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Braian C, Karlsson L, Das J, Lerm M. Selected β-Glucans Act as Immune-Training Agents by Improving Anti-Mycobacterial Activity in Human Macrophages: A Pilot Study. J Innate Immun 2023; 15:751-764. [PMID: 37734337 PMCID: PMC10616672 DOI: 10.1159/000533873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune cells by β-glucan in a process called trained immunity leads to an enhanced host response to a secondary infection. β-Glucans are structural components of plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria and thus recognized as non-self by human macrophages. We selected the β-glucan curdlan from Alcaligenes faecalis, WGP dispersible from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and β-glucan-rich culture supernatant of Alternaria and investigated whether they could produce trained immunity effects leading to an increased control of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We observed a significant M. tuberculosis growth reduction in macrophages trained with curdlan and Alternaria, which also correlated with increased IL-6 and IL-1β release. WGP dispersible-trained macrophages were stratified into "non-responders" and "responders," according to their ability to control M. tuberculosis, with "responders" producing higher IL-6 levels. The addition of neutrophils to infected macrophage cultures further enhanced macrophage control of virulent M. tuberculosis, but not in a stimuli-dependent manner. Pathway enrichment analysis of DNA methylome data also highlighted hypomethylation of genes in pathways associated with signaling and cellular reorganization and motility, and "responders" to WGP training were enriched in the interferon-gamma signaling pathway. This study adds evidence that certain β-glucans show promise as immune-training agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Braian
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden,
| | - Lovisa Karlsson
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jyotirmoy Das
- Bioinformatics, Core Facility, Cell Biology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Genomics Linköping, SciLife Laboratory, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maria Lerm
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- SciLifeLab, CBCS, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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2
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Li Y, Fu Y, Sun J, Shen J, Liu F, Ning B, Lu Z, Wei L, Jiang X. Tanshinone IIA alleviates NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-(H37Ra-) infected macrophages by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 282:114595. [PMID: 34517060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tanshinone IIA (Tan), extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, is a perennial herbal plant widely used as a folk remedy in Asian countries. Several studies have proved that Tanshinone IIA possesses many biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, free-radical scavenging abilities, antioxidant properties, liver protection, and anti-cancer properties. AIM OF THE STUDY The objective of the present study was to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of Tan. MATERIALS AND METHODS The in vitro infection model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages with the H37Ra strain was established. Murine macrophage Raw 264.7 and human monocyte THP-1 were used for the experiments. Cell viability was determined by the MTT assay. Western blot and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity assays were used to detect the effects of Tan on cell pyroptosis and the level of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Western blot, Co-immunoprecipitation and Immunofluorescence assays were used to observe the effect of Tan on the expression level of TXNIP. Immunofluorescence assays were applied to explore the effect of Tan on mtROS. Western blot and agarose gel electrophoresis were adopted to observe the effect of Tan on endoplasmic reticulum stress. The siRNA technique was applied to knockdown the expression levels of PERK/peIF2α, IRE1α and ATF6, and Western blot assay was employed to explore the NLRP3 inflammasome activation and possible molecular regulation mechanism of Tan. RESULTS This study demonstrated that Tan decreased Mtb-induced cell pyroptosis by measuring GSDMD-N and LDH release provoked by NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Additionally, Tan inhibited endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), mitochondrial damage, and TXNIP protein expression, all of which acted as upstream signals of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in Mtb-infected macrophages. Significantly, NLRP3 inflammasome activation was suppressed by knocking down ERS pathway proteins, which further clarified that Tan partly targeted ERS to exert anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory actions. CONCLUSION This research confirms Tan's anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory mechanisms in Mtb-infected macrophages by downregulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation-mediated pyroptosis provoked by ERS. Tan may function as an adjuvant drug to treat TB by adjusting host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhong Li
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Yan Fu
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Jinxia Sun
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Jingjing Shen
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Fanglin Liu
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Bangzuo Ning
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Zhenhui Lu
- Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Luyao Wei
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Health Identification and Assessment, Department of Biochemistry, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China.
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3
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Dias LDS, Silva LBR, Nosanchuk JD, Taborda CP. Neutrophil Cells Are Essential for The Efficacy of a Therapeutic Vaccine against Paracoccidioidomycosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060416. [PMID: 34073466 PMCID: PMC8226764 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), caused by the Paracoccidioides species, is a systemic disease endemic in several Latin American countries, mainly in Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, and Venezuela. Current treatment approaches are challenging as they require prolonged durations of antifungal drugs that have potential toxicities, and despite antifungals, relapses are common. Hence, new therapeutic approaches, such as vaccines, are being investigated. The therapeutic vaccine consisting of peptide P10 associated with lipid cationic DODAB (P10+DODAB) is effective in murine models of PCM. However, the specific immune mechanisms required for the protective response has not been fully elucidated. The present work aims at evaluating the participation of neutrophils in the immune response induced by P10+DODAB. We found that the vaccine reduced both the influx of pulmonary neutrophils and the fungal load in comparison to infected animals that did not receive this treatment. The parenchymal architecture of the lungs of P10+DODAB-treated animals was largely preserved with only a few granulomas present, and tissue cytokine analysis showed a Th1 cytokine profile with augmented levels of IL-12, IFN-γ and TNF-α, and low levels of IL-4. When neutrophils were depleted 24 h prior to each treatment, the effectiveness of the P10+DODAB vaccine was completely lost as the fungal burdens remained high and histological examination showed a marked inflammation and fungal dissemination with a dysregulated cytokine response. In conclusion, these findings indicate that neutrophils are vital to ensure the triggering of an effective immune response to P10+DODAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas dos Santos Dias
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (L.d.S.D.); (L.B.R.S.)
| | - Leandro B. R. Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (L.d.S.D.); (L.B.R.S.)
| | - Joshua D. Nosanchuk
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Carlos Pelleschi Taborda
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (L.d.S.D.); (L.B.R.S.)
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Tropical Medicine Institute USP-LIM53, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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4
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Neutrophils in Tuberculosis: Cell Biology, Cellular Networking and Multitasking in Host Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094801. [PMID: 33946542 PMCID: PMC8125784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils readily infiltrate infection foci, phagocytose and usually destroy microbes. In tuberculosis (TB), a chronic pulmonary infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), neutrophils harbor bacilli, are abundant in tissue lesions, and their abundances in blood correlate with poor disease outcomes in patients. The biology of these innate immune cells in TB is complex. Neutrophils have been assigned host-beneficial as well as deleterious roles. The short lifespan of neutrophils purified from blood poses challenges to cell biology studies, leaving intracellular biological processes and the precise consequences of Mtb–neutrophil interactions ill-defined. The phenotypic heterogeneity of neutrophils, and their propensity to engage in cellular cross-talk and to exert various functions during homeostasis and disease, have recently been reported, and such observations are newly emerging in TB. Here, we review the interactions of neutrophils with Mtb, including subcellular events and cell fate upon infection, and summarize the cross-talks between neutrophils and lung-residing and -recruited cells. We highlight the roles of neutrophils in TB pathophysiology, discussing recent findings from distinct models of pulmonary TB, and emphasize technical advances that could facilitate the discovery of novel neutrophil-related disease mechanisms and enrich our knowledge of TB pathogenesis.
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5
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Hilda JN, Das S, Tripathy SP, Hanna LE. Role of neutrophils in tuberculosis: A bird's eye view. Innate Immun 2020; 26:240-247. [PMID: 31735099 PMCID: PMC7251797 DOI: 10.1177/1753425919881176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are innate immune cells implicated in the process of killing Mycobacterium tuberculosis early during infection. Once the mycobacteria enter the human system, neutrophils sense and engulf them. By secreting bactericidal enzymes and α-defensins like human neutrophil peptides loaded in their granule armory, neutrophils kill the pathogen. Peripheral blood neutrophils secrete a wide range of cytokines like IL-8, IL-1-β and IFN-γ in response to mycobacterial infection. Thus they signal and activate distant immune cells thereby informing them of prevailing infection. The activated monocytes, dendritic cells and T cells further continue the immune response. As a final call, neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps in circulation which can trap mycobacteria in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Extensive neutrophilic response is associated with inflammation, pulmonary destruction, and pathology. For example, inappropriate phagocytosis of mycobacteria-infected neutrophils can damage host cells due to necrosis of neutrophils, leading to chronic inflammation and tissue damage. This dual nature of neutrophils makes them double-edged swords during tuberculosis, and hence data available on neutrophil functions against mycobacterium are controversial and non-uniform. This article reviews the role of neutrophils in tuberculosis infection and highlights research gaps that need to be addressed. We focus on our understanding of new research ideologies targeting neutrophils (a) in the early stages of infection for boosting specific immune functions or (b) in the later stages of infection to prevent inflammatory conditions mediated by activated neutrophils. This would plausibly lead to the development of better tuberculosis vaccines and therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nancy Hilda
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in
Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai, India
| | - Sulochana Das
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in
Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai, India
| | - Srikanth P Tripathy
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in
Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai, India
| | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in
Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai, India
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6
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Kumar R, Singh P, Kolloli A, Shi L, Bushkin Y, Tyagi S, Subbian S. Immunometabolism of Phagocytes During Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:105. [PMID: 31681793 PMCID: PMC6803600 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains as a leading killer among infectious diseases worldwide. The nature of the host immune response dictates whether the initial Mtb infection is cleared or progresses toward active disease, and is ultimately determined by intricate host-pathogen interactions that are yet to be fully understood. The early immune response to infection is mediated by innate immune cells, including macrophages and neutrophils that can phagocytose Mtb and mount an antimicrobial response. However, Mtb can exploit these innate immune cells for its survival and dissemination. Recently, it has become clear that the immune response and metabolic remodeling are interconnected, which is highlighted by the rapid evolution of the interdisciplinary field of immunometabolism. It has been proposed that the net outcome to Mtb infection—clearance or chronic disease—is likely a result of combined immunologic and metabolic activities of the immune cells. Indeed, host cells activated by Mtb infection have strikingly different metabolic requirements than naïve/non-infected cells. Macrophages activated by Mtb-derived molecules or upon phagocytosis acquire a phenotype similar to M1 with elevated production of pro-inflammatory molecules and rely on glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway to meet their bioenergetic and metabolic requirements. In these macrophages, oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation are dampened. However, the non-infected/naive, M2-type macrophages are anti-inflammatory and derive their energy from oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation. Similar metabolic adaptations also occur in other phagocytes, including dendritic cells, neutrophils upon Mtb infection. This metabolic reprogramming of innate immune cells during Mtb infection can differentially regulate their effector functions, such as the production of cytokines and chemokines, and antimicrobial response, all of which can ultimately determine the outcome of Mtb-host interactions within the granulomas. In this review, we describe key immune cells bolstering host innate response and discuss the metabolic reprogramming in these phagocytes during Mtb infection. We focused on the major phagocytes, including macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils and the key regulators involved in metabolic reprogramming, such as hypoxia-inducible factor-1, mammalian target of rapamycin, the cellular myelocytomatosis, peroxisome proliferator-activator receptors, sirtuins, arginases, inducible nitric acid synthase and sphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Kumar
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Pooja Singh
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Afsal Kolloli
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Lanbo Shi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Yuri Bushkin
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Sanjay Tyagi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
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7
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Ruiz A, Sarabia C, Torres M, Juárez E. Resolvin D1 (RvD1) and maresin 1 (Mar1) contribute to human macrophage control of M. tuberculosis infection while resolving inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 74:105694. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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8
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Andersson AM, Larsson M, Stendahl O, Blomgran R. Efferocytosis of Apoptotic Neutrophils Enhances Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in HIV-Coinfected Macrophages in a Myeloperoxidase-Dependent Manner. J Innate Immun 2019; 12:235-247. [PMID: 31247619 DOI: 10.1159/000500861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a big threat, with 1.6 million deaths in 2017, including 0.3 million deaths among patients with HIV. The risk of developing active disease increases considerably during an HIV coinfection. Alveolar macrophages are the first immune cells to encounter the causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but during the granuloma formation other cells are recruited in order to combat the bacteria. Here, we have investigated the effect of efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils by M. tuberculosis and HIV-coinfected macrophages in a human in vitro system. We found that the apo-ptotic neutrophils enhanced the control of M. tuberculosis in single and HIV-coinfected macrophages, and that this was dependent on myeloperoxidase (MPO) and reactive oxygen species in an autophagy-independent manner. We show that MPO remains active in the apoptotic neutrophils and can be harnessed by infected macrophages. In addition, MPO inhibition removed the suppression in M. tuberculosis growth caused by the apoptotic neutrophils. Antimycobacterial components from apoptotic neutrophils could thus increase the microbicidal activity of macrophages during an M. tuberculosis/HIV coinfection. This cooperation between innate immune cells could thereby be a way to compensate for the impaired adaptive immunity against M. tuberculosis seen during a concurrent HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Andersson
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Olle Stendahl
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Robert Blomgran
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden,
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9
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Schmitz V, Tavares IF, Pignataro P, Machado ADM, Pacheco FDS, dos Santos JB, da Silva CO, Sarno EN. Neutrophils in Leprosy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:495. [PMID: 30949168 PMCID: PMC6436181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by the intracellular bacillus Mycobacterium leprae that mainly affects the skin and peripheral nerves. One of the most intriguing aspects of leprosy is the diversity of its clinical forms. Paucibacillary patients are characterized as having less than five skin lesions and rare bacilli while the lesions in multibacillary patients are disseminated with voluminous bacilli. The chronic course of leprosy is often interrupted by acute episodes of an inflammatory immunological response classified as either reversal reaction or erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). Although ENL is considered a neutrophilic immune-complex mediated condition, little is known about the direct role of neutrophils in ENL and leprosy disease overall. Recent studies have shown a renewed interest in neutrophilic biology. One of the most interesting recent discoveries was that the neutrophilic population is not homogeneous. Neutrophilic polarization leads to divergent phenotypes (e.g., a pro- and antitumor profile) that are dynamic subpopulations with distinct phenotypical and functional abilities. Moreover, there is emerging evidence indicating that neutrophils expressing CD64 favor systemic inflammation during ENL. In the present review, neutrophilic involvement in leprosy is discussed with a particular focus on ENL and the potential of neutrophils as clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Schmitz
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Patricia Pignataro
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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10
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Basu Roy R, Sambou B, Uhía I, Roetynck S, Robertson BD, Kampmann B. An Auto-luminescent Fluorescent BCG Whole Blood Assay to Enable Evaluation of Paediatric Mycobacterial Responses Using Minimal Blood Volumes. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:151. [PMID: 31114771 PMCID: PMC6503113 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Understanding protective human immunity against mycobacteria is critical to developing and evaluating new vaccines against tuberculosis. Children are the most susceptible population to infection, disease, and death from tuberculosis, but also have the strongest evidence of BCG-inducible protection. Limited amounts of blood can be obtained for research purposes in paediatrics and therefore there is a need for high-yield, low-volume, human immunology assays. Methods: We transformed BCG Danish with plasmids encoding luciferase full operon derived from Photorhabdus luminescens together with Green Fluorescent Protein and antibiotic selection markers. We characterised the luminescent and fluorescent properties of this recombinant BCG strain (BCG-GFP-LuxFO) using a luminometer and flow cytometry and developed a paediatric whole blood in vitro infection model. Results: Luminescence of BCG-GFP-LuxFO correlated with optical density (Spearman Rank Correlation coefficient r = 0.985, p < 0.0001) and colony forming units (CFUs) in liquid culture medium (r = 0.971, p < 0.0001). Fluorescence of BCG-GFP-LuxFO in paediatric whole blood was confirmed by flow cytometry in granulocytes and monocytes 1 h following infection. Luminescence of BCG-GFP-LuxFO in whole blood corresponded with CFUs (r = 0.7123, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: The BCG-GFP-LuxFO assay requires 225 μL whole blood per sample, from which serial luminescence measurements can be obtained, together with biochemical analysis of supernatants and cellular assay applications using its fluorescent properties. This offers the opportunity to study human-mycobacterial interactions using multiple experimental modalities with only minimal blood volumes. It is therefore a valuable method for investigating paediatric immunity to tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robindra Basu Roy
- Department of Paediatrics, Centre for International Child Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Vaccines & Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Basil Sambou
- Vaccines & Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Iria Uhía
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Roetynck
- Vaccines & Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Brian D Robertson
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Beate Kampmann
- Department of Paediatrics, Centre for International Child Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Vaccines & Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Banjul, The Gambia.,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Vaccine Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Pahari S, Kaur G, Negi S, Aqdas M, Das DK, Bashir H, Singh S, Nagare M, Khan J, Agrewala JN. Reinforcing the Functionality of Mononuclear Phagocyte System to Control Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:193. [PMID: 29479353 PMCID: PMC5811511 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) constitutes dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages. This system contributes to various functions that are essential for maintaining homeostasis, activation of innate immunity, and bridging it with the adaptive immunity. Consequently, MPS is highly important in bolstering immunity against the pathogens. However, MPS is the frontline cells in destroying Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), yet the bacterium prefers to reside in the hostile environment of macrophages. Therefore, it may be very interesting to study the struggle between Mtb and MPS to understand the outcome of the disease. In an event when MPS predominates Mtb, the host remains protected. By contrast, the situation becomes devastating when the pathogen tames and tunes the host MPS, which ultimately culminates into tuberculosis (TB). Hence, it becomes extremely crucial to reinvigorate MPS functionality to overwhelm Mtb and eliminate it. In this article, we discuss the strategies to bolster the function of MPS by exploiting the molecules associated with the innate immunity and highlight the mechanisms involved to overcome the Mtb-induced suppression of host immunity. In future, such approaches may provide an insight to develop immunotherapeutics to treat TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanta Pahari
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shikha Negi
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mohammad Aqdas
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepjyoti K Das
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Hilal Bashir
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanpreet Singh
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mukta Nagare
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Junaid Khan
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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12
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Mourik BC, Lubberts E, de Steenwinkel JEM, Ottenhoff THM, Leenen PJM. Interactions between Type 1 Interferons and the Th17 Response in Tuberculosis: Lessons Learned from Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:294. [PMID: 28424682 PMCID: PMC5380685 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical paradigm of tuberculosis (TB) immunity, with a central protective role for Th1 responses and IFN-γ-stimulated cellular responses, has been challenged by unsatisfactory results of vaccine strategies aimed at enhancing Th1 immunity. Moreover, preclinical TB models have shown that increasing IFN-γ responses in the lungs is more damaging to the host than to the pathogen. Type 1 interferon signaling and altered Th17 responses have also been associated with active TB, but their functional roles in TB pathogenesis remain to be established. These two host responses have been studied in more detail in autoimmune diseases (AID) and show functional interactions that are of potential interest in TB immunity. In this review, we first identify the role of type 1 interferons and Th17 immunity in TB, followed by an overview of interactions between these responses observed in systemic AID. We discuss (i) the effects of GM-CSF-secreting Th17.1 cells and type 1 interferons on CCR2+ monocytes; (ii) convergence of IL-17 and type 1 interferon signaling on stimulating B-cell activating factor production and the central role of neutrophils in this process; and (iii) synergy between IL-17 and type 1 interferons in the generation and function of tertiary lymphoid structures and the associated follicular helper T-cell responses. Evaluation of these autoimmune-related pathways in TB pathogenesis provides a new perspective on recent developments in TB research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas C Mourik
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Erik Lubberts
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan E M de Steenwinkel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Pieter J M Leenen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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The Numerical Predominance and Large Transcriptome Differences of Neutrophils in Peripheral Blood Together Inevitably Account for a Reported Pulmonary Tuberculosis Signature. Int J Genomics 2017; 2017:5830971. [PMID: 28265564 PMCID: PMC5317119 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5830971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous transcriptomic analysis revealed a 393-transcript signature (PTBsig), which is dominated by interferon inducible genes, in whole blood of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients. Comparisons with a limited set of interferon-driven genes among separated monocytes, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and neutrophils indicated that the signature is due to changes in neutrophils, the overwhelmingly predominant cell type. By extending the analysis to the entire 393 transcripts of PTBsig and by switching the cell proportions between separated monocytes, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and neutrophils, we create putative PTBsig for whole blood (pPTBsig) in which CD4+ or CD8+ T cells or monocytes predominated or in which the cell proportions were unchanged. These putative signatures are then compared to the actual reported PTBsig. We show that, because of their predominance in peripheral blood and their larger transcriptional responses, neutrophils were indeed almost exclusively responsible for PTBsig. We caution that the functional significance of changes in other cell types might escape notice in transcriptome analysis that is based upon whole blood.
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14
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MyD88 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Med Microbiol Immunol 2017; 206:187-193. [PMID: 28220253 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-017-0495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
MyD88 adaptor protein mediates numerous biologically important signal transduction pathways in innate immunity. MyD88 signaling fosters bacterial containment and is necessary to raise an adequate innate and acquired immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The phagosome is a crucial cellular location not only for Mtb replication, but it is also where components of the Myddosome and inflammasome are recruited. Besides its function as a TLR-adaptor protein, MyD88 may help stabilizing cytosolic receptors that are recruited to the phagosome. MyD88 plays a critical role not only in the generation of an inflammatory response, but also in inducing regulatory signals to prevent excessive inflammation and cellular damage in the lung.
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15
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Khan N, Vidyarthi A, Javed S, Agrewala JN. Innate Immunity Holding the Flanks until Reinforced by Adaptive Immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:328. [PMID: 27014247 PMCID: PMC4789502 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play a cardinal role in imparting protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, ample time is required before T-cells are able to evoke efficient effector responses in the lung, where the mycobacterium inflicts disease. This delay in T cells priming, which is termed as lag phase, provides sufficient time for Mtb to replicate and establish itself within the host. In contrast, innate immunity efficiently curb the growth of Mtb during initial phase of infection through several mechanisms. Pathogen recognition by innate cells rapidly triggers a cascade of events, such as apoptosis, autophagy, inflammasome formation and nitric oxide production to kill intracellular pathogens. Furthermore, bactericidal mechanisms such as autophagy and apoptosis, augment the antigen processing and presentation, thereby contributing substantially to the induction of adaptive immunity. This manuscript highlights the role of innate immune mechanisms in restricting the survival of Mtb during lag phase. Finally, this article provides new insight for designing immuno-therapies by targeting innate immune mechanisms to achieve optimum immune response to cure TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nargis Khan
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Microbial Technology Chandigarh, India
| | - Aurobind Vidyarthi
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Microbial Technology Chandigarh, India
| | - Shifa Javed
- Department of Cytology and Gynecologic Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, India
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Microbial Technology Chandigarh, India
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16
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Hodgkinson JW, Ge JQ, Katzenback BA, Havixbeck JJ, Barreda DR, Stafford JL, Belosevic M. Development of an in vitro model system to study the interactions between Mycobacterium marinum and teleost neutrophils. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 53:349-357. [PMID: 26231477 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The lack of a reliable mammalian neutrophil in vitro culture system has restricted our ability to examine their precise roles in mycobacterial infections. Previously, we developed the procedures for the isolation and culture of primary kidney-derived neutrophil-like cells from goldfish that are functionally and morphologically similar to mammalian neutrophils. The cultured primary goldfish neutrophils exhibited prolonged viability and functional effector responses. In this study, we demonstrate that when exposed to live or heat-killed Mycobacterium marinum, goldfish neutrophils increased their mRNA levels for several pro-inflammatory cytokines (il-1β1, il-1β2, tnfα-1, tnfα-2) and the cytokine receptors (ifngr1-1, tnfr1, tnfr2). These neutrophils also exhibited chemotaxis toward live mycobacteria, internalized the bacilli, and produced reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) in response to pathogen exposure. The survival of intracellular mycobacteria was significantly reduced in activated neutrophils, indicating a robust killing response by these teleost granulocytes. We suggest that this goldfish primary neutrophil in vitro model system will provide important information regarding neutrophil-mediated host defense mechanisms against mycobacteria in teleosts as well as in higher vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan W Hodgkinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jun-Qing Ge
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Barbara A Katzenback
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeffrey J Havixbeck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel R Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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17
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Boe DM, Curtis BJ, Chen MM, Ippolito JA, Kovacs EJ. Extracellular traps and macrophages: new roles for the versatile phagocyte. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:1023-35. [PMID: 25877927 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4ri1014-521r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MΦ are multipurpose phagocytes with a large repertoire of well-characterized abilities and functions, including regulation of inflammation, wound healing, maintenance of tissue homeostasis, as well as serving as an integral component of the innate-immune defense against microbial pathogens. Working along with neutrophils and dendritic cells, the other myeloid-derived professional phagocytes, MΦ are one of the key effector cells initiating and directing the host reaction to pathogenic organisms and resolving subsequent responses once the threat has been cleared. ETs are a relatively novel strategy of host defense involving expulsion of nuclear material and embedded proteins from immune cells to immobilize and kill bacteria, fungi, and viruses. As research on ETs expands, it has begun to encompass many immune cell types in unexpected ways, including various types of MΦ, which are not only capable of generating METs in response to various stimuli, but recent preclinical data suggest that they are an important agent in clearing ETs and limiting ET-mediated inflammation and tissue damage. This review aims to summarize historical and recent findings of biologic research regarding ET formation and function and discuss the role of MΦ in ET physiology and associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin M Boe
- *Alcohol Research Program, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Brenda J Curtis
- *Alcohol Research Program, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael M Chen
- *Alcohol Research Program, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Jill A Ippolito
- *Alcohol Research Program, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Kovacs
- *Alcohol Research Program, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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18
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Fu YR, Gao KS, Ji R, Yi ZJ. Differential transcriptional response in macrophages infected with cell wall deficient versus normal Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:22-30. [PMID: 25552926 PMCID: PMC4278251 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.10217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions determine the outcome following infection by mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Under adverse circumstances, normal Mtb can form cell-wall deficient (CWD) variants within macrophages, which have been considered an adaptive strategy for facilitating bacterial survival inside macrophages. However, the molecular mechanism by which infection of macrophages with different phenotypic Mtb elicits distinct responses of macrophages is not fully understood. To explore the molecular events triggered upon Mtb infection of macrophages, differential transcriptional responses of RAW264.7 cells infected with two forms of Mtb, CWD-Mtb and normal Mtb, were studied by microarray analysis. Some of the differentially regulated genes were confirmed by RT-qPCR in both RAW264.7 cells and primary macrophages. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway was used to analyze functions of differentially expressed genes. Distinct gene expression patterns were observed between CWD-Mtb and normal Mtb group. Mapt was up-regulated, while NOS2 and IL-11 were down-regulated in CWD-Mtb infected RAW264.7 cells and primary macrophages compared with normal Mtb infected ones. Many deregulated genes were found to be related to macrophages activation, immune response, phagosome maturation, autophagy and lipid metabolism. KEGG analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in MAPK signaling pathway, nitrogen metabolism, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and focal adhesion. Taken together, the present study showed that differential macrophage responses were induced by intracellular CWD-Mtb an normal Mtb infection, which suggested that interactions between macrophages and different phenotypic Mtb are very complex. The results provide evidence for further understanding of pathogenesis of CWD-Mtb and may help in improving strategies to eliminate intracellular CWD-Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Rong Fu
- 1. Department of Laboratory Medicine of Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Universities of Shandong and Medical Priority Speciality of Clinical Laboratory in Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, China; ; 2. Department of Medical Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Kun-Shan Gao
- 1. Department of Laboratory Medicine of Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Universities of Shandong and Medical Priority Speciality of Clinical Laboratory in Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, China
| | - Rui Ji
- 2. Department of Medical Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Zheng-Jun Yi
- 1. Department of Laboratory Medicine of Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Universities of Shandong and Medical Priority Speciality of Clinical Laboratory in Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, China
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