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Zhang Y, Cui X, Lin S, Lu T, Li H, Lu Y, Cao M, Lin X, Ling X. Knockout of a PLD gene in Schizochytrium limacinum SR21 enhances docosahexaenoic acid accumulation by modulation of the phospholipid profile. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:16. [PMID: 38291531 PMCID: PMC10826259 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02465-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hydrolysis and transphosphatidylation of phospholipase D (PLD) play important roles in the interconversion of phospholipids (PLs), which has been shown to profoundly impact lipid metabolism in plants. In this study, the effect of the PLD1 gene of Schizochytrium limacinum SR21 (S. limacinum SR21) on lipid metabolism was investigated. RESULTS PLD1 knockout had little impact on cell growth and lipid production, but it significantly improved the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipids, of which docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content increased by 13.3% compared to the wild-type strain. Phospholipomics and real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed the knockout of PLD1 reduced the interexchange and increased de novo synthesis of PLs, which altered the composition of PLs, accompanied by a final decrease in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and an increase in phosphatidylinositol, lysophosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidic acid levels. PLD1 knockout also increased DHA content in triglycerides (TAGs) and decreased it in PLs. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that PLD1 mainly performs the transphosphatidylation activity in S. limacinum SR21, and its knockout promotes the migration of DHA from PLs to TAGs, which is conducive to DHA accumulation and storage in TAGs via an acyl CoA-independent pathway. This study provides a novel approach for identifying the mechanism of DHA accumulation and metabolic regulation strategies for DHA production in S. limacinum SR21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuizhi Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghua Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biotechnology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province (Xiamen University), Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingfeng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biotechnology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xihuang Lin
- Analysis and Test Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xueping Ling
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biotechnology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.
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Ishibashi Y, Sadamitsu S, Fukahori Y, Yamamoto Y, Tanogashira R, Watanabe T, Hayashi M, Ito M, Okino N. Characterization of thraustochytrid-specific sterol O-acyltransferase: modification of DGAT2-like enzyme to increase the sterol production in Aurantiochytrium limacinum mh0186. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0100123. [PMID: 37874286 PMCID: PMC10686087 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01001-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Since the global market for sterols and vitamin D are grown with a high compound annual growth rate, a sustainable source of these compounds is required to keep up with the increasing demand. Thraustochytrid is a marine oleaginous microorganism that can synthesize several sterols, which are stored as SE in lipid droplets. DGAT2C is an unconventional SE synthase specific to thraustochytrids. Although the primary structure of DGAT2C shows high similarities with that of DGAT, DGAT2C utilizes sterol as an acceptor substrate instead of diacylglycerol. In this study, we examined more detailed enzymatic properties, intracellular localization, and structure-activity relationship of DGAT2C. Furthermore, we successfully developed a method to increase sterol and provitamin D3 productivity of thraustochytrid by more than threefold in the process of elucidating the function of the DGAT2C-specific N-terminal region. Our findings could lead to sustainable sterol and vitamin D production using thraustochytrid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shohei Sadamitsu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Fukahori
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Rin Tanogashira
- Kyushu University Future Creators in Science Project (QFC-SP), Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hayashi
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nozomu Okino
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Nyunoya H, Ishibashi Y, Ito M, Okino N. Significance of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation for the survivability of Aurantiochytrium limacinum ATCC MYA-1381 during sugar starvation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:1524-1535. [PMID: 35998312 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are marine protists that accumulate large amounts of palmitic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in lipid droplets. Random insertional mutagenesis was adopted for Aurantiochytrium limacinum ATCC MYA-1381 to search for genes that regulate lipid metabolism in thraustochytrids. A mutant strain, M17, was selected because of its significant decrease in myristic acid, palmitic acid, and triacylglycerol contents and cell growth defect. Genome analysis revealed that the gene encoding for mitochondrial electron-transfer flavoprotein ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETFQO) was lacking in the M17 strain. This mutant strain exhibited a growth defect at the stationary phase, possibly due to stagnation of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation and branched-chain amino acid degradation, both of which were caused by lack of ETFQO. This study shows the usability of random insertional mutagenesis to obtain mutants of lipid metabolism in A. limacinum and clarifies that ETFQO is integral for survival under sugar starvation in A. limacinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Nyunoya
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yohei Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nozomu Okino
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Production of Carotenoids and Phospholipids by Thraustochytrium sp. in Batch and Repeated-Batch Culture. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20070416. [PMID: 35877709 PMCID: PMC9325111 DOI: 10.3390/md20070416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The carotenogenic thraustochytrid Thraustochytrium sp. RT2316-16 was grown in batch and repeated-batch cultures using different feeds containing glucose, or glycerol, and yeast extract, for the production of lipids, phospholipids and carotenoids. RT2316-16 produced canthaxanthin, astaxanthin and β-carotene. The effects of biotin, ascorbic acid, light and temperature were evaluated in some of the experiments. In 2-day-old batch cultures, the combined mass percentage of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in total lipids was between 16.5% (glycerol-based medium in the dark; biomass concentration = 4.2 ± 1.1 g L−1) and 42.6% (glucose-based medium under light; biomass concentration = 3.3 ± 0.1 g L−1), decreasing to 3.8% and 6.1%, respectively, after day 4. In repeated-batch cultures, the total lipids in the biomass increased after glucose or glycerol was fed alone, whereas the total carotenoids (168 ± 7 μg g−1 dry weight (DW)) and phospholipids in the biomass increased after feeding with yeast extract. The biomass with the highest content of phospholipids (28.7 ± 4.3 mg g−1 DW) was obtained using a feed medium formulated with glycerol, yeast extract and ascorbic acid. Glycerol was the best carbon source for the production of a biomass enriched with total lipids (467 ± 45 mg g−1 DW). The composition of carotenoids depended strongly on the composition of the feed. Repeated-batch cultures fed with yeast extract contained canthaxanthin as the main carotenoid, whereas in the cultures fed only with glucose, the biomass contained mainly β-carotene.
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Deragon E, Schuler M, Aiese Cigliano R, Dellero Y, Si Larbi G, Falconet D, Jouhet J, Maréchal E, Michaud M, Amato A, Rébeillé F. An Oil Hyper-Accumulator Mutant Highlights Peroxisomal ATP Import as a Regulatory Step for Fatty Acid Metabolism in Aurantiochytrium limacinum. Cells 2021; 10:2680. [PMID: 34685660 PMCID: PMC8534400 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are marine protists that naturally accumulate triacylglycerol with long chains of polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as ω3-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). They represent a sustainable response to the increasing demand for these "essential" fatty acids (FAs). Following an attempt to transform a strain of Aurantiochytrium limacinum, we serendipitously isolated a clone that did not incorporate any recombinant DNA but contained two to three times more DHA than the original strain. Metabolic analyses indicated a deficit in FA catabolism. However, whole transcriptome analysis did not show down-regulation of genes involved in FA catabolism. Genome sequencing revealed extensive DNA deletion in one allele encoding a putative peroxisomal adenylate transporter. Phylogenetic analyses and yeast complementation experiments confirmed the gene as a peroxisomal adenylate nucleotide transporter (AlANT1), homologous to yeast ScANT1 and plant peroxisomal adenylate nucleotide carrier AtPNC genes. In yeast and plants, a deletion of the peroxisomal adenylate transporter inhibits FA breakdown and induces FA accumulation, a phenotype similar to that described here. In response to this metabolic event, several compensatory mechanisms were observed. In particular, genes involved in FA biosynthesis were upregulated, also contributing to the high FA accumulation. These results support AlANT1 as a promising target for enhancing DHA production in Thraustochytrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Deragon
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, CEDEX 9, 38054 Grenoble, France; (E.D.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.S.L.); (D.F.); (J.J.); (E.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Martin Schuler
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, CEDEX 9, 38054 Grenoble, France; (E.D.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.S.L.); (D.F.); (J.J.); (E.M.); (M.M.)
| | | | - Younès Dellero
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, CEDEX 9, 38054 Grenoble, France; (E.D.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.S.L.); (D.F.); (J.J.); (E.M.); (M.M.)
- Institute of Genetic, Environment and Plant Protection, UMR 1349 IGEPP INRA, Agrocampus Ouest Rennes, Université Rennes 1, Domaine de la Motte BP35327, CEDEX, 35653 Le Rheu, France
| | - Gregory Si Larbi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, CEDEX 9, 38054 Grenoble, France; (E.D.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.S.L.); (D.F.); (J.J.); (E.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Denis Falconet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, CEDEX 9, 38054 Grenoble, France; (E.D.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.S.L.); (D.F.); (J.J.); (E.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, CEDEX 9, 38054 Grenoble, France; (E.D.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.S.L.); (D.F.); (J.J.); (E.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, CEDEX 9, 38054 Grenoble, France; (E.D.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.S.L.); (D.F.); (J.J.); (E.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Morgane Michaud
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, CEDEX 9, 38054 Grenoble, France; (E.D.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.S.L.); (D.F.); (J.J.); (E.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Alberto Amato
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, CEDEX 9, 38054 Grenoble, France; (E.D.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.S.L.); (D.F.); (J.J.); (E.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Fabrice Rébeillé
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, CEDEX 9, 38054 Grenoble, France; (E.D.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.S.L.); (D.F.); (J.J.); (E.M.); (M.M.)
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Rau EM, Ertesvåg H. Method Development Progress in Genetic Engineering of Thraustochytrids. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:515. [PMID: 34564177 PMCID: PMC8467673 DOI: 10.3390/md19090515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are unicellular, heterotrophic marine eukaryotes. Some species are known to store surplus carbon as intracellular lipids, and these also contain the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Most vertebrates are unable to synthesize sufficient amounts of DHA, and this fatty acid is essential for, e.g., marine fish, domesticated animals, and humans. Thraustochytrids may also produce other commercially valuable fatty acids and isoprenoids. Due to the great potential of thraustochytrids as producers of DHA and other lipid-related molecules, a need for more knowledge on this group of organisms is needed. This necessitates the ability to do genetic manipulation of the different strains. Thus far, this has been obtained for a few strains, while it has failed for other strains. Here, we systematically review the genetic transformation methods used for different thraustochytrid strains, with the aim of aiding studies on strains not yet successfully transformed. The designs of transformation cassettes are also described and compared. Moreover, the potential problems when trying to establish transformation protocols in new thraustochytrid species/strains are discussed, along with suggestions utilized in other organisms to overcome similar challenges. The approaches discussed in this review could be a starting point when designing protocols for other non-model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helga Ertesvåg
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N7491 Trondheim, Norway;
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Molecular mechanisms for biosynthesis and assembly of nutritionally important very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in microorganisms. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 79:101047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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A thraustochytrid-specific lipase/phospholipase with unique positional specificity contributes to microbial competition and fatty acid acquisition from the environment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16357. [PMID: 31705036 PMCID: PMC6841712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52854-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are heterotrophic marine protists that are considered as important decomposers in the marine ecosystem; however, how they digest and uptake lipid nutrients from the environment is largely unknown. Genomic clustering analysis using thraustochytrid draft genome databases revealed that novel proteins with a Lipase_3 domain are commonly present in thraustochytrids, including Aurantiochytrium limacinum. After heterologous expression and His tag-based purification, protein ID: 145138 was identified as lipase/phospholipase capable of hydrolyzing triacylglycerol (TG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC). 145138 was secreted into the medium, and deletion of the 145138 gene in A. limacinum reduced the degradation of extracellular lipids. Fatty acids generated by 145138 were reused for the biosynthesis of PC and TG, and 145138 allowed A. limacinum to survive in the medium containing TG as a sole carbon source. 145138 hydrolyzed all the acyl-ester linkages of TG; however, the enzyme showed strict positional specificity toward phospholipids, generating 2-acyl lysophospholipids. The 2-acyl lysophospholipids showed stronger antimicrobial activity compared with 1-acyl lysophospholipids. These results suggested that 145138 is a bifunctional enzyme that contributes to the acquisition of lipid nutrients from the environment, as well as to generate antimicrobial lysophospholipids that are beneficial for competition with bacteria over lipid nutrients in the marine environment.
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Morabito C, Bournaud C, Maës C, Schuler M, Aiese Cigliano R, Dellero Y, Maréchal E, Amato A, Rébeillé F. The lipid metabolism in thraustochytrids. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 76:101007. [PMID: 31499096 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are unicellular heterotrophic marine protists of the Stramenopile group, often considered as non-photosynthetic microalgae. They have been isolated from a wide range of habitats including deep sea, but are mostly present in waters rich in sediments and organic materials. They are abundant in mangrove forests where they are major colonizers, feeding on decaying leaves and initiating the mangrove food web. Discovered 80 years ago, they have recently attracted considerable attention due to their biotechnological potential. This interest arises from their fast growth, their specific lipid metabolism and the improvement of the genetic tools and transformation techniques. These organisms are particularly rich in ω3-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an 'essential' fatty acid poorly encountered in land plants and animals but required for human health. To produce their DHA, thraustochytrids use a sophisticated system different from the classical fatty acid synthase system. They are also a potential source of squalene and carotenoids. Here we review our current knowledge about the life cycle, ecophysiology, and metabolism of these organisms, with a particular focus on lipid dynamics. We describe the different pathways involved in lipid and fatty acid syntheses, emphasizing their specificity, and we report on the recent efforts aimed to engineer their lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Morabito
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Caroline Bournaud
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Cécile Maës
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Martin Schuler
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Riccardo Aiese Cigliano
- Sequentia Biotech Campus UAB, Edifici Eureka Av. de Can Domènech s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Younès Dellero
- Institute of Genetic, Environment and Plant Protection, UMR 1349 IGEPP INRA/Agrocampus Ouest Rennes/Université Rennes 1, Domaine de la Motte, BP35327, 35653 Le Rheu cedex, France.
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Alberto Amato
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Fabrice Rébeillé
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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Nutahara E, Abe E, Uno S, Ishibashi Y, Watanabe T, Hayashi M, Okino N, Ito M. The glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase PLAT2 functions in the generation of DHA-rich glycerolipids in Aurantiochytrium limacinum F26-b. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211164. [PMID: 30699157 PMCID: PMC6353168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids possess docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) as acyl chain(s) of triacylglycerol (TG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), some of which contain multiple DHAs. However, little is known about how these DHA-rich glycerolipids are produced in thraustochytrids. In this study, we identified PLAT2 in Aurantiochytrium limacinum F26-b as a glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) acyltransferase (GPAT) by heterologous expression of the gene in budding yeast. Subsequently, we found that GPAT activity was reduced by disruption of the PLAT2 gene in A. limacinum, resulting in a decrease in DHA-containing lysophosphatidic acid (LPA 22:6). Conversely, overexpression of PLAT2 increased both GPAT activity and LPA 22:6. These results indicate that PLAT2 is a GPAT that transfers DHA to G3P in vivo as well as in vitro. Overexpression of the PLAT2 gene increased the production of a two DHA-containing diacylglycerol (DG 44:12), followed by an increase in the three DHA-containing TG (TG 66:18), two-DHA-containing TG (TG 60:12), and two DHA-containing PC (PC 44:12). However, overexpression of PLAT2 did not increase DHA-free DG (DG32:0), which was preferentially converted to three 16:0-containing TG (TG 48:0) but not two 16:0-containing PC (PC 32:0). Collectively, we revealed that DHA-rich glycerolipids are produced from a precursor, LPA 22:6, which is generated by incorporating DHA to G3P by PLAT2 in the A. limacinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Nutahara
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eriko Abe
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinya Uno
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yohei Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hayashi
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1–1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Nozomu Okino
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
- Innovative Bio-architecture Center, Kyushu University, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Abe E, Ikeda K, Nutahara E, Hayashi M, Yamashita A, Taguchi R, Doi K, Honda D, Okino N, Ito M. Correction: Novel Lysophospholipid Acyltransferase PLAT1 of Aurantiochytrium limacinum F26-b Responsible for Generation of Palmitate-Docosahexaenoate-Phosphatidylcholine and Phosphatidylethanolamine. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203016. [PMID: 30138425 PMCID: PMC6107251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Watanabe T, Sakiyama R, Iimi Y, Sekine S, Abe E, Nomura KH, Nomura K, Ishibashi Y, Okino N, Hayashi M, Ito M. Regulation of TG accumulation and lipid droplet morphology by the novel TLDP1 in Aurantiochytrium limacinum F26-b. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:2334-2347. [PMID: 29025869 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m079897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are marine single-cell protists that produce large amounts of PUFAs, such as DHA. They accumulate PUFAs in lipid droplets (LDs), mainly as constituent(s) of triacylglycerol (TG). We identified a novel protein in the LD fraction of Aurantiochytrium limacinum F26-b using 2D-difference gel electrophoresis. The protein clustered with orthologs of thraustochytrids; however, the cluster was evolutionally different from known PAT family proteins or plant LD protein; thus, we named it thraustochytrid-specific LD protein 1 (TLDP1). TLDP1 surrounded LDs when expressed as a GFP-tagged form. Disruption of the tldp1 gene decreased the content of TG and number of LDs per cell; however, irregular and unusually large LDs were generated in tldp1-deficient mutants. Although the level of TG synthesis was unchanged by the disruption of tldp1, the level of TG degradation was higher in tldp1-deficient mutants than in the WT. These phenotypic abnormalities in tldp1-deficient mutants were restored by the expression of tldp1 These results indicate that TLDP1 is a thraustochytrid-specific LD protein and regulates the TG accumulation and LD morphology in A. limacinum F26-b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryo Sakiyama
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuya Iimi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satomi Sekine
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eriko Abe
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuko H Nomura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nomura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yohei Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nozomu Okino
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hayashi
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan .,Innovative Bio-architecture Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Aasen IM, Ertesvåg H, Heggeset TMB, Liu B, Brautaset T, Vadstein O, Ellingsen TE. Thraustochytrids as production organisms for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), squalene, and carotenoids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4309-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Mechanisms of fatty acid synthesis in marine fungus-like protists. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8363-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6920-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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