analogs inhibit activation of both wild-type and T877A mutant androgen receptor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:161-168. [PMID: 28888979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer growth and progression are mainly dependent on androgens and many current prostate cancer treatment options target the synthesis or function of androgens. We have previously reported that resveratrol and synthetic analogs of resveratrol with a higher bioavailability inhibit the synthesis of androgens in human adrenocortical H295R cells. Now we have studied the antiandrogenic properties of resveratrol, piceatannol and analogs in two different prostate cell lines; LNCaP and RWPE. LNCaP carry a T877A mutation in the androgen receptor while RWPE has a wild-type androgen receptor. We found that resveratrol, piceatannol and all studied analogs were able to inhibit a dihydrotestosterone-induced activation of the androgen receptor, showing that they act as antiandrogens. In LNCaP cells, all studied compounds were able to statistically significantly decrease the androgenic signaling in concentrations ≥1μM and the synthetic analogs trimethylresveratrol (RSVTM) and tetramethylpiceatannol (PICTM) were the most potent compounds. RWPE cells were not as responsive to the studied compounds as the LNCaP cells. A statistically significant decrease in the androgenic signaling was observed at concentrations ≤5μM for most compounds and RSVTM was found to be the most potent compound. Further, we studied the effects of resveratrol, piceatannol and analogs on the levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in LNCaP cells and found that all studied compounds decreased the level of PSA and that the synthetic analogs diacetylresveratrol (RSVDA), triacetylresveratrol (RSVTA) and RSVTM were the most potent compounds, decreasing the PSA level by approx. 50% at concentrations ≥10μM. In a cell-free receptor binding assay we were unable to show binding of resveratrol or analogs to the ligand binding domain of the androgen receptor, indicating that the observed effects are mediated via other mechanisms than direct ligand competition. We conclude that the resveratrol, piceatannol and analogs are highly interesting for chemoprevention of prostate cancer, since they have a high potency both as inhibitors of androgen synthesis and androgen receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Lundqvist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Corrado Tringali
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Agneta Oskarsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Lin HY, Hsieh MT, Cheng GY, Lai HY, Chin YT, Shih YJ, Nana AW, Lin SY, Yang YCSH, Tang HY, Chiang IJ, Wang K. Mechanisms of action of nonpeptide hormones on resveratrol-induced antiproliferation of cancer cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1403:92-100. [PMID: 28759712 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nonpeptide hormones, such as thyroid hormone, dihydrotestosterone, and estrogen, have been shown to stimulate cancer proliferation via different mechanisms. Aside from their cytosolic or membrane-bound receptors, there are receptors on integrin αv β3 for nonpeptide hormones. Interaction between hormones and integrin αv β3 can induce signal transduction and eventually stimulate cancer cell proliferation. Resveratrol induces inducible COX-2-dependent antiproliferation via integrin αv β3 . Resveratrol and hormone-induced signals are both transduced by activated extracellular-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2); however, hormones promote cell proliferation, while resveratrol induces antiproliferation in cancer cells. Hormones inhibit resveratrol-stimulated phosphorylation of p53 on Ser15, resveratrol-induced nuclear COX-2 accumulation, and formation of p53-COX-2 nuclear complexes. Subsequently, hormones impair resveratrol-induced COX-2-/p53-dependent gene expression. The inhibitory effects of hormones on resveratrol action can be blocked by different antagonists of specific nonpeptide hormone receptors but not integrin αv β3 blockers. Results suggest that nonpeptide hormones inhibit resveratrol-induced antiproliferation in cancer cells downstream of the interaction between ligand and receptor and ERK1/2 activation to interfere with nuclear COX-2 accumulation. Thus, the surface receptor sites for resveratrol and nonpeptide hormones are distinct and can induce discrete ERK1/2-dependent downstream antiproliferation biological activities. It also indicates the complex pathways by which antiproliferation is induced by resveratrol in various physiological hormonal environments. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yun Lin
- PhD program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ti Hsieh
- PhD program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guei-Yun Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Yu Lai
- PhD program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tang Chin
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Jung Shih
- PhD program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - André Wendindondé Nana
- PhD program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ying Lin
- PhD program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen S H Yang
- Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Yuan Tang
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York
| | | | - Kuan Wang
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Chakraborty S, Kumar A, Butt NA, Zhang L, Williams R, Rimando AM, Biswas PK, Levenson AS. Molecular insight into the differential anti-androgenic activity of resveratrol and its natural analogs: in silico approach to understand biological actions. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 12:1702-9. [PMID: 27063447 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00186f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancer. Androgen receptor reactivation during the androgen-independent stage of prostate cancer is mediated by numerous mechanisms including expression of AR mutants and splice variants that become non-responsive to conventional anti-androgenic agents. Resveratrol and its natural analogs exhibit varying degrees of anti-androgenic effects on tumor growth suppression in prostate cancer. However, the structural basis for the observed differential activity remains unknown. Here, anti-androgenic activities of resveratrol and its natural analogs, namely, pterostilbene, piceatannol and trimethoxy-resveratrol were studied in LNCaP cells expressing T877A mutant AR and atomistic simulations were employed to establish the structure activity relationship. Interestingly, essential hydrogen bonding contacts and the binding energies of resveratrol analogs with AR ligand binding domain (LBD), emerge as key differentiating factors for varying anti-androgenic action. Among all the analogs, pterostilbene exhibited strongest anti-androgenic activity and its binding energy and hydrogen bonding interactions pattern closely resembled pure anti-androgen, flutamide. Principal component analysis of our simulation studies revealed that androgenic compounds bind more strongly to AR LBD compared to anti-androgenic compounds and provide conformational stabilization of the receptor in essential subspace. The present study provides critical insight into the structure-activity relationship of the anti-androgenic action of resveratrol analogs, which can be translated further to design novel highly potent anti-androgenic stilbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Chakraborty
- Laboratory of Computational Biophysics & Bioengineering, Department of Physics, Tougaloo College, Tougaloo, MS 39174, USA. and Department of Physical Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39202, USA
| | - Nasir A Butt
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39202, USA and Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39202, USA
| | - Liangfen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39202, USA
| | - Raquema Williams
- Laboratory of Computational Biophysics & Bioengineering, Department of Physics, Tougaloo College, Tougaloo, MS 39174, USA.
| | - Agnes M Rimando
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Pradip K Biswas
- Laboratory of Computational Biophysics & Bioengineering, Department of Physics, Tougaloo College, Tougaloo, MS 39174, USA.
| | - Anait S Levenson
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39202, USA and Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39202, USA
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13
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ETS Related Gene mediated Androgen Receptor Aggregation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Prostate Cancer Development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1109. [PMID: 28439080 PMCID: PMC5430720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic studies of deregulated ERG in prostate cancer and other cancers continue to enhance its role in cancer biology and its utility as a biomarker and therapeutic target. Here, we show that ERG, through its physical interaction with androgen receptor, induces AR aggregation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the prostate glands of ERG transgenic mice. Histomorphological alterations and the expression of ER stress sensors Atf6, Ire1α, Perk, their downstream effectors Grp78/BiP and eIF2α in ERG transgenic mouse prostate glands indicate the presence of chronic ER stress. Transient activation of apoptotic cell death during early age correlated well with the differential regulation of ER stress sensors, in particular Perk. Epithelial cells derived from ERG transgenic mouse prostates have increased prostasphere formation with resistance to radiation induced cell death. Continued activation of cell survival factors, Atf6 and Ire1α during chronic ER stress due to presence of ERG in prostate epithelium induces survival pathways and provides a selection pressure in the continuum of ERG dependent neoplastic process. These novel insights will enhance the understanding of the mechanistic functions of ERG in prostate tumor biology and towards development of early targeted therapeutic strategies for prostate cancer.
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14
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Azoitei A, Merseburger AS, Godau B, Hoda MR, Schmid E, Cronauer MV. C-terminally truncated constitutively active androgen receptor variants and their biologic and clinical significance in castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 166:38-44. [PMID: 27345700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A mechanism allowing castration resistant prostate cancer cells to escape the effects of conventional anti-hormonal treatments is the synthesis of constitutively active, C-terminally truncated androgen receptor (AR)-variants. Lacking the entire or vast parts of the ligand binding domain, the intended target of traditional endocrine therapies, these AR-variants (termed ARΔLBD) are insensitive to all traditional treatments including second generation compounds like abiraterone, enzalutamide or ARN-509. Although ARΔLBD are predominantly products of alternative splicing, they can also be products of nonsense mutations or proteolytic cleavage. In this review, we will discuss the etiology and function of c-terminally truncated AR-variants and their clinical significance as markers/targets for the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Azoitei
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Medical School, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Axel S Merseburger
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Beate Godau
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - M Raschid Hoda
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Evi Schmid
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus V Cronauer
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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15
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Cao S, Zhan Y, Dong Y. Emerging data on androgen receptor splice variants in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:T199-T210. [PMID: 27702752 PMCID: PMC5107136 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor splice variants are alternatively spliced variants of androgen receptor, which are C-terminally truncated and lack the canonical ligand-binding domain. Accumulating evidence has indicated a significant role of androgen receptor splice variants in mediating resistance of castration-resistant prostate cancer to current therapies and in predicting therapeutic responses. As such, there is an urgent need to target androgen receptor splicing variants for more effective treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Identification of precise and critical targeting points to deactivate androgen receptor splicing variants relies on a deep understanding of how they are generated and the mechanisms of their action. In this review, we will focus on the emerging data on their generation, clinical significance and mechanisms of action as well as the therapeutic influence of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subing Cao
- College of Life SciencesJilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Structural and Cellular BiologyTulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yang Zhan
- College of Life SciencesJilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Structural and Cellular BiologyTulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yan Dong
- College of Life SciencesJilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Structural and Cellular BiologyTulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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16
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Perner S, Cronauer MV, Schrader AJ, Klocker H, Culig Z, Baniahmad A. Adaptive responses of androgen receptor signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 6:35542-55. [PMID: 26325261 PMCID: PMC4742123 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate Cancer (PCa) is an important age-related disease being the most common cancer malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in men in Western countries. Initially, PCa progression is androgen receptor (AR)- and androgen-dependent. Eventually advanced PCa reaches the stage of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC), but remains dependent on AR, which indicates the importance of AR activity also for CRPC. Here, we discuss various pathways that influence the AR activity in CRPC, which indicates an adaptation of the AR signaling in PCa to overcome the treatment of PCa. The adaptation pathways include interferences of the normal regulation of the AR protein level, the expression of AR variants, the crosstalk of the AR with cytokine tyrosine kinases, the Src-Akt-, the MAPK-signaling pathways and AR corepressors. Furthermore, we summarize the current treatment options with regard to the underlying molecular basis of the common adaptation processes of AR signaling that may arise after the treatment with AR antagonists, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) as well as for CRPC, and point towards novel therapeutic strategies. The understanding of individualized adaptation processes in PCa will lead to individualized treatment options in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Perner
- Section for Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Helmut Klocker
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zoran Culig
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Germany
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17
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Kjaer TN, Ornstrup MJ, Poulsen MM, Jørgensen JOL, Hougaard DM, Cohen AS, Neghabat S, Richelsen B, Pedersen SB. Resveratrol reduces the levels of circulating androgen precursors but has no effect on, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, PSA levels or prostate volume. A 4-month randomised trial in middle-aged men. Prostate 2015; 75:1255-63. [PMID: 25939591 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resveratrol is a naturally occurring polyphenol with purported inhibitory effects on prostate growth and cancer development. A number of studies have demonstrated that resveratrol reduces prostate growth in animal models and reduces prostate cell growth in vitro. Based on these pre-clinical findings, interest in resveratrol is increasing in relation to the management of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. So far, no human trials have evaluated the effects of resveratrol on circulating androgens, prostate size, or biochemical markers of prostate size. METHODS In a randomized placebo controlled clinical study using two doses of resveratrol (150 mg or 1,000 mg resveratrol daily) for 4 months, we evaluated the effects on prostate size, prostate specific antigen (PSA) and sex steroid hormones in 66 middle-aged men suffering from the metabolic syndrome(MetS). RESULTS At baseline, prostate size and PSA were positively correlated (R = 0.34, P < 0.007) as was prostate size and age (R = 0.37, P < 0.003). Prostate size did not correlate with testosterone, free testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or any other androgen precursor at baseline. The highest dose of resveratrol lowered the serum level of androstenedione 24% (P = 0.052), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) 41% (P < 0.01), and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEAS) 50% (p<0.001), compared to the control group. However, prostate size and levels of PSA, testosterone, free testosterone and DHT remained unchanged. CONCLUSION In this population of middle-aged men suffering from MetS, high dose resveratrol (1,000 mg daily) administration for 4 months significantly lowered serum levels of the androgen precursors androstenedione, DHEA and DHEAS, whereas prostate size and circulating levels of PSA, testosterone, free testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone were unaffected. The present study suggests that resveratrol does not affect prostate volume in healthy middle-aged men as measured by PSA levels and CT acquired prostate volumes. Consequently, we find no support for the use of resveratrol in the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nordstrøm Kjaer
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine MEA, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marie Juul Ornstrup
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine MEA, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Morten Møller Poulsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine MEA, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine MEA, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - David Michael Hougaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology and Genetics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Arieh Sierra Cohen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology and Genetics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Shadman Neghabat
- Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Richelsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine MEA, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Steen Bønløkke Pedersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine MEA, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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18
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Inhibition of IGF-1R diminishes transcriptional activity of the androgen receptor and its constitutively active, C-terminally truncated counterparts Q640X and AR-V7. World J Urol 2015; 34:633-9. [PMID: 26318637 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-015-1674-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Failure of endocrine treatment in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is often associated with the emergence of C-terminally truncated androgen receptor variants that function as constitutively active transcription factors (i.e., AR∆LBD). The mechanisms involved in the regulation of AR∆LBD signaling are largely unknown. Since the IGF-1 pathway was repeatedly shown to affect AR function, we studied whether an inhibition of IGF-1R could also affect AR∆LBD signaling. METHODS Regulation of androgen receptor (AR) and AR∆LBD signaling was analyzed by reporter gene assays, immunoblotting, ELISA and quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS Inhibition of IGF-1R with the small-molecule inhibitor NVP-AEW541 reduced the transcriptional activity of the AR and its truncated counterparts Q640X and AR-V7. As shown in Q640X, the inhibition of transcriptional activity was paralleled by a decreased receptor phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of IGF-1R leads to a down-regulation of AR∆LBD signaling and provides a rationale for CRPC therapies targeting growth factor receptors.
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19
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Jentzmik F, Azoitei A, Zengerling F, Damjanoski I, Cronauer MV. Androgen receptor aberrations in the era of abiraterone and enzalutamide. World J Urol 2015; 34:297-303. [PMID: 26100946 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-015-1624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most prevalent non-skin cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in men of the western world. As growth and differentiation of prostate cancer largely depend on androgens, inhibition of the androgen/androgen receptor signaling axis is the main treatment for locally advanced and/or metastatic tumors. Although first-line androgen deprivation therapies like chemical/surgical castration and/or administration of anti-androgens are able to control the disease for several years, prostate cancer almost invariably recurs as castration-resistant prostate cancer. This stage of the disease is characterized by a sustained AR-signaling despite castrate levels of circulating androgens. Various molecular mechanisms were shown to induce castration resistance. This review will discuss the most recent and relevant experimental findings on AR-signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer in order to provide a comprehensive interpretation of the clinical behavior of this tumor entity following treatments with abiraterone, enzalutamide, ARN-509 or taxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Jentzmik
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Medical Center, Prittwitzstrasse 43, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anca Azoitei
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Medical Center, Prittwitzstrasse 43, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Friedemann Zengerling
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Medical Center, Prittwitzstrasse 43, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ilija Damjanoski
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Medical Center, Prittwitzstrasse 43, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marcus V Cronauer
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Medical Center, Prittwitzstrasse 43, 89075, Ulm, Germany.
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20
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Chirumbolo S. Resveratrol in spermatogenesis. Cell Biol Int 2015; 39:775-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Medicine; University of Verona; LURM Est Policlinico GB Rossi; Piazzale L. A. Scuro 10 37134 Verona Italy
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21
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Farooqi AA, Sarkar FH. Overview on the complexity of androgen receptor-targeted therapy for prostate cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:7. [PMID: 25705125 PMCID: PMC4336517 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-014-0153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, the field of prostate cancer (PCa) biology has developed exponentially and paralleled with that has been the growing interest in translation of laboratory findings into clinical practice. Based on overwhelming evidence of high impact research findings which support the underlying cause of insufficient drug efficacy in patients progressing on standard androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is due to persistent activation of the androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis. Therefore, newer agents must be discovered especially because newer ADT such as abiraterone and enzalutamide are becoming ineffective due to rapid development of resistance to these agents. High-throughput technologies are generating massive and highly dimensional genetic variation data that has helped in developing a better understanding of the dynamic repertoire of AR and AR variants. Full length AR protein and its variants modulate a sophisticated regulatory system to orchestrate cellular responses. We partition this multicomponent review into subsections addressing the underlying mechanisms of resistance to recent therapeutics, positive and negative regulators of AR signaling cascade, and how SUMOylation modulates AR induced transcriptional activity. Experimentally verified findings obtained from cell culture and preclinical studies focusing on the potential of natural agents in inhibiting mRNA/protein levels of AR, nuclear accumulation and enhanced nuclear export of AR are also discussed. We also provide spotlight on molecular basis of enzalutamide resistance with an overview of the strategies opted to overcome such resistance. AR variants are comprehensively described and different mechanisms that regulate AR variant expression are also discussed. Reconceptualization of phenotype- and genotype-driven studies have convincingly revealed that drug induced resistance is a major stumbling block in standardization of therapy. Therefore, we summarize succinctly the knowledge of drug resistance especially to ADT and potential avenues to overcome such resistance for improving the treatment outcome of PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- />Laboratory for Translational Oncology and Personalized Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College, 35 Km Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fazlul H Sarkar
- />Departments of Pathology and Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 740 HWCRC, 4100 JohnR Street, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
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22
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Sun H, Hou J, Shi W, Zhang L. Estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) genetic variations in cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2015; 39:127-35. [PMID: 25200861 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging published data on the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) gene and cancer susceptibility are inconsistent. This review and meta-analysis is performed to derive a more precise evaluation of this relationship. METHODS The literature search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and CNKI databases was conducted from their inception through June 2014. Crude odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the association. RESULTS Twenty-two literatures were enrolled in this meta-analysis. The results indicated that ESR1 rs1801132 (C>G) was associated with cancer risk in Caucasian populations. However, the results of stratified analysis by cancer type and source of controls indicated that no significant association was found. Furthermore, rs2077647 (A>G) was only associated with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, but was an adverse effect on cancer risk in Caucasian populations. CONCLUSIONS This present meta-analysis indicated that rs1801132 (C>G) and rs2077647 (A>G) may be protective factors in Caucasian populations. Meanwhile, rs2077647 (A>G) may be closely related with hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Sun
- Department of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinjun Hou
- Clinical Laboratory, Mother and Child Health Care Hospital of Qixia District, Nanjing, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Clinical Laboratory, The North Branch of Nanjing Mother and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wenbin Shi
- Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Nanjing 210001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanxi People's Hospital, Jinhua, 321100 Zhejiang, China
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23
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Mao QQ, Lin YW, Chen H, Yang K, Kong DB, Jiang H. Monitoring of prostate cancer growth and metastasis using a PSA luciferase report plasmid in a mouse model. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7:879-83. [PMID: 25441987 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct a PSA luciferase report plasmid and monitor the growth and metastasis of prostate cancer after emasculation in SCID mice. METHODS PSA promoter sequence and luciferase gene were amplified by PCR and subsequently inserted into pZsGreen1-1 vector to construct pPSA-FL-Luc vector. LNCaP cells that were stably transfected with pPSA-FL-Luc were used to establish a SCID mouse xenograft model. Then, the growth and metastasis of prostate cancer were monitored via living imaging. RESULTS We successfully constructed a PSA luciferase plasmid, pPSA-FL-Luc. DHT enhanced luciferase activity in a concentration-dependent manner in 293T cells with pPSA-FL-Luc transfection. Prostate cancer SCID mouse model was established with pPSA-FL-Luc transfected LNCaP cells. In tumor bearing mice with or without emasculation, pPSA-FL-Luc plasmid was applied to monitored tumor growth and metastasis based on bioluminescence imaging. CONCLUSIONS We construct a pPSA-FL-Luc plasmid, which stably expresses luciferase and can be applied to monitor tumor development in a prostate SCID mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Qi Mao
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yi-Wei Lin
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - De-Bo Kong
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Hai Jiang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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