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Pyrzynska K, Sentkowska A. Selenium Species in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:2993-3004. [PMID: 37880477 PMCID: PMC11074226 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03900-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Selenium is an important trace element for humans and animals as it plays a key role in several major metabolic pathways. Several studies were conducted to better understand the role of selenium against diabetes mellitus (DM), particularly type 2 (T2DM), but the obtained conclusions are contradictory. A simple linear relationship does not exist between the risk of T2DM and selenium levels but is best represented in a dose-dependent manner, getting often the U-graph. This relation also depends on selenium chemical forms that are present in a diet or supplements. Both too low and too high selenium intakes could increase the risk of diabetes. Moreover, the baseline status of Se should be taken into consideration to avoid over-supplementation. The focus of this brief overview is to report the recent updates concerning selenium participation in diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Pyrzynska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteur Str. 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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2
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Himoto T, Fujita K, Mimura S, Tani J, Morishita A, Kubota S, Masaki T. Involvement of essential trace elements in the pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus‑related chronic liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:19. [PMID: 38223320 PMCID: PMC10785032 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Essential trace elements are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease (CLD), which causes hepatic inflammation, steatosis and fibrosis. The present study investigated the roles of essential trace elements in the pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus-related CLD (CLD-C) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and compared the levels of these trace elements between the two groups. Serum zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), copper (Cu) and ferritin levels were measured in patients with CLD-C (n=66) and NASH (n=26). Subsequently, the correlations between the levels of these essential trace elements in patient sera and the biochemical or pathological parameters of patients with CLD-C and NASH were determined. The results demonstrated that the serum ferritin levels were significantly correlated with serum alanine aminotransferase levels in both the CLD-C and NASH groups. In both groups, the serum Zn and Se levels were significantly associated with serum albumin levels, and inversely associated with the stages of hepatic fibrosis. Furthermore, serum ferritin levels were positively associated, and serum Zn levels were inversely correlated with the grades of hepatic steatosis in patients with CLD-C, whereas serum Se levels were closely associated with the grades of hepatic steatosis only in patients with NASH. In both groups, serum ferritin levels were positively correlated, and serum Zn levels were inversely correlated with homeostasis model for the assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values, and serum Se was negatively correlated with the HOMA-IR values in patients with CLD-C only. In conclusion, these results indicated that the involvement of essential trace elements in insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis may differ slightly between patients with CLD-C and those with NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Himoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0123, Japan
| | - Koji Fujita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Miki-cho, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Shima Mimura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Miki-cho, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Joji Tani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Miki-cho, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Asashiro Morishita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Miki-cho, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | | | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Miki-cho, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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3
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Polyzos SA, Kountouras J, Goulas A, Duntas L. Selenium and selenoprotein P in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hormones (Athens) 2020; 19:61-72. [PMID: 31493247 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-019-00127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Conflicting data link nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a disease with no currently approved treatment, with selenium (Se) and selenoprotein P (SELENOP), a glycoprotein synthesized and primarily secreted by the hepatocytes, functioning as a Se transporter from the liver to other tissues. This review aims to summarize the evidence between Se, SELENOP, and NAFLD, which may hopefully clarify whether current data on Se and SELENOP in NAFLD warrant further investigation for their diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Most, albeit not all, experimental data show a favorable effect of Se on hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. It seems that Se may exert an antioxidant effect on the liver, at least partly via increasing the activity of glutathione peroxidase, whose depletion contributes to the pathogenesis of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Se may also affect metalloproteinases, cytokines, and growth factors participating in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and, most importantly, may induce the apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells, the key players in hepatic fibrosis. However, the association between Se or SELENOP and insulin resistance, which is a principal pathogenetic factor of NAFLD, remains inconclusive. Clinical studies on Se or SELENOP in NAFLD are conflicting, apart from those in advanced liver disease (cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma), in which lower circulating Se and SELENOP are constant findings. Existing data warrant further mechanistic studies in valid animal models of human NAFLD. Prospective cohort studies and possibly randomized controlled trials are also needed to elucidate the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of Se supplementation in selected NAFLD individuals with Se deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- First Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Campus of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece.
| | - Jannis Kountouras
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Antonis Goulas
- First Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Campus of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Leonidas Duntas
- Endocrine Unit, Evgenidion Hospital, National Kapodestrian University, Athens, Greece
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Mahdavi Gorabi A, Hasani M, Djalalinia S, Zarei M, Ejtahed H, Abdar ME, Asayesh H, Azimzadeh M, Qorbani M, Noroozi M. Effect of selenium supplementation on glycemic indices: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2019; 18:349-362. [PMID: 31890660 PMCID: PMC6914762 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-019-00419-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The association between selenium supplementation and glycemic indices seems to be a controversial issue. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of selenium supplementation on glycemic indices. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed/MEDLINE, ISI/WOS, and Scopus (from their commencements up to Jan 2016) for relevant studies examining the association between intake of selenium and glycemic indices. The data were extracted from relevant qualified studies and estimated using the random-effect or pooled model and standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Twelve articles published between 2004 and 2016 were included. In all the studies, the participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n = 757) or a control group(n = 684). All the studies were double blind, placebo controlled trials. Selenium supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in homeostasis model of assessment-estimated β-cell function (HOMA-B) (SMD: -0.63; 95%CI: -0.89 to -0.38) and a significant increase in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) (SMD: by 0.74; 95%CI: 0.49 to 0.1) as compared with the controls. There were no statistically significant improvements in glycemic indices, such as fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin, homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and adiponectin. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis indicated that selenium supplementation significantly decreased HOMA-B and increased QUICKI score. There was no statistically significant improvement in FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR, HbA1c and adiponectin indices following selenium supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armita Mahdavi Gorabi
- Department of Basic and Clinical Research, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Motahareh Hasani
- School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Djalalinia
- Development of Research & Technology Center, Deputy of Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Zarei
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Hanieh Ejtahed
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular -Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Esmaeili Abdar
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hamid Asayesh
- Department of Medical Emergencies, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Mehdi Azimzadeh
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Noroozi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wu J, Zeng C, Yang Z, Li X, Lei G, Xie D, Wang Y, Wei J, Yang T. Association Between Dietary Selenium Intake and the Prevalence of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Am Coll Nutr 2019; 39:103-111. [PMID: 31157605 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2019.1613271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The aim was to examine the association between dietary selenium intake and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in a large group of middle-aged and elderly Chinese persons.Method: The data included in this analysis were from a population-based study, the Xiangya Hospital Health Management Center Study. NAFLD was diagnosed by (1) imaging or histological evidence of hepatic steatosis; (2) absence of specific etiologies of NAFLD; and (3) no heavy consumption of alcohol. Dietary selenium intake was assessed using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The association between dietary selenium intake and the prevalence of NAFLD was evaluated using logistic and spline regression in a cross-sectional study of 5436 subjects.Results: The prevalence of NAFLD was 36.8%. Compared with the lowest quintile, the energy-adjusted odds ratios for NAFLD were 1.27 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-1.52), 1.30 (95% CI, 1.09-1.55), and 1.58 (95% CI, 1.33-1.89) for the third, fourth, and fifth quintiles of selenium intake, respectively, and there was a positive dose-response relationship (r = 0.88, p for trend = 0.008). Similar results were observed for men and women separately. The findings were not materially altered by adjustment for potential confounders (i.e., age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, activity level, nutritional supplements, energy intake, fat intake, fiber intake, cholesterol and saturated fatty acid intake).Conclusions: In this middle-aged and elderly population, subjects with higher dietary selenium intake, even below the recommended nutrient intake in China, had higher prevalence of NAFLD in a dose-response relationship manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chao Zeng
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zidan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Joint Degeneration and Injury, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guanghua Lei
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Joint Degeneration and Injury, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Centre of Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dongxing Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yilun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Health Management Centre, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tubao Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Proietti P, Trabalza Marinucci M, Del Pino AM, D'Amato R, Regni L, Acuti G, Chiaradia E, Palmerini CA. Selenium maintains Ca2+ homeostasis in sheep lymphocytes challenged by oxidative stress. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201523. [PMID: 30059547 PMCID: PMC6066243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential element in human and animal diets, based upon a widespread range of beneficial effects that are primarily due to its antioxidant properties. While Se can be associated to anti-cancer and anti-diabetic activities, reproductive efficiency, and enhancement of the immune system, the mechanistic details of the corresponding biological processes are still largely elusive. To avoid deficiencies and increase bioavailability, Se it is generally supplied to livestock through Se-supplemented feeds or forage plants fertilized with inorganic Se. While the relationship between Ca2+ and ROS (reactive oxygen species) is well known, only a few studies have addressed the possible involvement of Se in the control of cytosolic Ca2+ in oxidative stress. The results on Ca2+ homeostasis were obtained adding exogenous Se in the form of SeO42- to sheep lymphomonocytes cultured in vitro. In particular, Se strongly attenuated 1mM H2O2-induced alteration of intracellular [Ca2+]C as well as the entry of extracellular Ca2+ into the cells with comparable EC50 values for sodium selenate accounting to 1.72 and 2.28 mM, respectively. In an ex vivo trial, it was observed that Ca2+ homeostasis can effectively be rescued in sheep lymphomonocytes exposed in vivo to a Se concentration of approximately 1.9 mM, that was achieved by feeding sheep with olive leaves previously sprayed with 500 mg/plant Na-selenate. Thus the results obtained suggest that the mode of action of selenium markedly influenced Ca2+-related signaling events. Furthermore, results clearly reveal that the protective effect of Se on Ca2+ homeostasis under oxidative challenge can be clearly and effectively achieved through an appropriate dietary regimen obtained also in a circular economy logic using pruning of olive trees treated to reduce tree drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Primo Proietti
- University of Study of Perugia, Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Marco Del Pino
- University of Study of Perugia, Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto D'Amato
- University of Study of Perugia, Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca Regni
- University of Study of Perugia, Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Acuti
- University of Study of Perugia, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Chiaradia
- University of Study of Perugia, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlo Alberto Palmerini
- University of Study of Perugia, Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Perugia, Italy
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7
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Jia Y, Li Q, Burris WR, Aiken GE, Bridges PJ, Matthews JC. Forms of selenium in vitamin-mineral mixes differentially affect serum prolactin concentration and hepatic glutamine synthetase activity of steers grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:715-727. [PMID: 29385471 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skx068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that sodium selenite (ISe), SEL-PLEX (OSe), vs. an 1:1 blend (MIX) of ISe and OSe in a basal vitamin-mineral (VM) mix would differentially affect metabolic parameters and performance of growing steers grazing toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue mixed forage (E+) pasture. Predominately-Angus steers (BW = 183 ± 34 kg) were randomly selected from herds of fall-calving cows grazing E+ pasture and consuming VM mixes that contained 35 ppm Se as ISe, OSe, and MIX forms. Steers were weaned, depleted of Se for 98 d, and subjected to summer-long common grazing of an E+ pasture (0.51 ppm total ergovaline per ergovalinine; 10.1 ha). Steers were assigned (n = 8 per treatment) to the same Se-form treatments upon which they were raised. Selenium treatments were administered by daily top-dressing 85 g of VM mix onto 0.23 kg soyhulls, using in-pasture Calan gates. The PROC MIXED procedure of SAS was used to assess effect of Se-form treatments on whole blood Se (ng/mL) and serum prolactin (ng/mL) at day 0, 22, 43, 64, and 86, and caudal arterial area (mm2) at day -7, 43, and 86. The effect of Se treatment on ADG (day 86), and liver glutamine synthetase (GS) mRNA, protein, and activity (nmol/mg wet tissue/min) were assessed using the PROC GLM procedure of SAS. Fisher's protected LSD procedure was used to separate treatment means. Whole blood Se increased (P < 0.01) for all treatments from day 0 to 22 and then did not change (P ≥ 0.17), and was greater (P ≤ 0.04) for MIX and OSe steers. Serum prolactin decreased (P < 0.01) over time and was greater (P < 0.05) for MIX and OSe steers. Liver GS mRNA content was 66% and 59% greater (P < 0.05) in MIX and OSe steers, respectively, than ISe steers. Liver GS protein content in MIX steers was 94% more (P < 0.01) than ISe steers. Moreover, MIX and OSe steers had 99% and 55% more (P ≤ 0.01) liver GS activity, respectively, than ISe steers. ADG was not affected (P = 0.36) by Se treatments. We conclude that consumption of 3 mg Se/d as OSe or MIX forms of Se in VM mixes increased 1) whole blood Se content, an indicator of greater whole-body Se assimilation; 2) serum prolactin, the reduction of which is a hallmark of fescue toxicosis; and 3) hepatic GS activity, indicating greater hepatic assimilation of acinar ammonia. However, 4) these positive effects on metabolic parameters were not accompanied by increased growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jia
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - W R Burris
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Glenn E Aiken
- ARS-USDA, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY
| | - Phillip J Bridges
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - James C Matthews
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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8
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Oxidative Stress in Pancreatic Beta Cell Regeneration. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:1930261. [PMID: 28845211 PMCID: PMC5560096 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1930261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β cell neogenesis and proliferation during the neonatal period are critical for the generation of sufficient pancreatic β cell mass/reserve and have a profound impact on long-term protection against type 2 diabetes (T2D). Oxidative stress plays an important role in β cell neogenesis, proliferation, and survival under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Pancreatic β cells are extremely susceptible to oxidative stress due to a high endogenous production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a low expression of antioxidative enzymes. In this review, we summarize studies describing the critical roles and the mechanisms of how oxidative stress impacts β cell neogenesis and proliferation. In addition, the effects of antioxidant supplements on reduction of oxidative stress and increase of β cell proliferation are discussed. Exploring the roles and the potential therapeutic effects of antioxidants in the process of β cell regeneration would provide novel perspectives to preserve and/or expand pancreatic β cell mass for the treatment of T2D.
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Bahmani F, Kia M, Soleimani A, Asemi Z, Esmaillzadeh A. Effect of Selenium Supplementation on Glycemic Control and Lipid Profiles in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 172:282-289. [PMID: 26686847 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0600-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To our knowledge, data on the effects of selenium supplementation on glycemic control and lipid concentrations in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) are scarce. The current study was done to determine the effects of selenium supplementation on glycemic control and lipid concentrations in patients with DN. This was a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial in which 60 patients with DN were randomly allocated into two groups to receive either 200 μg of selenium supplements (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30) daily for 12 weeks. Blood sampling was performed for the quantification of glycemic indicators and lipid profiles at the onset of the study and after 12 weeks of intervention. Selenium supplementation for 12 weeks resulted in a significant decrease in serum insulin levels (P = 0.01), homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (P = 0.02), homeostasis model of assessment-estimated B cell function (HOMA-B) (P = 0.009) and a significant rise in plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (P = 0.001) compared with the placebo. Taking selenium supplements had no significant effects on fasting plasma glucose (FPG), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) and lipid profiles compared with the placebo. Overall, our study demonstrated that selenium supplementation for 12 weeks among patients with DN had beneficial effects on plasma GPx, serum insulin levels, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-B, while it did not affect FPG, QUICKI, and lipid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Bahmani
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mahsa Kia
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Alireza Soleimani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Ahn T, Bae CS, Yun CH. Selenium supplementation restores the decreased albumin level of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:669-74. [PMID: 26726102 PMCID: PMC4873859 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, it has been suggested that the phenotypic level of albumin in peripheral
blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) decreased in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.
Concomitantly, the production of oxidative stresses was also elevated in the diabetic PBMC
compared to that of normal control. These results suggest the close relationship between
PBMC-albumin and its antioxidant roles. Here, we expanded the previous studies and
investigated the effect of selenium supplementation as inorganic (sodium selenate) forms
on the levels of albumin expression and oxidative stress in PBMC of STZ-induced diabetic
mice. Selenium intake recovered the decreased albumin levels to those of normal mice and
reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These results support that
selenium intake may alleviate the etiology and pathology of PBMC in type 1 diabetic mice
by restoring the decrease in albumin contents and the production of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeho Ahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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11
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Ruan J, Zhang Y, Yuan J, Xin L, Xia J, Liu N, Mu Y, Chen Y, Yang S, Li K. A long-term high-fat, high-sucrose diet in Bama minipigs promotes lipid deposition and amyotrophy by up-regulating the myostatin pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 425:123-32. [PMID: 26850224 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is as an important regulator of blood glucose and glycolipid metabolism and is closely related to motor ability. The underlying mechanisms by which dietary ectopic lipids in skeletal muscle prevents muscle growth remain elusive. We utilized miniature Bama swine as a model to mimic human obesity using prolonged dietary induction. After 23 months on a high-fat, high-sucrose diet, metabolic disorders were induced in the animals, which exhibited increased body weight, extensive lipid deposition in the skeletal muscle and amyotrophy. Microarray profiles demonstrated the up-regulation of genes related to fat deposition and muscle growth inhibition. We outline a clear potential pathway that in combination with increased 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, promotes expression of a major inhibitor, myostatin, by converting corticosterone to cortisol, which leads to the growth inhibition of skeletal muscle. This research provides new insights into the treatment of muscle diseases induced by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxue Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China; College of Animal Science, Yangtz University, Jinzhou, 434023, Hubei, PR China
| | - Leilei Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jihan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Nan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Agricutural Genomes Institute at Shenzhen, CAAS, Shenzhen, 518120, PR China
| | - Yulian Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yaoxing Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Shulin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Kui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Agricutural Genomes Institute at Shenzhen, CAAS, Shenzhen, 518120, PR China
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12
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Mohammad Hosseinzadeh F, Hosseinzadeh-Attar MJ, Yekaninejad MS, Rashidi B. Effects of selenium supplementation on glucose homeostasis and free androgen index in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized, double blinded, placebo controlled clinical trial. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2016; 34:56-61. [PMID: 26854246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Insulin resistance (IR) is a main pathophysiologic feature in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients which is triggered by elevated oxidative stress in these patients. Selenium, an essential micronutrient, is a major constituent of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase. Recently, decreased plasma selenium concentrations were reported in PCOS patients. So, the present study was carried out in order to assess whether selenium consumption can improve the metabolic response to insulin and reduce the insulin resistance in these women. SUBJECTS/METHODS A total of 53 PCOS patients (diagnosed by Rotterdam criteria), 18-42 years old, participated in this randomized, double-blind and placebo controlled trial for 12 weeks (selenium, n=26; placebo, n=27). The effects of daily administration of 200 μg selenium or placebo on serum glucose, total testosterone (tT), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and free androgen index (FAI) in fasting state were evaluated. RESULTS At the end of the study, insulin resistance was significantly increased in selenium recipients when compared with the placebo group (2.05 ± 0.39 when compared with 1.81 ± 0.25, p=0.017). Also, selenium supplementation resulted in marginally significant increase (p=0.056) in insulin level when compared with the placebo group. There were no statistically significant changes in other study endpoints, when comparing the two groups. CONCLUSION This study showed that selenium supplementation in PCOS patients may worsen insulin resistance in them. Until the results of larger studies become available, indiscriminate consumption of selenium supplements in PCOS patients will warrant caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mohammad Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416643931, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Javad Hosseinzadeh-Attar
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416643931, Iran.
| | - Mir Saeed Yekaninejad
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151 Iran.
| | - Batool Rashidi
- Vali-e-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733141, Iran.
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Huang X, Tang J, Xu J, Jia G, Liu G, Chen X, Cai J, Shang H, Zhao H. Supranutritional dietary selenium induced hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia via affected expression of selenoprotein genes and insulin signal-related genes in broiler. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14932d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of supranutritional selenium (Se) on the mRNA expression of selenoprotein genes and insulin signal-related genes in the liver, muscle and pancreas of the broiler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Huang
- Animal Nutrition Institute
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Jiayong Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Jingyang Xu
- Animal Nutrition Institute
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Gang Jia
- Animal Nutrition Institute
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Guangmang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Jingyi Cai
- Animal Nutrition Institute
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Haiying Shang
- Animal Nutrition Institute
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Animal Nutrition Institute
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu
- China
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14
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Ma D, Gao P, Qian L, Wang Q, Cai C, Jiang S, Xiao G, Cui W. Over-Expression of Porcine Myostatin Missense Mutant Leads to A Gender Difference in Skeletal Muscle Growth between Transgenic Male and Female Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:20020-32. [PMID: 26305245 PMCID: PMC4581338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160820020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin, a transforming growth factor-β family member, is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle development and growth. Piedmontese cattle breeds have a missense mutation, which results in a cysteine to tyrosine substitution in the mature myostatin protein (C313Y). This loss-of-function mutation in myostatin results in a double-muscled phenotype in cattle. Myostatin propeptide is an inhibitor of myostatin activity and is considered a potential agent to stimulate muscle growth in livestock. In this study, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing porcine myostatin missense mutant (pmMS), C313Y, and wild-type porcine myostatin propeptide (ppMS), respectively, to examine their effects on muscle growth in mice. Enhanced muscle growth was observed in both pmMS and ppMS transgenic female mice and also in ppMS transgenic male mice. However, there was no enhanced muscle growth observed in pmMS transgenic male mice. To explore why there is such a big difference in muscle growth between pmMS and ppMS transgenic male mice, the expression level of androgen receptor (AR) mutant AR45 was measured by Western blot. Results indicated that AR45 expression significantly increased in pmMS transgenic male mice while it decreased dramatically in ppMS transgenic male mice. Our data demonstrate that both pmMS and ppMS act as myostatin inhibitors in the regulation of muscle growth, but the effect of pmMS in male mice is reversed by an increased AR45 expression. These results provide useful insight and basic theory to future studies on improving pork quality by genetically manipulating myostatin expression or by regulating myostatin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezun Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Pengfei Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Lili Qian
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Qingqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Chunbo Cai
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shengwang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Gaojun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wentao Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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15
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Kim CY, Zhu Y, Buhman KK, Kim KH. Dietary selenate attenuates adiposity and improves insulin sensitivity in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Chen LN, Sun Q, Liu SQ, Hu H, Lv J, Ji WJ, Wang M, Chen MX, Zhou J. Erythropoietin improves glucose metabolism and pancreatic β-cell damage in experimental diabetic rats. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:5391-8. [PMID: 26126591 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have implicated erythropoietin (EPO) signaling in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Whether EPO can be used treat diabetes and the underlying mechanism remain to be elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate whether EPO affects glucose metabolism, and the underlying mechanisms, in experimental diabetic rats. The effects of EPO (300 U/kg three times a week for 4 weeks) on glucose metabolism, hematopoietic function, blood selenium content and the ultrastructure of pancreatic β‑cells were investigated in low dose (25 mg/kg body weight) streptozotocin‑induced experimental diabetic rats provided with a high‑fat diet. The results demonstrated that EPO significantly decreased the fasting blood glucose, the area under the curve of the oral glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests and L‑alanine gluconeogenesis. Ultrastructural examination of the pancreatic islets revealed that EPO prevented the dysfunction of pancreatic β‑cells in experimental diabetic rats, ameliorated cytoplasmic vacuolation and fragmentation of mitochondria, and increased the number of secretory granules. EPO administration increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased the level of malondialdehyde. Additionally, EPO increased blood selenium in the diabetic rats and produced a hematopoietic effect. These results indicated that EPO modulated glucose metabolism and improved pancreatic β‑cells damage by increasing anti‑oxidation. The detailed mechanisms underlying these effects require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xian, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xian, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Qing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xian, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xian, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Juan Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xian, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Jun Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xian, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xian, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Xia Chen
- Department of Electron Microscopy Room, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xian, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xian, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Jamilian M, Razavi M, Fakhrie Kashan Z, Ghandi Y, Bagherian T, Asemi Z. Metabolic response to selenium supplementation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 82:885-91. [PMID: 25510442 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We are aware of no study examining the effects of selenium supplementation on metabolic profiles of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of selenium supplementation on glucose homeostasis parameters and lipid concentrations in women with PCOS. DESIGN, PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted among 70 women diagnosed with PCOS and aged 18-40 years old. Participants were randomly divided into two groups to receive 200 μg per day selenium supplements (N = 35) or placebo (N = 35) for 8 weeks. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and after 8 weeks intervention to quantify glucose, insulin and lipid concentrations. RESULTS After 8 weeks of intervention, subjects who received selenium supplements had significantly decreased serum insulin levels (-29·83 ± 47·29 vs +9·07 ± 77·12 pmol/l, P = 0·013), homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (-1·15 ± 1·81 vs +0·42 ± 3·09, P = 0·011), homeostatic model assessment-beta-cell function (HOMA-B) (-19·06 ± 30·95 vs +4·55 ± 47·99, P = 0·017) and increased quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) (+0·03 ± 0·04 vs +0·0009 ± 0·05, P = 0·032) compared with placebo. In addition, supplementation with selenium resulted in a significant reduction in serum triglycerides (-0·14 ± 0·55 vs +0·11 ± 0·30 mmol/l, P = 0·025) and VLDL-C concentrations (-0·03 ± 0·11 vs +0·02 ± 0·06 mmol/l, P = 0·025) compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, 200 microgram per day selenium supplementation for 8 weeks among PCOS women had beneficial effects on insulin metabolism parameters, triglycerides and VLDL-C levels; however, it did not affect FPG and other lipid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Jamilian
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, I.R. Iran
| | - Maryamalsadat Razavi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, I.R. Iran
| | - Zohreh Fakhrie Kashan
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran
| | - Yasser Ghandi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran
| | - Tayebeh Bagherian
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran
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Abstract
This review aims to illustrate the importance of selenium (Se) for maintenance of overall health, especially for the thyroid, immunity, and homeostasis. Furthermore, it outlines the role of Se in reproduction and in virology and discusses the effects of Se supplementation in critical illness. The multifaceted aspects of this essential nutrient have attracted worldwide clinical and research interest in the last few decades. Se exerts its activity in the form of the aminoacid selenocysteine incorporated in selenoproteins. The impact of Se administration should be considered in relation to its apparent U shaped effects, i.e., exhibiting major advantages in Se-deficient individuals but specific health risks in those with Se excess. Addition of selenium to the administration of levothyroxine may be useful in patients with low Se intake and with mild-form or early-stage Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). Serum Se concentration (possibly also at tissue level) decreases in inflammatory conditions and may vary with the severity and duration of the inflammatory process. In such cases, the effect of Se supplementation seems to be useful and rational. Meanwhile, Se's ability to improve the activity of T cells and the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells could render it effective in viral disease. However, the evidence, and this should be stressed, is at present conflicting as to whether Se supplementation is of benefit in patients with HT, though there are indications that it is advantageous in cases of mild/moderate Graves' Orbitopathy. The role of Se in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is ambiguous, driven by both Se intake and serum levels. The evidence that insulin and glycaemia influence the transport and activity of Se, via regulatory activity on selenoproteins, and that high serum Se may have a diabetogenic effect suggests a 'Janus-effect' of Se in T2DM. Though the evidence is not as yet clear-cut, the organic form (selenomethionine), due to its pharmacokinetics, is likely to be more advantageous in long-term prevention, and supplementation efforts, while the inorganic form (sodium selenite) has proven effective in an acute, e.g., sepsis, clinical setting. Recent data indicate that functional selenoprotein single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may interfere with Se utilization and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas H Duntas
- Unit of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Evgenidion Hospital, University of Athens, School of Medicine, 20 Papadiamantopoulou St, 115 28, Athens, Greece,
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