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Novel Molecular classification of colorectal cancer and correlation with survival. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:3929-3936. [PMID: 35844384 PMCID: PMC9280238 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. This study was designed to evaluate biological patterns, explore molecular classification and correlate with survival outcome in treatment naïve CRC patients. Methods Over 11 years consecutive series of 435 CRC patients were operated on as primary surgical therapy. A total of 201 CRC patients were included, whose complete set of clinical information was available, and their good quality tumour blocks were retrieved. Immunohistochemistry was used for tumour analysis, and partitional clustering was performed using R software for cluster analysis. Results The median age was 43 (range 10–85) years; adenocarcinoma was the most commonly seen histological type. The great majority had positive CK20, CEA, E-Cadherin, Ki67, CDX2, and p53 expression. There were four distinct molecular classes found, whereas Ki67, CDX2, and p53 play the main role in partitioning. Younger age negatively impacted survival; overall and disease-specific survival was 26 months only with 50 months’ longest survival. Conclusion Colorectal cancer is a biologically heterogeneous disease with at least four distinct molecular patterns, where cell proliferation and gene repair mechanisms appear to play the key role.
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Bogie RMM, le Clercq CMC, Voorham QJM, Cordes M, Sie D, Rausch C, van den Broek E, de Vries SDJ, van Grieken NCT, Riedl RG, Sastrowijoto P, Speel EJ, Vos R, Winkens B, van Engeland M, Ylstra B, Meijer GA, Masclee AAM, Carvalho B. Molecular pathways in post-colonoscopy versus detected colorectal cancers: results from a nested case-control study. Br J Cancer 2021; 126:865-873. [PMID: 34912077 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01619-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-colonoscopy colorectal cancers (PCCRCs) pose challenges in clinical practice. PCCRCs occur due to a combination of procedural and biological causes. In a nested case-control study, we compared clinical and molecular features of PCCRCs and detected CRCs (DCRCs). METHODS Whole-genome chromosomal copy number changes and mutation status of genes commonly affected in CRC were examined by low-coverage WGS and targeted sequencing, respectively. MSI and CIMP status was also determined. RESULTS In total, 122 PCCRCs and 98 DCRCs with high-quality DNA were examined. PCCRCs were more often located proximally (P < 0.001), non-polypoid appearing (P = 0.004), early stage (P = 0.009) and poorly differentiated (P = 0.006). PCCRCs showed significantly less 18q loss (FDR < 0.2), compared to DCRCs. No significant differences in mutations were observed. PCCRCs were more commonly CIMP high (P = 0.014) and MSI (P = 0.029). After correction for tumour location, only less 18q loss remained significant (P = 0.005). CONCLUSION Molecular features associated with the sessile serrated lesions (SSLs) and non-polypoid colorectal neoplasms (CRNs) are more commonly seen in PCCRCs than in DCRCs. These together with the clinical features observed support the hypothesis that SSLs and non-polypoid CRNs are contributors to the development of PCCRCs. The future focus should be directed at improving the detection and endoscopic removal of these non-polypoid CRN and SSLs. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NTR3093 in the Dutch trial register ( www.trialregister.nl ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel M M Bogie
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal M C le Clercq
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Quirinus J M Voorham
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Cordes
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Department of Pathology, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daoud Sie
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Department of Pathology, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Rausch
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evert van den Broek
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sara D J de Vries
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Department of Pathology, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole C T van Grieken
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Department of Pathology, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert G Riedl
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Prapto Sastrowijoto
- Department of Pathology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst-Jan Speel
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rein Vos
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bjorn Winkens
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Manon van Engeland
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bauke Ylstra
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Department of Pathology, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit A Meijer
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ad A M Masclee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Beatriz Carvalho
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Murphy CL, Barrett M, Pellanda P, Killeen S, McCourt M, Andrews E, O’ Riordain M, Shanahan F, O’Toole P. Mapping the colorectal tumor microbiota. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1-10. [PMID: 34030582 PMCID: PMC8158024 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1920657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is different than that of healthy controls. Previous studies have profiled the CRC tumor microbiome using a single biopsy. However, since the morphology and cellular subtype vary significantly within an individual tumor, the possibility of sampling error arises for the microbiome within an individual tumor. To test this hypothesis, seven biopsies were taken from representative areas on and off the tumor in five patients with CRC. The microbiome composition was strikingly similar across all samples from an individual. The variation in microbiome alpha-diversity was significantly greater between individuals' samples then within individuals. This is the first study, to our knowledge, that shows that the microbiome of an individual tumor is spatially homogeneous. Our finding strengthens the assumption that a single biopsy is representative of the entire tumor, and that microbiota changes are not limited to a specific area of the neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- CL Murphy
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland,Departments of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland,CONTACT CL Murphy APC Microbiome, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - M Barrett
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland Cork, Ireland
| | - P Pellanda
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland Cork, Ireland
| | - S Killeen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - M McCourt
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - E Andrews
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - M O’ Riordain
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - F Shanahan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland,Departments of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Pw O’Toole
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland Cork, Ireland
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4
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Rubio CA. Two histologic compartments in nonpolypoid conventional colon adenomas. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36:910-917. [PMID: 32757480 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Two intertwined compartments coexisting in nonpolypoid conventional (i.e. tubular or villous) adenomas are highlighted in this review: one built of dysplastic tissue on top and the other portraying crypts with irregular, corrupted shapes, albeit lined with normal epithelium, below. The latter compartment has remained unattended in the literature. Recently, however, the histologic characteristics of the nondysplastic compartment in nonpolypoid conventional adenomas were closely examined, and some of its biological attributes were unveiled. Studies with the proliferation marker ki67 showed that the crypts with irregular, corrupted shapes in the nondysplastic compartment displayed haphazardly distributed proliferating cell-domains. Given that the proliferating cells are generated by stem cells, the relocation of proliferating cell-domains in those crypts seems to be the result of a reorganization of the stem cells within the crypts. The abnormal distribution of proliferating cells, the finding of p53-upregulated cells, and of crypts in asymmetric fission suggest that the crypts in that compartment are histo-biologically altered, probably somatically mutated. This new information might contribute to unravel the riddle of crypto-histogenesis of nonpolypoid conventional adenomas of the colon. More research along these lines is necessary, before the biology of the crypts in the nondysplastic compartment can be fully translated into molecular terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Rubio
- Gastrointestinal Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Kim JE, Choi J, Sung CO, Hong YS, Kim SY, Lee H, Kim TW, Kim JI. High prevalence of TP53 loss and whole-genome doubling in early-onset colorectal cancer. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:446-456. [PMID: 33753878 PMCID: PMC8080557 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The global incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer (EO-CRC) is rapidly rising. However, the reason for this rise in incidence as well as the genomic characteristics of EO-CRC remain largely unknown. We performed whole-exome sequencing in 47 cases of EO-CRC and targeted deep sequencing in 833 cases of CRC. Mutational profiles of EO-CRC were compared with previously published large-scale studies. EO-CRC and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data were further investigated according to copy number profiles and mutation timing. We classified colorectal cancer into three subgroups: the hypermutated group consisted of mutations in POLE and mismatch repair genes; the whole-genome doubling group had early functional loss of TP53 that led to whole-genome doubling and focal oncogene amplification; the genome-stable group had mutations in APC and KRAS, similar to conventional colon cancer. Among non-hypermutated samples, whole-genome doubling was more prevalent in early-onset than in late-onset disease (54% vs 38%, Fisher's exact P = 0.04). More than half of non-hypermutated EO-CRC cases involved early TP53 mutation and whole-genome doubling, which led to notable differences in mutation frequencies between age groups. Alternative carcinogenesis involving genomic instability via loss of TP53 may be related to the rise in EO-CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Eun Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaeyong Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Ohk Sung
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Asan Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Sang Hong
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Won Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jong-Il Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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6
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Yang H, Lin Z, Lin Y, He F, Liu S, Zhang Z, Wang J, Xie Q, Chen Y, Chen W, Hu Z. Risk Factors of Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer Specific for Different Macroscopic Types. Nutr Cancer 2020; 72:1336-1344. [PMID: 32156160 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1733623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To further explore risk factors of esophageal squamous cell cancer specific for different macroscopic types.Methods: A total of 423 patients and 423 age (±3 years) and gender matched controls were recruited. Multinomial logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the risk factors of ESCC specific for different macroscopic types.Results: In this study, we found that drinking hot tea (OR = 1.98, 95% CI:1.14-3.43) and higher intake of hard food (OR = 1.64, 95% CI:1.05-2.58) positively associated with ulcerative type of ESCC, but not with medullary type or other types. Although alcohol drinking and lower intake of fresh vegetable appeared to be more harmful to the ulcerative-type ESCC, the discrepant risks were not significantly different in ulcerative type and medullary type. Moreover, tobacco smoking, intake of hot food, spicy food, fresh fruit, scallion and garlic were related to ESCC risk, whereas no significant difference in magnitude of their associations with respect to macroscopic type was observed. Furthermore, significant multiplicative interaction between tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking was found in ulcerative-type and medullary-type ESCC.Conclusion: Drinking hot tea and higher intake of hard food were associated with increased risk of ulcerative type of ESCC. However, the mechanism for this difference needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Digital Institute of Tumor Big Data, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zheng Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Digital Institute of Tumor Big Data, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yulan Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Digital Institute of Tumor Big Data, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fei He
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Digital Institute of Tumor Big Data, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Digital Institute of Tumor Big Data, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Digital Institute of Tumor Big Data, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Digital Institute of Tumor Big Data, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qianwen Xie
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Digital Institute of Tumor Big Data, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuanmei Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weilin Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Digital Institute of Tumor Big Data, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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7
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Igder S, Mohammadiasl J, Mokarram P. Altered miR-21, miRNA-148a Expression in Relation to KRAS Mutation Status as Indicator of Adenoma-Carcinoma Transitional Pattern in Colorectal Adenoma and Carcinoma Lesions. Biochem Genet 2019; 57:767-780. [PMID: 30997628 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-019-09918-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) is a fatal disease, mostly known as the silent killer, due to the fact that this disease is asymptomatic before diagnosis in advanced stage. Screening and the early detection of CRC and colorectal adenoma (CRA) by non-aggressive molecular biomarkers' signature is useful for improvement of survival rate in CRC patients. To achieve such a goal, a better understanding of distinct molecular abnormalities as candidate biomarkers in CRC development is crucial. In this study, seventy-five archived FFPE CRC samples, including colorectal adenocarcinoma, adenomatous polyps (adenoma), and adjacent non-neoplastic mucosa were collected for the investigation by Sanger sequencing at the DNA level and by real-time PCR at the RNA level. The results of the KRAS mutational analysis have shown that the majority of somatic mutations in the KRAS affect only one codon, mainly codon 12(p.G12D) with low frequency in adenomas (13.3%) versus CRCs (36%). The results of dysregulated epigenetic changes of miR-21 clearly showed upregulation of expression in colorectal adenocarcinoma, compared to non-neoplastic mucosa, in colorectal adenoma vs non-neoplastic mucosa: (p < 0.001) and in CRC versus adenoma (p < 0.001); while miR-148a expression were significantly downregulated in CRC, compared to non-neoplastic mucosa, in colorectal adenoma vs non-neoplastic mucosa, and in adenoma vs CRC (p < 0.001). Our findings support the important role of miR-21 in stages I-II of CRC, and the KRAS G12D mutant, and differential miR-148a expression, in advanced stages of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Igder
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Javad Mohammadiasl
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- Colorectal Cancer Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O Box 1167, Shiraz, Iran.
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8
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Lee SH, Jung SH, Kim TM, Rhee JK, Park HC, Kim MS, Kim SS, An CH, Lee SH, Chung YJ. Whole-exome sequencing identified mutational profiles of high-grade colon adenomas. Oncotarget 2018; 8:6579-6588. [PMID: 28179590 PMCID: PMC5351654 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although gene-to-gene analyses identified genetic alterations such as APC, KRAS and TP53 mutations in colon adenomas, it is largely unknown whether there are any others in them. Mutational profiling of high-grade colon adenoma (HGCA) that just precedes colon carcinoma might identify not only novel adenoma-specific genes but also critical genes for its progression to carcinoma. For this, we performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) of 12 HGCAs and identified 11 non-hypermutated and one hypermutated (POLE-mutated) cases. We identified 22 genes including APC, KRAS, TP53, GNAS, NRAS, SMAD4, ARID2, and PIK3CA with non-silent mutations in the cancer Census Genes. Bi-allelic and mono-allelic APC alterations were found in nine and one HGCAs, respectively, while the other two harbored wild-type APC. Five HGCAs harbored either mono-allelic (four HGCAs) or bi-allelic (one HGCA) SMAD4 mutation or 18q loss that had been known as early carcinoma-specific changes. We identified MTOR, ACVR1B, GNAQ, ATM, CNOT1, EP300, ARID2, RET and MAP2K4 mutations for the first time in colon adenomas. Our WES data is largely matched with the earlier 'adenoma-carcinoma model' (APC, KRAS, NRAS and GNAS mutations), but there are newly identified SMAD4, MTOR, ACVR1B, GNAQ, ATM, CNOT1, EP300, ARID2, RET and MAP2K4 mutations in this study. Our findings provide resource for understanding colon premalignant lesions and for identifying genomic clues for differential diagnosis and therapy options for colon adenomas and carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hak Lee
- Departments of Hospital Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Jung
- Departments of Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Departments of Cancer Evolution Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Min Kim
- Departments of Medical Informatics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je-Keun Rhee
- Departments of Medical Informatics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Chun Park
- Departments of Microbiology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Departments of Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Sung Kim
- Departments of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Departments of Cancer Evolution Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Hyeok An
- Departments of General Surgery The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sug Hyung Lee
- Departments of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Departments of Cancer Evolution Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeun-Jun Chung
- Departments of Microbiology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Departments of Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Departments of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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9
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The role and gene expression profile of SOCS3 in colorectal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 9:15984-15996. [PMID: 29662621 PMCID: PMC5882312 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SOCS3 has been postulated to play a role in the occurrence and progression of malignancies. However, the relationship of SOCS3 with colorectal carcinoma remains poorly understood. The purpose of the study was to explore the role of SOCS3 in colorectal carcinoma and its underlying mechanisms. Protein and mRNA expression of SOCS3 in colorectal carcinoma and normal colorectal mucosa was detected using immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative PCR. SOCS3 expression was significantly lower in colorectal carcinoma tissue than in normal colorectal mucosa, and was negatively correlated with tumor invasion depth, lymph node metastasis, differentiation degree, and TNM stage. A stably transfected colorectal carcinoma cell line (8348SOCS3) with high expression of SOCS3 was established. The effects of SOCS3 overexpression on the growth, proliferation, invasion and tumor formation of colorectal carcinoma cells were examined by CCK-8 assay, transwell method and tumorigenicity assays in nude mice. Then we found SOCS3 overexpression significantly decreased proliferation and invasion capability of 8348 cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the effect of SOCS3 overexpression on the gene expression profile of colorectal carcinoma cells was analyzed using human genome arrays. The results revealed 369 genes that were differentially expressed in 8348SOCS3 cells. 193 genes was significantly increased and 176 genes was significantly decreased. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that high SOCS3 expression affected multiple signaling pathways in colorectal carcinoma including TGF-β/Smads, NF-κB, and HIF-MAPK pathways. Especially for the TGF-β/Smads pathways, high SOCS3 expression could inhibit TGF-β1 expression and activate Smad4 expression. These data suggested that low expression of SOCS3 was associated with the occurrence and progression of colorectal carcinoma. SOCS3 protein may be a useful indicator for malignancy and prognosis of colorectal carcinoma and also a new target for gene therapy.
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10
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Porcine familial adenomatous polyposis model enables systematic analysis of early events in adenoma progression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6613. [PMID: 28747659 PMCID: PMC5529429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared gene expression in low and high-grade intraepithelial dysplastic polyps from pigs carrying an APC1311 truncating mutation orthologous to human APC1309, analysing whole samples and microdissected dysplastic epithelium. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed differential expression of gene sets similar to human normal mucosa versus T1 stage polyps. Transcriptome analysis of whole samples revealed many differentially-expressed genes reflecting immune infiltration. Analysis of microdissected dysplastic epithelium was markedly different and showed increased expression in high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia of several genes known to be involved in human CRC; and revealed possible new roles for GBP6 and PLXND1. The pig model thus facilitates analysis of CRC pathogenesis.
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11
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Analysis of molecular alterations in laterally spreading tumors of the colorectum. J Gastroenterol 2017; 52:715-723. [PMID: 27704264 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-016-1269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal laterally spreading tumors (LSTs) are classified into LST-Gs and LST-NGs, according to macroscopic findings. In the present study, we determined the genetic and epigenetic alterations within colorectal LSTs and protruding adenomas. METHODS A crypt isolation method was used to isolate DNA from tumors and normal glands of 73 macroscopically verified colorectal LSTs (histologically defined adenomas; 38 LST-Gs and 35 LST-NGs) and 36 protruding adenomas. The DNA was processed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) microsatellite assays, single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) assays, and pyrosequencing to detect chromosomal allelic imbalance (AI), mutations in APC, KRAS, and TP53, and the methylation of MLH1, MGMT, CDKN2A, HPP1, RASSF2A, SFRP1, DKK1, ZFP64, and SALL4 genes. In addition, methylation status was examined using the following set of markers: MIN1, MINT2, MINT31, MLH1, and CDKN2A (with classification of negative/low and high). Microsatellite instability (MSI) was also examined. RESULTS 5q AI and methylation of the SFRP1 and SALL4 genes were common molecular events in both LST-Gs and LST-NGs. Neither MSI nor mutations in BRAF ware observed in the LSTs. TP53 mutations were rarely found in LSTs. The frequencies of KRAS and APC mutations and the methylation levels of ZFP64, RASSF2A, and HPP1 genes were significantly higher in LST-Gs than in LST-NGs. Protruding adenomas showed alterations common to LST-Gs. Negative/low methylation status was common among the three types of tumors. CONCLUSION Combined genetic and epigenetic data suggested that the molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis were different between LST-Gs and LST-NGs.
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12
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Yoshida T, Tajika M, Tanaka T, Ishihara M, Hirayama Y, Mizuno N, Hara K, Hijioka S, Imaoka H, Hieda N, Okuno N, Kinoshita T, Bhatia V, Shimizu Y, Yatabe Y, Yamao K, Niwa Y. The Features of Colorectal Tumors in a Patient with Li-Fraumeni Syndrome. Intern Med 2017; 56:295-300. [PMID: 28154273 PMCID: PMC5348453 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A young woman with Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) was referred to our hospital. On examination, multiple flat neoplasms were detected in addition to semi-pedunculated polyps. Restorative proctocolectomy was performed; one submucosal invasive cancer, two mucosal cancers, and several adenomas with high-grade dysplasia were detected. On immunohistochemical staining with p53, every part of all neoplasms, even the small adenomas, showed strong positive staining. Multiple flat neoplasms may be characteristic of patients with LFS and may have a much higher risk of rapid progression to invasive carcinomas than sporadic neoplasms. Thus, careful and frequent colonoscopy surveillance may be needed for patients with LFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Japan
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Upregulation of the growth arrest-specific-2 in recurrent colorectal cancers, and its susceptibility to chemotherapy in a model cell system. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1345-53. [PMID: 27085973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common life-threatening malignances worldwide. CRC relapse markedly decreases the 5-year survival of patients following surgery. Aberrant expression of genes involved in pathways regulating the cell cycle, cell proliferation, or cell death are frequently reported in CRC tumorigenesis. We hypothesized that genes involved in CRC relapse might serve as prognostic indicators. We first evaluated the significance of gene sequences in the feces of patients with CRC relapse by consulting a public database. Tumorigenesis of target tissues was tested through tumor cell growth, cell cycle regulation, and chemotherapeutic efficacy. We found a highly significant correlation between CRC relapse and growth arrest-specific 2 (GAS2) gene expression. Based on cell models, the overexpressed GAS2 was associated with cellular growth rate, cell cycle regulation, and with chemotherapeutic sensitivity. Cell division was impaired by treating cells with 2-[4-(7-chloro-2-quinoxalinyloxy)phenoxy]-propionic acid (XK469), even when the cells were overexpressing GAS2. Thus, downregulation of GAS2 expression might control CRC relapse after curative resection. GAS2 could serve as a noninvasive marker from the feces of patients with prediagnosed CRC. Our findings suggest that GAS2 could have potential clinical applications for predicting early CRC relapse after radical resection, and that XK469 might impair tumor cell division by reducing GAS2 expression or blocking its cellular translocation. This will help in selecting the best therapeutic option, 5-fluorouracil in combination with XK469, for patients overexpressing GAS2 in CRC cells. Thus, GAS2 might act as a prognostic biomolecule and potential therapeutic target in patients with CRC relapse.
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14
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Maletzki C, Huehns M, Knapp P, Waukosin N, Klar E, Prall F, Linnebacher M. Functional Characterization and Drug Response of Freshly Established Patient-Derived Tumor Models with CpG Island Methylator Phenotype. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143194. [PMID: 26618628 PMCID: PMC4664421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-individual tumor models constitute a powerful platform for basic and translational analyses both in vitro and in vivo. However, due to the labor-intensive and highly time-consuming process, only few well-characterized patient-derived cell lines and/or corresponding xenografts exist. In this study, we describe successful generation and functional analysis of novel tumor models from patients with sporadic primary colorectal carcinomas (CRC) showing CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). Initial DNA fingerprint analysis confirmed identity with the patient in all four cases. These freshly established cells showed characteristic features associated with the CIMP-phenotype (HROC40: APCwt, TP53mut, KRASmut; 3/8 marker methylated; HROC43: APCmut, TP53mut, KRASmut; 4/8 marker methylated; HROC60: APCwt, TP53mut, KRASwt; 4/8 marker methylated; HROC183: APCmut, TP53mut, KRASmut; 6/8 marker methylated). Cell lines were of epithelial origin (EpCAM+) with distinct morphology and growth kinetics. Response to chemotherapeutics was quite individual between cells, with stage I-derived cell line HROC60 being most susceptible towards standard clinically approved chemotherapeutics (e.g. 5-FU, Irinotecan). Of note, most cell lines were sensitive towards “non-classical” CRC standard drugs (sensitivity: Gemcitabin > Rapamycin > Nilotinib). This comprehensive analysis of tumor biology, genetic alterations and assessment of chemosensitivity towards a broad range of (chemo-) therapeutics helps bringing forward the concept of personalized tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Maletzki
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Maja Huehns
- Institute of Pathology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Patrick Knapp
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nancy Waukosin
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ernst Klar
- Department of General Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Friedrich Prall
- Institute of Pathology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Chang LC, Chiu HM, Shun CT, Liang JT, Lin JT, Chen CC, Lee YC, Wu MS. Mutational profiles of different macroscopic subtypes of colorectal adenoma reveal distinct pathogenetic roles for KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14:221. [PMID: 25551625 PMCID: PMC4296683 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-014-0221-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigations of genetic alterations and correlations with histology or morphology could provide further insights into colorectal carcinogenesis. Nevertheless, such genetic changes were less investigated in adenoma stage and a comprehensive survey of oncogenic mutations in EGFR signaling pathway according to different morphologic subtypes has not been performed. METHODS A total of 94 neoplasms, including 34 polypoid adenoma, 16 lateral spreading tumors-granular (LST-G), 20 non-granular LST (LST-NG), and 24 depressed tumors, were subjected for mutational analysis of KRAS (exon 2), BRAF (exon 11 and 15), PIK3CA (exon 9 and 20), AKT (exon 4), EGFR (exon 18-24) and HER2 (exon18-24). RESULTS KRAS mutation was noted more frequently in LST (13/36, 36.1%) than polypoid neoplasms (5/34, 14.7%, p = 0.041). When comparing with LST-NG, LST-G had a significantly higher frequency of KRAS mutation. (9/16, 56.3% vs. 4/20, 20.0%, p = 0.024). BRAF mutation (V600E) was found in 2 of 36 (5.6%)LSTs and 1 of 34 (2.9%) polypoid lesions. The two LST lesions with BRAF mutation were pathologically proven to be serrated adenoma. PIK3CA mutation (exon 9 E545K) was identified only in LST (5/36, 13.9%). Mutations in KRAS, BRAF or PIK3CA occurred in a mutually exclusive manner. All mutations were absent in the specimens obtained from depressed type neoplasms. CONCLUSIONS Three different macroscopic subtypes of colorectal neoplasms display distinct carcinogenetic pathways in EGFR networking. Further molecular studies of CRCs should take macroscopic subtypes into consideration and highlight the importance of consensus and communication between endoscopic and pathologic diagnosis.
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