1
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Pretzler M, Rompel A. Mushroom Tyrosinase: Six Isoenzymes Catalyzing Distinct Reactions. Chembiochem 2024:e202400050. [PMID: 38386893 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
"Mushroom tyrosinase" from the common button mushroom is the most frequently used source of tyrosinase activity, both for basic and applied research. Here, the complete tyrosinase family from Agaricus bisporus var. bisporus (abPPO1-6) was cloned from mRNA and expressed heterologously using a single protocol. All six isoenzymes accept a wide range of phenolic and catecholic substrates, but display pronounced differences in their specificity and enzymatic reaction rate. AbPPO3 ignores γ-l-glutaminyl-4-hydroxybenzene (GHB), a natural phenol present in mM concentrations in A. bisporus, while AbPPO4 processes 100 μM GHB at 4-times the rate of the catechol l-DOPA. All six AbPPOs are biochemically distinct enzymes fit for different roles in the fungal life cycle, which challenges the traditional concept of isoenzymes as catalyzing the same physiological reaction and varying only in secondary properties. Transferring this approach to other enzymes and organisms will greatly stimulate both the study of the in vivo function(s) of enzymes and the application of these highly efficient catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pretzler
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090, Wien, Austria
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2
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Liu Q, Wang C, Cui Q, Fan Y, Zhang J, Rao G. Genome-Wide Analysis of the Polyphenol Oxidase Gene Family in Olea europaea Provides Insights into the Mechanism of Enzymatic Browning in Olive Fruit. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1661. [PMID: 37759964 PMCID: PMC10525835 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Browning of olive (Olea europaea L.) fruit reduces the sensory and nutritional qualities of olive oil, thereby increasing production costs. Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) are the key enzymes that catalyze phenolic substance oxidation and mediate enzymatic browning in olive fruit, but the exact regulatory mechanism remains unclear. The main challenge is the lack of comprehensive information on OePPOs at the genome-wide level. In this study, 18 OePPO genes were identified. Subsequently, we performed a bioinformatic analysis on them. We also analyzed the expression patterns and determined the relationship among browning degree, PPO activity, and expression of OePPOs in the fruits of three olive varieties. Based on our analysis, we identified the four most conserved motifs. OePPOs were classified into two groups, with OePPOs from Group 1 showing only diphenolase activity and OePPOs from Group 2 exhibiting both mono-/diphenolase activities. Seven pairs of gene duplication events were identified, and purifying selection was found to have played a critical role in the evolution of the OePPO gene family. A positive correlation was observed between the browning degree of olive fruit and PPO activity across different olive varieties. Moreover, two important genes were found: OePPO-5 the main effector gene responsible for fruit browning, and OePPO-8, a key gene associated with specialized metabolite synthesis in the olive fruit. In short, our discoveries provide a basis for additional functional studies on OePPO genes and can help elucidate the mechanism of enzymatic browning in olive fruit in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (Q.L.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Chenhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (Q.L.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Qizhen Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (Q.L.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yutong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (Q.L.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (Q.L.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Guodong Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (Q.L.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
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3
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Hadidi M, Orellana Palacios JC, McClements DJ, Mahfouzi M, Moreno A. Alfalfa as a sustainable source of plant-based food proteins. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2023.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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4
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Kipouros I, Stańczak A, Culka M, Andris E, Machonkin TR, Rulíšek L, Solomon EI. Evidence for H-bonding interactions to the μ-η 2:η 2-peroxide of oxy-tyrosinase that activate its coupled binuclear copper site. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3913-3916. [PMID: 35237779 PMCID: PMC8966618 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00750a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The factors that control the diverse reactivity of the μ-η2:η2-peroxo dicopper(II) oxy-intermediates in the coupled binuclear copper proteins remain elusive. Here, spectroscopic and computational methods reveal H-bonding interactions between active-site waters and the μ-η2:η2-peroxide of oxy-tyrosinase, and define their effects on the Cu(II)2O2 electronic structure and O2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kipouros
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
| | - Agnieszka Stańczak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10, Praha 6, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2038/6, 128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Culka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10, Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Erik Andris
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10, Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Lubomír Rulíšek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10, Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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5
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De Jaegere I, Cornelis Y, De Clercq T, Goossens A, Van de Poel B. Overview of Witloof Chicory ( Cichorium intybus L.) Discolorations and Their Underlying Physiological and Biochemical Causes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:843004. [PMID: 35283895 PMCID: PMC8905253 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.843004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many fruits and vegetables suffer from unwanted discolorations that reduce product quality, leading to substantial losses along the supply chain. Witloof chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum), a specialty crop characterized by its unique bitter taste and crunchiness, is particularly sensitive to various types of red and brown discolorations. The etiolated vegetable suffers from three predominant color disorders, i.e., core browning, internal leaf reddening, and leaf edge browning. Additionally, several less frequently observed color disorders such as hollow pith, external red, and point noir can also negatively affect crop quality. In this article, we bring together fragmented literature and present a comprehensive overview of the different discoloration types in chicory, and discuss their potential underlying physiological causes, including laticifer rupture, calcium deficiency, and a disturbed water distribution. We also describe the role of environmental cues that influence discoloration incidence, including cultivation and postharvest storage conditions such as forcing and storage temperature, root ripeness and the duration of the forcing process. Finally, we zoom in on the underlying biochemical pathways that govern color disorders in witloof chicory, with a strong emphasis on polyphenol oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel De Jaegere
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Hormone Physiology, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Tim De Clercq
- Praktijkpunt Landbouw Vlaams-Brabant, Herent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bram Van de Poel
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Hormone Physiology, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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6
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Wang X, Yang L, Liu J, Wang R, Zhang Q, Shan Y, Ding S. Comparison of the biochemical properties and thermal inactivation of polyphenol oxidase from three lily bulb cultivars. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13431. [PMID: 33090543 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical properties and thermal inactivation of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from three main planted lily cultivars in China, namely, Lilium lancifolium Thunb, Lilium brownie var. viridulum, and Lilium davidii var. unicolor cotton were evaluated. Data indicate that the PPO from three cultivars showed two optimum pH levels of 4.0 and 6.5-7.0 and temperature of 15°C and exhibited the highest affinity toward 4-methylcatechol. However, this enzyme did not exhibit monophenolase activity. Thiourea and L-cysteine were more effective than other inhibitors. The enzymatic activity of L. lancifolium Thunb PPO crude extract was higher than that of L. brownie var. viridulum and L. davidii var. unicolor cotton. For thermal inactivation, L. davidii var. unicolor cotton PPO showed the best thermal resistance at 65-75°C, and L. lancifolium Thunb showed stability at 45°C. The deactivation of the three types of PPO followed the first-order reaction kinetics, and the activation energy (Ea) was 144.28, 138.00, and 107.12 kJ/mol for L. lancifolium Thunb PPO, L. brownie var. viridulum PPO, and L. davidii var. unicolor cotton PPO, respectively. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Lilium is an ornamental and edible plant typically used for food and traditional Chinese medicine. Its flowers are used for decoration, and its underground bulbs are rich in various bioactive substances. Fresh lily bulbs easily turn brown and lose economic value during storage and processing. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is a crucial molecule involved in the enzymatic browning of fruit and vegetables. In this study, PPO was extracted from three main planted lily cultivars in China. Namely, Lilium lancifolium Thunb, Lilium brownie var. viridulum, Lilium davidii var. unicolor cotton and was partially characterized. The results are of considerable importance to further understand the PPO of lily bulbs and provide guidance for the inactivation of enzymes and the processing of lily bulb juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Longping Branch Graduate School, Hunan University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Lvzhu Yang
- Longping Branch Graduate School, Hunan University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Longping Branch Graduate School, Hunan University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Longping Branch Graduate School, Hunan University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Changsha, China.,Hunan Province International Joint Lab on Fruits & Vegetables Processing, Quality and Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Shan
- Longping Branch Graduate School, Hunan University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Changsha, China.,Hunan Province International Joint Lab on Fruits & Vegetables Processing, Quality and Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Shenghua Ding
- Longping Branch Graduate School, Hunan University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Changsha, China.,Hunan Province International Joint Lab on Fruits & Vegetables Processing, Quality and Safety, Changsha, China
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7
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Panis F, Rompel A. Identification of the amino acid position controlling the different enzymatic activities in walnut tyrosinase isoenzymes (jrPPO1 and jrPPO2). Sci Rep 2020; 10:10813. [PMID: 32616720 PMCID: PMC7331820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) are ubiquitously distributed among plants, bacteria, fungi and animals. They catalyze the hydroxylation of monophenols (monophenolase activity) and the oxidation of o-diphenols (diphenolase activity) to o-quinones. PPOs are commonly present as an isoenzyme family. In walnut (Juglans regia), two different genes (jrPPO1 and jrPPO2) encoding PPOs have been identified. In this study, jrPPO2 was, for the first time, heterologously expressed in E. coli and characterized as a tyrosinase (TYR) by substrate scope assays and kinetic investigations, as it accepted tyramine and L-tyrosine as substrates. Moreover, the substrate acceptance and kinetic parameters (kcat and Km values) towards 16 substrates naturally present in walnut were assessed for jrPPO2 (TYR) and its isoenzyme jrPPO1 (TYR). The two isoenzymes prefer different substrates, as jrPPO1 shows a higher activity towards monophenols, whereas jrPPO2 is more active towards o-diphenols. Molecular docking studies performed herein revealed that the amino acid residue in the position of the 1st activity controller (HisB1 + 1; in jrPPO1 Asn240 and jrPPO2 Gly240) is responsible for the different enzymatic activities. Additionally, interchanging the 1st activity controller residue of the two enzymes in two mutants (jrPPO1-Asn240Gly and jrPPO2-Gly240Asn) proved that the amino acid residue located in this position allows plants to selectively target or dismiss substrates naturally present in walnut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Panis
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Wien, Austria.
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8
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Panis F, Kampatsikas I, Bijelic A, Rompel A. Conversion of walnut tyrosinase into a catechol oxidase by site directed mutagenesis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1659. [PMID: 32015350 PMCID: PMC6997208 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57671-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) comprise tyrosinases (TYRs) and catechol oxidases (COs), which catalyse the initial reactions in the biosynthesis of melanin. TYRs hydroxylate monophenolic (monophenolase activity) and oxidize diphenolic (diphenolase activity) substrates, whereas COs react only with diphenols. In order to elucidate the biochemical basis for the different reactions in PPOs, cDNA from walnut leaves was synthesized, the target gene encoding the latent walnut tyrosinase (jrPPO1) was cloned, and the enzyme was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. Mutations targeting the two activity controller residues (Asn240 and Leu244) as well as the gatekeeper residue (Phe260) were designed to impair monophenolase activity of jrPPO1. For the first time, monophenolase activity of jrPPO1 towards L-tyrosine was blocked in two double mutants (Asn240Lys/Leu244Arg and Asn240Thr/Leu244Arg) while its diphenolase activity was partially preserved, thereby converting jrPPO1 into a CO. Kinetic data show that recombinant jrPPO1 resembles the natural enzyme, and spectrophotometric investigations proved that the copper content remains unaffected by the mutations. The results presented herein provide experimental evidence that a precisely tuned interplay between the amino acids located around the active center controls the substrate specificity and therewith the mono- versus diphenolase activity in the type-III copper enzyme jrPPO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Panis
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Wien, Austria
| | - Ioannis Kampatsikas
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Wien, Austria
| | - Aleksandar Bijelic
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Wien, Austria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Wien, Austria.
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9
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Prexler SM, Frassek M, Moerschbacher BM, Dirks‐Hofmeister ME. Catechol Oxidase versus Tyrosinase Classification Revisited by Site‐Directed Mutagenesis Studies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Prexler
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der PflanzenWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Schlossplatz 8 48143 Münster Germany
| | - Martin Frassek
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der PflanzenWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Schlossplatz 8 48143 Münster Germany
| | - Bruno M. Moerschbacher
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der PflanzenWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Schlossplatz 8 48143 Münster Germany
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10
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Prexler SM, Frassek M, Moerschbacher BM, Dirks‐Hofmeister ME. Catechol Oxidase versus Tyrosinase Classification Revisited by Site‐Directed Mutagenesis Studies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8757-8761. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Prexler
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der PflanzenWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Schlossplatz 8 48143 Münster Germany
| | - Martin Frassek
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der PflanzenWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Schlossplatz 8 48143 Münster Germany
| | - Bruno M. Moerschbacher
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der PflanzenWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Schlossplatz 8 48143 Münster Germany
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11
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Pattrick CA, Webb JP, Green J, Chaudhuri RR, Collins MO, Kelly DJ. Proteomic Profiling, Transcription Factor Modeling, and Genomics of Evolved Tolerant Strains Elucidate Mechanisms of Vanillin Toxicity in Escherichia coli. mSystems 2019; 4:e00163-19. [PMID: 31186336 PMCID: PMC6561319 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00163-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is an economically important flavor compound that can be made in bacterial cell factories, but toxicity is a major problem for cells producing this aromatic aldehyde. Using (i) a global proteomic analysis supported by multiple physiological experiments, mutant analyses, and inferred transcription factor modeling and (ii) adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) of vanillin tolerance combined with genome-wide analysis of the underlying mutations, mechanisms of vanillin toxicity in Escherichia coli have been elucidated. We identified 147 proteins that exhibited a significant change in abundance in response to vanillin, giving the first detailed insight into the cellular response to this aldehyde. Vanillin caused accumulation of reactive oxygen species invoking adaptations coordinated by a MarA, OxyR, and SoxS regulatory network and increased RpoS/DksA-dependent gene expression. Differential fumarase C upregulation was found to prevent oxidative damage to FumA and FumB during growth with vanillin. Surprisingly, vanillin-dependent reduction pf copper (II) to copper (I) led to upregulation of the copA gene and growth in the presence of vanillin was shown to be hypersensitive to inhibition by copper ions. AcrD and AaeAB were identified as potential vanillin efflux systems. Vanillin-tolerant strains isolated by ALE had distinct nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in gltA that led to increased citrate synthase activity. Strain-specific mutations in cpdA, rob, and marC were also present. One strain had a large (∼10-kb) deletion that included the marRAB region. Our data provide new understanding of bacterial vanillin toxicity and identify novel gene targets for future engineering of vanillin-tolerant strains of E. coli IMPORTANCE A particular problem for the biotechnological production of many of the valuable chemicals that we are now able to manufacture in bacterial cells is that these products often poison the cells producing them. Solutions to improve product yields or alleviate such toxicity using the techniques of modern molecular biology first require a detailed understanding of the mechanisms of product toxicity. Here we have studied the economically important flavor compound vanillin, an aromatic aldehyde that exerts significant toxic effects on bacterial cells. We used high-resolution protein abundance analysis as a starting point to determine which proteins are upregulated and which are downregulated by growth with vanillin, followed by gene expression and mutant studies to understand the mechanism of the response. In a second approach, we evolved bacterial strains with higher vanillin tolerance. Their genome sequences have yielded novel insights into vanillin tolerance that are complementary to the proteomics data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum A Pattrick
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph P Webb
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Green
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Roy R Chaudhuri
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Mark O Collins
- Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- biOMICS Biological Mass Spectrometry Facility, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - David J Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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12
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Herzigkeit B, Jurgeleit R, Flöser BM, Meißner NE, Engesser TA, Näther C, Tuczek F. Employing Linear Tridentate Ligands with Pyrazole End Groups in Catalytic Tyrosinase Model Chemistry: Does Hemilability Matter? Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Herzigkeit
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Christian‐Albrechts‐Universität zu Kiel Max‐Eyth‐Straße 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Ramona Jurgeleit
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Christian‐Albrechts‐Universität zu Kiel Max‐Eyth‐Straße 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Benedikt M. Flöser
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Christian‐Albrechts‐Universität zu Kiel Max‐Eyth‐Straße 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Nadja E. Meißner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Christian‐Albrechts‐Universität zu Kiel Max‐Eyth‐Straße 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Tobias A. Engesser
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Christian‐Albrechts‐Universität zu Kiel Max‐Eyth‐Straße 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Christian Näther
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Christian‐Albrechts‐Universität zu Kiel Max‐Eyth‐Straße 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Felix Tuczek
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Christian‐Albrechts‐Universität zu Kiel Max‐Eyth‐Straße 2 24118 Kiel Germany
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13
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What causes the different functionality in type-III-copper enzymes? A state of the art perspective. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Andresen E, Peiter E, Küpper H. Trace metal metabolism in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:909-954. [PMID: 29447378 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Many trace metals are essential micronutrients, but also potent toxins. Due to natural and anthropogenic causes, vastly different trace metal concentrations occur in various habitats, ranging from deficient to toxic levels. Therefore, one focus of plant research is on the response to trace metals in terms of uptake, transport, sequestration, speciation, physiological use, deficiency, toxicity, and detoxification. In this review, we cover most of these aspects for the essential micronutrients copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, and zinc to provide a broader overview than found in other recent reviews, to cross-link aspects of knowledge in this very active research field that are often seen in a separated way. For example, individual processes of metal usage, deficiency, or toxicity often were not mechanistically interconnected. Therefore, this review also aims to stimulate the communication of researchers following different approaches, such as gene expression analysis, biochemistry, or biophysics of metalloproteins. Furthermore, we highlight recent insights, emphasizing data obtained under physiologically and environmentally relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Andresen
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Biophysics and Biochemistry, Branišovská, Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Edgar Peiter
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Betty-Heimann-Strasse, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Hendrik Küpper
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Biophysics and Biochemistry, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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15
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Prexler SM, Singh R, Moerschbacher BM, Dirks-Hofmeister ME. A specific amino acid residue in the catalytic site of dandelion polyphenol oxidases acts as 'selector' for substrate specificity. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:151-164. [PMID: 29218491 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0686-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Successful site-directed mutagenesis combined with in silico modeling and docking studies for the first time offers experimental proof of the role of the 'substrate selector' residue in plant polyphenol oxidases. The plant and fungi enzymes responsible for tissue browning are called polyphenol oxidases (PPOs). In plants, PPOs often occur as families of isoenzymes which are differentially expressed, but little is known about their physiological roles or natural substrates. In a recent study that explored these structure-function relationships, the eleven known dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) PPOs were shown to separate into two different phylogenetic groups differing in catalytic cavity architecture, kinetic parameters, and substrate range. The same study proposed that the PPOs' substrate specificity is controlled by one specific amino acid residue positioned at the entrance to the catalytic site: whereas group 1 dandelion PPOs possess a hydrophobic isoleucine (I) at position HB2+1, group 2 PPOs exhibit a larger, positively charged arginine (R). However, this suggestion was only based on bioinformatic analyses, not experiments. To experimentally investigate this hypothesis, we converted group 1 ToPPO-2 and group 2 ToPPO-6 into PPO-2-I244R and PPO-6-R254I, respectively, and expressed them in E. coli. By performing detailed kinetic characterization and in silico docking studies, we found that replacing this single amino acid significantly changed the PPO's substrate specificity. Our findings therefore proof the role of the 'substrate selector' in plant PPOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Prexler
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Ratna Singh
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany.
| | - Mareike E Dirks-Hofmeister
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
- WeissBioTech GmbH, An der Hansalinie 48-50, 59387, Ascheberg, Germany
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16
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Liu F, Han Q, Ni Y. Comparison of biochemical properties and thermal inactivation of membrane-bound polyphenol oxidase from three apple cultivars (Malus domestica
Borkh). Int J Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Northwest A & F University; Yang Ling Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Qianyun Han
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University; No. 17 Qinghua East Road Beijing 100083 China
| | - Yuanying Ni
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University; No. 17 Qinghua East Road Beijing 100083 China
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17
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Katayama-Ikegami A, Suehiro Y, Katayama T, Jindo K, Itamura H, Esumi T. Recombinant expression, purification, and characterization of polyphenol oxidase 2 (VvPPO2) from "Shine Muscat" (Vitis labruscana Bailey × Vitis vinifera L.). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:2330-2338. [PMID: 29017399 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1381017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) catalyze browning reactions in various plant organs, therefore controlling the reactions is important for the food industry. PPOs have been assumed to be involved in skin browning of white grape cultivars; however, the molecular mechanism underlying PPO-mediated browning process remains elusive. We have recently identified a new PPO gene named VvPPO2 from "Shine Muscat" (Vitis labruscana Bailey × V. vinifera L.), and have shown that the gene is transcribed at a higher level than the previously identified VvPPO1 in browning, physiologically disordered berry skins at the maturation stage. In this study, we expressed VvPPO2 in Escherichia coli and, using the purified preparation, revealed unique physicochemical characteristics of the enzyme. Our study opens up a way to not only understand the berry skin browning process but also to elucidate the enzymatic maturation process of grape PPOs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuka Suehiro
- b The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences , Tottori University , Tottori , Japan
| | - Takane Katayama
- a Ishikawa Prefectural University , Nonoichi , Japan.,c Graduate School of Biostudies , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Kazushi Jindo
- a Ishikawa Prefectural University , Nonoichi , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Itamura
- d Faculty of Life and Environmental Science , Shimane University , Matsue , Japan
| | - Tomoya Esumi
- d Faculty of Life and Environmental Science , Shimane University , Matsue , Japan
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18
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Three recombinantly expressed apple tyrosinases suggest the amino acids responsible for mono- versus diphenolase activity in plant polyphenol oxidases. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8860. [PMID: 28821733 PMCID: PMC5562730 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinases and catechol oxidases belong to the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme family, which is mainly responsible for the browning of fruits. Three cDNAs encoding PPO pro-enzymes have been cloned from leaves of Malus domestica (apple, MdPPO). The three pro-enzymes MdPPO1-3 were heterologously expressed in E. coli yielding substantial amounts of protein and have been characterized with regard to their optimum of activity resulting from SDS, acidic and proteolytic activation. Significant differences were found in the kinetic characterization of MdPPO1-3 when applying different mono- and diphenolic substrates. All three enzymes have been classified as tyrosinases, where MdPPO1 exhibits the highest activity with tyramine (kcat = 9.5 s−1) while MdPPO2 and MdPPO3 are also clearly active on this monophenolic substrate (kcat = 0.92 s−1 and kcat = 1.0 s−1, respectively). Based on the activity, sequence data and homology modelling it is proposed that the monophenolase and diphenolase activity of PPOs can be manipulated by the appropriate combination of two amino acids, which are located within the active site cleft and were therefore named “activity controllers”.
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19
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Singh S, Singh D, Kumar S. Expression and biochemical analysis of codon-optimized polyphenol oxidase from Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze in E. coli. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Influence of buffer systems on PPO activity of Riesling grapes [Vitis vinifera subsp. vinifera cv. Riesling]. Eur Food Res Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-016-2800-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Aurone synthase is a catechol oxidase with hydroxylase activity and provides insights into the mechanism of plant polyphenol oxidases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E1806-15. [PMID: 26976571 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523575113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinases and catechol oxidases belong to the family of polyphenol oxidases (PPOs). Tyrosinases catalyze theo-hydroxylation and oxidation of phenolic compounds, whereas catechol oxidases were so far defined to lack the hydroxylation activity and catalyze solely the oxidation of o-diphenolic compounds. Aurone synthase from Coreopsis grandiflora (AUS1) is a specialized plant PPO involved in the anabolic pathway of aurones. We present, to our knowledge, the first crystal structures of a latent plant PPO, its mature active and inactive form, caused by a sulfation of a copper binding histidine. Analysis of the latent proenzyme's interface between the shielding C-terminal domain and the main core provides insights into its activation mechanisms. As AUS1 did not accept common tyrosinase substrates (tyrosine and tyramine), the enzyme is classified as a catechol oxidase. However, AUS1 showed hydroxylase activity toward its natural substrate (isoliquiritigenin), revealing that the hydroxylase activity is not correlated with the acceptance of common tyrosinase substrates. Therefore, we propose that the hydroxylase reaction is a general functionality of PPOs. Molecular dynamics simulations of docked substrate-enzyme complexes were performed, and a key residue was identified that influences the plant PPO's acceptance or rejection of tyramine. Based on the evidenced hydroxylase activity and the interactions of specific residues with the substrates during the molecular dynamics simulations, a novel catalytic reaction mechanism for plant PPOs is proposed. The presented results strongly suggest that the physiological role of plant catechol oxidases were previously underestimated, as they might hydroxylate their--so far unknown--natural substrates in vivo.
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22
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Solem E, Tuczek F, Decker H. Tyrosinase versus Catecholoxidase: ein Asparagin macht den Unterschied. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Even Solem
- Institut für Molekulare Biophysik; Johannes Gutenberg Universität; Jakob-Welder-Weg 26 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Felix Tuczek
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel; Max-Eyth-Straße 2 24118 Kiel Deutschland
| | - Heinz Decker
- Institut für Molekulare Biophysik; Johannes Gutenberg Universität; Jakob-Welder-Weg 26 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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23
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Solem E, Tuczek F, Decker H. Tyrosinase versus Catechol Oxidase: One Asparagine Makes the Difference. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2884-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Even Solem
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics; Johannes Gutenberg University; Jakob Welder Weg 26 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Felix Tuczek
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Christian Albrechts University Kiel; Max Eyth Straße 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Heinz Decker
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics; Johannes Gutenberg University; Jakob Welder Weg 26 55128 Mainz Germany
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24
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Molitor C, Mauracher SG, Pargan S, Mayer RL, Halbwirth H, Rompel A. Latent and active aurone synthase from petals of C. grandiflora: a polyphenol oxidase with unique characteristics. PLANTA 2015; 242:519-37. [PMID: 25697287 PMCID: PMC4540782 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Aurone synthase belongs to the novel group 2 polyphenol oxidases and the presented kinetic characterization suggests a differing aurone biosynthesis in Asteraceae species compared to snapdragon. Aurone synthases (AUS) are polyphenol oxidases (PPO) physiologically involved in the formation of yellow aurone pigments in petals of various Asteraceae species. They catalyze the oxidative conversion of chalcones into aurones. Latent (58.9 kDa) and active (41.6 kDa) aurone synthase from petals of C. grandiflora was purified by a quantitative removal of pigments using aqueous two-phase separation and several subsequent chromatographic steps. The purified enzymes were identified as cgAUS1 (A0A075DN54) and sequence analysis revealed that cgAUS1 is a member of a new group of plant PPOs. Mass determination experiments of intact cgAUS1 gave evidence that the C-terminal domain, usually shielding the active site of latent polyphenol oxidases, is linked to the main core by a disulfide bond. This is a novel and unique structural feature of plant PPOs. Proteolytic activation in vivo leads to active aurone synthase possessing a residual peptide of the C-terminal domain. Kinetic characterization of purified cgAUS1 strongly suggests a specific involvement in 4-deoxyaurone biosynthesis in Coreopsis grandiflora (Asteraceae) that differs in various aspects compared to the 4-hydroxyaurone formation in Antirrhinum majus (Plantaginaceae): cgAUS1 is predicted to be localized in the thylakoid lumen, it possesses exclusively diphenolase activity and the results suggest that aurone formation occurs at the level of chalcone aglycones. The latent enzyme exhibits allosteric activation which changes at a specific product concentration to a constant reaction rate. The presented novel structural and functional properties of aurone synthase provide further insights in the diversity and role of plant PPOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Molitor
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Gerhard Mauracher
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sanela Pargan
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert L. Mayer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidi Halbwirth
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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25
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Leufken CM, Moerschbacher BM, Dirks-Hofmeister ME. Dandelion PPO-1/PPO-2 domain-swaps: The C-terminal domain modulates the pH optimum and the linker affects SDS-mediated activation and stability. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:178-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Kaintz C, Molitor C, Thill J, Kampatsikas I, Michael C, Halbwirth H, Rompel A. Cloning and functional expression in E. coli of a polyphenol oxidase transcript from Coreopsis grandiflora involved in aurone formation. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:3417-26. [PMID: 25109778 PMCID: PMC4158910 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases are involved in aurone biosynthesis but the gene responsible for 4-deoxyaurone formation in Asteraceae was so far unknown. Three novel full-length cDNA sequences were isolated from Coreopsis grandiflora with sizes of 1.80kb (cgAUS1) and 1.85kb (cgAUS2a, 2b), encoding for proteins of 68-69kDa, respectively. cgAUS1 is preferably expressed in young petals indicating a specific role in pigment formation. The 58.9kDa AUS1 holoproenzyme, was recombinantly expressed in E. coli and purified to homogeneity. The enzyme shows only diphenolase activity, catalyzing the conversion of chalcones to aurones and was characterized by SDS-PAGE and shot-gun type nanoUHPLC-ESI-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Kaintz
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien, Austria.
| | - Christian Molitor
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien, Austria.
| | - Jana Thill
- University of Technology Vienna, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ioannis Kampatsikas
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien, Austria; University of Technology Vienna, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Claudia Michael
- University of Vienna, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Heidi Halbwirth
- University of Technology Vienna, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien, Austria.
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