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Klińska-Bąchor S, Demski K, Gong Y, Banaś A. Biochemical characterization of acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase2 from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum and its potential effect on LC-PUFAs biosynthesis in planta. BMC Plant Biol 2024; 24:309. [PMID: 38649801 PMCID: PMC11036593 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), belonging to ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3-LC-PUFAs), are essential components of human diet. They are mainly supplemented by marine fish consumption, although their native producers are oleaginous microalgae. Currently, increasing demand for fish oils is insufficient to meet the entire global needs, which puts pressure on searching for the alternative solutions. One possibility may be metabolic engineering of plants with an introduced enzymatic pathway producing ω3-LC-PUFAs. RESULT In this study we focused on the acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase2b (PtDGAT2b) from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, an enzyme responsible for triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis via acyl-CoA-dependent pathway. Gene encoding PtDGAT2b, incorporated into TAG-deficient yeast strain H1246, was used to confirm its activity and conduct biochemical characterization. PtDGAT2b exhibited a broad acyl-CoA preference with both di-16:0-DAG and di-18:1-DAG, whereas di-18:1-DAG was favored. The highest preference for acyl donors was observed for 16:1-, 10:0- and 12:0-CoA. PtDGAT2b also very efficiently utilized CoA-conjugated ω-3 LC-PUFAs (stearidonic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid and EPA). Additionally, verification of the potential role of PtDGAT2b in planta, through its transient expression in tobacco leaves, indicated increased TAG production with its relative amount increasing to 8%. Its co-expression with the gene combinations aimed at EPA biosynthesis led to, beside elevated TAG accumulation, efficient accumulation of EPA which constituted even 25.1% of synthesized non-native fatty acids (9.2% of all fatty acids in TAG pool). CONCLUSIONS This set of experiments provides a comprehensive biochemical characterization of DGAT enzyme from marine microalgae. Additionally, this study elucidates that PtDGAT2b can be used successfully in metabolic engineering of plants designed to obtain a boosted TAG level, enriched not only in ω-3 LC-PUFAs but also in medium-chain and ω-7 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Klińska-Bąchor
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden.
| | - Kamil Demski
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Yangmin Gong
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Antoni Banaś
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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2
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Xu S, Offermanns S. Endothelial lipid droplets drive atherosclerosis and arterial hypertension. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024:S1043-2760(24)00043-2. [PMID: 38431437 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are essential for cellular pathophysiology. In two recent reports, Kim et al. and Boutagy et al. show that accumulation of LDs in endothelial cells (ECs) elevates blood pressure and accelerates progression of atherosclerosis. These findings identify a novel mechanism of EC lipid metabolism which drives cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suowen Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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3
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Jia YL, Zhang QM, Du F, Yang WQ, Zhang ZX, Xu YS, Ma W, Sun XM, Huang H. Identification of lipid synthesis genes in Schizochytrium sp. and their application in improving eicosapentaenoic acid synthesis in Yarrowia lipolytica. Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod 2024; 17:32. [PMID: 38402213 PMCID: PMC10894473 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is widely used in the functional food and nutraceutical industries due to its important benefits to human health. Oleaginous microorganisms are considered a promising alternative resource for the production of EPA lipids. However, the storage of EPA in triglyceride (TG) becomes a key factor limiting its level. RESULTS This study aimed to incorporate more EPA into TG storage through metabolic engineering. Firstly, key enzymes for TG synthesis, the diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) genes from Schizochytrium sp. HX-308 were expressed in Yarrowia lipolytica to enhance lipid and EPA accumulation. In addition, engineering the enzyme activity of DGATs through protein engineering was found to be effective in enhancing lipid synthesis by replacing the conserved motifs "HFS" in ScDGAT2A and "FFG" in ScDGAT2B with the motif "YFP". Notably, combined with lipidomic analysis, the expression of ScDGAT2C and GPAT2 enhanced the storage of EPA in TG. Finally, the accumulation of lipid and EPA was further promoted by identifying and continuing to introduce the ScACC, ScACS, ScPDC, and ScG6PD genes from Schizochytrium sp., and the lipid and EPA titer of the final engineered strain reached 2.25 ± 0.03 g/L and 266.44 ± 5.74 mg/L, respectively, which increased by 174.39% (0.82 ± 0.02 g/L) and 282.27% (69.70 ± 0.80 mg/L) compared to the initial strain, respectively. CONCLUSION This study shows that the expression of lipid synthesis genes from Schizochytrium sp. in Y. lipolytica effectively improves the synthesis of lipids and EPA, which provided a promising target for EPA-enriched microbial oil production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lei Jia
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Qing-Ming Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Fei Du
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Wen-Qian Yang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Zi-Xu Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Ying-Shuang Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Wang Ma
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210000, China.
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210000, China
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4
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Dalmia A, Daga P, Datey A, Chakravortty D, Tumaney AW. Biochemical characterization of lipid metabolic genes of Aurantiochytrium limacinum. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129078. [PMID: 38176490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is known to have numerous health benefits and immense dietary value. There is a pressing need to have a deeper understanding of DHA metabolism. Acyl CoA: Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase (DGAT) is an important enzyme of lipid anabolism and an essential piece of the puzzle. Aurantiochytrium limacinum, a primary producer of DHA, is a good model for studying DHA metabolism. Thus, we aimed to investigate important lipid metabolic genes from A. limacinum. We cloned four putative DGATs (DGAT2a, DGAT2b, DGAT2c, and DGAT2d) from A. limacinum and performed detailed in vivo and in vitro characterization. Functional characterization showed that not all the studied genes exhibited DGAT activity. DGAT2a and DGAT2d conferred DGAT activity whereas DGAT2b showed wax synthase (WS) activity and DGAT2c showed dual function of both WS and DGAT. Based on their identified function, DGAT2b and DGAT2c were renamed as AlWS and AlWS/DGAT respectively. DGAT2a was found to exhibit a preference for DHA as a substrate. DGAT2d was found to have robust activity and emerged as a promising candidate for genetic engineering aimed at increasing oil yield. The study enriches our knowledge of lipid biosynthetic enzymes in A. limacinum, which can be utilized to design suitable application strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Dalmia
- Department of Lipid Science, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Palak Daga
- Department of Lipid Science, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Akshay Datey
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ajay W Tumaney
- Department of Lipid Science, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
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5
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Ishibashi Y, Sadamitsu S, Fukahori Y, Yamamoto Y, Tanogashira R, Watanabe T, Hayashi M, Ito M, Okino N. Characterization of thraustochytrid-specific sterol O-acyltransferase: modification of DGAT2-like enzyme to increase the sterol production in Aurantiochytrium limacinum mh0186. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0100123. [PMID: 37874286 PMCID: PMC10686087 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01001-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Since the global market for sterols and vitamin D are grown with a high compound annual growth rate, a sustainable source of these compounds is required to keep up with the increasing demand. Thraustochytrid is a marine oleaginous microorganism that can synthesize several sterols, which are stored as SE in lipid droplets. DGAT2C is an unconventional SE synthase specific to thraustochytrids. Although the primary structure of DGAT2C shows high similarities with that of DGAT, DGAT2C utilizes sterol as an acceptor substrate instead of diacylglycerol. In this study, we examined more detailed enzymatic properties, intracellular localization, and structure-activity relationship of DGAT2C. Furthermore, we successfully developed a method to increase sterol and provitamin D3 productivity of thraustochytrid by more than threefold in the process of elucidating the function of the DGAT2C-specific N-terminal region. Our findings could lead to sustainable sterol and vitamin D production using thraustochytrid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shohei Sadamitsu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Fukahori
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Rin Tanogashira
- Kyushu University Future Creators in Science Project (QFC-SP), Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hayashi
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nozomu Okino
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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6
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Guo P, Yao X, Jin X, Xv Y, Zhang J, Li Q, Yan C, Li X, Kim N. Interference with DGAT Gene Inhibited TAG Accumulation and Lipid Droplet Synthesis in Bovine Preadipocytes. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2223. [PMID: 37444021 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TGA) is the primary component of intramuscular fat. Expression of diacylglyceryl transferase (DGAT) determines the polyester differentiation ability of precursor adipocytes. The two DGAT isoforms (DGAT1 and DGAT2) play different roles in TAG metabolism. This study investigates the roles of DGAT1 and DGAT2 in signaling pathways related to differentiation and lipid metabolism in Yanbian bovine preadipocytes. sh-DGAT1 (sh-1), sh-DGAT2 (sh-2), and sh-DGAT1 + sh-DGAT2 (sh-1 + 2) were prepared using short interfering RNA (siRNA) interference technique targeting DGAT1 and DGAT2 genes and infected bovine preadipocytes. Molecular and transcriptomic techniques, including differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, were used to investigate the effects on the differentiation of Yanbian bovine preadipocytes. After interference with DGAT1 and DGAT2 genes, the contents of TAG and adiponectin were decreased. The TAG content in the sh-2 and sh-1 + 2 groups was significantly lower than that in the sh-NC group. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) results showed 2070, 2242, and 2446 DEGs in the sh-1, sh-2, and sh-1 + 2 groups, respectively. The DEGs of the sh-2 group were mainly concentrated in the PPAR, AMPK, and Wnt signaling pathways associated with adipocyte proliferation and differentiation. These results demonstrated that at the mRNA level, DGAT2 plays a more important role in lipid metabolism than DGAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute, Jiangmen 529020, China
- Engineering Research Centre of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Xuerui Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Engineering Research Centre of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
- Laboratory Animal Center, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Yongnan Xv
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Junfang Zhang
- Engineering Research Centre of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Engineering Research Centre of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Changguo Yan
- Yanbian Hongchao Wisdom Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Yanji 133002, China
| | - Xiangzi Li
- Engineering Research Centre of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Namhyung Kim
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
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7
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Wan Q, Calhoun C, Zahr T, Qiang L. Uncoupling Lipid Synthesis from Adipocyte Development. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041132. [PMID: 37189751 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity results from the expansion of adipose tissue, a versatile tissue regulating energy homeostasis, adipokine secretion, thermogenesis, and inflammation. The primary function of adipocytes is thought to be lipid storage through lipid synthesis, which is presumably intertwined with adipogenesis. However, during prolonged fasting, adipocytes are depleted of lipid droplets yet retain endocrine function and an instant response to nutrients. This observation led us to question whether lipid synthesis and storage can be uncoupled from adipogenesis and adipocyte function. By inhibiting key enzymes in the lipid synthesis pathway during adipocyte development, we demonstrated that a basal level of lipid synthesis is essential for adipogenesis initiation but not for maturation and maintenance of adipocyte identity. Furthermore, inducing dedifferentiation of mature adipocytes abrogated adipocyte identity but not lipid storage. These findings suggest that lipid synthesis and storage are not the defining features of adipocytes and raise the possibility of uncoupling lipid synthesis from adipocyte development to achieve smaller and healthier adipocytes for the treatment of obesity and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianfen Wan
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Carmen Calhoun
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tarik Zahr
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Li Qiang
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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8
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Jani S, Da Eira D, Ceddia RB. Insulin-resistant female rat skeletal muscles display diacylglycerol-mediated protein kinase C activation and inflammation without ceramide accumulation. J Physiol 2023; 601:1745-1759. [PMID: 36905219 DOI: 10.1113/jp284324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the role of diacylglycerol (DAG)-mediated protein kinase C (PKC) activation, ceramide accumulation and inflammation in insulin-resistant female oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscles induced by an obesogenic high-fat sucrose-enriched (HFS) diet. The HFS diet impaired insulin-stimulated AKTThr308 phosphorylation and glycogen synthesis, whereas rates of fatty acid oxidation and basal lactate production were significantly elevated in soleus (Sol), extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and epitrochlearis (Epit) muscles. Insulin resistance was accompanied by increases in triacylglycerol (TAG) and DAG contents in Sol and EDL, whereas in Epit muscles only TAG content and markers of inflammation were associated with HFS diet-induced insulin resistance. Analysis of membrane-bound/cytoplasmic PKC fractions revealed that the HFS diet promoted activation/translocation of PKCδ and θ isoforms in Sol, EDL and Epit muscles. However, none of these muscles displayed alterations in ceramide content in response to HFS feeding. This could be explained by a significant increase in Dgat2 mRNA expression in Sol, EDL and Epit muscles, which likely diverted most of the intramyocellular acyl-CoAs toward TAG synthesis instead of ceramides. Overall, this study helps elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying insulin resistance caused by diet-induced obesity in female skeletal muscles with distinct fibre type compositions. KEY POINTS: Feeding female Wistar rats a high-fat sucrose-enriched diet (HFS) led to diacylglycerol (DAG)-induced PKC activation and insulin resistance in oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscles. HFS diet-induced toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) expression did not lead to increased ceramide content in female skeletal muscles. In highly glycolytic female muscles, elevated TAG content and markers of inflammation underlay HFS diet-induced insulin resistance. The HFS diet suppressed glucose oxidation and increased lactate production in oxidative and glycolytic female muscles. Increased Dgat2 mRNA expression likely diverted most of the intramyocellular acyl-CoAs toward TAG synthesis and prevented ceramide formation in skeletal muscles of HFS-fed female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailee Jani
- Muscle Health Research Center - School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, North York, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Da Eira
- Muscle Health Research Center - School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, North York, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rolando B Ceddia
- Muscle Health Research Center - School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, North York, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Peng Z, Zheng L, Tian H, Wang J, Liu W, Meng J, Zhang J, Li X, Wan S. Newly identified essential amino acids affecting peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) DGAT2 enzyme activity. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12878. [PMID: 36711321 PMCID: PMC9876841 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Triacylglycerols is the major storage lipid in most crop seeds. As the key enzyme catalyzing the final step of triacylglycerols biosynthesis, the activity of diacylglycerol acyltransferases directly related to oil content. It has been shown that certain amino acids are very important for enzyme activity, one amino acid variation will greatly change the enzyme activity. In this study, we identified three amino acid point mutations that affect the Arachis hypogaea diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 enzyme activity, T107M, K251R and L316P. According to the three amino acid variations, three single-nucleotide-mutant sequences of Arachis hypogaea diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2a were constructed and transformed into yeast strain H1246 for function verification. Results showed that T107M and K251R could change the fatty acid content and composition of the transformed yeast strains, whereas L316P led to the loss of enzyme activity. By analyzing the 2D and 3D structures of the three variants, we found that the changes of spatial structure of T107M, K251R and L316P caused the changes of the enzyme activity. Our study could provide a theoretical basis for changing the enzyme activity of DGAT by genetic engineering, and provide a new idea for increasing the oil content of the crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenying Peng
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, 250100, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ling Zheng
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Haiying Tian
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jingjing Meng
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jialei Zhang
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xinguo Li
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, 250100, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Shubo Wan
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, 250100, China
- Corresponding author.
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10
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Gajdoš P, Ledesma‐Amaro R, Nicaud J, Rossignol T. A yeast-based tool for screening mammalian diacylglycerol acyltransferase inhibitors. Microbiologyopen 2022; 11:e1334. [PMID: 36479627 PMCID: PMC9716225 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of lipid metabolism is associated with obesity and metabolic diseases but there is also increasing evidence of a relationship between lipid body excess and cancer. Lipid body synthesis requires diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) which catalyze the last step of triacylglycerol synthesis from diacylglycerol and acyl-coenzyme A. The DGATs and in particular DGAT2, are therefore considered potential therapeutic targets for the control of these pathologies. Here, the murine and the human DGAT2 were overexpressed in the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica deleted for all DGAT activities, to evaluate the functionality of the enzymes in this heterologous host and DGAT activity inhibitors. This work provides evidence that mammalian DGATs expressed in Y. lipolytica are a useful tool for screening chemical libraries to identify potential inhibitors or activators of these enzymes of therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gajdoš
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Food TechnologySlovak University of TechnologyRadlinskehoBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Rodrigo Ledesma‐Amaro
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College Centre for Synthetic BiologyImperial College London, South Kensington CampusLondonUK
| | - Jean‐Marc Nicaud
- Université Paris‐Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis InstituteJouy‐en‐JosasFrance
| | - Tristan Rossignol
- Université Paris‐Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis InstituteJouy‐en‐JosasFrance
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11
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Nawade B, Kumar A, Maurya R, Subramani R, Yadav R, Singh K, Rangan P. Longer Duration of Active Oil Biosynthesis during Seed Development Is Crucial for High Oil Yield-Lessons from Genome-Wide In Silico Mining and RNA-Seq Validation in Sesame. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:2980. [PMID: 36365434 PMCID: PMC9657858 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sesame, one of the ancient oil crops, is an important oilseed due to its nutritionally rich seeds with high protein content. Genomic scale information for sesame has become available in the public databases in recent years. The genes and their families involved in oil biosynthesis in sesame are less studied than in other oilseed crops. Therefore, we retrieved a total of 69 genes and their translated amino acid sequences, associated with gene families linked to the oil biosynthetic pathway. Genome-wide in silico mining helped identify key regulatory genes for oil biosynthesis, though the findings require functional validation. Comparing sequences of the SiSAD (stearoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP)-desaturase) coding genes with known SADs helped identify two SiSAD family members that may be palmitoyl-ACP-specific. Based on homology with lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT) sequences, an uncharacterized gene has been identified as SiLPAAT1. Identified key regulatory genes associated with high oil content were also validated using publicly available transcriptome datasets of genotypes contrasting for oil content at different developmental stages. Our study provides evidence that a longer duration of active oil biosynthesis is crucial for high oil accumulation during seed development. This underscores the importance of early onset of oil biosynthesis in developing seeds. Up-regulating, identified key regulatory genes of oil biosynthesis during early onset of seed development, should help increase oil yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagwat Nawade
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, PUSA Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, PUSA Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Rasna Maurya
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, PUSA Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Rajkumar Subramani
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, PUSA Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Rashmi Yadav
- Division of Germplasm Evaluation, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, PUSA Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, PUSA Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Parimalan Rangan
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, PUSA Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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12
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Cheng D, Zinker BA, Luo Y, Shipkova P, De Oliveira CH, Krishna G, Brown EA, Boehm SL, Tirucherai GS, Gu H, Ma Z, Chu CH, Onorato JM, Kopcho LM, Ammar R, Smith J, Devasthale P, Lawrence RM, Stryker SA, Dierks EA, Azzara AV, Carayannopoulos L, Charles ED, Lentz KA, Gordon DA. MGAT2 inhibitor decreases liver fibrosis and inflammation in murine NASH models and reduces body weight in human adults with obesity. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1732-1748.e5. [PMID: 36323235 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (MGAT2) is an important enzyme highly expressed in the human small intestine and liver for the regulation of triglyceride absorption and homeostasis. We report that treatment with BMS-963272, a potent and selective MGAT2 inhibitor, decreased inflammation and fibrosis in CDAHFD and STAM, two murine nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) models. In high-fat-diet-treated cynomolgus monkeys, in contrast to a selective diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) inhibitor, BMS-963272 did not cause diarrhea. In a Phase 1 multiple-dose trial of healthy human adults with obesity (NCT04116632), BMS-963272 was safe and well tolerated with no treatment discontinuations due to adverse events. Consistent with the findings in rodent models, BMS-963272 elevated plasma long-chain dicarboxylic acid, indicating robust pharmacodynamic biomarker modulation; increased gut hormones GLP-1 and PYY; and decreased body weight in human subjects. These data suggest MGAT2 inhibition is a promising therapeutic opportunity for NASH, a disease with high unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Cheng
- Departments of Discovery Biology Cardiovascular and Fibrosis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
| | - Bradley A Zinker
- Departments of Discovery Biology Cardiovascular and Fibrosis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Yi Luo
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Petia Shipkova
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | | | - Gopal Krishna
- ICF Early Clinical Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Brown
- Translational Bioinformatics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Stephanie L Boehm
- Departments of Discovery Biology Cardiovascular and Fibrosis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | | | - Huidong Gu
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Zhengping Ma
- Departments of Discovery Biology Cardiovascular and Fibrosis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Ching-Hsuen Chu
- Departments of Discovery Biology Cardiovascular and Fibrosis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Joelle M Onorato
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Lisa M Kopcho
- Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Ron Ammar
- Translational Bioinformatics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Julia Smith
- Departments of Discovery Biology Cardiovascular and Fibrosis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Pratik Devasthale
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - R Michael Lawrence
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Steven A Stryker
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Dierks
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Anthony V Azzara
- Departments of Discovery Biology Cardiovascular and Fibrosis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | | | - Edgar D Charles
- Global Drug Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Kimberley A Lentz
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - David A Gordon
- Departments of Discovery Biology Cardiovascular and Fibrosis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
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13
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Perez‐Arcoiza A, Luisa Hernández M, Dolores Sicardo M, Hernandez‐Santana V, Diaz‐Espejo A, Martinez‐Rivas JM. Carbon supply and water status regulate fatty acid and triacylglycerol biosynthesis at transcriptional level in the olive mesocarp. Plant Cell Environ 2022; 45:2366-2380. [PMID: 35538021 PMCID: PMC9545970 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The relative contribution of carbon sources generated from leaves and fruits photosynthesis for triacylglycerol biosynthesis in the olive mesocarp and their interaction with water stress was investigated. With this aim, altered carbon source treatments were combined with different irrigation conditions. A higher decrease in mesocarp oil content was observed in fruits under girdled and defoliated shoot treatment compared to darkened fruit conditions, indicating that both leaf and fruit photosynthesis participate in carbon supply for oil biosynthesis being leaves the main source. The carbon supply and water status affected oil synthesis in the mesocarp, regulating the expression of DGAT and PDAT genes and implicating DGAT1-1, DGAT2, PDAT1-1, and PDAT1-2 as the principal genes responsible for triacylglycerol biosynthesis. A major role was indicated for DGAT2 and PDAT1-2 in well-watered conditions. Moreover, polyunsaturated fatty acid content together with FAD2-1, FAD2-2 and FAD7-1 expression levels were augmented in response to modified carbon supply in the olive mesocarp. Furthermore, water stress caused an increase in DGAT1-1, DGAT1-2, PDAT1-1, and FAD2-5 gene transcript levels. Overall, these data indicate that oil content and fatty acid composition in olive fruit mesocarp are regulated by carbon supply and water status, affecting the transcription of key genes in both metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Perez‐Arcoiza
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC)SevilleSpain
| | - M. Luisa Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant ProductsInstituto de la Grasa (IG‐CSIC)SevilleSpain
- Present address:
Department of Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Plant Biochemistry and PhotosynthesisUniversity of Seville‐CSICSevilleSpain
| | - M. Dolores Sicardo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant ProductsInstituto de la Grasa (IG‐CSIC)SevilleSpain
| | - Virginia Hernandez‐Santana
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC)SevilleSpain
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular EcophysiologyInstituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS, CSIC)SevilleSpain
| | - Antonio Diaz‐Espejo
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC)SevilleSpain
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular EcophysiologyInstituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS, CSIC)SevilleSpain
| | - José M. Martinez‐Rivas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant ProductsInstituto de la Grasa (IG‐CSIC)SevilleSpain
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14
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Yin X, Guo X, Hu L, Li S, Chen Y, Wang J, Wang RRC, Fan C, Hu Z. Genome-Wide Characterization of DGATs and Their Expression Diversity Analysis in Response to Abiotic Stresses in Brassica napus. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:1156. [PMID: 35567157 PMCID: PMC9104862 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TAG) is the most important storage lipid for oil plant seeds. Diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) are a key group of rate-limiting enzymes in the pathway of TAG biosynthesis. In plants, there are three types of DGATs, namely, DGAT1, DGAT2 and DGAT3. Brassica napus, an allotetraploid plant, is one of the most important oil plants in the world. Previous studies of Brassica napus DGATs (BnaDGATs) have mainly focused on BnaDGAT1s. In this study, four DGAT1s, four DGAT2s and two DGAT3s were identified and cloned from B. napus ZS11. The analyses of sequence identity, chromosomal location and collinearity, phylogenetic tree, exon/intron gene structures, conserved domains and motifs, and transmembrane domain (TMD) revealed that BnaDGAT1, BnaDGAT2 and BnaDGAT3 were derived from three different ancestors and shared little similarity in gene and protein structures. Overexpressing BnaDGATs showed that only four BnaDGAT1s can restore TAG synthesis in yeast H1246 and promote the accumulation of fatty acids in yeast H1246 and INVSc1, suggesting that the three BnaDGAT subfamilies had greater differentiation in function. Transcriptional analysis showed that the expression levels of BnaDGAT1s, BnaDGAT2s and BnaDGAT3s were different during plant development and under different stresses. In addition, analysis of fatty acid contents in roots, stems and leaves under abiotic stresses revealed that P starvation can promote the accumulation of fatty acids, but no obvious relationship was shown between the accumulation of fatty acids with the expression of BnaDGATs under P starvation. This study provides an extensive evaluation of BnaDGATs and a useful foundation for dissecting the functions of BnaDGATs in biochemical and physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (X.Y.); (X.G.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (Y.C.)
- College of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xupeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (X.Y.); (X.G.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (Y.C.)
- College of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lizong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (X.Y.); (X.G.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (Y.C.)
- College of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- College of Biology and Agriculture, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (X.Y.); (X.G.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (Y.C.)
- College of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (X.Y.); (X.G.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jingqiao Wang
- Institute of Economical Crops, Yunnan Agricultural Academy, Kunming 650205, China;
| | - Richard R.-C. Wang
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Forage and Range Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-6300, USA;
| | - Chengming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (X.Y.); (X.G.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Zanmin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (X.Y.); (X.G.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (Y.C.)
- College of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Jia Q, Carranza Leon BG, Jensen MD. Influence of Free Fatty Acid Concentrations and Weight Loss on Adipose Tissue Direct Free Fatty Acid Storage Rates. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e5165-e5179. [PMID: 34251018 PMCID: PMC8864754 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The factors that determine the recycling of free fatty acids (FFA) back into different adipose tissue depots via the direct storage pathway are not completely understood. OBJECTIVE To assess the interactions between adipocyte factors and plasma FFA concentrations that determine regional FFA storage rates. DESIGN We measured direct adipose tissue FFA storage rates before and after weight loss under high FFA (intravenous somatostatin and epinephrine) and low (intravenous insulin and glucose) FFA concentrations. SETTING Mayo Clinic Clinical Research Unit. PATIENTS Sixteen premenopausal women, body mass index 30 to 37 kg/m2. INTERVENTION Comprehensive lifestyle weight loss program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Direct FFA storage rates in upper and lower body subcutaneous fat. RESULTS Over the entire range of FFA and under isolated conditions of elevated FFA concentrations, the storage rates of FFA into upper and lower body subcutaneous fat per unit lipid were associated with concentrations, not adipocyte fatty acid storage factors. Under low FFA conditions, direct FFA storage rates were related to adipocyte CD36 content, not tissue level content of fatty acid storage factors. Weight loss did not change these relationships. CONCLUSIONS The regulation of direct FFA storage under low FFA concentration conditions appears to be at the level of the cell/adipocyte content of CD36, whereas under high FFA concentration conditions, direct FFA storage at the tissue level is predicted by plasma FFA concentrations, independent of adipocyte size or fatty acid storage factors. These observations offer novel insights into how adipose tissue regulates direct FFA storage in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyi Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - B Gisella Carranza Leon
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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16
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Wei M, Huang X, Bian C, Sun J, Ji H. ATF6- DGAT pathway is involved in TLR7-induced innate immune response in Ctenopharyngodon idellus kidney cells. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 124:104197. [PMID: 34228994 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
DGAT1 and DGAT2 are two acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (DGAT) enzymes that catalyze the final step in triglyceride (TG) synthesis. TGs are the primary constituents of lipid droplets (LDs). Although it has been demonstrated that LDs modulate immune and inflammatory responses in CIK cells, little is known about whether DGAT1 and DGAT2 involve in this process. Firstly, grass carp DGAT2 was isolated and characterized, encoding 361 amino acids, and all DGAT2 proteins in genomic structures are conserved in vertebrates. Then, using TLR7 agonist, we induced LDs accumulation in CIK cells. Only DGAT1b and DGAT2 were upregulated in forming TLR7 agonist induced-LDs. Next, we utilized small-molecule inhibitors of DGAT1 and DGAT2. The results indicated that DGAT1 inactivation attenuated TG content and the relative expressions of IFNα3, NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNFα genes, whereas DGAT2 inhibition decreased TG content and the relative expressions of MyD88, IRF7, IFNα3, NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNFα genes, implying that DGAT1-generated LDs and DGAT2-generated LDs contribute to TLR7-induced immune response via different signaling pathways. Finally, inhibiting ATF6 effectively decreased DGAT-generated LDs accumulation and the expression of TLR7 signaling-related genes induced by TLR7 agonist, implying that ATF6 UPR pathway may mediate the role of DGAT-generated LDs in TLR7 signaling. Overall, we demonstrate that DGAT1 and DGAT2-catalyzed TAG synthesis may generate different LDs to provide distinct signaling platforms for innate TLR7 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkui Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xiaocheng Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Chenchen Bian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jian Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Hong Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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17
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Sun Y, Zhang L, Lu B, Wen J, Wang M, Zhang S, Li Q, Shu F, Lu F, Liu N, Peng S, Zhao Y, Dong S, Lu F, Zhang W, Wang Y. Hydrogen sulphide reduced the accumulation of lipid droplets in cardiac tissues of db/db mice via Hrd1 S-sulfhydration. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:9154-9167. [PMID: 34562065 PMCID: PMC8500968 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs) induces cardiac dysfunctions in type 2 diabetes patients. Recent studies have shown that hydrogen sulphide (H2 S) ameliorates cardiac functions in db/db mice, but its regulation on the formation of LDs in cardiac tissues is unclear. Db/db mice were injected with NaHS (40 μmol·kg-1 ) for twelve weeks. H9c2 cells were treated with high glucose (40 mmol/L), oleate (200 µmol/L), palmitate (200 µmol/L) and NaHS (100 µmol/L) for 48 hours. Plasmids for the overexpression of wild-type Hrd1 and Hrd1 mutated at Cys115 were constructed. The interaction between Hrd1 and DGAT1 and DGAT2, the ubiquitylation level of DGAT1 and 2, the S-sulfhydration of Hrd1 were measured. Exogenous H2 S ameliorated the cardiac functions, decreased ER stress and reduced the number of LDs in db/db mice. Exogenous H2 S could elevate the ubiquitination level of DGAT 1 and 2 and increased the expression of Hrd1 in cardiac tissues of db/db mice. The S-sulfhydration of Hrd1 by NaHS enhanced the interaction between Hrd1 and DGAT1 and 2 to inhibit the formation of LD. Our findings suggested that H2 S modified Hrd1 S-sulfhydration at Cys115 to reduce the accumulation of LDs in cardiac tissues of db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Linxue Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Baoling Lu
- Department of Infectious, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingchen Wen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mengyi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qianzhu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Feng Shu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Fangping Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuo Peng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yajun Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shiyun Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Fanghao Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Urologic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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18
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Xu Y, Pan X, Lu J, Wang J, Shan Q, Stout J, Chen G. Evolutionary and biochemical characterization of a Chromochloris zofingiensis MBOAT with wax synthase and diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:5584-5598. [PMID: 34037747 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wax synthase (WS) catalyzes the last step in wax ester biosynthesis in green plants. Two unrelated sub-families of WS, including the bifunctional acyltransferase and plant-like WS have been reported, but the latter is largely uncharacterized in microalgae. Here, we functionally characterized a putative plant-like WS (CzWS1) from the emerging model green microalga Chromochloris zofingiensis. Our results showed that plant-like WS evolved under different selection constraints in plants and microalgae, with positive selection likely contributing to functional divergence. Unlike jojoba with high amounts of wax ester in seeds and a highly active WS enzyme, C. zofingiensis has no detectable wax ester but a high abundance of WS transcripts. Co-expression analysis showed that C. zofingiensis WS has different expression correlation with lipid biosynthetic genes from jojoba, and may have a divergent function. In vitro characterization indicated that CzWS1 had diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity along with WS activity, and overexpression of CzWS1 in yeast and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii affected triacylglycerol accumulation. Moreover, biochemical and bioinformatic analyses revealed the relevance of the C-terminal region of CzWS1 in enzyme function. Taken together, our results indicated a functional divergence of plant-like WS in plants and microalgae, and the importance of its C-terminal region in specialization of enzyme function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xue Pan
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Junhao Lu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Juli Wang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Qiyuan Shan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jake Stout
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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19
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Xiu MX, Zhao YM, Zhang Y, Xiong DX, Wang D, Lee HS, Cui L. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase inhibitory new meroterpenes from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia, and their structure-activity relationship study. Fitoterapia 2021; 151:104881. [PMID: 33713740 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Five new meroterpenes, 12α-Psoracorylifol F (1), 7β,8α-hydroxy-12β-Psoracorylifol F (2), 8-ketone-Cyclobakuchiol C (3), 7α,8β-hydroxy-12β-Cyclobakuchiol C (4) and 8α-hydroxy-Cyclobakuchiol C (5) together with six known compounds (6-11) were isolated from seeds of Psoralea corylifolia, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic and physicochemical analyses. All the isolates were evaluated for in vitro inhibitory activity against DGAT1/2. Among them, compounds 1-6 were found to exhibit selective inhibitory activity on DGAT1 with IC50 values ranging from 61.5 ± 1.1 to 89.1 ± 1.2 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Xue Xiu
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Yi-Ming Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Da-Xi Xiong
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Dong Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Hyun-Sun Lee
- Molecular Cancer Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 685-1 Yangcheongri, Ochangeup, Cheongwongun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Long Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China.
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20
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Sanya DRA, Onesime D, Kunze G, Neuveglise C, Crutz-Le Coq AM. The native acyltransferase-coding genes DGA1 and DGA2 affect lipid accumulation in Blastobotrys raffinosifermentans differently when overexpressed. FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 20:5989697. [PMID: 33206977 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foaa060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastobotrys raffinosifermentans is an ascomycetous yeast with biotechnological applications, recently shown to be an oleaginous yeast accumulating lipids under nitrogen limitation. Diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) act in the lipid storage pathway, in the last step of triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Two DGAT families are widespread in eukaryotes. We first checked that B. raffinosifermentans strain LS3 possessed both types of DGAT, and we then overexpressed the native DGAT-encoding genes, DGA1 and DGA2, separately or together. DGA2 (from the DGAT1 family) overexpression was sufficient to increase lipid content significantly in LS3, to up to 26.5% of dry cell weight (DCW), 1.6 times the lipid content of the parental strain (16.90% of DCW) in glucose medium under nitrogen limitation. By contrast, DGA1 (of the DGAT2 type) overexpression led to a large increase (up to 140-fold) in the amount of the corresponding transcript, but had no effect on overall lipid content relative to the parental strain. Analysis of the expression of the native genes over time in the parental strain revealed that DGA2 transcript levels quadrupled between 8 and 24 h in the N-limited lipogenic medium, whereas DGA1 transcript levels remained stable. This survey highlights the predominant role of the DGAT1 family in lipid accumulation and demonstrates the suitability of B. raffinosifermentans for engineering for lipid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ruben Akiola Sanya
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute,Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
| | - Djamila Onesime
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute,Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
| | - Gotthard Kunze
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Correnstr. 3, Gatersleben 06466, Germany
| | - Cécile Neuveglise
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute,Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
| | - Anne-Marie Crutz-Le Coq
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute,Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
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21
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Mihálik D, Lančaričová A, Mrkvová M, Kaňuková Š, Moravčíková J, Glasa M, Šubr Z, Predajňa L, Hančinský R, Grešíková S, Havrlentová M, Hauptvogel P, Kraic J. Diacylglycerol Acetyltransferase Gene Isolated from Euonymus europaeus L. Altered Lipid Metabolism in Transgenic Plant towards the Production of Acetylated Triacylglycerols. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10090205. [PMID: 32947896 PMCID: PMC7554731 DOI: 10.3390/life10090205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Euonymus species from the Celastraceae family are considered as a source of unusual genes modifying the oil content and fatty acid composition of vegetable oils. Due to the possession of genes encoding enzyme diacylglycerol acetyltransferase (DAcT), Euonymus plants can synthesize and accumulate acetylated triacyglycerols. The gene from Euonymus europaeus (EeDAcT) encoding the DAcT was identified, isolated, characterized, and modified for cloning and genetic transformation of plants. This gene has a unique nucleotide sequence and amino acid composition, different from orthologous genes from other Euonymus species. Nucleotide sequence of original EeDAcT gene was modified, cloned into transformation vector, and introduced into tobacco plants. Overexpression of EeDAcT gene was confirmed, and transgenic host plants produced and accumulated acetylated triacylglycerols (TAGs) in immature seeds. Individual transgenic plants showed difference in amounts of synthesized acetylTAGs and also in fatty acid composition of acetylTAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mihálik
- Research Institute of Plant Production, National Agricultural and Food Center, Bratislavská cesta 122, 92168 Piešt’any, Slovakia; (D.M.); (A.L.); (M.H.); (P.H.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (Š.K.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (R.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Andrea Lančaričová
- Research Institute of Plant Production, National Agricultural and Food Center, Bratislavská cesta 122, 92168 Piešt’any, Slovakia; (D.M.); (A.L.); (M.H.); (P.H.)
| | - Michaela Mrkvová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (Š.K.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (R.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Šarlota Kaňuková
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (Š.K.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (R.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Jana Moravčíková
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (Š.K.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (R.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Miroslav Glasa
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (Š.K.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (R.H.); (S.G.)
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.Š.); (L.P.)
| | - Zdeno Šubr
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.Š.); (L.P.)
| | - Lukáš Predajňa
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.Š.); (L.P.)
| | - Richard Hančinský
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (Š.K.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (R.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Simona Grešíková
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (Š.K.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (R.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Michaela Havrlentová
- Research Institute of Plant Production, National Agricultural and Food Center, Bratislavská cesta 122, 92168 Piešt’any, Slovakia; (D.M.); (A.L.); (M.H.); (P.H.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (Š.K.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (R.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Pavol Hauptvogel
- Research Institute of Plant Production, National Agricultural and Food Center, Bratislavská cesta 122, 92168 Piešt’any, Slovakia; (D.M.); (A.L.); (M.H.); (P.H.)
| | - Ján Kraic
- Research Institute of Plant Production, National Agricultural and Food Center, Bratislavská cesta 122, 92168 Piešt’any, Slovakia; (D.M.); (A.L.); (M.H.); (P.H.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (Š.K.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (R.H.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence:
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22
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Wang CY, Ai GF, Zhang YF. Two new isoflavones from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia with diacylglycerol acyltransferase inhibitory activity. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2020; 22:346-352. [PMID: 30924356 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2019.1570159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two new compounds 7-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-3'-(7''-hydroxy-3'',7''-dimethyl-octa-2'',5''-dienyl)-isoflavone (1) and 7-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-3'-(6''-hydroxy-3'',7''-dimethyl-octa-2'',7''-dienyl)-isoflavone (2), together with five known compounds (3-7), were isolated from EtOAc-soluble extract of the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic and physico-chemical analyses. All the isolates were evaluated for in vitro inhibitory activity against diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT). And compounds 1-7 displayed significant inhibitory activity on DGAT1 with IC50 values ranging from 51.2 ± 1.1 to 116.4 ± 1.3 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Yun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining NO.1 People's Hospital, Jining 272000, China
| | - Guang-Feng Ai
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining NO.1 People's Hospital, Jining 272000, China
| | - Ya-Fei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining NO.1 People's Hospital, Jining 272000, China
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23
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Mbarik M, Biam RS, Robichaud PP, Surette ME. The impact of PUFA on cell responses: Caution should be exercised when selecting PUFA concentrations in cell culture. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 155:102083. [PMID: 32126480 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are important components of cellular membranes, serving both structural and signaling functions. Investigation of the functional responses of cells to various PUFA often involves cell culture experiments, which can then inform or guide subsequent in vivo and clinical investigations. In this study, human carcinoma and leukemia cell lines (MCF-7, HepG2, THP-1, Jurkat) were incubated for 3 days in the presence of up to 150 μM of exogenous arachidonic or eicosapentaenoic acids. At concentrations up to 20 μM these PUFA were enriched in cellular phospholipids, but at concentrations of 20 μM or higher cells accumulated large quantities of these PUFA and their elongation products into triglycerides. This coincided with decreased cell proliferation and enhanced apoptosis. Inhibition of DGAT1 but not DGAT2 enhanced the cytotoxic effect of exogenous PUFA suggesting a protective role of PUFA sequestration into TGs. Lower (10 μM) and higher (50 μM) exogenous PUFA concentrations also had different impacts on the expression of PUFA metabolizing enzymes. Overall, these results indicate that caution must be exercised when planning in vitro experiments since elevated concentrations of PUFA can lead to dysfunctional cellular responses that are not predictive of in vivo responses to dietary PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroua Mbarik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Roody S Biam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | | | - Marc E Surette
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada.
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24
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Chai MY. A new bioactive coumestan from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2020; 22:295-301. [PMID: 30678490 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2018.1563073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new coumestan named bavacoumestan D (1), together with five known compounds (2-6), was isolated from EtOAc-soluble extract of seeds of Psoralea corylifolia. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic and physico-chemical analyses. All compounds were evaluated for in vitro inhibitory activity against DGAT1, DGAT2 and α-glucosidase. Among them, compounds 1-2, 5-6 showed potential inhibitory activity on DGAT1 with IC50 values ranging from 52.3 ± 1.3 to 81.0 ± 1.0 μM. Compounds 1-3, 6 displayed the significant inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase with IC50 values ranging from 31.2 to 89.1 μM.[Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yan Chai
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Zibo Vocational Institute, Zibo 255314, China
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25
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Yuan Y, Arondel V, Domergue F. Characterization and heterologous expression of three DGATs from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) mesocarp in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochimie 2020; 169:18-28. [PMID: 31536755 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) can accumulate up to 88% oil in fruit mesocarp. A previous transcriptome study of oil palm fruits indicated that genes coding for three diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs), designated as EgDGAT1_3, EgDGAT2_2 and EgWS/DGAT_1 (according to Rosli et al., 2018) were highly expressed in mesocarp during oil accumulation. In the present study, the corresponding open reading frames were isolated, and characterized by heterologous expression in the mutant yeast H1246, which is devoid of neutral lipid synthesis. Expression of EgDGAT1_3 or EgDGAT2_2 could restore TAG synthesis, confirming that both proteins are true DGAT. In contrast, expression of EgWS/DGAT_1 resulted in the synthesis of fatty acid isoamyl esters (FAIEs) with saturated long-chain and very-long-chain fatty acids. In the presence of exogenously supplied fatty alcohols, EgWS/DGAT_1 was able to produce wax esters, indicating that EgWS/DGAT_1 codes for an acyltransferase with wax ester synthase but no DGAT activity. Finally, the complete wax ester biosynthetic pathway was reconstituted in yeast by coexpressing EgWS/DGAT_1 with a fatty acyl reductase from Tetrahymena thermophila. Altogether, our results characterized two novel DGATs from oil palm as well as a putative wax ester synthase that preferentially using medium chain fatty alcohols and saturated very-long chain fatty acids as substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Yuan
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS - University of Bordeaux - UMR 5200, Bâtiment A3 - INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux - CS 20032, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Vincent Arondel
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS - University of Bordeaux - UMR 5200, Bâtiment A3 - INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux - CS 20032, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Frédéric Domergue
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS - University of Bordeaux - UMR 5200, Bâtiment A3 - INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux - CS 20032, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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26
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Nguyen T, Xu Y, Abdel-Hameed M, Sorensen JL, Singer SD, Chen G. Characterization of a Type-2 Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase from Haematococcus pluvialis Reveals Possible Allostery of the Recombinant Enzyme. Lipids 2019; 55:425-433. [PMID: 31879987 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Haematococcus pluvialis is a green microalga used in the algal biotechnology industry that can accumulate considerable amounts of storage triacylglycerol (TAG) and astaxanthin, which is a high-value carotenoid with strong antioxidant activity, under stress conditions. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) catalyzes the last step of the acyl-CoA-dependent TAG biosynthesis and appears to represent a bottleneck in algal TAG formation. In this study, putative H. pluvialis DGAT2 cDNA (HpDGAT2A, B, D and E) were identified from a transcriptome database and were subjected to sequence-based in silico analyses. The coding sequences of HpDGAT2B, D, and E were then isolated and characterized through heterologous expression in a TAG-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain H1246. The expression of HpDGAT2D allowed the recovery of TAG biosynthesis in this yeast mutant, and further in vitro enzymatic assays confirmed that the recombinant HpDGAT2D possessed strong DGAT activity. Interestingly, the recombinant HpDGAT2D displayed sigmoidal kinetics in response to increasing acyl-CoA concentrations, which has not been reported in plant or algal DGAT2 in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinh Nguyen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Mona Abdel-Hameed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - John L Sorensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Stacy D Singer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
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27
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Zhu G, Luo Y, Xu X, Zhang H, Zhu M. Anti-diabetic compounds from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia. Fitoterapia 2019; 139:104373. [PMID: 31629053 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new aurone named (2Z)-2-[(4'-hydroxyphenyl) methylene]-6-hydroxy-7-prenyl-3(2H)-benzofurane (1), two new flavonoids named (2S)-7-methoxy-6-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbut-3-en-1-yl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chroman-4-one (2), (2S)-4'-hydroxyl-7-hydroxymethylene-6-(2″,3″-epoxy-3″-methylbutyl)flavanone (3), and a new coumestan named bavacoumestan E (4), together with eleven known compounds (5-15), were isolated from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia. The chemical structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and physico-chemical analyses. All isolates were evaluated for in vitro inhibitory activity against DGAT, PTP1B and α-glucosidase. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 showed potential inhibitory activities on DGAT1 with IC50 values of 35.2 ± 1.3, 51.3 ± 1.1 and 43.4 ± 0.7 μM, respectively. Compounds 6 and 8 displayed the significant inhibitory activities on α-glucosidase with IC50 value of 28.0 and 23.0 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaohui Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, and China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yanhong Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, and China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xuejiao Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, and China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Huijiao Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, and China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, and China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.
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28
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Meng X, Li BB, Lin X, Jiang YY, Zhang L, Li HZ, Cui L. New polyacetylenes glycoside from Eclipta prostrate with DGAT inhibitory activity. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2019; 21:501-506. [PMID: 29882413 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2018.1452914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
One new polyacetylene glycoside eprostrata Ⅰ (1), together with seven known compounds (2-8), were isolated from Eclipta prostrata. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic and physico-chemical analyses. All the isolates were evaluated inhibitory activity on DGAT in an in vitro assay. Compounds 1-8 were found to exhibit inhibitory activity of DGAT1 with IC50 values ranging from 74.4 ± 1.3 to 101.1 ± 1.1 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Meng
- a College of Pharmacy , Beihua University , Jilin 132013 , China
| | - Ban-Ban Li
- a College of Pharmacy , Beihua University , Jilin 132013 , China
| | - Xin Lin
- a College of Pharmacy , Beihua University , Jilin 132013 , China
| | - Yi-Yu Jiang
- a College of Pharmacy , Beihua University , Jilin 132013 , China
| | - Le Zhang
- a College of Pharmacy , Beihua University , Jilin 132013 , China
| | - Hao-Ze Li
- a College of Pharmacy , Beihua University , Jilin 132013 , China
| | - Long Cui
- a College of Pharmacy , Beihua University , Jilin 132013 , China
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29
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Reynolds KB, Cullerne DP, El Tahchy A, Rolland V, Blanchard CL, Wood CC, Singh SP, Petrie JR. Identification of Genes Involved in Lipid Biosynthesis through de novo Transcriptome Assembly from Cocos nucifera Developing Endosperm. Plant Cell Physiol 2019; 60:945-960. [PMID: 30608545 PMCID: PMC6498750 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cocos nucifera (coconut), a member of the Arecaceae family, is an economically important woody palm that is widely grown in tropical and subtropical regions. The coconut palm is well known for its ability to accumulate large amounts of oil, approximately 63% of the seed weight. Coconut oil varies significantly from other vegetable oils as it contains a high proportion of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA; 85%). The unique composition of coconut oil raises interest in understanding how the coconut palm produces oil of a high saturated MCFA content, and if such an oil profile could be replicated via biotechnology interventions. Although some gene discovery work has been performed there is still a significant gap in the knowledge associated with coconut's oil production pathways. In this study, a de novo transcriptome was assembled for developing coconut endosperm to identify genes involved in the synthesis of lipids, particularly triacylglycerol. Of particular interest were thioesterases, acyltransferases and oleosins because of their involvement in the processes of releasing fatty acids for assembly, esterification of fatty acids into glycerolipids and protecting oils from degradation, respectively. It is hypothesized that some of these genes may exhibit a strong substrate preference for MCFA and hence may assist the future development of vegetable oils with an enriched MCFA composition. In this study, we identified and confirmed functionality of five candidate genes from the gene families of interest. This study will benefit future work in areas of increasing vegetable oil production and the tailoring of oil fatty acid compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle B Reynolds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries, Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Functional Grains, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Darren P Cullerne
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Anna El Tahchy
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Vivien Rolland
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Christopher L Blanchard
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Functional Grains, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Craig C Wood
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Surinder P Singh
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - James R Petrie
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Vieyres G, Pietschmann T. HCV Pit Stop at the Lipid Droplet: Refuel Lipids and Put on a Lipoprotein Coat before Exit. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030233. [PMID: 30871009 PMCID: PMC6468556 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The replication cycle of the liver-tropic hepatitis C virus (HCV) is tightly connected to the host lipid metabolism, during the virus entry, replication, assembly and egress stages, but also while the virus circulates in the bloodstream. This interplay coins viral particle properties, governs viral cell tropism, and facilitates immune evasion. This review summarizes our knowledge of these interactions focusing on the late steps of the virus replication cycle. It builds on our understanding of the cell biology of lipid droplets and the biosynthesis of liver lipoproteins and attempts to explain how HCV hijacks these organelles and pathways to assemble its lipo-viro-particles. In particular, this review describes (i) the mechanisms of viral protein translocation to and from the lipid droplet surface and the orchestration of an interface between replication and assembly complexes, (ii) the importance of the triglyceride mobilization from the lipid droplets for HCV assembly, (iii) the interplay between HCV and the lipoprotein synthesis pathway including the role played by apolipoproteins in virion assembly, and finally (iv) the consequences of these complex virus–host interactions on the virion composition and its biophysical properties. The wealth of data accumulated in the past years on the role of the lipid metabolism in HCV assembly and its imprint on the virion properties will guide vaccine design efforts and reinforce our understanding of the hepatic lipid metabolism in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Vieyres
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 30625 Hannover, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Okour M, Brigandi RA, Tenero D. A population analysis of the DGAT1 inhibitor GSK3008356 and its effect on endogenous and meal-induced triglyceride turnover in healthy subjects. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2019; 33:567-580. [PMID: 30790345 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a liver disease in which fatty infiltration is accompanied by liver inflammation. GSK3008356 is under development as a selective inhibitor of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), a key enzyme involved in the formation of triglyceride (TG). Decreased DGAT1 activity can reduce circulating TG and liver TG, and therefore could potentially prevent or treat NASH. The aim of the current study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) model that characterizes the PK disposition of GSK3008356 and its relation to the changes in blood TG. Drug concentrations were measured in 104 healthy adults receiving various single (SD) and repeat doses (RD) in a first time in human (FiH) study. A 30% fat meal was given at hour 2 postdose, and blood postprandial TG concentrations were measured at various time points. The population PKPD model consists of several parts including a PK model, drug effect model, meal effect model, and a turnover model. The pharmacokinetic data were described using a 3-compartment model. Drug effect was described by an inhibitory sigmoidal Emax model. Since TG levels change with the introduction of a meal, a bi-exponential meal effect model was utilized. The total change in TG was fitted using a turnover model with drug and meal effects on the TG production rate. The current analysis presents a PKPD modeling strategy of time-varying TG data coming from both endogenous and exogenous sources. In general, the presented model could be utilized in the model-based drug development of drugs that influence TG levels in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Okour
- Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation (CPMS), GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426-0989, USA
| | - Richard A Brigandi
- Exploratory Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426-0989, USA
| | - David Tenero
- Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation (CPMS), GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426-0989, USA
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Xu Y, Falarz L, Chen G. Characterization of Type-2 Diacylglycerol Acyltransferases in the Green Microalga Chromochloris zofingiensis. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:291-298. [PMID: 30543104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) catalyzes the last and committed step of the acyl-CoA-dependent TAG biosynthesis and thus is a key target for manipulating oil production in microalgae. The microalga Chromochloris zofingiensis can accumulate substantial amounts of triacylglycerol (TAG) and represents a promising source of algal lipids. In this study, C. zofingiensis DGAT2s (CzDGAT2s) were characterized with in silico, in vivo (yeast), and in vitro assays. Putative CzDGAT2s were identified, and their functional motifs and evolutionary relationship with other DGAT2s were analyzed. When CzDGAT2s were individually expressed in a TAG-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, only CzDGAT2C could restore the TAG biosynthesis. Further in vitro assays indicated that CzDGAT2C displayed typical DGAT activity, which was fitted to the Michaelis-Menten equation, and N- and C-terminals were important for the enzyme activity. In addition, membrane yeast two-hybrid assay revealed a possible DGAT2 activity modulation via the formation of homodimer/heterodimer among different DGAT2 isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Lucas Falarz
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2P5
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2P5
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada R3T 2N2
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Jeppson S, Demski K, Carlsson AS, Zhu LH, Banaś A, Stymne S, Lager I. Crambe hispanica Subsp. abyssinica Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase Specificities Towards Diacylglycerols and Acyl-CoA Reveal Combinatorial Effects That Greatly Affect Enzymatic Activity and Specificity. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1442. [PMID: 31798607 PMCID: PMC6863138 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Crambe is an oil crop suitable for industrial purposes due to the high content of erucic acid (22:1) in the seed oil. The final acylation of diacylglycerols (DAG) with acyl-CoA in the production of triacylglycerols (oil) is catalyzed by acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) enzymes. We identified eight forms of DGATs in crambe and characterized them in microsomal preparations of yeast expressing the enzymes using various acyl-CoAs and both di-6:0-DAG and long-chain DAG species as acyl acceptors. All DGATs accepted 22:1-CoA when using di-6:0-DAG as acyl acceptor. When di-22:1-DAG was the acyl acceptor, the DGAT1 type of enzyme utilized 22:1-CoA at a much-reduced rate compared to assays with sn-1-22:1-sn-2-18:1(oleoyl)-DAG, the most frequently available DAG precursor in crambe seeds. None of the DGAT2 enzymes was able to acylate di-22:1-DAG. Our results indicate that formation of trierucin by crambe DGATs is a limiting step for further increasing the levels of 22:1 in the previously developed transgenic crambe lines due to their poor abilities to acylate di-22:1-DAG. We also show that the acyl-CoA specificities and the enzymatic activities are highly influenced by the fatty acid composition of the DAG acyl acceptor. This finding implies that the use of artificial acyl acceptors (e.g. di-6:0-DAG) may not always reflect the actual acyl-CoA specificities of DGATs in planta. The relevance of the here reported pronounced specificities for specific DAG species exerted by DGAT enzymes is discussed in the context of the findings of DAG pools of distinct catalytic origin in triacylglycerol biosynthesis in the seed oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jeppson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Simon Jeppson,
| | - Kamil Demski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anders S. Carlsson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Li-Hua Zhu
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Antoni Banaś
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sten Stymne
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Ida Lager
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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Xu Y, Caldo KMP, Pal-Nath D, Ozga J, Lemieux MJ, Weselake RJ, Chen G. Properties and Biotechnological Applications of Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol Acyltransferase and Phospholipid:diacylglycerol Acyltransferase from Terrestrial Plants and Microalgae. Lipids 2018; 53:663-688. [PMID: 30252128 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TAG) is the major storage lipid in most terrestrial plants and microalgae, and has great nutritional and industrial value. Since the demand for vegetable oil is consistently increasing, numerous studies have been focused on improving the TAG content and modifying the fatty-acid compositions of plant seed oils. In addition, there is a strong research interest in establishing plant vegetative tissues and microalgae as platforms for lipid production. In higher plants and microalgae, TAG biosynthesis occurs via acyl-CoA-dependent or acyl-CoA-independent pathways. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) catalyzes the last and committed step in the acyl-CoA-dependent biosynthesis of TAG, which appears to represent a bottleneck in oil accumulation in some oilseed species. Membrane-bound and soluble forms of DGAT have been identified with very different amino-acid sequences and biochemical properties. Alternatively, TAG can be formed through acyl-CoA-independent pathways via the catalytic action of membrane-bound phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT). As the enzymes catalyzing the terminal steps of TAG formation, DGAT and PDAT play crucial roles in determining the flux of carbon into seed TAG and thus have been considered as the key targets for engineering oil production. Here, we summarize the most recent knowledge on DGAT and PDAT in higher plants and microalgae, with the emphasis on their physiological roles, structural features, and regulation. The development of various metabolic engineering strategies to enhance the TAG content and alter the fatty-acid composition of TAG is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Kristian Mark P Caldo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Dipasmita Pal-Nath
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Jocelyn Ozga
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - M Joanne Lemieux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Randall J Weselake
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
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Huang LS, Yuen JJ, Trites MJ, Saha A, Epps CT, Hu Y, Kerolle S, Lee SA, Jiang H, Goldberg IJ, Blaner WS, Clugston RD. Dietary Macronutrient Composition Determines the Contribution of DGAT1 to Alcoholic Steatosis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:2298-2312. [PMID: 30192394 PMCID: PMC6286229 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background The first stage of alcoholic liver disease is hepatic steatosis. While alcohol is known to profoundly impact hepatic lipid metabolism, gaps in our knowledge remain regarding the mechanisms leading to alcohol‐induced hepatic triglyceride (TG) accumulation. As the sole enzymes catalyzing the final step in TG synthesis, diacylglycerol O‐acyltransferase (DGAT) 1 and 2 are potentially important contributors to alcoholic steatosis. Our goal was to study the effects of dietary fat content on alcohol‐induced hepatic TG accumulation, and the relative contribution of DGAT1 and DGAT2 to alcoholic steatosis. Methods These studies were carried out in wild‐type (WT) mice fed alcohol‐containing high‐fat or low‐fat formulations of Lieber‐DeCarli liquid diets, as well as follow‐up studies in Dgat1−/− mice. Results A direct comparison of the low‐fat and high‐fat liquid diet in WT mice revealed surprisingly similar levels of alcoholic steatosis, although there were underlying differences in the pattern of hepatic lipid accumulation and expression of genes involved in hepatic lipid metabolism. Follow‐up studies in Dgat1−/− mice revealed that these animals are protected from alcoholic steatosis when consumed as part of a high‐fat diet, but not a low‐fat diet. Conclusions Dietary macronutrient composition influences the relative contribution of DGAT1 and DGAT2 to alcoholic steatosis, such that in the context of alcohol and a high‐fat diet, DGAT1 predominates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Shin Huang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jason J Yuen
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Michael J Trites
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Amit Saha
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Caleb T Epps
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Yungying Hu
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Seung-Ah Lee
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Robin D Clugston
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Balaban S, Lee LS, Varney B, Aishah A, Gao Q, Shearer RF, Saunders DN, Grewal T, Hoy AJ. Heterogeneity of fatty acid metabolism in breast cancer cells underlies differential sensitivity to palmitate-induced apoptosis. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:1623-1638. [PMID: 30099850 PMCID: PMC6120225 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BrCa) metabolism is geared toward biomass synthesis and maintenance of reductive capacity. Changes in glucose and glutamine metabolism in BrCa have been widely reported, yet the contribution of fatty acids (FAs) in BrCa biology remains to be determined. We recently reported that adipocyte coculture alters MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell metabolism and promotes proliferation and migration. Since adipocytes are FA-rich, and these FAs are transferred to BrCa cells, we sought to elucidate the FA metabolism of BrCa cells and their response to FA-rich environments. MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells incubated in serum-containing media supplemented with FAs accumulate extracellular FAs as intracellular triacylglycerols (TAG) in a dose-dependent manner, with MDA-MB-231 cells accumulating more TAG. The differences in TAG levels were a consequence of distinct differences in intracellular partitioning of FAs, and not due to differences in the rate of FA uptake. Specifically, MCF-7 cells preferentially partition FAs into mitochondrial oxidation, whereas MDA-MB-231 cells partition FAs into TAG synthesis. These differences in intracellular FA handling underpin differences in the sensitivity to palmitate-induced lipotoxicity, with MDA-MB-231 cells being highly sensitive, whereas MCF-7 cells are partially protected. The attenuation of palmitate-induced lipotoxicity in MCF-7 cells was reversed by inhibition of FA oxidation. Pretreatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with FAs increased TAG synthesis and reduced palmitate-induced apoptosis. Our results provide novel insight into the potential influences of obesity on BrCa biology, highlighting distinct differences in FA metabolism in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells and how lipid-rich environments modulate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seher Balaban
- Discipline of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences & Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Lisa S Lee
- Discipline of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences & Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Bianca Varney
- Discipline of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences & Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Atqiya Aishah
- Discipline of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences & Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Quanqing Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert F Shearer
- Kinghorn Cancer Center, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | | | - Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew J Hoy
- Discipline of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences & Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia
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Xu Y, Holic R, Li D, Pan X, Mietkiewska E, Chen G, Ozga J, Weselake RJ. Substrate preferences of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase and diacylglycerol acyltransferase contribute to enrichment of flax seed oil with α-linolenic acid. Biochem J 2018; 475:1473-89. [PMID: 29523747 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20170910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Seed oil from flax (Linum usitatissimum) is enriched in α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3Δ9cis,12cis,15cis ), but the biochemical processes underlying the enrichment of flax seed oil with this polyunsaturated fatty acid are not fully elucidated. Here, a potential process involving the catalytic actions of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (LACS) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) is proposed for ALA enrichment in triacylglycerol (TAG). LACS catalyzes the ATP-dependent activation of free fatty acid to form acyl-CoA, which in turn may serve as an acyl-donor in the DGAT-catalyzed reaction leading to TAG. To test this hypothesis, flax LACS and DGAT cDNAs were functionally expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains to probe their possible involvement in the enrichment of TAG with ALA. Among the identified flax LACSs, LuLACS8A exhibited significantly enhanced specificity for ALA over oleic acid (18:1Δ9cis ) or linoleic acid (18:2Δ9cis,12cis ). Enhanced α-linolenoyl-CoA specificity was also observed in the enzymatic assay of flax DGAT2 (LuDGAT2-3), which displayed ∼20 times increased preference toward α-linolenoyl-CoA over oleoyl-CoA. Moreover, when LuLACS8A and LuDGAT2-3 were co-expressed in yeast, both in vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that the ALA-containing TAG enrichment process was operative between LuLACS8A- and LuDGAT2-3-catalyzed reactions. Overall, the results support the hypothesis that the cooperation between the reactions catalyzed by LACS8 and DGAT2 may represent a route to enrich ALA production in the flax seed oil.
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Reynolds KB, Taylor MC, Cullerne DP, Blanchard CL, Wood CC, Singh SP, Petrie JR. A reconfigured Kennedy pathway which promotes efficient accumulation of medium-chain fatty acids in leaf oils. Plant Biotechnol J 2017; 15:1397-1408. [PMID: 28301719 PMCID: PMC5633779 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA, C6-14 fatty acids) are an ideal feedstock for biodiesel and broader oleochemicals. In recent decades, several studies have used transgenic engineering to produce MCFA in seeds oils, although these modifications result in unbalance membrane lipid profiles that impair oil yields and agronomic performance. Given the ability to engineer nonseed organs to produce oils, we have previously demonstrated that MCFA profiles can be produced in leaves, but this also results in unbalanced membrane lipid profiles and undesirable chlorosis and cell death. Here we demonstrate that the introduction of a diacylglycerol acyltransferase from oil palm, EgDGAT1, was necessary to channel nascent MCFA directly into leaf oils and therefore bypassing MCFA residing in membrane lipids. This pathway resulted in increased flux towards MCFA rich leaf oils, reduced MCFA in leaf membrane lipids and, crucially, the alleviation of chlorosis. Deep sequencing of African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) generated candidate genes of interest, which were then tested for their ability to improve oil accumulation. Thioesterases were explored for the production of lauric acid (C12:0) and myristic (C14:0). The thioesterases from Umbellularia californica and Cinnamomum camphora produced a total of 52% C12:0 and 40% C14:0, respectively, in transient leaf assays. This study demonstrated that the introduction of a complete acyl-CoA-dependent pathway for the synthesis of MFCA-rich oils avoided disturbing membrane homoeostasis and cell death phenotypes. This study outlines a transgenic strategy for the engineering of biomass crops with high levels of MCFA rich leaf oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle B. Reynolds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and FoodActonACTAustralia
- Department of Primary IndustriesGraham Centre for Agricultural InnovationCharles Sturt UniversityWagga WaggaNSWAustralia
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Functional GrainsCharles Sturt UniversityWagga WaggaNSWAustralia
| | - Matthew C. Taylor
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganizationLand and WaterActonACTAustralia
| | - Darren P. Cullerne
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and FoodActonACTAustralia
- School of Environmental and Life SciencesUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleNSWAustralia
| | - Christopher L. Blanchard
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Functional GrainsCharles Sturt UniversityWagga WaggaNSWAustralia
| | - Craig C. Wood
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and FoodActonACTAustralia
| | - Surinder P. Singh
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and FoodActonACTAustralia
| | - James R. Petrie
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and FoodActonACTAustralia
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Xu Y, Chen G, Greer MS, Caldo KMP, Ramakrishnan G, Shah S, Wu L, Lemieux MJ, Ozga J, Weselake RJ. Multiple mechanisms contribute to increased neutral lipid accumulation in yeast producing recombinant variants of plant diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:17819-17831. [PMID: 28900030 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.811489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The apparent bottleneck in the accumulation of oil during seed development in some oleaginous plant species is the formation of triacylglycerol (TAG) by the acyl-CoA-dependent acylation of sn-1,2-diacylglycerol catalyzed by diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, EC 2.3.1.20). Improving DGAT activity using protein engineering could lead to improvements in seed oil yield (e.g. in canola-type Brassica napus). Directed evolution of B. napus DGAT1 (BnaDGAT1) previously revealed that one of the regions where amino acid residue substitutions lead to higher performance in BnaDGAT1 is in the ninth predicted transmembrane domain (PTMD9). In this study, several BnaDGAT1 variants with amino acid residue substitutions in PTMD9 were characterized. Among these enzyme variants, the extent of yeast TAG production was affected by different mechanisms, including increased enzyme activity, increased polypeptide accumulation, and possibly reduced substrate inhibition. The kinetic properties of the BnaDGAT1 variants were affected by the amino acid residue substitutions, and a new kinetic model based on substrate inhibition and sigmoidicity was generated. Based on sequence alignment and further biochemical analysis, the amino acid residue substitutions that conferred increased TAG accumulation were shown to be present in the DGAT1-PTMD9 region of other higher plant species. When amino acid residue substitutions that increased BnaDGAT1 enzyme activity were introduced into recombinant Camelina sativa DGAT1, they also improved enzyme performance. Thus, the knowledge generated from directed evolution of DGAT1 in one plant species can be transferred to other plant species and has potentially broad applications in genetic engineering of oleaginous crops and microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- From the Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5
| | - Guanqun Chen
- From the Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5
| | - Michael S Greer
- From the Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5
| | - Kristian Mark P Caldo
- From the Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5.,the Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, and
| | - Geetha Ramakrishnan
- From the Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5
| | - Saleh Shah
- From the Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5
| | - Limin Wu
- Crop Pathology and Biotechnology, InnoTech Alberta, Vegreville, Alberta T9C 1T4, Canada
| | - M Joanne Lemieux
- the Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, and
| | - Jocelyn Ozga
- From the Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5
| | - Randall J Weselake
- From the Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5,
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40
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Zulu NN, Popko J, Zienkiewicz K, Tarazona P, Herrfurth C, Feussner I. Heterologous co-expression of a yeast diacylglycerol acyltransferase ( ScDGA1) and a plant oleosin ( AtOLEO3) as an efficient tool for enhancing triacylglycerol accumulation in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Biotechnol Biofuels 2017; 10:187. [PMID: 28725267 PMCID: PMC5514505 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microalgae are promising alternate and renewable sources for producing valuable products such as biofuel and essential fatty acids. Although this is the case, there are still challenges impeding on the effective commercial production of microalgal products. For instance, their product yield is still too low. Therefore, this study was oriented towards enhancing triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (strain Pt4). To achieve this, a type 2 acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase from yeast (ScDGA1) and the lipid droplet (LD) stabilizing oleosin protein 3 from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtOLEO3) were expressed in Pt4. RESULTS The individual expression of ScDGA1 and AtOLEO3 in Pt4 resulted in a 2.3- and 1.4-fold increase in TAG levels, respectively, in comparison to the wild type. The co-expression of both, ScDGA1 and AtOLEO3, was accompanied by a 3.6-fold increase in TAG content. On the cellular level, the lines co-expressing ScDGA1 and AtOLEO3 showed the presence of the larger and increased numbers of lipid droplets when compared to transformants expressing single genes and an empty vector. Under nitrogen stress, TAG productivity was further increased twofold in comparison to nitrogen-replete conditions. While TAG accumulation was enhanced in the analyzed transformants, the fatty acid composition remained unchanged neither in the total lipid nor in the TAG profile. CONCLUSIONS The co-expression of two genes was shown to be a more effective strategy for enhancing TAG accumulation in P. tricornutum strain Pt4 than a single gene strategy. For the first time in a diatom, a LD protein from a vascular plant, oleosin, was shown to have an impact on TAG accumulation and on LD organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nodumo Nokulunga Zulu
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Novagreen Projektmanagement GmbH, 49377 Vechta, Germany
| | - Jennifer Popko
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Pablo Tarazona
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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Hung YH, Carreiro AL, Buhman KK. Dgat1 and Dgat2 regulate enterocyte triacylglycerol distribution and alter proteins associated with cytoplasmic lipid droplets in response to dietary fat. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:600-614. [PMID: 28249764 PMCID: PMC5503214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytes, the absorptive cells of the small intestine, mediate efficient absorption of dietary fat (triacylglycerol, TAG). The digestive products of dietary fat are taken up by enterocytes, re-esterified into TAG, and packaged on chylomicrons (CMs) for secretion into blood or temporarily stored within cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLDs). Altered enterocyte TAG distribution impacts susceptibility to high fat diet associated diseases, but molecular mechanisms directing TAG toward these fates are unclear. Two enzymes, acyl CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (Dgat1) and Dgat2, catalyze the final, committed step of TAG synthesis within enterocytes. Mice with intestine-specific overexpression of Dgat1 (Dgat1Int) or Dgat2 (Dgat2Int), or lack of Dgat1 (Dgat1-/-), were previously found to have altered intestinal TAG secretion and storage. We hypothesized that varying intestinal Dgat1 and Dgat2 levels alters TAG distribution in subcellular pools for CM synthesis as well as the morphology and proteome of CLDs. To test this we used ultrastructural and proteomic methods to investigate intracellular TAG distribution and CLD-associated proteins in enterocytes from Dgat1Int, Dgat2Int, and Dgat1-/- mice 2h after a 200μl oral olive oil gavage. We found that varying levels of intestinal Dgat1 and Dgat2 altered TAG pools involved in CM assembly and secretion, the number or size of CLDs present in enterocytes, and the enterocyte CLD proteome. Overall, these results support a model where Dgat1 and Dgat2 function coordinately to regulate the process of dietary fat absorption by preferentially synthesizing TAG for incorporation into distinct subcellular TAG pools in enterocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Hung
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Alicia L Carreiro
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kimberly K Buhman
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Senkal CE, Salama MF, Snider AJ, Allopenna JJ, Rana NA, Koller A, Hannun YA, Obeid LM. Ceramide Is Metabolized to Acylceramide and Stored in Lipid Droplets. Cell Metab 2017; 25:686-697. [PMID: 28273483 PMCID: PMC5472424 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In an approach aimed at defining interacting partners of ceramide synthases (CerSs), we found that fatty acyl-CoA synthase ACSL5 interacts with all CerSs. We demonstrate that ACSL5-generated FA-CoA was utilized with de novo ceramide for the generation of acylceramides, poorly studied ceramide metabolites. Functionally, inhibition of ceramide channeling to acylceramide enhanced accumulation of de novo ceramide and resulted in augmentation of ceramide-mediated apoptosis. Mechanistically, we show that acylceramide generation is catalyzed by diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) on lipid droplets. In summary, this study identifies a metabolic pathway of acylceramide generation and its sequestration in LDs in cells and in livers of mice on a high-fat diet. The study also implicates this pathway in ceramide-mediated apoptosis, and has implications in co-regulation of triglyceride and sphingolipid metabolisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can E Senkal
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Mohamed F Salama
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahlia Governorate 35516, Egypt
| | - Ashley J Snider
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768, USA
| | - Janet J Allopenna
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Nadia A Rana
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Antonius Koller
- Proteomics Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Lina M Obeid
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768, USA.
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43
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Zulu NN, Popko J, Zienkiewicz K, Tarazona P, Herrfurth C, Feussner I. Heterologous co-expression of a yeast diacylglycerol acyltransferase ( ScDGA1) and a plant oleosin ( AtOLEO3) as an efficient tool for enhancing triacylglycerol accumulation in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Biotechnol Biofuels 2017. [PMID: 28725267 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microalgae are promising alternate and renewable sources for producing valuable products such as biofuel and essential fatty acids. Although this is the case, there are still challenges impeding on the effective commercial production of microalgal products. For instance, their product yield is still too low. Therefore, this study was oriented towards enhancing triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (strain Pt4). To achieve this, a type 2 acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase from yeast (ScDGA1) and the lipid droplet (LD) stabilizing oleosin protein 3 from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtOLEO3) were expressed in Pt4. RESULTS The individual expression of ScDGA1 and AtOLEO3 in Pt4 resulted in a 2.3- and 1.4-fold increase in TAG levels, respectively, in comparison to the wild type. The co-expression of both, ScDGA1 and AtOLEO3, was accompanied by a 3.6-fold increase in TAG content. On the cellular level, the lines co-expressing ScDGA1 and AtOLEO3 showed the presence of the larger and increased numbers of lipid droplets when compared to transformants expressing single genes and an empty vector. Under nitrogen stress, TAG productivity was further increased twofold in comparison to nitrogen-replete conditions. While TAG accumulation was enhanced in the analyzed transformants, the fatty acid composition remained unchanged neither in the total lipid nor in the TAG profile. CONCLUSIONS The co-expression of two genes was shown to be a more effective strategy for enhancing TAG accumulation in P. tricornutum strain Pt4 than a single gene strategy. For the first time in a diatom, a LD protein from a vascular plant, oleosin, was shown to have an impact on TAG accumulation and on LD organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nodumo Nokulunga Zulu
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Novagreen Projektmanagement GmbH, 49377 Vechta, Germany
| | - Jennifer Popko
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Pablo Tarazona
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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Zienkiewicz K, Zienkiewicz A, Poliner E, Du ZY, Vollheyde K, Herrfurth C, Marmon S, Farré EM, Feussner I, Benning C. Nannochloropsis, a rich source of diacylglycerol acyltransferases for engineering of triacylglycerol content in different hosts. Biotechnol Biofuels 2017; 10:8. [PMID: 28070221 PMCID: PMC5210179 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0686-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photosynthetic microalgae are considered a viable and sustainable resource for biofuel feedstocks, because they can produce higher biomass per land area than plants and can be grown on non-arable land. Among many microalgae considered for biofuel production, Nannochloropsis oceanica (CCMP1779) is particularly promising, because following nutrient deprivation it produces very high amounts of triacylglycerols (TAG). The committed step in TAG synthesis is catalyzed by acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT). Remarkably, a total of 13 putative DGAT-encoding genes have been previously identified in CCMP1779 but most have not yet been studied in detail. RESULTS Based on their expression profile, six out of 12 type-2 DGAT-encoding genes (NoDGTT1-NoDGTT6) were chosen for their possible role in TAG biosynthesis and the respective cDNAs were expressed in a TAG synthesis-deficient mutant of yeast. Yeast expressing NoDGTT5 accumulated TAG to the highest level. Over-expression of NoDGTT5 in CCMP1779 grown in N-replete medium resulted in levels of TAG normally observed only after N deprivation. Reduced growth rates accompanied NoDGTT5 over-expression in CCMP1779. Constitutive expression of NoDGTT5 in Arabidopsis thaliana was accompanied by increased TAG content in seeds and leaves. A broad substrate specificity for NoDGTT5 was revealed, with preference for unsaturated acyl groups. Furthermore, NoDGTT5 was able to successfully rescue the Arabidopsis tag1-1 mutant by restoring the TAG content in seeds. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results identified NoDGTT5 as the most promising gene for the engineering of TAG synthesis in multiple hosts among the 13 DGAT-encoding genes of N. oceanica CCMP1779. Consequently, this study demonstrates the potential of NoDGTT5 as a tool for enhancing the energy density in biomass by increasing TAG content in transgenic crops used for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Michigan State University-US Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Zienkiewicz
- Michigan State University-US Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Eric Poliner
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Zhi-Yan Du
- Michigan State University-US Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Katharina Vollheyde
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sofia Marmon
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Dept. of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Eva M. Farré
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Georg-August-University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Georg-August-University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Benning
- Michigan State University-US Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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Irshad Z, Dimitri F, Christian M, Zammit VA. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 links glucose utilization to fatty acid oxidation in the brown adipocytes. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:15-30. [PMID: 27836993 PMCID: PMC5234708 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m068197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue uptake of glucose and fatty acids is very high during nonshivering thermogenesis. Adrenergic stimulation markedly increases glucose uptake, de novo lipogenesis, and FA oxidation simultaneously. The mechanism that enables this concerted response has hitherto been unknown. Here, we find that in primary brown adipocytes and brown adipocyte-derived cell line (IMBAT-1), acute inhibition and longer-term knockdown of DGAT2 links the increased de novo synthesis of fatty acids from glucose to a pool of TAG that is simultaneously hydrolyzed, providing FA for mitochondrial oxidation. DGAT1 does not contribute to this pathway, but uses exogenous FA and glycerol to synthesize a functionally distinct pool of TAG to which DGAT2 also contributes. The DGAT2-dependent channelling of 14C from glucose into TAG and CO2 was reproduced in β3-agonist-stimulated primary brown adipocytes. Knockdown of DGAT2 in IMBAT-1 affected the mRNA levels of UCP1 and genes important in FA activation and esterification. Therefore, in β3-agonist activated brown adipocytes, DGAT2 specifically enables channelling of de novo synthesized FA into a rapidly mobilized pool of TAG, which is simultaneously hydrolyzed to provide substrates for mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Irshad
- Translational and Experimental Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Dimitri
- Translational and Experimental Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Christian
- Translational and Experimental Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Victor A Zammit
- Translational and Experimental Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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46
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Gajdoš P, Ledesma-Amaro R, Nicaud JM, Čertík M, Rossignol T. Overexpression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase in Yarrowia lipolytica affects lipid body size, number and distribution. FEMS Yeast Res 2016; 16:fow062. [PMID: 27506614 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fow062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, the diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) are major factors for triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis. The Q4 strain, in which the four acyltransferases have been deleted, is unable to accumulate lipids and to form lipid bodies (LBs). However, the expression of a single acyltransferase in this strain restores TAG accumulation and LB formation. Using this system, it becomes possible to characterize the activity and specificity of an individual DGAT. Here, we examined the effects of DGAT overexpression on lipid accumulation and LB formation in Y. lipolytica Specifically, we evaluated the consequences of introducing one or two copies of the Y. lipolytica DGAT genes YlDGA1 and YlDGA2 Overall, multi-copy DGAT overexpression increased the lipid content of yeast cells. However, the size and distribution of LBs depended on the specific DGAT overexpressed. YlDGA2 overexpression caused the formation of large LBs, while YlDGA1 overexpression generated smaller but more numerous LBs. This phenotype was accentuated through the addition of a second copy of the overexpressed gene and might be linked to the distinct subcellular localization of each DGAT, i.e. YlDga1 being localized in LBs, while YlDga2 being localized in a structure strongly resembling the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gajdoš
- Department of Biochemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro
- Micalis Institute, INRA UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Marc Nicaud
- Micalis Institute, INRA UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Milan Čertík
- Department of Biochemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tristan Rossignol
- Micalis Institute, INRA UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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47
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Greer MS, Pan X, Weselake RJ. Two Clades of Type-1 Brassica napus Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase Exhibit Differences in Acyl-CoA Preference. Lipids 2016; 51:781-6. [PMID: 27138895 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) catalyzes the acyl-CoA-dependent acylation of sn-1, 2-diacylglycerol to produce triacylglycerol, which is the main component of the seed oil of Brassica oilseed species. Phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequences encoded by four transcriptionally active DGAT1 genes from Brassica napus suggests that the gene forms diverged over time into two clades (I and II), with representative members in each genome (A and C). The majority of the amino acid sequence differences in these forms of DGAT1, however, reside outside of motifs suggested to be involved in catalysis. Despite this, the clade II enzymes displayed a significantly enhanced preference for linoleoyl-CoA when assessed using in-vitro enzyme assays with yeast microsomes containing recombinant enzyme forms. These findings contribute to our understanding of triacylglycerol biosynthesis in B. napus, and may advance our ability to engineer DGAT1s with desired substrate selectivity properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Greer
- Agricultural Lipid Biotechnology Program, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Xue Pan
- Agricultural Lipid Biotechnology Program, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Randall J Weselake
- Agricultural Lipid Biotechnology Program, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
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48
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Morgan-Bathke M, Chen L, Oberschneider E, Harteneck D, Jensen MD. More insights into a human adipose tissue GPAT activity assay. Adipocyte 2016; 5:93-6. [PMID: 27144101 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2015.1068977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue fatty acid storage varies according to sex, adipose tissue depot and degree of fat gain. However, the mechanism(s) for these variations is not completely understood. We recently published findings based on the glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) enzyme activity assay we optimized for use with human adipose tissue. These findings include a decrease in total GPAT and GPAT1 as a function of adipocyte size in both omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue and a strong, positive correlations between ACS, GPAT, and DGAT activities for both sexes and depots and between these storage factors and palmitate storage rates into TAG. The aim of this commentary is to expand upon the data from our recent publication. We describe here additional details on the optimization of the GPAT enzyme activity assay, a correlation between DGAT and percentage palmitate in the diacylglycerol fraction, and sex differences in fatty acid storage factors and storage rates into TAG at high palmitate concentrations.
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49
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Pan X, Chen G, Kazachkov M, Greer MS, Caldo KMP, Zou J, Weselake RJ. In Vivo and in Vitro Evidence for Biochemical Coupling of Reactions Catalyzed by Lysophosphatidylcholine Acyltransferase and Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18068-18078. [PMID: 26055703 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.654798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed oils of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and many other plant species contain substantial amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the major site for PUFA synthesis. The exact mechanisms of how these PUFAs are channeled from PC into triacylglycerol (TAG) needs to be further explored. By using in vivo and in vitro approaches, we demonstrated that the PC deacylation reaction catalyzed by the reverse action of acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT) can transfer PUFAs on PC directly into the acyl-CoA pool, making these PUFAs available for the diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT)-catalyzed reaction for TAG production. Two types of yeast mutants were generated for in vivo and in vitro experiments, respectively. Both mutants provide a null background with no endogenous TAG forming capacity and an extremely low LPCAT activity. In vivo experiments showed that co-expressing flax DGAT1-1 and LPCAT1 in the yeast quintuple mutant significantly increased 18-carbon PUFAs in TAG with a concomitant decrease of 18-carbon PUFAs in phospholipid. We further showed that after incubation of sn-2-[(14)C]acyl-PC, formation of [(14)C]TAG was only possible with yeast microsomes containing both LPCAT1 and DGAT1-1. Moreover, the specific activity of overall LPCAT1 and DGAT1-1 coupling process exhibited a preference for transferring (14)C-labeled linoleoyl or linolenoyl than oleoyl moieties from the sn-2 position of PC to TAG. Together, our data support the hypothesis of biochemical coupling of the LPCAT1-catalyzed reverse reaction with the DGAT1-1-catalyzed reaction for incorporating PUFAs into TAG. This process represents a potential route for enriching TAG in PUFA content during seed development in flax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Pan
- Alberta Innovates Phytola Centre, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Guanqun Chen
- Alberta Innovates Phytola Centre, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Michael Kazachkov
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Michael S Greer
- Alberta Innovates Phytola Centre, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Kristian Mark P Caldo
- Alberta Innovates Phytola Centre, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Jitao Zou
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Randall J Weselake
- Alberta Innovates Phytola Centre, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada.
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Choi YJ, Lee CH, Lee KY, Jung SH, Lee BH. Increased hepatic Fatty Acid uptake and esterification contribute to tetracycline-induced steatosis in mice. Toxicol Sci 2015; 145:273-82. [PMID: 25745068 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetracycline induces microvesicular steatosis, which has a poor long-term prognosis and a higher risk of steatohepatitis development compared with macrovesicular steatosis. Recent gene expression studies indicated that tetracycline treatment affects the expression of many genes associated with fatty acid transport and esterification. In this study, we investigated the role of fatty acid transport and esterification in tetracycline-induced steatosis. Intracellular lipid accumulation and the protein expression of fatty acid translocase (FAT or CD36) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) 2 were increased in both mouse liver and HepG2 cells treated with tetracycline at 50 mg/kg (intraperitoneal injection, i.p.) and 100 μM, respectively. Tetracycline increased the cellular uptake of boron-dipyrromethene-labeled C16 fatty acid, which was abolished by CD36 RNA interference. Oleate-induced cellular lipid accumulation was further enhanced by co-incubation with tetracycline. Tetracycline downregulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, which negatively regulated DGAT2 expression. U0126, a specific ERK inhibitor, also increased DGAT2 expression and cellular lipid accumulation. DGAT1 and 2 knock-down with specific small interfering (si)-RNA completely abrogated the steatogenic effect of tetracycline in HepG2 cells. Taken together, our data showed that tetracycline induces lipid accumulation by facilitating fatty acid transport and triglyceride esterification by upregulating CD36 and DGAT2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Jin Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Hyeon Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Yo Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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