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Sanchez-Vasquez E, Bronner ME, Zernicka-Goetz M. HIF1A contributes to the survival of aneuploid and mosaic pre-implantation embryos. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.04.556218. [PMID: 39071426 PMCID: PMC11275769 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.04.556218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Human fertility is suboptimal, partly due to error-prone divisions in early cleavage-stages that result in aneuploidy. Most human pre-implantation are mosaics of euploid and aneuploid cells, however, mosaic embryos with a low proportion of aneuploid cells have a similar likelihood of developing to term as fully euploid embryos. How embryos manage aneuploidy during development is poorly understood. This knowledge is crucial for improving fertility treatments and reducing developmental defects. To explore these mechanisms, we established a new mouse model of chromosome mosaicism to study the fate of aneuploid cells during pre-implantation development. We previously used the Mps1 inhibitor reversine to generate aneuploidy in embryos. Here, we found that treatment with the more specific Mps1 inhibitor AZ3146 induced chromosome segregation defects in pre-implantation embryos, similar to reversine. However, AZ3146-treated embryos showed a higher developmental potential than reversine-treated embryos. Unlike reversine-treated embryos, AZ3146-treated embryos exhibited transient upregulation of Hypoxia Inducible-Factor-1A (HIF1A) and lacked p53 upregulation. Pre-implantation embryos develop in a hypoxic environment in vivo, and hypoxia exposure in vitro reduced DNA damage in response to Mps1 inhibition and increased the proportion of euploid cells in the mosaic epiblast. Inhibiting HIF1A in mosaic embryos also decreased the proportion of aneuploid cells in mosaic embryos. Our work illuminates potential strategies to improve the developmental potential of mosaic embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marianne E. Bronner
- Division of Biology 139-74, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Division of Biology 139-74, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Tscherner AK, McClatchie T, Macaulay AD, Baltz JM. Relationship of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to RNA Sequencing (RNAseq) transcriptome identifies mouse preimplantation embryo reference genes†. Biol Reprod 2023; 109:601-617. [PMID: 37669129 PMCID: PMC10651071 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous reference genes for use with quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) have been used for oocytes, eggs, and preimplantation embryos. However, none are actually suitable because of their large variations in expression between developmental stages. To address this, we produced a standardized and merged RNA sequencing (RNAseq) data set by combining multiple publicly available RNAseq data sets that spanned mouse GV oocytes, MII eggs, and 1-cell, 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell, morula, and blastocyst stage embryos to identify transcripts with essentially constant expression across all stages. Their expression was then measured using RT-qPCR, with which they did not exhibit constant expression but instead revealed a fixed quantitative relationship between measurements by the two techniques. From this, the relative amounts of total messenger RNA at each stage from the GV oocyte through blastocyst stages were calculated. The quantitative relationship between measurements by RNAseq and RT-qPCR was then used to find genes predicted to have constant expression across stages in RT-qPCR. Candidates were assessed by RT-qPCR to confirm constant expression, identifying Hmgb3 and Rb1cc1 or the geometric mean of those plus either Taf1d or Cd320 as suitable reference genes. This work not only identified transcripts with constant expression from mouse GV oocytes to blastocysts, but also determined a general quantitative relationship between expression measured by RNAseq and RT-qPCR across stages that revealed the relative levels of total mRNA at each stage. The standardized and merged RNA data set should also prove useful in determining transcript expression in mouse oocytes, eggs, and embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison K Tscherner
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Taylor McClatchie
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jay M Baltz
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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3
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Hildyard JC, Wells DJ, Piercy RJ. Identification of qPCR reference genes suitable for normalising gene expression in the developing mouse embryo. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 6:197. [PMID: 35509373 PMCID: PMC9024131 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16972.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Progression through mammalian embryogenesis involves many interacting cell types and multiple differentiating cell lineages. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis of gene expression in the developing embryo is a valuable tool for deciphering these processes, but normalisation to stably-expressed reference genes is essential for such analyses. Gene expression patterns change globally and dramatically as embryonic development proceeds, rendering identification of consistently appropriate reference genes challenging. Methods: We have investigated expression stability in mouse embryos from mid to late gestation (E11.5-E18.5), both at the whole-embryo level, and within the head and forelimb specifically, using 15 candidate reference genes ( ACTB, 18S, SDHA, GAPDH, HTATSF1, CDC40, RPL13A, CSNK2A2, AP3D1, HPRT1, CYC1, EIF4A, UBC, B2M and PAK1IP1), and four complementary algorithms (geNorm, Normfinder, Bestkeeper and deltaCt). Results: Unexpectedly, all methods suggest that many genes within our candidate panel are acceptable references, though AP3D1, RPL13A and PAK1IP1 are the strongest performing genes overall (scoring highly in whole embryos, heads or forelimbs alone, and in all samples collectively). HPRT1 and B2M are conversely poor choices, and show strong developmental regulation. We further show that normalisation using our three highest-scoring references can reveal subtle patterns of developmental expression even in genes ostensibly ranked as acceptably stable ( CDC40, HTATSF1). Conclusion: AP3D1, RPL13A and PAK1IP1 represent universally suitable reference genes for expression studies in the E11.5-E18.5 mouse embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C.W. Hildyard
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Dominic J. Wells
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Richard J. Piercy
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW1 0TU, UK
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4
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Hildyard JC, Wells DJ, Piercy RJ. Identification of qPCR reference genes suitable for normalising gene expression in the developing mouse embryo. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 6:197. [PMID: 35509373 PMCID: PMC9024131 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16972.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Progression through mammalian embryogenesis involves many interacting cell types and multiple differentiating cell lineages. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis of gene expression in the developing embryo is a valuable tool for deciphering these processes, but normalisation to stably-expressed reference genes is essential for such analyses. Gene expression patterns change globally and dramatically as embryonic development proceeds, rendering identification of consistently appropriate reference genes challenging. Methods: We have investigated expression stability in mouse embryos from mid to late gestation (E11.5–E18.5), both at the whole-embryo level, and within the head and forelimb specifically, using 15 candidate reference genes (
ACTB, 18S, SDHA, GAPDH, HTATSF1, CDC40, RPL13A, CSNK2A2, AP3D1, HPRT1, CYC1, EIF4A, UBC, B2M and
PAK1IP1), and four complementary algorithms (geNorm, Normfinder, Bestkeeper and deltaCt). Results: Unexpectedly, all methods suggest that many genes within our candidate panel are acceptable references, though
AP3D1,
RPL13A and
PAK1IP1 are the strongest performing genes overall (scoring highly in whole embryos, heads or forelimbs alone, and in all samples collectively).
HPRT1 and
B2M are conversely poor choices, and show strong developmental regulation. We further show that normalisation using our three highest-scoring references can reveal subtle patterns of developmental expression even in genes ostensibly ranked as acceptably stable (
CDC40,
HTATSF1). Conclusion:
AP3D1,
RPL13A and
PAK1IP1 represent universally suitable reference genes for expression studies in the E11.5-E18.5 mouse embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C.W. Hildyard
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Dominic J. Wells
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Richard J. Piercy
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW1 0TU, UK
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5
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Gapdh Shows Altered Gene Expression in Alcohol Models. ACTA MEDICA BULGARICA 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/amb-2022-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background and objectives. Though glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gapdh) is one of the most commonly used housekeeping genes for comparison of gene expression data, studies have revealed that Gapdh expression is not constant at different developmental stages, and is modulated by many factors including ethanol. In view of this, in the present study, we investigated the effect of ethanol on Gapdh stability and expression levels in different model systems.
Methods. Evaluation of Gapdh stability was determined by comparison with three commonly used housekeeping genes in alcohol-exposed and control mouse blastocysts, embryos, and placentas (ActB, Hsp90ab1, and Atp5b), and in alcohol-dependent and healthy humans (ACTB, ATP5B, and HSPCB), and was ranked by the software program RefFinder. To detect the Gapdh expression patterns as a target gene, qRT-PCR analysis was applied.
Results. The order of expression stabilities obtained by the RefFinder ranked Gapdh as the most unstable reference gene in studied groups. The study of the expression dynamics of Gapdh showed significant upregulation in ethanol-exposed mouse blastocysts and embryos (FC = 1.56, p = 0.05 and FC = 6.0, p = 0.01) and downregulation in placentas (FC = 0.60, p = 0.01).
Conclusions. Our results revealed that the expression of Gapdh can vary in different model systems under ethanol exposure and imply the need for caution when using it as an internal control. This is the first report for statistically significant change in Gapdh expression after ethanol exposure during preimplantation mouse development.
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Lu X, Liu Y, Zhang D, Liu K, Wang Q, Wang H. Determination of the panel of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in fetal and adult rat intestines. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 104:68-75. [PMID: 34242779 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) detection, the stability of reference genes varies with different organs, tissue locations, sex and developmental stages. This study aimed to screen out and determine the optimal panel of reference genes of the intestine in pre- and post-natal rats of different sex. We used qRT-PCR to detect the mRNA expression of six commonly used reference genes (ACTB, GAPDH, HPRT1, B2M, RPLPO and SDHA) in rat intestines at gestational day 21 (GD21) and postnatal week 12 (PW12). Using GeNorm, BestKeeper and NormFinder software comprehensively analyzed the stability of candidate reference genes and screened out stable reference genes. Further, we used the pathological model of prenatal dexamethasone exposure (PDE) to verify the stability of the selected panel of reference genes. Based on the results of the software analysis, the optimal panel of reference genes in the fetal rat intestine was SDHA + ACTB, and the adult rat small intestine and colon were ACTB + HPRT1 and RPLP0 + GAPDH, respectively. There was no significant sex difference in the above results. Besides, in the PDE model, the results were consistent with those under physiological conditions. Therefore, the stability of intestinal reference genes in fetal rats and adult rats was different, and the intestinal reference genes of adult rats were intestinal segments-specific. The selected panel of reference genes was still stable under pathological conditions. This study determined the optimal panel of reference genes of pre- and post-natal rat intestines and provided reliable reference genes for the qRT-PCR analysis of rat intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dingmei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Han H, Liu L, Chen M, Liu Y, Wang H, Chen L. The optimal compound reference genes for qRT-PCR analysis in the developing rat long bones under physiological conditions and prenatal dexamethasone exposure model. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 98:242-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Pan Y, Wang M, Wang L, Xu G, Baloch AR, Kashif J, Fan J, Yu S. Interleukin-1 beta induces autophagy of mouse preimplantation embryos and improves blastocyst quality. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:1087-1100. [PMID: 31453635 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is one of the basic cellular mechanism during preimplantation development of mammalian embryos, and it plays crucial role in several physiological processes. It is induced by interleukin (IL)-1β in mammalian cells. Our present study shows that IL-1β is important for autophagy activation in embryo development. Our in vitro culture system analysis shows effect of IL-1β in medium on the development of mouse embryos and it was found to be concentration dependent. A preimplantation embryo culture using medium containing IL-1β did not improve cleavage and blastocyst development rates of mouse embryos; however, blastocyst quality was significantly improved by increasing total cell number, especially in supplementary 20 ng/mL IL-1β. Furthermore, autophagy activation mainly occurs in 2 to 4 cell embryo and blastocyst, 20 ng/mL IL-1β into culture medium can effectively enhance levels of messenger RNA and protein of autophagy-related-factors in 2 to 4 cell embryos and blastocyst, while these factors reduce in VGX-1027 (IL-1β inhibitor) groups that also reduce the quality of blastocyst. Effects of IL-1β on the development of embryo reduced in 20 ng/mL IL-1β supplemented group when 5 mM 3-methyladenine (3-MA) was also added, which used to inhibit autophagy activation in endogenous PtdIns3Ks signal pathway. Our current results show that exogenous IL-1β can effectively induce autophagy in mouse embryos at stages of 2 to 8 cell and blastocyst, that also help to improve the quality of blastocyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Libin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Gengquan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Abdul Rasheed Baloch
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Jam Kashif
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Jiangfeng Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Sijiu Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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9
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Moura MT, Silva RLO, Nascimento PS, Ferreira-Silva JC, Cantanhêde LF, Kido EA, Benko-Iseppon AM, Oliveira MAL. Inter-genus gene expression analysis in livestock fibroblasts using reference gene validation based upon a multi-species primer set. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221170. [PMID: 31412093 PMCID: PMC6693880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) remains as an accurate approach for gene expression analysis but requires labor-intensive validation of reference genes using species-specific primers. To ease such demand, the aim was to design and test a multi-species primer set to validate reference genes for inter-genus RT-qPCR gene expression analysis. Primers were designed for ten housekeeping genes using transcript sequences of various livestock species. All ten gene transcripts were detected by RT-PCR in Bos taurus (cattle), Bubalus bubalis (buffaloes), Capra hircus (goats), and Ovis aries (sheep) cDNA. Primer efficiency was attained for eight reference genes using B. taurus—O. aries fibroblast cDNA (95.54–98.39%). The RT-qPCR data normalization was carried out for B. taurus vs. O. aries relative gene expression using Bestkeeper, GeNorm, Norm-finder, Delta CT method, and RefFinder algorithms. Validation of inter-genus RT-qPCR showed up-regulation of TLR4 and ZFX gene transcripts in B. taurus fibroblasts, irrespectively of normalization conditions (two, three, or four reference genes). In silico search in mammalian transcriptomes showed that the multi-species primer set is expected to amplify transcripts of at least two distinct loci in 114 species, and 79 species would be covered by six or more primers. Hence, a multi-species primer set allows for inter-genus gene expression analysis between O. aries and B. taurus fibroblasts and further reveals species-specific gene transcript abundance of key transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo T. Moura
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Roberta L. O. Silva
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Pábola S. Nascimento
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - José C. Ferreira-Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ludymila F. Cantanhêde
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ederson A. Kido
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ana M. Benko-Iseppon
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marcos A. L. Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Moysés-Oliveira M, Cabral V, Gigek CO, Corrêa DCDC, Di-Battista A, Stumpp T, Melaragno MI. Search for appropriate reference genes for quantitative reverse transcription PCR studies in somite, prosencephalon and heart of early mouse embryo. Gene 2019; 710:148-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang YK, Li X, Song ZQ, Yang CX. Methods of RNA preparation affect mRNA abundance quantification of reference genes in pig maturing oocytes. Reprod Domest Anim 2017; 52:722-730. [PMID: 28407308 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To ensure accurate normalization and quantification of target RNA transcripts using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), most studies focus on the identification of stably expressed gene(s) as internal reference. However, RNA preparation methods could also be an important factor, especially for test samples of limited quantity (e.g. oocytes). In this study, we aimed to select appropriate reference gene(s), and evaluate the effect of RNA preparation methods on gene expression quantification in porcine oocytes and cumulus cells during in vitro maturation. Expression profiles of seven genes (GAPDH, 18S, YWHAG, BACT, RPL4, HPRT1 and PPIA) were examined, on RNA samples extracted from cumulus cells (RNeasy Kit) and oocytes (RNeasy Kit and Lysis Kit) during in vitro maturation, respectively. Interestingly, different RNA preparation methods were found to potentially affect the quantification of reference gene expression in pig oocytes cultured in vitro. After geNorm analyses, the most suitable genes for normalization were identified, GAPDH/18S for cumulus cells and YWHAG/BACT for oocytes, respectively. Thus, our results provide useful data and information on the selection of better reference genes and RNA preparation method for related functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-K Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - X Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Z-Q Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - C-X Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Wu BJ, Zhao LX, Zhu CC, Chen YL, Wei MY, Bao SQ, Sun SC, Li XH. Altered apoptosis/autophagy and epigenetic modifications cause the impaired postimplantation octaploid embryonic development in mice. Cell Cycle 2016; 16:82-90. [PMID: 27830977 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1252884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyploids are pervasive in plants and have large impacts on crop breeding, but natural polyploids are rare in animals. Mouse diploid embryos can be induced to become tetraploid by blastomere fusion at the 2-cell stage and tetraploid embryos can develop to the blastocyst stage in vitro. However, there is little information regarding mouse octaploid embryonic development and precise mechanisms contributing to octaploid embryonic developmental limitations are unknown. To investigate the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying octaploid embryonic development, we generated mouse octaploid embryos and evaluated the in vitro/in vivo developmental potential. Here we show that octaploid embryos can develop to the blastocyst stage in vitro, but all fetus impaired immediately after implantation. Our results indicate that cell lineage specification of octaploid embryo was disorganized. Furthermore, these octaploid embryos showed increased apoptosis as well as alterations in epigenetic modifications when compared with diploid embryos. Thus, our cumulative data provide cues for why mouse octaploid embryonic development is limited and its failed postimplantation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Jiang Wu
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China.,b Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia Plateau, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University , Huhhot , China.,c Inner Mongolia Saikexing Institute of Breeding and Reproductive Biotechnology in Domestic Animal , Huhhot , China
| | - Li-Xia Zhao
- b Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia Plateau, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University , Huhhot , China.,c Inner Mongolia Saikexing Institute of Breeding and Reproductive Biotechnology in Domestic Animal , Huhhot , China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Zhu
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yang-Lin Chen
- b Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia Plateau, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University , Huhhot , China
| | - Meng-Yi Wei
- b Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia Plateau, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University , Huhhot , China
| | - Si-Qin Bao
- b Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia Plateau, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University , Huhhot , China.,c Inner Mongolia Saikexing Institute of Breeding and Reproductive Biotechnology in Domestic Animal , Huhhot , China
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xi-He Li
- b Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia Plateau, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University , Huhhot , China.,c Inner Mongolia Saikexing Institute of Breeding and Reproductive Biotechnology in Domestic Animal , Huhhot , China
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13
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Induction of autophagy improves embryo viability in cloned mouse embryos. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17829. [PMID: 26643778 PMCID: PMC4672298 DOI: 10.1038/srep17829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential cellular mechanism that degrades cytoplasmic proteins and organelles to recycle their components. Moreover, autophagy is essential for preimplantation development in mammals. Here we show that autophagy is also important for reprogramming in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Our data indicate that unlike fertilized oocytes, autophagy is not triggered in SCNT embryos during 6 hours of activation. Mechanistically, the inhibited autophagic induction during SCNT activation is due to the cytochalasin B (CB) caused depolymerization of actin filaments. In this study, we induced autophagy during SCNT activation by rapamycin and pp242, which could restore the expected level of autophagy and significantly enhance the development of SCNT embryos to the blastocyst stage when compared with the control (68.5% and 68.7% vs. 41.5%, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the treatment of rapamycin and pp242 accelerates active DNA demethylation indicated by the conversion of 5 mC to 5 hmC, and treatment of rapamycin improves degradation of maternal mRNA as well. Thus, our findings reveal that autophagy is important for development of SCNT embryos and inhibited autophagic induction during SCNT activation might be one of the serious causes of low efficiency of SCNT.
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