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Cargnin Faccin F, Perez DR. Pandemic preparedness through vaccine development for avian influenza viruses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2347019. [PMID: 38807261 PMCID: PMC11141480 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2347019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses pose a significant threat to global health, impacting both humans and animals. Zoonotic transmission, particularly from swine and avian species, is the primary source of human influenza outbreaks. Notably, avian influenza viruses of the H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 subtypes are of pandemic concern through their global spread and sporadic human infections. Preventing and controlling these viruses is critical due to their high threat level. Vaccination remains the most effective strategy for influenza prevention and control in humans, despite varying vaccine efficacy across strains. This review focuses specifically on pandemic preparedness for avian influenza viruses. We delve into vaccines tested in animal models and summarize clinical trials conducted on H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 vaccines in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Cargnin Faccin
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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2
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Rioux M, Francis ME, Swan CL, Ge A, Kroeker A, Kelvin AA. The Intersection of Age and Influenza Severity: Utility of Ferrets for Dissecting the Age-Dependent Immune Responses and Relevance to Age-Specific Vaccine Development. Viruses 2021; 13:678. [PMID: 33920917 PMCID: PMC8071347 DOI: 10.3390/v13040678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many factors impact the host response to influenza virus infection and vaccination. Ferrets have been an indispensable reagent for influenza virus research for almost one hundred years. One of the most significant and well-known factors affecting human disease after infection is host age. Another significant factor is the virus, as strain-specific disease severity is well known. Studying age-related impacts on viral infection and vaccination outcomes requires an animal model that reflects both the physiological and immunological changes that occur with human aging, and sensitivity to differentially virulent influenza viruses. The ferret is uniquely susceptible to a plethora of influenza viruses impacting humans and has proven extremely useful in studying the clinical and immunological pictures of influenza virus infection. Moreover, ferrets developmentally have several of the age-related physiological changes that occur in humans throughout infancy, adulthood, old age, and pregnancy. In this review, we discuss ferret susceptibility to influenza viruses, summarize previous influenza studies using ferrets as models of age, and finally, highlight the application of ferret age models in the pursuit of prophylactic and therapeutic agents to address age-related influenza disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Rioux
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4R2, Canada; (M.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Magen E. Francis
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E3, Canada; (M.E.F.); (C.L.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Cynthia L. Swan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E3, Canada; (M.E.F.); (C.L.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Anni Ge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4R2, Canada; (M.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Andrea Kroeker
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E3, Canada; (M.E.F.); (C.L.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Alyson A. Kelvin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4R2, Canada; (M.R.); (A.G.)
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E3, Canada; (M.E.F.); (C.L.S.); (A.K.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3K6R8, Canada
- The Canadian Center for Vaccinology (IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and the Nova Scotia Health Authority), Halifax, NS B3K6R8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E5, Canada
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Stadlbauer D, Waal LD, Beaulieu E, Strohmeier S, Kroeze EJBV, Boutet P, Osterhaus ADME, Krammer F, Innis BL, Nachbagauer R, Stittelaar KJ, Mallett CP. AS03-adjuvanted H7N9 inactivated split virion vaccines induce cross-reactive and protective responses in ferrets. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:40. [PMID: 33742000 PMCID: PMC7979725 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human infections with avian H7N9 subtype influenza viruses are a major public health concern and vaccines against H7N9 are urgently needed for pandemic preparedness. In early 2013, novel H7N9 influenza viruses emerged in China that caused about 1600 human cases of infection with a high associated case fatality rate. In this study, two H7N9 split virion vaccines with or without AS03 adjuvant were tested in the naive ferret model. Serological analyses demonstrated that homologous hemagglutination inhibition and microneutralization antibody titers were detectable in the ferrets after the first immunization with the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines that were further boosted by the second immunization. In addition, heterologous antibody titers against older H7 subtype viruses of the North American lineage (H7N7, H7N3) and newer H7 subtype viruses of the Eurasian lineage (H7N9) were detected in the animals receiving the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines. Animals receiving two immunizations of the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines were protected from weight loss and fever in the homologous challenge study and had no detectable virus in throat or lung samples. In addition, microscopic examination post-challenge showed animals immunized with the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines had the least signs of lung injury and inflammation, consistent with the greater relative efficacy of the adjuvanted vaccines. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the AS03-adjuvanted H7N9 vaccines elicited high levels of homologous and heterologous antibodies and protected against H7N9 virus damage post-challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Stadlbauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leon de Waal
- Viroclinics Biosciences B.V., Viroclinics Xplore, Schaijk, The Netherlands
| | | | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Viroclinics Biosciences B.V., Viroclinics Xplore, Schaijk, The Netherlands.,The Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bruce L Innis
- GSK, King of Prussia, PA, USA.,PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Raffael Nachbagauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Moderna Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Koert J Stittelaar
- Viroclinics Biosciences B.V., Viroclinics Xplore, Schaijk, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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4
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Adami EA, Chavez Rico SL, Akamatsu MA, Miyaki C, Raw I, de Oliveira D, Comone P, Oliveira RDN, Sarno de Oliveira ML, Estima Abreu PA, Takano CY, Meros M, Soares-Schanoski A, Lee Ho P. H7N9 pandemic preparedness: A large-scale production of a split inactivated vaccine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 545:145-149. [PMID: 33550095 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In March 2013 it was reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) the first cases of human infections with avian influenza virus A (H7N9). From 2013 to December 2019, 1568 cases have been reported with 616 deaths. H7N9 infection has been associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, and vaccination is currently the most effective way to prevent infections and consequently flu-related severe illness. Developing and producing vaccines against pandemic influenza viruses is the main strategy for a response to a possible pandemic. This study aims to present the production of three industrial lots under current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) of the active antigen used to produce the pandemic influenza vaccine candidate against A(H7N9). These batches were characterized and evaluated for quality standards and tested for immunogenicity in mice. The average yield was 173.50 ± 7.88 μg/mL of hemagglutinin and all the preparations met all the required specifications. The formulated H7N9 vaccine is poorly immunogenic and needs to be adjuvanted with an oil in water emulsion adjuvant (IB160) to achieve a best immune response, in a prime and in a boost scheme. These data are important for initial production planning and preparedness in the case of a H7N9 pandemic.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Drug Compounding/methods
- Drug Compounding/statistics & numerical data
- Drug Industry/standards
- Female
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Vaccines, Inactivated/biosynthesis
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Isaías Raw
- Biotechnology Center, Butantan Institute, 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alessandra Soares-Schanoski
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Butantan Institute, Brazil; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
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Akamatsu MA, Sakihara VA, Carvalho BP, de Paiva Abrantes A, Takano MAS, Adami EA, Yonehara FS, dos Santos Carneiro P, Rico S, Schanoski A, Meros M, Simpson A, Phan T, Fox CB, Ho PL. Preparedness against pandemic influenza: Production of an oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant in Brazil. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233632. [PMID: 32492039 PMCID: PMC7269237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing pandemic influenza vaccine manufacturing capacity is considered strategic by WHO. Adjuvant use is key in this strategy in order to spare the vaccine doses and by increasing immune protection. We describe here the production and stability studies of a squalene based oil-in-water emulsion, adjuvant IB160, and the immune response of the H7N9 vaccine combined with IB160. To qualify the production of IB160 we produced 10 consistency lots of IB160 and the average results were: pH 6.4±0.05; squalene 48.8±.0.03 mg/ml; osmolality 47.6±6.9 mmol/kg; Z-average 157±2 nm, with polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.085±0.024 and endotoxin levels <0.5 EU/mL. The emulsion particle size was stable for at least six months at 25°C and 24 months at 4–8°C. Two doses of H7N9 vaccine formulated at 7.5 μg/dose or 15 μg/dose with adjuvant IB160 showed a significant increase of hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers in sera of immunized BALB/c mice when compared to control sera from animals immunized with the H7N9 antigens without adjuvant. Thus the antigen-sparing capacity of IB160 can potentially increase the production of the H7N9 pandemic vaccine and represents an important achievement for preparedness against pandemic influenza and a successful North (IDRI) to South (Butantan Institute) technology transfer for the production of the adjuvant emulsion IB160.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Apetito Akamatsu
- Divisão BioIndustrial, Serviço de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (MAA); (PLE)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eduardo Alfredo Adami
- Divisão BioIndustrial, Laboratório de Influenza, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Stefanni Rico
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maurício Meros
- Divisão BioIndustrial, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adrian Simpson
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tony Phan
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christopher B. Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Paulo Lee Ho
- Divisão BioIndustrial, Serviço de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (MAA); (PLE)
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Zhou S, Ren T, Gu H, Wang C, Li M, Zhao Z, Xing L, Zhang L, Sun Y, Yang P, Wang X. Intradermal delivery of a fractional dose of influenza H7N9 split vaccine elicits protective immunity in mice and rats. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:623-629. [PMID: 29400997 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1423156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing the spread of the influenza virus. However, the traditional intramuscular (IM) immunization causes fear, pain, and cross infection. In contrast, needle-free (NF) immunization is quick and easy for medical personnel and painless and safe for patients. In this study, we assessed the safety and protective efficacy of NF intradermal (ID) immunization with the influenza H7N9 split vaccine (Anhui H7N9/PR8). A preliminary safety evaluation showed that ID immunization with 15 μg of the H7N9 influenza vaccine was not toxic in rats. Moreover, the antigen was metabolized more rapidly after ID than after IM immunization, as determined by in vivo imaging, and ID immunization accelerated the generation of a specific immune response. Additionally, ID immunization with a 20% dose of the H7N9 split vaccine Anhui H7N9/PR8 offered complete protection against lethal challenge by the live H7N9 virus. Taken together, our findings suggest that NF ID immunization with the H7N9 influenza vaccine induces effective protection, has a good safety profile, requires little antigen, and elicits an immune response more rapidly than does IM immunization. This approach may be used to improve the control of influenza H7N9 outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhou
- a Anhui Medical University , HeFei , Anhui , China.,b State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Tianyu Ren
- c Department of Hepatobibiary of Beijing Hospital, Beijing , China
| | - Hongjing Gu
- b State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Cheng Wang
- e Department of Orthopedics of Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Min Li
- b State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Zhongpeng Zhao
- b State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Li Xing
- b State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Liangyan Zhang
- b State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Yi Sun
- d Jiangsu Chengyu Mite Medical Technologies Co. Taizhou , Jiangsu , China
| | - Penghui Yang
- b State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing , China.,c Department of Hepatobibiary of Beijing Hospital, Beijing , China
| | - Xiliang Wang
- a Anhui Medical University , HeFei , Anhui , China.,b State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
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Hu Z, Jiao X, Liu X. Antibody Immunity Induced by H7N9 Avian Influenza Vaccines: Evaluation Criteria, Affecting Factors, and Implications for Rational Vaccine Design. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1898. [PMID: 29018438 PMCID: PMC5622983 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) infections in humans have public health authorities around the world on high alert for the potential development of a human influenza pandemic. Currently, the newly-emerged highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H7N9) virus poses a dual challenge for public health and poultry industry. Numerous H7N9 vaccine candidates have been generated using various platforms. Immunization trials in animals and humans showed that H7N9 vaccines are apparently poorly immunogenic because they induced low hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralizing antibody titers. However, H7N9 vaccines elicit comparable levels of total hemagglutinin (HA)-reactive IgG antibody as the seasonal influenza vaccines, suggesting H7N9 vaccines are as immunogenic as their seasonal counterparts. A large fraction of overall IgG antibody is non-neutralizing antibody and they target unrecognized epitopes outside of the traditional antigenic sites in HA. Further, the Treg epitope identified in H7 HA may at least partially contribute to regulation of antibody immunity. Here, we review the latest advances for the development of H7N9 vaccines and discuss the influence of serological criteria on evaluation of immunogenicity of H7N9 vaccines. Next, we discuss factors affecting antibody immunity induced by H7N9 vaccines, including the change in antigenic epitopes in HA and the presence of the Treg epitope. Last, we present our perspectives for the unique features of antibody immunity of H7N9 vaccines and propose some future directions to improve or modify antibody response induced by H7N9 vaccines. This perspective would provide critical implications for rational design of H7N9 vaccines for human and veterinary use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenglei Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Chen TH, Liu YY, Jan JT, Huang MH, Spearman M, Butler M, Wu SC. Recombinant hemagglutinin proteins formulated in a novel PELC/CpG adjuvant for H7N9 subunit vaccine development. Antiviral Res 2017; 146:213-220. [PMID: 28947234 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Humans infected with H7N9 avian influenza viruses can result in severe pneumonia and acute respiratory syndrome with an approximately 40% mortality rate, and there is an urgent need to develop an effective vaccine to reduce its pandemic potential. In this study, we used a novel PELC/CpG adjuvant for recombinant H7HA (rH7HA) subunit vaccine development. After immunizing BALB/c mice intramuscularly, rH7HA proteins formulated in this adjuvant instead of an alum adjuvant elicited higher IgG, hemagglutination-inhibition, and virus neutralizing antibodies in sera; induced higher numbers of H7HA-specific IFN-γ-secreting T cells and antibody secreting cells in spleen; and provided improved protection against live virus challenges. Our results indicate that rH7HA proteins formulated in PELC/CpG adjuvant can induce potent anti-H7N9 immunity that may provide useful information for H7N9 subunit vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Hsuan Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Yu Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Tsrong Jan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsi Huang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Maureen Spearman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Michael Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Suh-Chin Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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Isakova-Sivak I, Rudenko L. Tackling a novel lethal virus: a focus on H7N9 vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:1-13. [PMID: 28532182 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1333907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Avian-origin H7N9 influenza viruses first detected in humans in China in 2013 continue to cause severe human infections with a mortality rate close to 40%. These viruses are acknowledged as the subtype most likely to cause the next influenza pandemic. Areas covered: Here we review published data on the development of H7N9 influenza vaccine candidates and their evaluation in preclinical and clinical trials identified on PubMed database with the term 'H7N9 influenza vaccine'. In addition, a search with the same term was done on ClinicalTrials.gov to find ongoing clinical trials with H7N9 vaccines. Expert commentary: Influenza vaccines are the most powerful tool for protecting the human population from influenza infections, both seasonal and pandemic. During the past four years, a large number of promising H7N9 influenza vaccine candidates have been generated using traditional and advanced gene engineering techniques. In addition, with the support of WHO's GAP program, influenza vaccine production capacities have been established in a number of vulnerable low- and middle-income countries with a high population density, allowing the countries to be independent of vaccine supply from high-income countries. Overall, it is believed that the world is now well prepared for a possible H7N9 influenza pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Isakova-Sivak
- a Department of Virology , Institute of Experimental Medicine , Saint Petersburg , Russia
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- a Department of Virology , Institute of Experimental Medicine , Saint Petersburg , Russia
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Both haemagglutinin-specific antibody and T cell responses induced by a chimpanzee adenoviral vaccine confer protection against influenza H7N9 viral challenge. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1854. [PMID: 28500340 PMCID: PMC5431854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2013, the outbreak or sporadic infection of a new reassortant H7N9 influenza virus in China has resulted in hundreds of deaths and thousands of illnesses. An H7N9 vaccine is urgently needed, as a licensed human vaccine against H7N9 influenza is currently not available. Here, we developed a recombinant adenovirus-based vaccine, AdC68-H7HA, by cloning the H7N9 haemagglutinin (HA) gene into the chimpanzee adenoviral vector AdC68. The efficacy of AdC68-H7HA was evaluated in mice as well as guinea pigs. For comparison, an H7N9 DNA vaccine based on HA was also generated and tested in mice and guinea pigs. The results demonstrated that both AdC68-H7HA and the DNA vaccine prime-adenovirus boost regimen induced potent immune responses in animals and completely protected mice from lethal H7N9 influenza viral challenge. A post-immunization serum transfer experiment showed that antibody responses could completely protect against lethal challenge, while a T cell depletion experiment indicated that HA-specific CD8+ T cells responses also contributed to protection. Therefore, both HA-specific humoral immunity and cellular immunity play important roles in the protection. These data suggest that the chimpanzee adenovirus expressing HA is a promising vaccine candidate for H7N9 virus or other influenza viral subtypes.
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Vidyaeva IG, Potapchuk MV, Repko IA, Petrov SV, Tsybalova LM. Highly reproductive attenuated H2N2 and H7N9 reassortants on the basis of A/Hong Kong/1/68/162/35 donor virus. Vopr Virusol 2016; 61:257-262. [PMID: 36494984 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2016-61-6-257-262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reassortants with surface antigens from potentially pandemic A/H2N2 and A/H7N9 influenza viruses were created on the basis of attenuated and highly reproductive A/Hong Kong/1/68/162/35(H3N2) donor virus obtained in the Research institute of influenza. High reproductive activity of reassortant viruses and immunogenicity of live and inactivated influenza vaccines based on these viruses indicate the possibility to use obtained reassortants for production of live and inactivated vaccines against potentially pandemic influenza A viruses.
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12
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Generation and Characterization of Live Attenuated Influenza A(H7N9) Candidate Vaccine Virus Based on Russian Donor of Attenuation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138951. [PMID: 26405798 PMCID: PMC4583547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian influenza A (H7N9) virus has emerged recently and continues to cause severe disease with a high mortality rate in humans prompting the development of candidate vaccine viruses. Live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) are 6:2 reassortant viruses containing the HA and NA gene segments from wild type influenza viruses to induce protective immune responses and the six internal genes from Master Donor Viruses (MDV) to provide temperature sensitive, cold-adapted and attenuated phenotypes. Methodology/Principal Findings LAIV candidate A/Anhui/1/2013(H7N9)-CDC-LV7A (abbreviated as CDC-LV7A), based on the Russian MDV, A/Leningrad/134/17/57 (H2N2), was generated by classical reassortment in eggs and retained MDV temperature-sensitive and cold-adapted phenotypes. CDC-LV7A had two amino acid substitutions N123D and N149D (H7 numbering) in HA and one substitution T10I in NA. To evaluate the role of these mutations on the replication capacity of the reassortants in eggs, the recombinant viruses A(H7N9)RG-LV1 and A(H7N9)RG-LV2 were generated by reverse genetics. These changes did not alter virus antigenicity as ferret antiserum to CDC-LV7A vaccine candidate inhibited hemagglutination by homologous A(H7N9) virus efficiently. Safety studies in ferrets confirmed that CDC-LV7A was attenuated compared to wild-type A/Anhui/1/2013. In addition, the genetic stability of this vaccine candidate was examined in eggs and ferrets by monitoring sequence changes acquired during virus replication in the two host models. No changes in the viral genome were detected after five passages in eggs. However, after ten passages additional mutations were detected in the HA gene. The vaccine candidate was shown to be stable in the ferret model; post-vaccination sequence data analysis showed no changes in viruses collected in nasal washes present at day 5 or day 7. Conclusions/Significance Our data indicate that the A/Anhui/1/2013(H7N9)-CDC-LV7A reassortant virus is a safe and genetically stable candidate vaccine virus that is now available for distribution by WHO to vaccine manufacturers.
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13
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Yang P, Li T, Liu N, Gu H, Han L, Zhang P, Li Z, Wang Z, Zhang S, Wang X. Recombinant influenza virus carrying human adenovirus epitopes elicits protective immunity in mice. Antiviral Res 2015; 121:145-51. [PMID: 26112646 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are known to cause a broad spectrum of diseases in pediatric and adult patients. As this time, there is no specific therapy for HAdV infection. This study used reverse genetics (RG) to successfully rescue a recombinant influenza virus, termed rFLU/HAdV, with the HAdV hexon protein antigenic epitope sequence inserted in the influenza non-structural (NS1) protein gene. rFLU/HAdV morphological characteristics were observed using electron microscopy. Furthermore, BALB/c mice immunized twice intranasally (i.n.) with 10(4) TCID50 or 10(5) TCID50 rFLU/HAdV showed robust humoral, mucosal, and cell-mediated immune responses in vivo. More importantly, these specific immune responses could protect against subsequent wild-type HAdV-3 (BJ809) or HAdV-7 (BJ1026) challenge, showing a significant reduction in viral load and a noticeable alleviation of histopathological changes in the challenged mouse lung in a dose-dependent manner. These findings highlighted that recombinant rFLU/HAdV warrants further investigation as a promising HAdV candidate vaccine and underscored that the immuno-protection should be confirmed in primate models.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae Infections/pathology
- Adenoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/immunology
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Carriers
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- Histocytochemistry
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/virology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Orthomyxoviridae/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Reverse Genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Load
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Yang
- Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Tieling Li
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, 1000853, China
| | - Na Liu
- Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Hongjing Gu
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lina Han
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, 1000853, China
| | | | - Zhiwei Li
- Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | | | | | - Xiliang Wang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, China.
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14
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Enkirch T, von Messling V. Ferret models of viral pathogenesis. Virology 2015; 479-480:259-70. [PMID: 25816764 PMCID: PMC7111696 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Emerging and well-known viral diseases remain one the most important global public health threats. A better understanding of their pathogenesis and mechanisms of transmission requires animal models that accurately reproduce these aspects of the disease. Here we review the role of ferrets as an animal model for the pathogenesis of different respiratory viruses with an emphasis on influenza and paramyxoviruses. We will describe the anatomic and physiologic characteristics that contribute to the natural susceptibility of ferrets to these viruses, and provide an overview of the approaches available to analyze their immune responses. Recent insights gained using this model will be highlighted, including the development of new prophylactic and therapeutic approaches. To provide decision criteria for the use of this animal model, its strengths and limitations will be discussed. Ferrets as models for respiratory virus pathogenesis. Ferrets as models for vaccine and drug efficacy assessment. Immunological tools for ferrets. Housing and handling of ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Enkirch
- Veterinary Medicine Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - V von Messling
- Veterinary Medicine Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany.
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15
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Carter DM, Bloom CE, Kirchenbaum GA, Tsvetnitsky V, Isakova-Sivak I, Rudenko L, Ross TM. Cross-protection against H7N9 influenza strains using a live-attenuated H7N3 virus vaccine. Vaccine 2015; 33:108-16. [PMID: 25448100 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In 2013, avian H7N9 influenza viruses were detected infecting people in China resulting in high mortality. Influenza H7 vaccines that provide cross-protection against these new viruses are needed until specific H7N9 vaccines are ready to market. In this study, an available H7N3 cold-adapted, temperature sensitive, live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) elicited protective immune responses in ferrets against H7N9 viruses. The H7N3 LAIV administered alone (by intranasal or subcutaneous administration) or in a prime-boost strategy using inactivated H7N9 virus resulted in high HAI titers and protected 100% of the animals against H7N9 challenge. Naïve ferrets passively administered immune serum from H7N3 LAIV infected animals were also protected. In contrast, recombinant HA protein or inactivated viruses did not protect ferrets against challenge and elicited lower antibody titers. Thus, the H7N3 LAIV vaccine was immunogenic in healthy seronegative ferrets and protected these ferrets against the newly emerged H7N9 avian influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Carter
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Chalise E Bloom
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ted M Ross
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA.
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Protection from infection with influenza A H7N9 virus in a mouse model by equine neutralizing F(ab')2. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:134-8. [PMID: 25192652 PMCID: PMC7106124 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A H7N9 virus has demonstrated considerable pandemic potential in China ever since early spring 2013. Until now, there have been no specific medicines to treat influenza A H7N9 virus infected patients. Development of a safe and effective H7N9 therapeutic preparation is urgently needed. To this end, we prepared and evaluated the pepsin-digested F(ab′)2 fragments of serum IgGs from the horses inoculated with a inactivated influenza A H7N9 whole virus antigens. The protective effects of the F(ab′)2 fragments against H7N9 virus infection were determined in cultured MDCK cells by cytopathic effect (CPE) and evaluated in a BALB/c mouse model by observing death, weight loss and viral load. The in vitro results showed that the F(ab′)2 fragments had an HI titer of 1:2048 and a neutralization titer of 1: 31,623. The in vivo assays suggested that 600U of the preparations could efficiently protect BALB/c mice from a lethal dose of A/Anhui/01/2013 (H7N9) infection even when administered two days post infection. Thus, this highly purified preparation should be a potential candidate for treating severe patients suffering from influenza A H7N9.
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