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Gangadhariah M, Pardhi T, Ravilla J, Chandra S, Singh SA. Citrus nutraceutical eriocitrin and its metabolites are partial agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ): a molecular docking and molecular dynamics study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:11373-11393. [PMID: 36576222 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2162127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists are potent insulin sensitizers in treating type 2 diabetes. Despite being very effective in the fight against diabetes-mediated complications, PPARγ agonists are accompanied by severe side effects leading to complicated health problems, making the discovery of novel safe ligands highly pertinent. A significant intense research effort is in progress to explore the PPARγ activating potential of a wide range of natural compounds. Lemon (Citrus limon) contains various bioactive flavonoids, and eriocitrin is the major flavonoid. It possesses substantial antioxidant and anticancer, lipid-lowering activities and prevents obesity-associated metabolic diseases. Eriocitrin is metabolized to eriodictyol in the intestine, and the absorbed eriodictyol undergoes conversion to numerous metabolites in vivo. It is unclear if eriocitrin or its metabolites are responsible for their beneficial effects. We have used molecular docking, ADMET properties, drug-likeness score and molecular dynamics simulation study to find if eriocitrin and its metabolites are potent binders for PPARγ. Docking studies revealed that eriocitrin binds to PPARγ with the highest binding energy, but ADMET properties and in vivo studies show that the bioavailability of eriocitrin is very poor. Molecular dynamics studies were carried out to validate the docking results, and multiple parameters like RMSD, RMSF, Radius of gyration, SASA, hydrogen bond analysis, interaction energy, principal component analysis, Gibbs free energy and MM-PBSA were calculated. Based on our studies, eriodictyol, eriodictyol 7-O-glucuronide, eriodictyol 3'-O-glucuronide, homoeriodictyol and homoeriodictyol 7-O-glucuronide which are metabolites of eriocitrin appear to be potent partial agonists of PPARγ under physiological conditions.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesha Gangadhariah
- Department of Traditional Foods and Applied Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Triveni Pardhi
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jahnavi Ravilla
- Department of Traditional Foods and Applied Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Subhash Chandra
- Computational Biology & Biotechnology Laboratory Department of Botany, Soban Singh Jeena University S.S.J. Campus, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sridevi Annapurna Singh
- Department of Traditional Foods and Applied Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
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Cao X, Mao M, Diao J, Hou Y, Su H, Gan Y, Li J, Tong X, Wu C, Zuo Z, Xiao X. Ectopic Overexpression of PPARγ2 in the Heart Determines Differences in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy After Treatment With Different Thiazolidinediones in a Mouse Model of Diabetes. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:683156. [PMID: 34305596 PMCID: PMC8293689 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.683156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical controversy of rosiglitazone as a hypoglycemic agent is potentially associated with heart failure, mainly due to its potent activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). PPARγ partial agonists showed superior pharmacological profiles to rosiglitazone. This study compared differences in cardiac morphology and function of the PPARγ partial agonist CMHX008 with rosiglitazone. High-fat diet (HFD) induced obese mice, ob/ob mice and cardiomyocytes overexpressing PPARγ2 were treated with CMHX008 or rosiglitazone. Heart function, myocardial morphology, and hypertrophy-related gene expression were examined. Clinical information from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who had taken rosiglitazone and undergone Doppler echocardiography was collected. HFD and ob/ob mice significantly developed cardiac contractile dysfunction, with upregulated PPARγ2 protein levels in heart tissues. Cardiomyocytes of HFD and ob/ob mice were disorderly arranged, the cell areas expanded, and collagen accumulated. In vitro cardiomyocytes overexpressing PPARγ2 displayed obvious structural abnormalities and high mRNA levels of ANP and BNP, critical cardiac hypertrophy-related genes. HFD-fed mice treated with rosiglitazone or CMHX008 had significantly improved cardiac function, but rosiglitazone induced higher expression of ANP and βMHC and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, while CMHX008 did not. Patients with T2DM taking rosiglitazone exhibited increased thickness of the posterior wall and the ventricular septum, suggesting cardiac hypertrophy. Our findings show that diabetic cardiomyopathy was associated with ectopic overexpression of PPARγ2. The full agonist rosiglitazone prevents cardiac dysfunction at the expense of compensatory hypertrophy, while the partial agonist CMHX008 shared a comparable protective effect without altering the structure of cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Mao
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junlin Diao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Hou
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Experimental Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Su
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongjun Gan
- Experimental Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jibin Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyong Tong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Zhong Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Ayza MA, Zewdie KA, Tesfaye BA, Gebrekirstos ST, Berhe DF. Anti-Diabetic Effect of Telmisartan Through its Partial PPARγ-Agonistic Activity. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:3627-3635. [PMID: 33116714 PMCID: PMC7567533 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s265399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Telmisartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, which selectively inhibits the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. Thus, it is widely used for hypertension management. Nowadays, telmisartan's effect on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) is gaining wider attention. PPARs are ligand-activated transcription factors that belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. Telmisartan is reported to have a partial PPARγ-agonistic effect while avoiding the safety concerns found with full PPARγ agonists (thiazolidinediones). Telmisartan could be an alternative treatment option, with dual benefit for diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension. This review summarizes the anti-diabetic activity of telmisartan via its partial PPARγ-agonistic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muluken Altaye Ayza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Kaleab Alemayehu Zewdie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Bekalu Amare Tesfaye
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | | | - Derbew Fikadu Berhe
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
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Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a member of the nuclear receptor family and plays an important role in adipocyte differentiation, glucose homeostasis, and insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), synthetic ligands of PPARγ, have been used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus for two decades. TZDs were expected to be amazing drugs not only for type 2 diabetes but also for metabolic syndrome and atherosclerotic vascular disease because they can reduce both insulin resistance and inflammation in experimental studies. However, serious unwanted effects pushed TZDs back to an optional second-tier drug for type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, PPARγ is still one of the most important targets for the treatment of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, and novel strategies to modulate PPARγ activity to enhance its beneficial effects and reduce unwanted adverse effects are anticipated. Recent studies showed that post-translational modification (PTM) of PPARγ regulates PPARγ activity or stability and may be a novel way to optimize PPARγ activity with reduced adverse effects. In this review, we will focus on recent advances in PTM of PPARγ and the mechanisms regulating PPARγ function as well as in the development of PPARγ modulators or agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sung Soo Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyong Soo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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CMHX008, a PPARγ partial agonist, enhances insulin sensitivity with minor influences on bone loss. Genes Dis 2018; 5:290-299. [PMID: 30320193 PMCID: PMC6176219 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional thiazolidinediones (TZDs), such as rosiglitazone, are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) potent agonists that can be used to treat type 2 diabetes but carry unwanted effects, including increased risk for fracture. The present work aimed to compare the insulin-sensitizing efficacies and bone-loss side effects of CMHX008, a novel TZDs-like PPARγ partial agonist, with those of rosiglitazone. A TR-FRET PPARγ competitive binding assay was used to compare the binding affinity between CMHX008 and rosiglitazone. Mice were administered vehicle, CMHX008 or rosiglitazone for 16 weeks. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were used to examine differences in differentiation into osteoblasts after compounds treatment. TR-FRET showed lower affinity to PPARγ by CMHX008 compared with rosiglitazone. Mice treated with CMHX008 showed insulin sensitization similar to that of mice treated with rosiglitazone, which was related to the significant inhibition of PPARγ Ser273 phosphorylation and improved insulin sensitivity by facilitating the phosphorylation of insulin receptor and Akt in adipose tissues. Micro-CT and histomorphometric analyses demonstrated that the degree of trabecular bone loss after treatment with CMHX008 was weaker than that observed with rosiglitazone, as evidenced by consistent changes in BV/TV, Tb.N, Tb.Th, Tb.Sp, and the mineral apposition rate. MSCs treated with CMHX008 showed higher ALP activity and mRNA levels of bone formation markers than did cells treated with rosiglitazone in the osteoblast differentiation test. Thus, CMHX008 showed insulin-sensitizing effects similar to those of rosiglitazone with a lower risk of bone loss, suggesting that PPARγ sparing eliminates the skeletal side effects of TZDs while maintaining their insulin-sensitizing properties.
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Hasan MM, Ahmed QU, Soad SZM, Latip J, Taher M, Syafiq TMF, Sarian MN, Alhassan AM, Zakaria ZA. Flavonoids from Tetracera indica Merr. induce adipogenesis and exert glucose uptake activities in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:431. [PMID: 28854906 PMCID: PMC5577826 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1929-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetracera indica Merr. (Family: Dilleniaceae), known to the Malay as 'Mempelas paya', is one of the medicinal plants used in the treatment of diabetes in Malaysia. However, no proper scientific study has been carried out to verify the traditional claim of T. indica as an antidiabetic agent. Hence, the aims of the present study were to determine the in vitro antidiabetic potential of the T. indica stems ethanol extract, subfractions and isolated compounds. METHODS The ethanol extract and its subfractions, and isolated compounds from T. indica stems were subjected to cytotoxicity test using MTT viability assay on 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. Then, the test groups were subjected to the in vitro antidiabetic investigation using 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and differentiated adipocytes to determine the insulin-like and insulin sensitizing activities. Rosiglitazone was used as a standard antidiabetic agent. All compounds were also subjected to fluorescence glucose (2-NBDG) uptake test on differentiated adipocytes. Test solutions were introduced to the cells in different safe concentrations as well as in different adipogenic cocktails, which were modified by the addition of compounds to be investigated and in the presence or absence of insulin. Isolation of bioactive compounds from the most effective subfraction (ethyl acetate) was performed through repeated silica gel and sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies and their structures were elucidated through 1H-and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. RESULTS Four monoflavonoids, namely, wogonin, norwogonin, quercetin and techtochrysin were isolated from the T. indica stems ethanol extract. Wogonin, norwogonin and techtochrysin induced significant (P < 0.05) adipogenesis like insulin and enhanced adipogenesis like rosiglitazone. Wogonin and norwogonin also exhibited significant (P < 0.05) glucose uptake activity. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that the flavonoids isolated from the T. indica stems possess antidiabetic potential revealing insulin-like and insulin-sensitizing effects which were significant among the compounds. This also rationalizes the traditional use of T. indica in the management of diabetes in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang DM, 25200 Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Qamar Uddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang DM, 25200 Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Siti Zaiton Mat Soad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang DM, 25200 Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Jalifah Latip
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Taher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang DM, 25200 Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Tengku Muhamad Faris Syafiq
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang DM, 25200 Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Murni Nazira Sarian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang DM, 25200 Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Alhassan Muhammad Alhassan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang DM, 25200 Kuantan, Malaysia
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Discovery of Novel Insulin Sensitizers: Promising Approaches and Targets. PPAR Res 2017; 2017:8360919. [PMID: 28659972 PMCID: PMC5474250 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8360919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is the undisputed root cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There is currently an unmet demand for safe and effective insulin sensitizers, owing to the restricted prescription or removal from market of certain approved insulin sensitizers, such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs), because of safety concerns. Effective insulin sensitizers without TZD-like side effects will therefore be invaluable to diabetic patients. The specific focus on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ- (PPARγ-) based agents in the past decades may have impeded the search for novel and safer insulin sensitizers. This review discusses possible directions and promising strategies for future research and development of novel insulin sensitizers and describes the potential targets of these agents. Direct PPARγ agonists, selective PPARγ modulators (sPPARγMs), PPARγ-sparing compounds (including ligands of the mitochondrial target of TZDs), agents that target the downstream effectors of PPARγ, along with agents, such as heat shock protein (HSP) inducers, 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) selective inhibitors, biguanides, and chloroquines, which may be safer than traditional TZDs, have been described. This minireview thus aims to provide fresh perspectives for the development of a new generation of safe insulin sensitizers.
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Mehta V, Verma P, Sharma N, Sharma A, Thakur A, Malairaman U. Quercetin, ascorbic acid, caffeine and ellagic acid are more efficient than rosiglitazone, metformin and glimepiride in interfering with pathways leading to the development of neurological complications associated with diabetes: A comparative in-vitro study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bfopcu.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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PPARγ and the Innate Immune System Mediate the Resolution of Inflammation. PPAR Res 2015; 2015:549691. [PMID: 26713087 PMCID: PMC4680113 DOI: 10.1155/2015/549691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The resolution of inflammation is an active and dynamic process, mediated in large part by the innate immune system. Resolution represents not only an increase in anti-inflammatory actions, but also a paradigm shift in immune cell function to restore homeostasis. PPARγ, a ligand activated transcription factor, has long been studied for its anti-inflammatory actions, but an emerging body of literature is investigating the role of PPARγ and its ligands (including thiazolidinediones, prostaglandins, and oleanolic acids) in all phases of resolution. PPARγ can shift production from pro- to anti-inflammatory mediators by neutrophils, platelets, and macrophages. PPARγ and its ligands further modulate platelet and neutrophil function, decreasing trafficking, promoting neutrophil apoptosis, and preventing platelet-leukocyte interactions. PPARγ alters macrophage trafficking, increases efferocytosis and phagocytosis, and promotes alternative M2 macrophage activation. There are also roles for this receptor in the adaptive immune response, particularly regarding B cells. These effects contribute towards the attenuation of multiple disease states, including COPD, colitis, Alzheimer's disease, and obesity in animal models. Finally, novel specialized proresolving mediators-eicosanoids with critical roles in resolution-may act through PPARγ modulation to promote resolution, providing another exciting area of therapeutic potential for this receptor.
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The prevention and treatment of hypoadiponectinemia-associated human diseases by up-regulation of plasma adiponectin. Life Sci 2015; 135:55-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Chigurupati S, Dhanaraj SA, Balakumar P. A step ahead of PPARγ full agonists to PPARγ partial agonists: Therapeutic perspectives in the management of diabetic insulin resistance. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 755:50-7. [PMID: 25748601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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